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Report on Field Experience Training
at
KVK, Gulbarga, (Karnataka) – 581 101 (08/11/2011 to 28/11/2011)
Submitted to:
National Academy for Agricultural Research Management, Hyderabad
For partial fulfillment of the FOCARS training of 94th batch, 2011
Submitted by: Laly, S. J.
Nithyashree, M. L. Rashmi, H. M.
Ashwani Kumar Boraiah, K. M.
Devaramane Raghavendra Roop Singh Maitry Sudip Kumar Dutta
Work is Worship…
-Basavanna
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Acknowledgement
In undertaking this study, we have received help from a wide variety of sources. Our greatest
indebtedness is to or Course Coordinators Dr. S. K. Nanda, Principal Scientist and Dr. Venkattakumar,
Principal Scientist NAARM, who always took keen interest in each and every activity and ensured its
successful completion. We feel deeply grateful to, Dr. N. H. Rao Joint Director NAARM for his
inspirational motivation. We also thank our FET monitoring faculty Dr. V. K. J. Rao for sharing his
valuable knowledge and keeping us cheerful during our training. We are also thankful to Dr. K. M.
Reddy, FET Committee Chairman. We are deeply indebted to FET Committee, NAARM for their constant
support, inspiration, encouragement and valuable suggestions throughout the training.
Beyond words is our gratitude to Dr. Raju G. Teggelli and Dr. Kantharaju V. (Programme
Cooridinators), KVK, Gulbarga for their whole hearted support, assistance and advice to workout PRA
techniques during FET training. We would like to thank all the faculty of KVK for their heartful support
throughout the period.
We are equally grateful to farmers and Villagers of Pattana Village for their outmost courtesy and
friendliness. We owe a special debt to Mr. Basavaraj Jevanagi, Shrimanth Besagonda progressive
farmers and Mr. Laxmikanth Besagonda of Pattana village for their kind help and constant support
throughout the village training period.
We would like to thank our friends from NAARM for their unconditional support and memorable
team efforts during FOCARS training, which are and will be cherished throughout our ARS careers.
Mrs. Laly, S. J. _____________________________
Ms. Nithyashree, M. L. ______________________________
Ms. Rashmi, H. M. ______________________________
Mr. Ashwani Kumar ______________________________
Mr. Boraiah, K. M. ______________________________
Mr. Devaramane Raghavendra ______________________________
Mr. Roop Singh Maitry ______________________________
Mr. Sudip Kumar Dutta ______________________________
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SI. No. Chapter Page No.
1 Introduction 6
2 Objectives of the Field Experience Training (FET) 7
3 Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) tools 8
4 FET Methodology 9
5 PRA techniques used in the village 10-11
6 Findings 12
6.1 Basic Information 12-18
6.2 General Transect 19-20
6.3 Agro-ecological map 21
6.4 Social map 22-27
6.5 Resource map 28-30
6.6 Bio-Resource Flow 31
6.7 Venn diagram 32-33
6.8 Mobility map 34-35
6.9 Daily Activity and Routine 36-38
6.10 Wealth ranking 39-40
6.11 Livelihood Analysis 41-43
6.12 Seasonal calendar and analysis 44-47
6.13 Gender disaggregated activities 48-49
6.14 Indigenous technical knowledge 50
6.15 Time line 51-53
6.16 Time trend 54
6.17 Technology map 55-60
6.18 Matrix ranking 61-66
6.19 Consequence diagram 67
6.20 Problem Identification Technique 69-71
6.21 Problem tree and solution tree 72-74
6.22 Perspectives of problems 75-77
6.23 Action Plan 78
7.0 Village seminar 81-82
7.1 Institute seminar 83
8.0 Industrial visits 84-96
9.0 Information and communication technology 97
10 Conclusion 98-99
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1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Indian Agriculture
Agriculture is considered as back bone of Indian economy. Although agriculture
contributes only about 14.2% of India‟s GDP, its importance in the country‟s economic, social,
and political fabric goes well beyond this indicator. About seventy per cent of Indian population
still depend on agriculture and allied activities for their livelihood.
The diverse challenges and constraints as growing population, increasing food demand,
natural resource degradation, climate change, new parasites, slow growth in farm income and
new global trade regulations demand a paradigm shift in formulating and implementing the
agricultural research programmes. The emerging scenario necessitates the institutions of ICAR to
have perspective vision (Vision-2030) which could be translated through proactive, novel and
innovative research approach based on cutting edge science.
In this connection Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) is an important tool to find
location specific problems and researchable issues to come up with possible solutions for short
and long-term benefits. PRA is a good exposure for the trainee scientists to understand the
problems of the farmers. It allows them to think individually in his/her area of interest for
necessary intervention. PRA also provides an opportunity to the farmers to analyze their
livelihood issues.
1.2 Gulbarga:
Gulbarga is known as the “Tur Basket” of the state Karnataka and has major
concentration in cultivation of other kinds of pulses. The total geographical area is about 16,224
sq km. Out of which 85 per cent of land area is used for agricultural practices with only two per
cent irrigated area. Livestock is also one of the important sectors allied with agriculture. The
agro based industrial sectors of this district includes mainly dal industries, sugarcane industries
and milk processing plant.
1.3 Pattana:
The Pattana village is located 25 km away from the Gulbarga district. Pattana has its own
historical background during the time of Bahumani Sulthans. The queen Hemavathi was ruling
the Pattana village. At that time, Pattana village was the main marketing place for surrounding
seven villages. So, the village was named as Pattana.
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Agriculture is the main occupation of the village people. Red gram, Jowar are the major
agriculture crops. Dairy sector is emerging in the village and currently the village is producing
about 2000 litters per day. Papaya and banana are the main horticulture crops of Pattana village.
But only three progressive farmers are cultivating papaya in 120 acres area.
Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA):
PRA is an exercise that deals with temporal and spatial issues in agricultural activities.
Spatial information supplies the database about soil type, water resources, land use, land pattern
and topography of different life support system. Temporal data helps in seasonal analysis,
adoption and awareness about the new technologies and human dimension helps in knowing the
facts about participation, gender issues, disaggregation, cultural values and ethics of the people
of that locality.
This Field Experience Training (FET) report has been prepared by multidisciplinary team
of eight members from different disciplines namely Agricultural Entomology, Plant Breeding,
Plant Physiology, Horticulture, Dairy Microbiology, Fish Processing Technology, Soil Physics
and Agricultural Economics. The information collected under different PRA tools is presented in
different sections of this report.
2. OBJECTIVES OF THE FIELD EXPERIENCE TRAINING (FET)
The specific objectives of the FET are:
1. To provide an opportunity to the trainee scientists for interaction with the farming
community and to get an insight into their ways of living, needs, resources, priorities,
problems and prospects.
2. To enable the trainee scientists to understand the adoption profile of farming community.
3. To provide an opportunity to the trainee scientists to understand the technology adoption,
diffusion process and the factors associated with adoption and related concepts.
4. To provide an opportunity to the trainee scientists to understand the extension system and
transfer of technology (TOT) operating in the village.
5. To provide an opportunity to the trainee scientists to gain an insight and appreciation
about indigenous technical knowledge (ITK`s) of farmers and to generate appropriate
technologies if scientifically valid.
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6. To enable the trainee scientists to discuss the problem and identify field related problems.
7. To inculcate the culture of teamwork and multi-disciplinary perspective among scientist-
trainees.
8. To study socio-economic implications and consequences of technologies, products and
processes.
9. To generate a detailed account of technology products and processes used by producers
with respect to production scenario, problems, opportunities, and futuristic approaches.
10. To provide comprehensive insight into the role of private industry and other stakeholders
in value chain.
3. PARTICIPATORY RURAL APPRAISAL (PRA) TOOLS
Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) is a systematic, semi-structured activity conducted
on site, by a multidisciplinary team. It is basically a bottom to top approach of learning rural life
forms with and by rural people. Due to active participation of community members as well as
scientists, PRA has become a useful method to focus attention on village people, their livelihood
and relationship with social and economic factors. It is a good technique to help the community
members make an appraisal of their livelihoods and issues related to it.
Diverse information is collected during PRA using a number of techniques. This
information is verified by triangulation among various key informants (KI`s) in addition to on-
site observation by the team members. The various techniques used by the FET team to collect
information are as follows:
1. Direct observation, collection and verification of primary data.
2. Collection of secondary data from panchayat members and officials of the State Dept. of
Agriculture.
3. Semi-structured interview by raising some general issues to motivate villagers
participation in different aspects of the village.
4. Collection of detailed views by approaching some representative key informants.
5. Use of snowball technique to know more about some specific issues.
6. Participatory mapping for rapport building, easy interaction and spontaneous
involvement.
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7. Seasonal analyses to understand different time bound farm activities, problems and
opportunities throughout the year.
8. Problem identification and preference ranking to identify the top most problems and
preparing solution plan accordingly.
4. FET METHODOLOGY
The FET is a learning process. It is firmly anchored on the principle of “seeing is
believing” and “learning by doing”. FET has three phases. In the first phase, the village for
PRA work was selected in consultation with the FET coordinator, Dr. Raju G. Teggeli,
Programme Co-ordinator, Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK), Gulbarga, Karnataka. We selected the
village Pattana in Gulbarga district of Karnataka, located at a distance of 24 km from KVK,
Gulbarga.
In Pattana, we identified two main Key Informants (KI`s) Mr. Basavaraj Jevanagi and
Shrimanth Besagonda, progressive farmers of the village relevant to the PRA techniques. We
walked in a team along with the main KI`s, interacted with other KI`s and villagers, observed the
livelihood and noted the information. For each PRA technique upto three to five KI`s were
selected. Interaction with KI`s was initiated from the semi-structured questionnaires and then
branched as per need. The given information by one KI was triangulated (verification) with other
KI`s and on the spot analysis..
In the second phase of FET, we visited and interacted with various stakeholders like
ADA (Assistant Director of Agriculture), SADH (State Assistant Director of Horticulture),
Veterinary Officer, APMC secretary, scientists from KVK and Village Administrative Officer.
The interaction with stakeholders also helped to understand the agricultural problems and
prospects in the village and to prioritize the major agricultural problems. With this information
we conducted village seminar on 18.11.2011 to discuss these major agricultural problems with
the help of KVK Gulbarga. We obtained feedback from the farmers and the scientists, in the light
of which the action plan was prepared.
In the third phase, we organized industrial visit related to the livelihood of villagers to
understand the industrial scenario prevailing in the area. We visited Global dal Industry and Milk
Processing Plant to understand post harvesting processing of agricultural commodities. We also
visited APMC to understand the marketing activities and Bio-control Lab to gain knowledge
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about the supply of bio-control agents to the farmers in Gulbarga. In final phase, we organized
institute seminar at KVK on 24.11.2011. We obtained suggestions from the specialists from
specified fields, in the light of which the action plan was modified and proposed.
5. PRA TECHNIQUES USED IN THE VILLAGE
PRA is a research technique developed in early 1980s as an alternative and complement
to conventional sample survey. PRA is a way of learning from and with farmers to investigate,
analyze and evaluate constraints and opportunities and to formulate research plan to address the
problems. The complexities of problem involved in agriculture can be understood through PRA
and hence, it is a system approach for systematic and rapid collection of information. The
principle and methods of PRA was adhered for gathering information on 21 topics.
