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KUWAIT: A STUDY OF THE ENVIRONMENTALAND CULTURAL APPROPRIATENESS OF
GOVERNMENT SUBSIDIZED HOUSING
Item Type text; Thesis-Reproduction (electronic)
Authors AL-SHATTI, SALEM ABDULLAH
Publisher The University of Arizona.
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Masters ^ 1986a 1
K U W A I T
KUWAIT: A STUDY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL AND CULTURALAPPROPRIATENESS OF GOVERNMENT SUBSIDIZED HOUSING.
BYSALEM ABDULLAH AL-SHATTI
This Thesis is Submitted to the Faculty of the COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of
MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE In the Graduate College.
Thesis Committee:Professer Fred S. Matter ______Committee ChairmanProfesser Kenneth Clark _______Committee MemberProfesser Larry Medlin ______Committee Member
THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA1986
A C K N O W L E D G M E N T S
In the name of Almighty God I begin this report and thank Him for giving me the strength and patience to complete it. The people I would like to thank are numerous and it is difficult to express my appreciation.
In my culture, teachers are often elevated to the same level as prophets and holy men. Thus, it is only fitting that I start by extending my greatest gratitiude to my good friends and advisors Professors Fred S. Matter and Kenneth Clark for their help and patience and for the highly professional manner in which they approached this report. I would also like to thank Professor Larry Medlin for offering me time and assistance despite his busy schedule and Professor Denis Doxtater for opening my eyes to the idea that architecture is, and should be, for the people rather than for architects.
I am a man who is blessed with two wonderful families, one in Kuwait and one here in the U.S. Without their support and love the development of this report would have been a much more difficult task. To my family in Kuwait