1. Basic information about the village
2. Transect walk
3. Agro-ecological map
4. Resource map
5. Seasonal calendar (activities)
6. Seasonal analysis (problems)
7. Gender disaggregated activities
8. Social map
9. Time line
10. Time trend
11. Mobility map
12. Venn diagram
13. Bio-resource flow
14. Wealth ranking
15. Indigenous technical knowledge
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16. Technology map
17. Matrix ranking
18. Consequence diagram
19. Problem identification and ranking
20. Problem tree and solution tree
21. Research project proposals
6. FINDINGS
The analyzed results of various PRA techniques done in Pattana village in Gulbarga
district of Karnataka are given below.
6.1 BASIC INFORMATION
Key informants: Shrimanth, Mallappa, Chidambar, Lakshmikanth, Siddarama.
Name of the village Pattana
Village Panchayat Pattana
Taluka Gulbarga
District Gulbarga
State Karnataka
Climatological Data
Mean Annual Rainfall 715 mm/year
Mean Annual Temp. 35ºC
Relative Humidity 50-60%
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Geographical Co-ordinates
Latitude 170. 24’’ N
Longitude 760. 43’’ E
Altitude 525m MSL
Total Area 6952 acres
Gross cropped area 5562 acres
Net Cultivated Area 4449 acres
Forest area 50.00 acre
Irrigated Area 140 acre
Pasture Land 941.37 acre
Residential Area 25 acre
Cropping intensity 125%
Demographic Patterns (According to 2011 census)
No. of households 1185
Total population 5334
No of Males 2735
No of Females 2599
Literacy (Average ) 62%
Male Literacy 69.00%
Female Literacy 55.00%
Community Categorization
No. of Hindu families 1145
Lingayath 800
Kuruba 40
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Gondaliga 25
Kabbaliga 15
Nayakvadi 9
Badagi 5
Hulimane 2
Hugar 1
Madiga (SC) 50
Oleya (SC) 150
Brahmin 2
Muslim 40
Agriculture Scenario
Land Holdings : No. of family
Large (> 10 ha) : 196
Medium (5-10 ha) : 507
Small (2-5 ha) : 325
Marginal (<2 ha) : 98
Landless : 59
Crop Husbandry
Kharif crops : Redgram, Sunflower, Groundnut, Bajra, Maize, Sesame, Cowpea
Rabi Crops : Jowar, Chickpea, Safflower, Wheat
Horticultural crops : Papaya, Banana, Sapota
Vegetable : Onion, Sponge guard, Bean
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Animal Husbandry
Type of Animals; Cow, Buffalo, Goat, Sheep
Animal Breed Population
Economic yield
Milk (litre/day) Other purpose
Cow Local (Deoni) 1171 2-5 Manure
Cross Breeds (HF) 350 10-15 Manure
Cross Breeds (Jersey) 100 8-12 Manure
Buffalo Murrah and Pandrapuri 205 5-6 Manure
Goat Local (Usmanabadi) 500 (Local) -----
Meat and
Manure
Sheep Local (Jawari) 50 -----
Meat and
Manure
Pig Local 30 ----- Meat
Poultry Local 400 ----- Egg and Meat
Water Bodies
Canal ---
Open well 3
Bore well 50
Hand pump 15
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Agricultural Implements
Tractor 11
Cultivator 18
Rotavator 02
Country Plough 558
Seed Drill 112
Bund Former 45
Disc Plough 05
Chaff Cutter 50
Winnower 07
Power Sprayer 26
Diesel engines 20
Thresher 08
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Figure 1: A satellite image of Pattana village (Courtesy – Google Earth). The area outlined
in yellow line is the residential area.
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Figure 2: Rapport building with the villagers
Figure 3: Discussion with villagers about their agricultural livelihoods
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6.2 GENERAL TRANSECT
Key informants: Shrimanth, Basavaraj Jevanagi.
Transect is the walk through the village in a particular direction along with some key
informants. The main objective of the transect is to understand and study the major land uses,
topographical pattern, water resources, crops, natural vegetation, livestock and different
ecological zones by observing, interacting and discussing with the key informants, while walking
in the decided direction. The items for discussion included topics like land use pattern, land
slope, soil type, soil fertility status, water recourses, agro-ecological zones, crops, weeds, trees
and lives stock.
The entire village of Pattana is divided into two zones, viz. cropped and residential area.
The total land area of the village consists of upland and lowland with slopes from North to South
and West to East. The residential area is in North-Western side of the village.
Table 1: The General Transect
S.
No.
Particulars Low Land Up Land
1. Soil Type Black sandy Soil Black Soil
2. Major Crops Onion, Cucurbits, Sunflower,
Banana, Wheat, sugarcane
Red Gram, Chick Pea, Sorghum ,
Green Gram, Black Gram
3. Livestock
and Poultry
Bullocks, Buffalo, Cow, Goat,
Backyard Poultry
Buffalo, Cow, Goat, Backyard
Poultry, Bullocks
4. Trees Eucalyptus, Subabul, Pongemia
pinnata , Gycerdia, Fig tree,
Almond, Ficus
Neem, Eucalyptus, Jammun,
Tamarind, Ber, Teak, Prosopis
julifera, Acacia
5. Weeds Parthenium hysterophorus, Parthenium hysterophorus,
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Cellocia agrentia, Cassia serratia,
Tridex procumbense, Amaranthas,
Phallaris minor, Lantana camera,
Cyperus rotundus, Chenopodium,
Datura, Phylanthus niruri Phalaris
minor, Euphorbia spp, Avena
fatua, Cerosia argentia (kukku)
Cassia serratia, Orobanche spp.,
Cynadon dactylon, Calotropis
procera, Avena fatua , Vatvate
(Xanthium strumenium), Cerosia
argentia (kukku)
6 Water
Sources
Open wells, Bore well, Rain water
harvesting bodies
Bore Wells
7 Pests Pod borer, Catter piller, Aphids, Podfly, pod bug, shoot fly, thrips,
hoppers, grasshoppers, maruca, whiteflies
8 Diseases pigeonpea wilt, chickpea wilt, pigeonpea sterility mosaic virus, powdery
mildews, smut, sugary disease, papaya ringspot disease, onion purple
blotch disease, foot and mouth disease, Hemorrhagic septicemia,
mastitis
9
Problems
Electricity, Wild pig, Pest and diseases problems, lack of new
technology adoption, Lack of awareness for Soil testing, Agricultural
labour problem and micronutrient problem in soil
10
Opportunities
1. Organic Farming,
2. Integrated farming system (IFS)
3. Utilization of land for horticultural crops
4. Extension of drip irrigation technology
5. Dairy farming with Buffaloes (High yielding Murrah)
6. Bulk milk Cooler and Community Milking System
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7. Introducing poultry forming
8. Creation of awareness about new technologies
9. Good rapport building with KVK
10. Formation of need based SHGs for farmers
Farming is practised with all the modern equipments and implements like tractor, seed
drill, bund former, weeder, disk plough, thresher, cultivator and tractor-sprayer. Farmers with
less land (< 2 acres) use animal drawn implements for farming. The livestock population of the
village consists of buffaloes, cows, goats and bullocks.
6.3 AGRO-ECOLOGICAL MAP
Key informants: Basavaraj Jevanagi, Shreemanth Besagonda, Laxikanth, Agro-
ecological or agro-ecosystem map indicates the macro and micro ecological features
(subsystems) in a village. It gives information about the various agro-ecological parameters such
as: land use pattern, irrigation facilities, soil salinity status, soil fertility, water resources, forest,
crop and animal resources.
The village Pattana is located at 25 km towards North-West on Aland road from the
Krishi Vigyan Kendra. The village situated at 170 24‟ N Latitude and 76
0 43‟ E Longitude and
altitude throughout the residential and cropped areas ranges between 725 – 728 m above mean
sea level. The Mean Annual Rainfall is about 715 mm and majority of total annual rainfall is
recorded in the period of June to September. The mean annual Temp is about 35 0
C with
Relative
Humidity 50-60%.
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Figure 4: Agro-ecological Map
6.4 SOCIAL MAP
The social map gives the information to understand and analyze the social structure,
stratification, social institutions and availability of social facilities in the context of existing
socio-economic condition of the village.
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According to key informants and Gram Panchayath data, Pattana village has population
of 5334 living in 1185 houses. Among them 2735 are male and 2599 are female. The total area
of the village is 6952 acres. Agriculture and livestock are the main occupation in the village.
Figure 5: Social map of Pattana Village
Key informants: Maallappa, Manjunath Patil, Shivasharanappa Hulimene
Caste distribution
The predominant caste in the village is Lingayath (66%) followed by Scheduled caste
(Holeya and Madiga), Kuruba, Gondaliga, Kabbaliga. Lingayath is the major caste in the old
pattana area followed by kuruba. In new Pattana (Basavanagar) all caste people are living
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together. The SC people are living in Ambedkar nagar and in the north-western extensions of the
village
Neighbourhood of a village
Hathagunda, Yalavanthige, Beemahalli, Gola-B, Kadaganchi are the neighbouring
villages of Pattana. There were frequent interactions among these village people in various
social, agricultural, marketing and banking activities.
Social Institutions
The social institutes of Pattanna village include government, non-government and local
institutes serving the social needs of the village people.
S. No Government Non-government Local
1 Gram Panchayath Milara Lingeshwara
Education Trust
Basaveshwara
Yuvaka Sanga
2 PACS (Primaty Agricultural Co-
operative Society)
Madarasa
3 RSK (Raitha Samparka Kendra) SHG
4 APMC (Agricultural Produce Marketing
Co-operation)
Local financing
institute (Money
lendor) 5 MPCS (Milk Producers Co-operative
Society)
Ayurvedic Clinic 6 Primary Health Centre
7 Nemmadi Kendra
8 Library (1)
9 Primary School (2)
10 Higher Primary (1)
11 High School (1)
12 Urdu School (1)
Anganawadi (5)
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Figure 6: Social institutes of Pattana
Family Information
Most of the families are middle and poor class and very few are rich. Nuclear families
dominate in the village and only few families are living as joint family.
Religion information
Hindu is the major (96-97%) religion of Pattana village and only 3-4% of the total
population are Muslims. There were 7 (5 main and 2 small) Hindu temples and 2 Mosques in the
village for performing religious activities.
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Figure 7: Religious institutes of Pattana
Economy Information:
Agriculture is the main occupation of Pattana people for securing their livelihoods.
Around 3 families are involving in pot making and 2 families are depending on carpentry. Self
employed people are very few in number only small shops are existing in the village. Due to
reduced production and less profit, now a day‟s some of the village people especially small and
marginal farmers started migrating to near cities to secure their livelihood.
Education background:
The total literacy rate is 62% in the Pattana village. The literacy rate was very poor
among SC people compared to other castes.
Social groups
There are around 6 small social youth groups in the village involving in social activities
like dissemination of information, organization of village functions etc.
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Leadership pattern
The Pattana village is under Pattana Gram Panchayath and the president is the leader of
the village. In the Gram Panchayath administration, the different committees like production,
facilitation and social justice headed by Gram Panchayath members which are involved in
serving the social needs of the village people.
Social Interactions information
The Gram Panchayath organizes social interactions such as “Grama Sabhe” twice in a
year to know about the social problems directly from the farmers and to disseminate information
about the ongoing and coming government schemes.
Social evils:
Alcoholism, child labour and sacrificing animals in the name of god are the major social
evils of the Pattana village.
6.5 RESOURCE MAP
Key informants: Mr Laxmi Kanth, Mr. Shrimanth
The resource map gives the information about the different kind of natural and man-made
resources such as land, vegetation, livestock, labour force, transport, source of communication,
health and welfare societies, supply and service agencies, agricultural implements, marketing,
storage, financial and advisory facilities.
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Figure 8: RESOURCE MAP
Transport facilities:
The village Pattana has been facilitated with good transport. But for going inside the
village, villagers are depending on two wheelers or auto rickshaws.
Communication facilities:
The village is having good communication facilities like television, mobile phones, coin
booth, news papers and DTH services.
Supply and service system
PDS (Public Distribution System) is functioning in the village which supplies rice, wheat,
sugar, vegetable oil and kerosene oil at government rates.
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The RSK (Raitha Samparka Kendra) of the village is involving in the dissemination of
agricultural information to the farmers. The RSK also distributes seeds, fertilizers, pesticides
from government side to the farmers.
Agricultural implements:
Tractor, power tiller, bullock cart, cultivator, country plough, mould board plough, disc
plough, land levelers, multicrop threshers, rotavators, seed drills and sprayers are the agricultural
implements used by farmers in the village.
Animals information
Bullocks of Deoni (or Devani), Killari and Hallikar are mainly used for tilling and
transportation facilities. The cow breeds like Deoni, cross breeds of HF and Jersy , buffalo
breeds like Pandrapuri and Murrah are used for milk and manure purposes. The goat breeds like
Usmanabadi and local sheep breeds are used mainly for meat and manure purposes.
Marketing facilities and Processing industries:
APMC (Agricultural Produce Marketing Co-operation) and KMF (Karnataka Milk
Federation), Gulbarga facilitates marketing of agricultural products and milk produced by
farmers. The small scale oil and flour mills located inside the village involved in processing of
sunflower, pulses and jowar
Financial facilities:
PACS (Primary Agricultural Co-operative Society) in the village give financial assistance
to the farmers for agricultural activities. They also provide financial support for purchasing dairy
animals under the scheme “Kaamadenu Hainugarike Saala Yojane”. The local money lenders
also provide financial assistance for agricultural activities but with higher interest rate.
Labour availability:
Labour shortage is the major problem at crucial time for agricultural activities in the
Pattana village. The labours are migrating to nearby cities like Hyderabad, Bangalore, Mumbai
and Pune for securing their livelihood through other alternative works like, construction of
buildings and working in garments etc.
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Table 2: Resources of Pattana village
Particulars Articles
Transport facilities Bus, Auto ricksaw, cars, motor bike, bicycle,
Drinking water facility drinking water facility from Hathagunda lake, Hand
pumps, bore well,
Communication facilities Television, radio, mobiles, DTH, daily news papers and
magazines.
Health and welfare societies
information
PHC and Nemmadi Kendra
Supply and service agency Public Distribution System
Agriculture implements Tractor, power tiller, cultivator, disc harrow, disc plough,
thresher, chaff cutter, winnower, sprayer, sickle, country
plough, Kalpani (weeder)
Animals use for agriculture Bullocks (Deoni, Killari, Hallikar) for tilling land
Cows (Deoni, Cross breeds, HF and Jersey) for milk and
manure
Buffaloes (Pandrapuri, Murrah) for milk and manure
Sheep and Goat for meat and manure
Advisory facilities information RSK , Krishi Sandesh (mobile message from KVK),
Assistant Agriculture officer (AOA), Gram sevak, Gram
panchayat, Veterinary hospital
Processing Industry Small scale oil processing industry
6.6 BIO-RESOURCE FLOW
Key informants: Mr. Gundappa
FET Report, Gulbarga, Karnataka, 94th FOCARS
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Bio-resource flow diagram reflects the inflow and outflow of farm produce and its by-
products from and to the household. It explains the interrelationship between different farm
enterprises that enable holistic planning for development of farm household. The following
bioresource flow diagram is based on the informations provided by Mr. Gundappa which depicts
the use of animal wastes, crop residues, agricultural wastes and weeds to produce biogas,
panchagavya, jeevamrutha, vermicompost etc. In this village there is a scope to harvest solar
energy and that can be used for various household and farm practices.
Figure 9: Bio-resource Flow
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6. 7 VENN DIAGRAM
Key informants: Mr. Siddaruda Hulimane, Mr. Harish and Pandith
The Venn diagram showed various existing institutions both inside and outside the
village, their relative importance in the village, relationships and linkages among them,
weaknesses with respect to their decision making process, their contribution in the development
of the village. It also showed various organizations, groups and important individuals found in
the village as well as the villager‟s view on their importance in the community.
The organizations/institutions/groups situated nearby Pattana include private agricultural
input suppliers at the nearest city centre of Gulbarga. Technological interventions in the form of
new crop varieties and package of practices and training programs are provided by KVK,
Gulbarga through RSK. The University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur is constantly involving
in region based research and extension activities and playing a major role in the generation of
new technologies and their adaption by farmers in agricultural activities in the Gulbarga region
Progressive farmers are also playing very important role in dissemination of information and
adaptation of new technology by other farmers.
With the establishment of MPCS (Milk Producers Co-operative Society) by Karnataka
Milk Federation (KMF), Dairy sector has become major agricultural related activity in the
Pattana village. The Progressive Dairy farmer Sanju Mehtha took an initiative and started dairy
farm 10 years back. After seeing his success villagers started showing interest in dairying.
Recently from 2011, farmers are purchasing the dairy animals under the scheme “Kaamadenu
Hainugarike Saala Yojane” and securing their livelihood.
FET Report, Gulbarga, Karnataka, 94th FOCARS
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Figure10: Venn Diagram of Agricultural activities and Milk production
6.8 Mobility Map
Key informants: Chandrakanth, Gundappa
Mobility map is to study day in and out movement of villagers for different purpose. This
map leads to explore the spatial mobility of the villagers for the different activities like
health/medical, marketing, education and entertainment. The KI‟s were asked to give
information on mobility of villagers and information were collected on the basis of location,
purpose, distance, mode of transport and transport cost to each location. It was observed that
Gulbarga was the most frequently visited place because farmers going to sell their vegetables and
other agricultural produce, and also to visit KVK whenever required to gather information
besides villagers going for shopping and education purpose (school and college) followed by
Bheemalli which is 3 km from the village. They are going to Bheemalli to bring labours and to
visit progressive farmers and their relatives, Bhemalli villagers also coming to Pattana because of
availability of seeds and other agriculture inputs from Raitha Sampark Kendra (RSK) and also to
visit veterinary hospital. Pattana villagers going to Savalige for medical purpose because of
presence of general hospital and also they are going to Shivalingeshwara temple. Hathagunda,
Bosagara and Kadaganchi villagers coming to Pattana to visit RSK, Bank and Panchayath.
Pattana villagers going to Yalavanthagi to visit siddaruda math. The main mode of transport
FET Report, Gulbarga, Karnataka, 94th FOCARS
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found to be bus, motor bike, cycle and auto. Besides villagers also going to neighbouring villages
by walk. Detailed mobility of Pattana along with distance has been given in the table 3 and figure
11.
Table 3: Mobility table for Pattana village
S.No Place Distance
(km) Mode Frequency
Cost
(Rs) Purpose
1 Gulbarga 30 Bus/
motor
bike
Daily 15 Marketing vegetables &
agriculture products,
shopping,KVK,School,
College
2 Bosagara 8 Bus weekly 5 Visit to RSK –coming to
purchase seed, fertilizers,
chemicals etc
3 Savalige 8 Bus/
Auto
Thrice or
twice
5 Temple, hospital
4 Hathagundha 6 Walk/
Auto/
cycle
Thrice 2 Coming to visit RSK &
Panchayath
5 Yalavanthagi 6 Bus/
Auto
Weekly
once
2 Siiddharooda math temple
6 Kadaganchi 8 Bus/
motor
bike
Weekly
Once
5 Coming to visit RSK, Bank
7 Gola 4 Bus Weekly
Seasonal
2 Marketing their produce
like red chilli & vegetables
8 Bheemalli 3 Walk/
cycle/
motor
bike
3 to 4
times
2 Telephone exchange office,
labour purpose, visit to
RSK for seed & fertilizer
purchase, Vetenary hospital
and temple
Figure 23: Mobility map of Paju Kalan village
FET Report, Gulbarga, Karnataka, 94th FOCARS
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RSK, Panchayathu
Pattana
Marketing vegetables &
agricultural
products, Shopping,KVK, Schoo
l, College
Telephone exchange
office, RSK,Vetenary
hospital, temple
RSK, Bank
Marketing red chilli
& vegetables
Siddharoodha math
temple
RSK - Purchase of
seed, fertilizer &
chemicals
Temple, Hospital
Mobility Map
KIs - Laxmikanth, Gundappa
Bheemalli
Gola
Kadaganchi
Bosagar
Gulbarga
Savalige
Hathagundhi
Yalavanthagi
Figure 11: Mobility map of pattana village
6.9 Daily Activity and Routine
Daily activity includes only the economic activity of the men and women of the village,
whereas daily routine refers to both economic and uneconomic activities. The key informants, to
be interviewed must be middle-aged men or women who are belonging to farming communities.
The main purpose of these PRA tools is to sort out proper time to intervene with various
extension activities. However, our target was to find out proper time for interviewing farmers
and fixing village seminar. The daily activities and routine are depicted in tables 4, 5, 6 & 7.
Table 4: Daily activity profile of men
Time Activity
5.00 – 6.00 am Cleaning cattle shed and collection of fodder
6.00 – 7.30 am Feeding of live stock, milking and milk delivery to dairy
FET Report, Gulbarga, Karnataka, 94th FOCARS
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9.30 - 6.00 pm Farm activities
6.00 – 6.30 pm Fodder collection
6.30 – 7.30 pm Feeding of live stock, milking and milk delivery to dairy
7.30 – 8.00 pm Recording daily wages of labour & searching for labour arrangement
Key informants: Shrimanth Besagonda, Veeranna Manipete
Table 5: Daily activity profile of women
Time Activity
6.30-7.00 am Milking
10.30 am – 6.30 pm Farm activities and fodder collection
6.30 pm-7.00 pm Feeding and Milking cattle
Key informants: Mrs. Basamma, Mrs. Varatam and Mrs Mahadevi
Table 6: Daily routine table for men
Time Activity
5.00 am Wake up
5.00- 6.00 am Refreshing, cleaning cattle shed and collection of fodder
6.00 – 7.30 am Feeding the cattle, milking and milk delivery to dairy
7.30 – 8.30am Bathing, Pooja
8.30 -9.00 am Morning meals
9.00 -9.30 am Getting ready for going to farm and arranging materials /
tools & labour
9.30 - 2.00 pm Farm activities
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2.00 -2.30 pm Lunch
2.30 – 6.00 pm Farm activities
6.00 – 6.30 pm Fodder collection
6.30 – 7.30 pm Feeding the cattle, milking and milk delivery to dairy
7.30 – 8.00 pm Recording daily wages of labour & searching for labour
arrangement
8.00 – 8.30 pm Dinner
8.30 – 9.00 pm TV & entertainment
9.00 pm Sleeping
Key informants: Shrimanth Besagonda, Veeranna Manipete and Hanumanthroy
Table 7: Daily routine table for women
Time Activity
4.30 am Wake up
4.30- 6.30 am Refreshing, cleaning home and utensils, Preparation of tea /
coffee
6.30- 7.00 am Collecting drinking water/ milking
7.00 -8.00am Cooking
8.00 –9.00am Serving morning food and packing the afternoon lunch
9.00 – 10.30 am Making their children ready to go for school, taking
morning meals and going to farm
10.30 – 2.00 pm Farm activities
2.00 -2.30 pm Lunch
FET Report, Gulbarga, Karnataka, 94th FOCARS
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2.30 – 6.00 pm Farm activities
6.00-6.30 pm Collecting fuels for cooking/fodder collection
6.30 – 7.30 pm Feeding the cattle, milking and cleaning of vessels &
utensils
7.30-8.30 pm Cooking
8.30– 9.00 pm Dinner
9.00 – 9.30 pm TV & entertainment
9.30 pm Sleeping
Key informants: Lalu Bhai, Basamma Kambanoor and Rajamma
In daily routine diagram, all the routine works of the farm men and women are presented
pictorially as follows (figure 12).
AM PM4.30 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Women
Men
Wake up
Cleaning home…..
Collecting drinking water
Cooking
Serving food & packing lunch
Morning meal
Making children ready for school(women)
Farm activities
Lunch
Collecting fuels/fodder
milking & cleaning vessels
coocking
Dinner, TV & entertainment
Sleeping
Cleaning cattle shed/fodder collection
Milking, milk delivery
Bathing and pooja
Getting ready for farm
Fodder collection
Dairy
Daily recording
Figure 12: Daily Routine Diagram
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6.10 Wealth Ranking
Key informants – Srimanth, Chidambar Kulkarni, Malappa, Lakshmikanth
Although panchayat had detailed information about the land holding, number of livestock
etc. but wealth ranking was performed to realize the relative wealth of households in the village
as perceived by the villagers themselves. This classification will create understanding about the
economically feasible new technologies, which can be adopted by majority of the farmers.
Figure 13: wealth ranking exercise along with farmers
Under this PRA technique, four local key informants were identified who had in-depth idea
about the villagers. They were asked to classify all households of Pattana village into different
wealth categories according to their own criteria of classification. The criteria and categories
followed by the key informants are given in the table below (Table 8 and Figure 18):
Table 8: Wealth ranking categories, criteria and households
Category No of
Households
%
Households
Criteria
Rich farmers
(Srimantaru) 196 16
>10 acres land, livestock, Govt. job
Medium farmers 507 43 5-10 acres land, livestock, small
FET Report, Gulbarga, Karnataka, 94th FOCARS
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(Madhyamavaru) business
Poor farmers
(Badavaru) 423 36
<5 acres land, livestock
Landless labourers 59 5 Livestock
Figure 14: Percentage of households under different wealth status
Out of the 1185 households of Pattana village, 196 households came under the rich
farmers category (16%), 507 households under the medium farmers category (43%) and 423
households under poor farmers category (36%). 59 households, categorized as landless labourers
(5%) who didn‟t have any crop land to cultivate. They were solely based on their physical labour
and livestock, which were sometimes not belonged to them. Therefore, almost majority of the
household (95%) of this village were having land and any technology to be developed should
concern about them. However, for the landless labourers some beneficial schemes should be
promoted as well as the existing scheme like MNAREGA (ensuring work for 100 days in a year)
and loan schemes for purchasing cows should be evaluated and monitored properly.
FET Report, Gulbarga, Karnataka, 94th FOCARS
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6.11 Livelihood Analysis
Using the wealth ranking method, the entire Pattana village households were divided into
four categories, viz., rich farmers, medium farmers, poor farmers and landless laborers. The
livelihood statuses of each of the four categories were assessed by selecting three representative
houses from each group and averaged data was presented. However the landless labourer,
constituting 5 per cent of the household, were analyzed by taking samples from different
religion. The percentage contribution of different income sources and expenditure pattern of all
the four categories are represented below graphically (Figure 11, 12, 13 and 14)
Income and expenditure pattern:
A) Rich farmer: – (Shivasharanappa Bulla, Manjunath M. Mattimood, Basavaraj jevanagi)
Income Expenditure
Figure 15: Income and expenditure of rich farmers
Rich farmers of the village generally progressive farmers and they are the first persons to
adopt any new technology. The main source of their income was farming (95%) and remaining
from the jobs/business. Out of total expenditure 65% spend towards agriculture, 11% for
medical, 10% of income saving and spending more or less equally towards fuel and food (7%).
B) Medium farmer: (KI: Basavaraj Natikar,Gundappa,Prabhu Bibhrani)
FET Report, Gulbarga, Karnataka, 94th FOCARS
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Income Expenditure
Figure 16: Income and expenditure of medium farmers
The medium farmers getting their income mainly from farming, labouring and livestock
(dairy). They spending 67% on farming, 13% on medical, 10% on food and 5% each on
education and festivals.
C) Poor farmer: (KI – Lakshmikanth, Basavaraj Kadala and Hanumanthroy)
Income Expenditure
Figure 17: Income and expenditure of poor farmers
The major income sources of the poor farmer were farming and labouring. Besides they
also earn 5% of income from livestock (dairy). Most of their income earned spend on farming
(47%) and on food (25%) remaining for medical, festivals and children education.
FET Report, Gulbarga, Karnataka, 94th FOCARS
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D) Landless labourers (KI: Lakshman Yaragonda, Dodiba gondali andLalu bhai)
Income Expenditure
Figure 18: Income and expenditure of landless labourers
Table 9: Livelihood analysis of landless laborers
KI Income Expenditure Family Education Livestock
Lakshman
Yaragonda
Labour – 80%
Dairy – 20 %
Food(60%)
Education(10%)
Festivals(5%)
Medicine(20%)
8 (KI, wife,1
son,1 daughter
in law, 3 grand
sons, I
daughter)
1 child is
going to
school
2 cows (2
Jersey)
Dondiba
gondali
Labour – 90%
Livestock –
10%
Food – 70%
Education – 5%
Festivals – 5%
Medicine -20%
9 (KI, wife,2
sons,2
daughter in
laws, 3 grand
children)
Children
going to
school
5 Sheep's
Lalu Bai Labour – 100% Food – 90%
Education – 5%
Medicine -5%
4 (KI, son, 2
grand
daughters)
2 Grand
daughters
are going to
school
-
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6.12 SEASONAL CALENDAR AND ANALYSIS
Key informants: Basavaraj Jivange, Hanumanth Biradhar, Sharanabasappa Kadala,
Nimbenna Royagonda, Prabhu Bibrani.
Seasonal analysis is also called as seasonal calendar. This is a calendar, which indicates
month wise activities, specialties, threats, problems, abundance, and shortage with regard to
agriculture and animal husbandry in a diagrammatic way. The items to be included in seasonal
analysis must be those, which really affect agriculture and animal husbandry. This explores
seasonal constraints and opportunities by diagramming changes, month wise for a year. The
main activities, problems and opportunities of Pattana village were identified by using seasonal
calendar.
Seasonal calendar for agricultural crops & problems
Seasonal calendar of agricultural practices depicts the time-to-time crop related
operations being carried out in the existing farm situation. The main crops of Pattana village are
red gram, sorghum and sunflower. A few farmers are practicing cultivation of papaya, onion,
chilly and banana. Effort for sericulture is also found.
The most important problems in red gram are Fusarium wilt disease & sterility mosaic virus
disease. Problems due to pod flies, pod borer and pod bug is also found in red gram. Sorghum
the second major crop of Pattana village is affected by disease like smut disease and also have
problems due to shoot fly, stem borer & grass hopper. The major problem found in sunflower
cultivation is head borer in sunflower.
Figure 19: Seasonal calendar for major crops of Pattana village
Crops Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct
Red
gram
H T
S W I
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Jowar W & I H
S
Sunflo
wer
H S W
Figure 20: Seasonal calendar for agricultural problems of Pattana village
Crops Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct
Red gram
FW
&
Pod
fly
SMD
&
Pod
borer
SMD &
FW,
Pod
borer
&Pod
bug
Jowar
Shoot fly &
Stem borer Smut
disease
Grass
hopper
Sunflower Head
borer
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Figure 19: Seasonal calendar of livestock practices and problems
Key informants: Sivalingappa Babu ravu Savali (Vet. Ins.), Neelakanta, Basavraju
The Pattana villagers are mainly maintaining different breeds of cow, buffalo, sheep
and goat in the case of livestock. Whole the year they are maintaining them as a source of
income. Vaccination for foot and mouth disease and black quarter disease is doing in the case of
cow. Pre monsoon vaccination for hemorrhagic septicaemia in buffalo and vaccination for PPR
in sheep & goat also have done seasonally.
The main diseases found seasonally in cow are mastitis & fever, Foot and mouth disease
and Black quarter disease. Buffaloes are affected with diseases such as stroke and hemorrhagic
septicaemia. Goat pox, dysentery and PPR are the main diseases found in goats. Incidence of
Anthrax was found in the case of sheep.
Figure 21: Seasonal calendar of livestock health management practices in Pattana village
Livestock Nov De
c
Jan Feb Mar A
p
r
May Jun Jul Au
g
Se
p
Oc
t
Cow
Vaccin
ation
(FMD)
Premonsoon
vaccination
(BQ)
Vaccin
ation
(FMD)
Buffalo Premonsoon
vaccination
FET Report, Gulbarga, Karnataka, 94th FOCARS
45
(HS)
Sheep &
Goat
Vaccination
(PPR)
Figure 22: Seasonal calendar of livestock health management problems in Pattana village
Livestock Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct
cow Mastitis & fever
FMD Mastitis & fever
BQ
Buffalo Stroke
HS
Goat Goat pox,
dysentery & PPR
Sheep Anthrax
6.13: GENDER DISAGGREGATED ACTIVITIES
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Key informants: Sharimanth Besagonda, Veeranna Manipete
Both the men and women of Pattana village are engaged in farm activities. Among the farm
activities weeding practice is mainly done by women. Activities such as sowing, threshing and
harvesting are done by both men and women together.
Villagers are also engaged in Livestock management practices such as cleaning of cattle shed,
milking, fodder collection and diary activities without any gender discrimination.
Figure 23: Gender disaggregated activities in agricultural activities of Pattana village
Crops Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct
Red gram
H
(M+F)
T
(M+
F)
S
(M+F)
W
(F)
I
(M)
Jowar W (F) & I (M) H
(M&F)
S(M&F)
Sunflower H
(M&F)
S(M&F)
W
(F)
Figure 24: Gender disaggregated activities in livestock management activities agricultural
activities of Pattana village
FET Report, Gulbarga, Karnataka, 94th FOCARS
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Livestock Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct
Cleaning
cattle
shed
Men /Women
Milking Men /Women
Fodder
collection Men/ Women
Dairy Men /Women
6.14 ITK (Indigenous Technical Knowledge)
The ITKs of the village are mentioned in the following table
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Table: 10
Sl.No Practice / Products Purpose Methadology
1 Storage of seeds
for sowing (Red
gram & Jowar)
To protect from
pest attack
Mix the seeds with the leaves of neem,
Calotropis & ash and then stored in
mud pot
2 Black datura To cure joint
pain and
wounds ( as a
disinfectant)
Juice extracted from the leaves of
datura & apply to the joints to
relieve from the pain
Make the powder of roasted seeds
of datura and mixed the powder
with coconut oil and apply on the
wounds
3 Raw milk storage To store raw
milk over night
Collect the raw milk in aluminum
container and cover the container
with wet cotton cloth and hang it;
milk will be fresh till morning
6.15 Time line
Key informants: Shrimanth besagonda, Manjunath M Mattimood, Laxmana Yaragonda
Time line is a tool of PRA technique used to know the history of major remembered
events in community and their significance. It indicates the causal link between past and present.
The purpose of this tool is to obtain historical account of changes in demography, socio-
economic condition, communication, social relationship and interaction, technology diffusion
FET Report, Gulbarga, Karnataka, 94th FOCARS
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and adoption etc. Information regarding the important events like the development in agriculture,
animal husbandry are collected from the key informants, preferably elderly people of the village
and presented in the Table.
Table 11: Time line of major events in Pattana village
Key Informants:
S. No Year Event
1 1940 Flour mill
2 1945 – 46 School
3 1960 Vetenary hospital
4 1965 Radio
5 1965 Water tank
7 1970 Bike (YEZDI)
8 !972 -73 Health centre
9 1980 Panchayathu
10 1985 -86 Transport (Road)
11 1988 Electricity
12 1990 Ration shop (PDS)
13 1994 TV
14 1995 Landline phone
15 2000 SHG
16 2003 -04 Urdu school
17 2005 Coin booth phone
18 2005 Mobile
19 2007 -08 Dish TV
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20 2008 Nemmadi Kendra
21 2008 Library
Agricultural time line of Pattana village
Key Informants:
The time line of agricultural technology reveals that the Pattana village has adopted
different varieties of red gram such as Maruthi, Asha, BSMR – 736 & TS – 3R. In addition to the
major crop of red gram other vegetables like papaya and banana cultivation is done by a few
progressive farmers. Organic farming practice is started and established in the village. Drip &
sprinkler irrigation is practised by the villagers.
Table 12: Agricultural time line
S. No Year Events
1 1984 Diary
2 1990 RSK
3 1990 Thresher
4 1990 Red gram Maruthi (ICP – 8863)
5 1992 Tractor
6 1995 Banana cultivation
7 1995 Tractor drawn plough / cultivar
8 2001 Drip irrigation
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9 2002 Rotary weeding implement
10 2002 - 03 Red gram Asha
11 2003 Organic farming
12 2003 - 04 Papaya cultivation
13 2005 -06 Sprinkler irrigation
14 2008 Red gram BSMR - 736
15 2010 Red gram TS – 3R
6.16 Trend line for red gram productivity
Fig.25 Trend line of red gram productivity
FET Report, Gulbarga, Karnataka, 94th FOCARS
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The productivity of red gram shows decreasing trend from 2004-05 to 2005-07 with the
productivity of 10 qtl to 7-8 qtl respectively, due to attack of pest and diseases. In 2007-08 there
was a further decrease in the red gram productivity which is because of less rainfall
accomplished with severe pod borer attack. There was a recovery in yield from 2008-11which
also shows increasing trend due to release of resistant varieties like, TS-3R and also adoption of
effective control measures i.e. IPM.
Trend line for red gram price
Fig. 26 Trend line for red gram price
As shown in the graph the minimum price of red gram from 2004-05 to 2010-11 shows
an increasing trend with the price Rs. 550-3000 respectively. In the same way there is an increase
in trend of maximum price from Rs.2075 to 3700 from 2004-05 to 2010-11 respectively. There
was a drastic increase in price during 2008-09 due to less production. Further price was more or
less stable from the past 3 years corresponding with the good crop yield.
FET Report, Gulbarga, Karnataka, 94th FOCARS
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6.17 Technology Map
Key informants: Shivasharanappa Bulla, Sharanabasappa Kadala, Manjunath
Yashwanthroy Besagonda, Shantaiah G. Hiremat
Technology map is the pictorial representation of behavioural patterns of respondents
towards technology adoption. These may be adoption, discontinuance, rejection, over adoption
etc. Technology map comprises of type and frequency of adoption behaviour of respondents
towards latest technology involving various agencies related to agricultural research and
development.
Technology MapDrip irrigation A
= Redgram(Gullyal) A
Redgram(TS3R) A
Redgram(BSMR-736) A
Sorghum(M-35-1) A
Sorghum(Maldandi) A
Vermicompost A
Cross beed A
Dieoni A
Jersey A
HF A
Bulluck cart A
Country plough A
Seed dril A
v
v
vv
v
v
v
v
N
Figure 27: Technology Map of Pattana village
FET Report, Gulbarga, Karnataka, 94th FOCARS
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Technology Diffusion Methods
Technologies developed by various agencies are diffused to farmers‟ fields through the
simplest methods, and as far as possible in farmer's language. The following diffusion methods
in general are adopted for diffusion of technologies.
Training camps
Field demonstrations
Farmers‟ meeting
Kisan Mela
On-farm training
Distribution of bulletin and leaflets
Radio
Television
The different technologies which have been adopted, discontinued and rejected in the
village Pattana are depicted in table 12 and 13. The farmers of the village were found to have
adopted different varieties of Red gram, Sorghum, Sunflower etc. The Redgram variety TS-3R
was found to be predominantly grown in the region for certain reasons. Medium duration, wilt
resistant, for tolerant. Bold and red seed and higher yield than Gullyal. Earlier the farmers used
to grow the variety CP-8863. Later it was discontinued, mainly due to Long duration,
Susceptibility to sterility mosaic disease (SMD) and low yield compared to ASHA and BSMR-
736. In case of sorghum Maldandi and M-35-1 are largely grown due to Superior chapathi
quality, high market value and higher grain and fodder yield. Suitable for rain fed condition
respectively.
With respect to livestock farming, the cattle breed „was found to be predominantly
reared, because of its climatic adaptability and dual purpose use. Cross breeds (HF and Jersey)
are also rearing its higher milk yield. Pure breeds of HF and jersey also rearing by the few
farmers but not adopted by many farmers because of its higher mortality rates, climatic
inadaptability and higher cost of maintenance.
FET Report, Gulbarga, Karnataka, 94th FOCARS
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Transplantation technology in red gram was not at all adopted for its intensity of labour
requirement. Clean milk production and silage making was not followed for lack of awareness
and knowledge. Drip irrigation found to be practiced by few farmers.
Table 13: Technology table for crops
Sr. No. Crop Technology Status Reason
1. Redgram ICP-8863 A Long duration, Susceptibility to sterility
mosaic disease (SMD) and low yield
compared to ASHA and BSMR-736.
BSMR-736 DD High yield, resistant to wilt and sterility
mosaic disease (SMD).
ICPL-87119
(ASHA)
A High yield, wilt resistant and suitable for
deep black soil. susceptible to pest and
diseases
TS3R
(Maruti-2)
A(Newly
released)
Medium duration wilt resistant, for
tolerant. Bold and red seed and higher
yield than Gullyal
Gullyal A Drought tolerant, good quality grains.
2. Sorghum Maldandi A Superior chapathi quality, high market
value.
M-35-1 A Higher grain and fodder yield. Suitable for
rain fed condition.
3 Sunflower Kargil A High yield
KBSH-1 A High seed and oil yield
Jwalamuki R Low yield and not suitable for rainfed
condition.
A: Adopted; DD: Disenchantment discontinuance; R: Rejected
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Table 14: Technology table for agricultural practices
1. Transplantation in
Redgram
NA High labour intensive
2. Application of FYM A Management of soil health, efficient utilization
cow dung and crop residues, reducing chemical
fertilizer requirement. 3. Vermi composting A
4. Panchagavya and
jeevamrutha
A To control pest and diseases and also provide
micronutrients.
5. Drip irrigation A Efficient use of water, extension of area under
irrigation.
6. Soil testing A Lack of awareness
7 Recharging bore
well water
Few farmers
adopted
To improve the water table.
NA; Not adopted, A; Adopted
Table 15: Technology table for farm implements
Sr.
no.
Technology Status Reason
1. Country plough and
mould board plough
A Less costly and readily available
2. Tractor A Time and labour saving farm operation
3. Disc plough A For deep ploughing
4. Cultivator A Secondary tillage operation
5. Bullock cart A Transportation purpose
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6. Knapsack sprayer A Uniform application of plant protection
material
7. Foot operated
sprayer
R Extra labour requirement
8. Battery sprayer A Easy to operate
9. Harrow A Efficient intercultural operation
10. Rotavator A Quicker land preparation
A: Adopted, R: Rejected
Table 16: Technology table for livestocks
Sr. No. Technology Status Reason
1. Deoni (Cow breed) A Dual purpose use, higher climatic adaptability,
low cost of maintenance
2. HF A High milk yield
3. Jersey A High milk yield.
4. Local buffalo
breed
A Suitable to local climatic condition
5. Osmanabadi (Goat
breed)
A Alternate source of income by marketing for
chevon purpose, low cost of maintenance,
6. Machine milking NA Economically not feasible.
7. Clean milk
production
NA Lack of awareness and knowledge
8. Artificial
insemination
A Genetic improvement of breed
9. Silage making NA Lack of awareness
A: Adopted, NA: Not Adopted
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6.18 Matrix Ranking
Key Informants: Shrimanth Besagonda, pandith, Basavaraj Kadala, Prabhu Bibran
Gunde Rao Seenu, Sharanabasappa Kadala, Shrimanth Besagonda, Manjunath M
Mattimood, Hanumantharaya, Raveendra P Patil, Shivasharanappa Siddaruda Hulimani,
Basavaraj Jivanige.
Matrix ranking is a PRA tool which facilitates prioritization of technologies with respect
to certain identified criteria, based upon users‟ perception. The tool was applied in the village
Pattana for getting a firsthand idea of farmers‟ relative preference for different varieties of Red
gram, Sorghum and also different cattle breeds. The results of the matrix ranking for different
varieties of Red gram depict that the variety TS3R was the highest preferred one when compared
to the remaining two adopted varieties, viz., Gullyal and BSMR-736. Among the two largely
adopted varieties of Sorghum namely, M-35-1 and CSH15. M-35-1 was given higher preference
over the other, for its Superior grain quality, high market value. As far as the cattle breeds Deoni,
HF (cross breeds), and Jersey (cross breed) were taken into consideration, it could be noticed that
farmers‟ prefered Deoni over HF (cross breed) and Jersey (cross breed) due to their adoptability
and resistance to diseases.
Table 17: Matrix ranking of Red gram varieties
Indicator KI Gullyal TS -3R BSMR-736
Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score
Yield
1 B 2 A 3 C 1
2 B 2 A 3 C 1
3 B 2 A 3 C 1
4 C 1 A 3 B 2
5 C 1 A 3 B 2
Total score
8
15
7
Crop duration 1 C 1 A 3 B 2
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2 C 1 A 3 B 2
3 C 1 A 3 B 2
4 C 1 A 3 B 2
5 C 1 A 3 B 2
Total score
5
15
10
Water requirement
1 A 3 B 2 C 1
2 A 3 B 2 C 1
3 A 3 B 2 C 1
4 A 3 C 1 B 2
5 A 3 C 1 B 2
Total score
15
8
7
Resistance to insect pests & Diseases
1 B 2 A 3 C 1
2 A 2 A 3 C 1
3 A 3 B 2 C 1
4 B 2 A 3 C 1
5 B 2 C 1 A 3
Total score
11
12
7
Overall score
39
50
31
Table 18: Matrix ranking of Sorghum varieties
Indicator KI M – 35 - 1 CSH-15
Rank Score Rank Score
Yield 1 B 2 A 3
2 B 2 A 3
3 B 2 A 3
4 A 3 B 2
5 A 3 B 2
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Total score 12 13
Fodder 1 A 2 B 1
2 B 1 A 2
3 A 2 B 1
4 A 2 B 1
5 A 2 B 1
Total score 09 06
Water requirement 1 A 2 B 1
2 A 2 B 1
3 A 2 B 1
4 B 1 A 2
5 A 2 B 1
Total score 09 06
Market price 1 A 2 B 1
2 A 2 B 1
3 A 2 B 1
4 A 2 B 1
5 B 1 A 2
Total score 09 06
Overall score 39 31
Table 19: Matrix ranking of cattle breeds
Indicator KI HF(Cross breed) Jawari(Deoni) Jersey(Cross breed)
Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score
Milk yield 1 A 3 C 1 B 2
2 B 2 C 1 A 3
3 A 3 C 1 B 2
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4 A 3 B 2 C 1
5 A 3 C 1 B 2
Total score 14 06 10
Adoption to
drought
1 C 1 A 3 B 2
2 C 1 A 3 B 2
3 C 1 A 3 B 2
4 C 1 A 3 B 2
5 A 3 B 2 C 1
Total score 07 14 09
Maintenance
cost
1 B 2 A 3 C 1
2 C 1 A 3 B 2
3 B 2 A 3 C 1
4 C 1 A 3 B 2
5 C 1 A 3 B 2
Total score 07 15 08
Resistance to
disease
1 C 1 A 3 B 2
2 C 1 A 3 B 2
3 B 2 A 3 C 1
4 C 1 A 3 B 2
5 C 1 B 2 B 2
Total score 06 14 09
Overall score 34 49 36
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6.19: Consequence diagram
Key informants: Shivasharanappa Bulla, Bhimashankar, Basavaraj jeevanagi,
Sidharuda Hulimani, Basanna Kadala, Shivasharanappa Bulla Bhimashankar, Basanna
Kadala, Prabhu Bibrani, Eshwaraiah madapati.
Consequence diagram, also known as impact diagram is a PRA technique that depicts the
positive and negative impacts of an adapted technology in a certain region. Consequence
diagram has been presented below for the red gram variety TS-3R, organic forming and Cross
breed of cattle.
Consequence diagram of Red gram variety (TS-3R)
• Overcomes problems of delayed monsoons and late droughts(short
duration)
•Change in cropping pattern/system (short duration and dwarf)
• Reduced cost of cultivation (Resistance to Pests and diseases)
• Replacing old varieties/local varieties
• Decresing market price (Dehusking problem)
•Decreasing efficiency of processing industries
+ve
-ve
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Consequence diagram of cross breed (HF & Jersey)
• Increased family income (high milk yield)
•Alternate livelihood generated +ve
-ve •High maintenance cost (Feed and health)
•Initially high mortality rate (Adoptability)
•Neglecting adopting buffaloes/local breeds
Consequence diagram of Organic farming
•Sustainable yield and encouraging natural enemies(eco-friendly)
•Reduced cost of cultivation(Reduced incidence of pest and
Diseases)
•Improvement in quality of the produce(micronutrient supplement)
•Promoting other farmers
•Adopting livestock
• Shortage of organic substrate
•High initial expenditure
•Labour shortage
•Less scope for commercialization(Poor market facility)
+ve
-ve
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6.20 Problem Identification Technique
Key informants: Mr. Shrimanth Besagonda, Mr. Basavaraj Jevanagi, Mr. Manjunath
The problem identification technique was used to identify and prioritize the problems
prevailing in agricultural sector in the village. For this purpose, 32 farmers were identified from
the village representing all sections of the village using snowball technique. From the three key
informants (progressive farmers), 17 problems in different crops/ animal husbandry sectors were
listed down and 12 problems were selected based upon perception of the majority of 32 farmers.
One by one all 32 farmers were asked to rank the problems based upon the severity and
percentage of loss they are personally facing by the problem. Since selected farmers represented
all the sectors varying from rich farmers to landless farmers, ranking pattern were also diverse.
Landless farmers did not ranked crop problems and only ranked animal husbandry related
problems. The extent of damage (per acreage) to affected crops due to particular problem in the
village was determined by the farmers. The data for damage were further validated by KVK,
Gulbarga. The average monetary losses for the village were calculated for each problem.
Frequencies of each rank for a problem were calculated and tabulated in rank frequency table.
The percentage monitory loss due to the problem “soil and water related problem” could not be
calculated as the base data from which losses could be calculated are not available and can be
calculated only by experimental evaluations, hence only RBQ for this problem was estimated.
Rank Based Quotient (RBQ) and Value Based Index (VBI) were then calculated using following
formulae.
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1 Rank Based Quotient
RBQ = ∑f1(n+1-i)x100
N X n
Where,
Fi = Frequency of farmers for the ith rank of the attribute
N = Number of farmers contacted for factor identification
n = The maximum number of ranks given for various factors.
i = Rank of the attributes
2 Value Based Index
VBI = RBQ x Average loss experienced x area of crops/animals
The problems were ranked based on VBI as given in the Table 18.
6.20 Problem and Solution Tree
Under this PRA tool, all the problems were discussed with the farmers for all possible reasons
using top down approach. The possible solution for each cause was also discussed with the
farmers. These causes and solutions were discussed with the subject matter specialists at KVK,
Gulbarga for construction of tree.
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Table 20: Problems identified in Pattana village; Rank Frequency table
Sr. No. Problems Identified Ranks
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total farmers
1 Sterility mosaic disease in Red gram 7 12 4 - - 1 1 - - - 25
2 Purple blotch disease in Onion 5 10 3 1 4 - 1 - - - 24
3 Fusarium wilt disease in Red gram 4 11 3 - - 3 4 - - - 25
4 Shoot fly in Sorghum 1 - - 3 2 5 6 1 5 - 23
5 Thrips in Onion 1 - 6 2 3 2 2 2 4 - 22
6 Pod bug in Red gram 3 - 2 6 3 5 2 2 - - 23
7 Head borer in Sunflower 1 - - 3 2 5 6 1 5 - 22
8 Pod fly in Red gram 1 - 1 5 4 6 4 - - 3 24
9 Soil and water related problems 10 6 2 - - 3 1 - 3 1 26
10 FMD,HS and Mastitis in Cattle and Buffalo 16 3 2 - - - 1 2 - 3 27
11 Flower dropping in Red gram 4 2 2 6 1 2 2 6 - 3 28
12 Labour scarcity at crucial time 2 3 2 5 2 - 3 3 2 2 25
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Table 21: Problems identified in Pattana village; RBQ table
S.
No.
Problems Identified RBQ %
loss
VBI Rank
1 Sterility mosaic disease in Red gram 87.60 40 5,04,576 I
2 Purple blotch disease in Onion 82.90 45 5,96,880 II
3 Fusarium wilt disease in Red gram 77.60 53 5,92,243 IV
4 Shoot fly in Sorghum 46.91 25 1,93,462 XII
5 Thrips in Onion 55.41 20 1,77,280 X
6 Pod bug in Red gram 63.00 40 3,62,880 VII
7 Head borer in Sunflower 47.69 35 2,39,904 XI
8 Pod fly in Red gram 66.48 52 5,00,198 VI
9 Soil and water related problems 76.11 - - V
10 FMD,HS and Mastitis in Cattle and
Buffalo 78.89 25 5,42,340 III
11 Flower dropping in Red gram 57.5 37 3,06,360 VIII
12 Labour scarcity at crucial time 57.08 30 2,46,240 IX
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6.21. Problem Tree and Solution Tree
Figure 28: Problem solution tree for insect Pests of red gram
Insect Pests of Red gram
Pod fly Pod bug
Use of long
duration
varieties
Late sowing
Use short
duration
varieties
Lack of
knowledge
about proper
insecticides
No
resistant
varieties
Use of suitable
insecticidesDevelop
resistant
variety
Not growing of
resistant
varieties
No nursery
sowing
Sow early
Go for
transplanting
Grow resistant
varietiesDelayed
monsoon
Lack of
awareness
Create
awareness
Less market
price
Dehusking
problem
Give good price
Increase dehusking
quality
No IPM
practices
Follow IPM
Figure 28: Problem solution tree for Diseases of Red Gram
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Diseases of Red gram
Sterility mosaic
virus diseaseFusarium wilt
disease
RatooningNot adopting
resistant
varieties
Lack of
suitable
miticides
No spacing
Avoid
ratooningCreate
awreness Use proper
miticides
Maintain proper
spacing
No summer
ploughingMono
cropping
No seed
treatment
Go for summer
ploughing
Go for crop
rotation
Go for seed
treatment
Lack of
knowledge about
biocontrol agents
and resistant
varieties
Create awareness
No green
manuring
Apply green
manure
Low market price
Dehusking problem
Provide Good price
Increase dehusking quality
Figure 29: Problem solution tree for insect pests and diseases of onion
Insect Pest and Disease of Onion
ThripsPurple blotch
disease
Lack of
resistant
varieties
Lack of
knowledge
about pest
Develop resistant
varieties
Increase
awareness about
pest
Use of diseased
seeds for
sowing
Lack of resistant
varieties
Use healthy
seeds
Use resistant
varieties
Improper
chemical
selection
Select proper
chemical
No seed
treatment
Treat the seeds
Lack of
knowledge
about disease
free seeds
Increase
awareness about
healthy seeds
Lack of
knowledge about
seed treatment
chemicals
Increase
awareness
Improper
chemical spray
Select proper
chemical
Figure 30: Problem solution tree for animal health problem
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Animal Health related Problems
Foot & Mouth DiseaseMastitis
Hemorrhagic
septicemia
No sanitation
& mixing of
animals
Lack of
vaccination
Maintain sanitation
& Quarantine shed
building
Increase awareness
about vaccination to
farmers
Unavailability
of vaccines
Supply vaccines in
time
Lack of storage
facility for vaccine
Build cold chain for
vaccine
UnhygienicSusceptible
breeds
Maintain
hygiene in the
shed
Use cross
breeds
Lack of
vaccination
Environmental
stress heat
Lack of mineral
supplements
Awareness
about
vaccination
Avoid heat
stress to
animals
Provide mineral
rich food
Unavailability
of vaccines
Ensure supply of
vaccines
Lack of cold
chain for storage
of vaccines
Infrastructure for
vaccine storage
Figure 31: Problem solution tree for soil related problems
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Soil and water related problems
Nutrient deficiency
Deficiency of primary
nutrients (N, P, K)
Deficiency of micro
nutrients (Zn, Fe, B)
Apply FYM,
NPK fertilizers
Apply Boron, Gypsum,
ZnSO4, FeSO4
Mono
cropping
Less
fertilizer
efficiency
Follow crop
rotation Use of control
release fertilizers
Lack of
knowledge
Lack of knowledge
about application
method
Increase
awareness
about crop
rotation
Awareness
about
application
method
Less / No
application
Apply recommended
quantity
No awareness
Increase awareness
Lack of knowledge
about soil testing
Increase awareness
about soil testing
Low rainfallImproper
rainwater
harvesting
Inefficient
use of
water
Create
awareness about
rain water
harvesting
Lack of
knowledge
about check
damsConstruct check dam
No subsidy for
construction of
check dams
Provide subsidy for
construction of
check dams
Efficient use
of water
Lack of
awareness
about modern
irrigation
system
Increase
awareness about
drip & sprinkler
irrigation system
Water scarcity
6.22 Perspectives of Problems
Problems identified were categorized as problems arising out of gaps in research in various
agricultural disciplines and as problems arising out of gaps in extension activities.
Main problems related to extension and research identified has been enumerated as follows:
Extension Gap
1. Awareness about management of pod fly and pod bug of red gram
2. Awareness about availability of sterility mosaic virus and wilt resistant variety of red
gram
3. Knowledge about horticulture crops
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4. knowledge about animal health and milk production
5. Knowledge about micro nutrients
6. Pest v/s biocontrol agents
7. Awareness about market information
Research Gap
1. Location specific IPM and IDM module for red gram
2. Lack of thermostable vaccine which do not require costly maintenance of cold chain for
foot and mouth disease, HS and mastitis.
3. Screening and identification of resistant varieties for insect pest and diseases of red gram
and onion
6.19 Research project proposals
Based on the problems and research gaps identified, the following research projects are
proposed.
1. Understanding the population dynamics of pod fly and pod bug in red gram in relation to
current environmental conditions.
2. Developing integrated pest management for pod fly and pod bug in red gram.
3. Screening and identification of SMD and wilt resistant varieties of red gram.
4. Development of short duration varieties.
5. Development of integrated disease management for SMD and Wilt.
6. Screening and identification of purple blotch disease resistant varieties for onion.
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7. Screening of promising red gram genotypes for drought tolerance.
8. Participatory red gram varietal selection in Gulbarga district of Karnataka.
9. Development of watershed management strategy.
10. Value upgradation of pulse crop transforming traditional selling system into a value chain
marketing system in pulses.
11. Impact of dryland development programmes including watershed management on
productivity and socio-economic welfare of the community.
12. Community based approaches in the dairying
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6.23 Action Plan
Who What Where When Outcome
Plant breeder Plant,
Pathologist and
Entomologist
Development of short duration
varieties
Screening of various germplasms
against SMD and wilt
Evaluation of different insecticides
against pests
ICRISAT,
Hyderabad
2013-2016 Resistant plants and
Insecticides for insect
pests and diseases
Plant Pathologist and
Entomologist Morphological studies of Pests and
diseases of Onion
Screening of various germ plasms
against pests and diseases of Onion
Evaluation of different pesticides
against pest and diseases
Development of IPM and IDM for
Onion
ICRISAT,
Hyderabad 2013-2017 IPM and IDM for
insect pests and
diseases of Onion
Plant breeder, Plant
Pathologist, Entomologist
and Extension scientist
Participatory red gram varietal
selection for various traits in
Gulbarga district of Karnataka
KVK, Gulbarga 2013-2016 Selection and adoption
of superior varieties
Veterinary Epidemiologist Molecular epidemiological studies IVRI, Izatnagar , 2014-2018 Development of
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of FMD, HS and Mastitis PD-FMD,
Mukteswar, and
KVAFS
University Bidar
vaccines for FMD, HS
and Mastitis diseases
Agricultural Economist and
Extension scientist Transforming traditional selling
system into a value chain
marketing system in pulses
KVK, Gulbarga,
APMC, Karnataka
state agricultural
marketing
department
2013-2014 Export efficiency of
pulses will be explored
Plant physiologist and
Agricultural economist Screening of promising Red gram
genotypes for drought tolerance
Physiological screening of red
gram germplasm for low input
condition
ICRISAT,
Hyderabad 2014-2018 Development of
drought tolerant
varieties
Soil Chemistry, Fertility
and Microbiology Scientist
Development of control release
fertilizers suitable for this zone
Development of customized
fertilizer for this zone
IARI, New Delhi
IFFCO, New
Delhi
2013-2017 Development of
nanotechnology, coated
fertilizer technology
Dairy Microbiologist, Dairy
Economist
Technological, Social and
Economic impacts of
implementing CMC (Community
milking centers) in Gulbarga
KVAFSU,Bidar,
KMF
2012-2014 Improved export
potential of Indian
dairy products
Improved socio-
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economic status of
dairy farmers
Improved awareness on
animal health and
diseases among farmers
Dairy Microbiologist, Dairy
Chemist, Dairy Economist
Implementation of Bulk Milk
Cooler for improving processing
qualities of raw milk in Gulbarga
KVAFSU Bidar,
KMF
2012-2014 Improved export
potential of Indian
dairy products
Reduced losses due to
spoilage
Reduced transportation
and processing costs
Plant physiologist, plant
breeder, agricultural
economist and soil scientist
Impact of dryland development
programmes including watershed
management on productivity and
socio-economic welfare of the
community
UAS, Raichur,
Karnataka
2013-2018 Production and socio-
economic development
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7.0 Village Seminar
The village seminar was conducted on 18th
November in the presence of local FET
coordinator (Dr. Kantharaju, V.), Majnunath Patil (KVK-Veterinary Officer), Malkanna Patil
(Farm Superident), APMC officials (Chandrakanth Patil, Shivakumar and Rajkumar), veterinary
officer (Mohammed Shekawat), Assistant Agricultural Officer (Pandith), Gram Panchayath
President (Ningamma Sangolagi), Progressive farmers (Basavaraj Jevanagi, Shivasharanappa
Bulla, Shivasharanappa Hulimane, Sanju Mehtha, Shrimanth Besagonda, Manjunath),
Monitoring faculty from NAARM (Dr. V.K.J. Rao) and village people. The response to village
seminar was very positive since many villagers took active participation in the discussion.
The findings through PRA techniques were triangulated with the villagers and the
necessary feedback and corrections were taken up. The top most researchable problem we
identified by discussion and using the ranking technique were triangulated and almost all the
villagers were in total agreement on that. Fusarium wilt, Sterility mosaic disease (SMD), Pod fly,
Pod bug and pod borer in red gram, purple blotch disease and thrips in onion, low yield and
market price of pigeon pea and onion, low livestock productivity, mortality of cows, artificial
insemination, vaccination, weed problem, organic farming, micro nutrient deficiency, cattle
insurance and farmer insurance were the major topics discussed.
The broad issues we took up in the village seminar were the integrated pest and disease
management of red gram, management of purple blotch disease and thrips in onion, importance
of micronutrients in enhancing quality and shelf life of onion, role of micronutrients(boron) in
seed setting of sunflower and red gram, importance of feed and animal health management in
increasing the milk production of cattle‟s, schemes for purchase of cattle‟s and their feeds,
information on daily news about market price of produce, farmer insurance and insurance for
cattle‟s.
The farmers of Pattana village perceived that animal health problems, insect pest and
disease problem in red gram and onion and marketing problems were the serious issues. The FET
group, KVK SMS, Veterinary officer and Marketing officials (APMC) were able to explain the
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villagers that how to handle those problems. Therefore, there is a wide scope for diversifying the
farming systems, which can improve the income and living standards of farmers.
The seminar ended on a high note with the assurance that farmers will get advice for the
animal health and crop related problems from the KVK, agricultural department and research
institutes rather than following blindly the advice from the private company dealers.
Figure 32: Village seminar at Pattana village
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7.1 INSTITUTE SEMINAR
The institute seminar was held on 24th
November 2011 at KVK, Gulbarga. Dr. Raju G.
Teggelli, Associate Professor, Programme Co-ordinator, KVK Gulbarga, Dr. Kantharaju, local
FET co-ordinator, all the scientists of KVK, Dr. Dharma Raju, (Special officer), Dr. R.V. Patil
(Assistant Registrar) College of Agriculture Gulbarga, UAS Raichur, and the scientists of
Agriculture research station (ARS) were present in the seminar. During the institute seminar, we
discussed the village transect, resource and social maps, daily activity profile of both men and
women, time line, seasonal calendar, consequence and Venn diagrams, problem tree, solution
tree and proposed research projects. The presentation by each FOCARS trainee apart from
different PRA tools also included information acquired about the problems of farmers.
We presented the researchable issues on the means to overcome the problem of pest and
diseases in red gram and onion, transplantation in red gram, animal health related problems and
soil micronutrient and water related problems, reason for the mortality of cattle‟s, role of self
help groups (SHGs) in enhancing the income of the rural women‟s, importance of preliminary
training about new technologies to farmers. We triangulated the details that were collected from
the village with the KVK staff and ARS (Agriculture research station) faculty. After the seminar,
active discussion was held among scientists and feedbacks were received. The scientists gave
valuable suggestions to overcome most of the problems faced by the village farmers.
The dignitaries were happy with the FET group presentation and the PRA work. It was
also suggested that further “farmer based - need oriented” research programmes should be
initiated to enhance the income and improve the livelihood of the farmer.
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Figure 33: FET Institute seminar at KVK Gulbarga
8.0 Industrial Visits
Major crops grown in the Pattana village were red gram followed by onion and sorghum.
Apart from major crops, livestock is another important source of income. Keeping considerations
the importance of crops and livestock , we planned to visit Dal mill (Pulse processing industry),
Agriculture product marketing committee (APMC), Karnataka milk federation (KMF) and
Biological control laboratory (BCL) and Fish market, Gulbarga .
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8.1 Visit to APMC (Agriculture Produce Marketing Committee):
Red gram is one of the major crop grown in Pattan village. Around 85 % of farmers are
marketing their agriculture produce viz., Red gram, sorghum, sunflower, greengram, black gram
and chick pea etc. to APMC, Gulbarga which started in 1968 under Agriculture Marketing
Department of Karnataka. The area of market yard is 62 acres with the transaction 12 crores per
year. APMC market area mainly covers 4 talukas viz. Gulbarga, Aland, Afzhalpur and Jevargi.
Among the total commodities arrival Red gram only contributes around 90% and remaining
includes sorghum, green gram, black gram, Bengal gram, sunflower and onion. Besides
integrated tur agri-business centre and new market for fruits and vegetables proposed with the
area of 14 acres.
We also discussed regarding prices of major commodities arrived in the market and
facilities like, storage and grading. Currently Red gram price of TS-3R variety fetching low as
compared to other varities like maruti, Gullyal, BSMR-736 and Asha, due to difficulty in
dehusking. Market has no storage facility, farmers are using private warehouses located near
market with the capacity of 1.2 lakh metric tonnes. For grading purpose moisture content, grain
size and grain colour are considered.
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Fig.34 Visit to APMC, Gulbarga
8.2 Visit to Gulbarga-Bidar Co-operative Milk Producers' Societies Union Ltd
Key Informants: Dr. Manjunath Patil
Gulbarga-Bidar Co-operative Milk Producers' Societies Union Ltd, was established on
19th August 1985 under the apex body KMF (Karnataka Milk Federation-he largest cooperative
dairy Federation in South India, owned and managed by milk producers of Karnataka State) with
a capacity to process 60,000 liters of milk per day. Recently in 2010 the processing capacity has
been increased to process around 1,00,000 liters of milk per day in order maintain balance with
the increased milk production in Gulbarga-Bidar region.
8.2.1 Organizational Structure
The organization is three tiered on Co-operative principles with Dairy Co-operative
Societies (DCS) at grass root level headed by District Co-operative Milk Unions at single / multi
district level and Milk Federation at State level.
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Fig. 35 Organizational Structure of KMF
There are major four sections under Gulbarga-Bidar Co-operative Milk Producers'
Societies Union Ltd. such as 1) Administration 2) Quality 3) Processing 4) Marketing involving
in the activities of the organization
Currently Gulbarga-Bidar Co-operative Milk Producers' Societies Union Ltd. is
processing around 64,000 liters of milk per day to meet the consumer demands of Gulbarga
region. Out of which, around 56,000 liters are procuring from Gulbarga and Bidar region and
remaining 8000 liters are from other unions (Shimoga, Thumkur, Davanagere).
The plant is having facilities for processing fluid milk ( Toned milk, Standardized milk,
Homogenized milk ), curd, ghee and khoa. Currently the plant processing around 60,000 liters of
fluid milk and 4,000 liters of curd ,170 kgs of ghee 25-50 kgs of khoa per day. The process flow
diagram for these products is shown in the following flow chart.
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Fig.36 The process flow chart for various milk products
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Fig. 37 Visit to Gulbarga-Bidar Co-operative Milk Producers' Societies Union Ltd
8.3 Visit to Dal Industry (Global Dal Industry)
Key Informant: Prakash
Pigeon pea is one of the most important and vastly grown crops in the village Pattana.
Around ninty five percent of the farmers in the Pattana village cultivate pigeon pea as the main
crop. Therefore, the dal mill was visited in order to gather firsthand information of several
aspects of post production value addition in pigeon pea. Global Dal Industry was a completely
private based Industry started by Raghuji and his partners in the year 2008.
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Processing steps: Flow chart of dal industry:
Production activity and market strategy of the Industry
The Global Dal Industry equipped with machineries capable of processing almost all the
pulses like, red gram, black gram, green gram and soybean depending upon the season of
production. Currently the industry is processing 400quintal black gram per day. The production
activity of Industry involves the procurement of a raw material directly from farmers and APMC.
They usually procure the raw material at the rate of 35 Rs per kg and they sale final product of
dal at the rate of 90 Rs per kg and 50 Rs per kg for whole grain under the brand name “Dove”.
The industry fellows gaining a profit margin of 55 Rs per kg dal and 15 Rs per kg for whole
grain. They sell a final product in a 0.5 kg, 1 kg and 25 kg packet to the different markets of
various states.
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Fig.38 Visit to Dal industry
8.4 Visit to Biological Control Laboratory (BCL), Kotnur (D) Gulbarga:
Biological control laboratory is located at Kotnur (D) of Gulbarga district. This may be
considered as one of the most important biocontrol agents supplying centre to Gulbarga and
neighbouring districts. This lab was established in the year July, 2002. A visit was made to get a
firsthand knowledge of the specific functions, modes of operation and various other issues
regarding BCL.
Functions of BCL:
1. Supply biological control agents directly to the farmers at reasonable price i.e @ 72%
subsidy (Trichoderma @ Rs.115/kg, Trichogramma @ Rs. 6/card).
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2. Supply biological control agents to Agriculture departments @ 43% subsidy.
3. Supply biological control agents to neighbouring districts like, Bidar, Raichur, Bellary,
Bijapur, Harihara etc.
Types of biological control agents produced and used against pests:
1. Trichoderma viridae
This is one of the most useful biologically important fungus, this is used against disease causing
soil fungus.
Production: 2 tonne/month
Uses
Crops:
Food crops: Red gram, Chick pea, Green gram, Black gram, Cow pea, Sorghum, Bajra etc.
Oil seed crops: Ground nut, Sunflower, Safflower, soybean etc
Vegetables: Brinjal, Bhendi, Potato, Tomato, Chilli etc
Horticulture crops: Grapes, Beetle vine, Zinger, Turmeric, Pepper etc.
Diseases: Root rot, Stem rot, Wilt and other fungal diseases.
Method of use:
a. Seed Treatment: 4-6 gm/kg seed
b. Nursery application: 5 gm in one lt/sq.mt
c. Seedling dip: 200 gm in 20 lit. of water
d. Soil application: 1-2 kg/100 kg FYM
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2. Trichogramma chilonis:
This is a small egg parasitoid, attack and kills the eggs of around 200 species of lepidopteron
pests.
Production: 5000 card/month
Uses
S.No Crop Releasing time Insect pest No. to be released
1. Sugarcane 40-45 days Shoot borer 1,20,000
90 days Internode borer 60,000
2. Paddy 30 days Yellow stem borer 1,20,000
30 days Leaf folder 1,20,000
3. Maize 45 days Stem borer 60,000
4. Cotton 45 days Bollworm 60,000
5. Ground nut 15 days Leaf miner 60,000
6. Tomato 45 days Fruit borer 60,000
7. Brinjal 45 days Shoot and fruit borer 60,000
8. Chilli 50 days Fruit borer 60,000
9. Castor 30 days Semilooper 60,000
10. Lemon Time of pest attack
Leaf eating caterpillar 60,000
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Method of use
Each card will have 20,000 parasitoids. Cut card into 12 pieces, each piece is stapled
under the leaf at the distance of 8*8m.
Organizational chart for office of the agriculture officer (Bio Control Laboratory) Kotnur,
Gulbarga
Agriculture officer-1
Agril. Officer-3
Lab attender-8
F.D.A.-1
S.D.A.-1
Driver-1
Group D-3
Joint Director of Agriculture
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Figure 39: Visit to bio control laboratory
8.5 Visit to Parkitwar Fishermen’s Co-operative Society Ltd.
KI: Mr.Ambadas
We visited the Parkitwar fishermen‟s co – operative society ltd.d located in S. B temple
road, Gulbarga for knowing the details of fish production & fish consumption. Since more than
80% of the population of Gulbarga belongs to lingayath caste, fish consumption is found to be
very low in this place. Pattana village people are mainly vegetarians and the number of people
consuming fish in this village is very less. The Hathagundha Lake which is located near to the
Pattana village is tendered once in for 5 years..
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The visit to Parkitwar fishermen‟s co – operative society ltd. helped in collecting the
information on fish production in lakes and its marketing in Gulbarga district. The various details
were given by Mr.Ambadas, fisherman.
The society is collecting fish for marketing from 2 lakes named Khajakotnur and Bosga.
Mainly fishes such as Catla, Rohu, Mrigal and Common carp are cultivated there. Seeds of
fingerling size are collected from the hatchery of Thungbhadra dam. Seeds are stocked at the rate
of 3 to 4 lakhs in both lakes and are reared for a period of one year. Fishes are fed with rice bran
and oil cake mixture. On an average one quintal of fish is harvested in a day. The harvested
fishes are iced and stored in thermocol boxes and are transported to this society for marketing.
The fishes are marketed locally at a rate of 70 Rs/ Kg.
Fig. 40 Visit to Fish market, Gulbarga
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9. ICT (Information and Communication Technology)
ICT Year of Start Source Remarks
Kiosk 2004 KVK, Gubarga Touch Screen Machine for
giving information about
agricultural related activities
SMS 2008 KVK Specialists
through Way2 SMS,
Googlelabs, Agripedia
Season wise, problem based
messages
Voice Messages 2011 KVK, Gulbarga Season wise, problem based
messages to overcome
language barrier
10. Conclusion
Pattana is a village which is mostly dependent on agriculture. Nearly 85-90 per cent of
the villagers are involved in agriculture, most of the land is rainfed. The village has cropping
pattern that included crops like, legumes and cereals. Only few farmers cultivating horticultural
crops like, papaya commercially. Pigeon pea, black gram and green gram are the intercropping
system followed by farmers in the village. Pattana is no exception with villagers resorting to
Pigeon pea, onion and sunflower are in kharif season and chick pea, wheat and sorghum in rabi
season. Livestock rearing is also widespread activities in the village with many village people are
having cows and buffalos specially Deoni, Jersy, HF cross and Pandrapuri, Murrah are major
breed in the village. Landless villagers resort to daily wages, goat, sheep and backyard poultry
rearing.
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The farmers of Pattana village have used a number of Pigeon pea, onion and sunflower
varieties over the years and are presently using Gullyal, TS-3R, Maruti (ICP-8863) and Asha in
Pigeon pea, Nasik, Bellary red in onion and GK, Kargil in sunflower. Similarly most farm
activities are not mechanized in the village and the villagers have lag behind in adopting latest
technologies with respect to farm implements. In the village, irrigation system from open well,
bore wells is the major source of irrigation.
The prolonged exploitation of natural resources specially the soil resources and water
resources which leads to effect the soil health condition (soil micro nutrient deficiencies) and
depletion of the water resources as a result of which cropping system will be affected. Farmers
lag behind in use of FYM, vermicompost and green manure to their fields, instead many of the
farmers solely depend on chemical fertilizers. Few farmers are interested in organic farming by
avoiding chemical fertilizer application to their field.
Farmers think more in terms of their immediate needs and situations. The long term view
is not the topmost priority for farmers. Hence it is the scientist‟s obligation to create awareness
among farmers of the long term effects of different cropping systems and how they should be
more dynamic to keep pace with changes in the system. Creating awareness is also not an easy
task and needs to be approached sensitively and sensibly with good planning. This FET and PRA
exercise has made us more aware of the ground reality and has given us a better understanding of
how to approach farmers and empower them to face the days ahead.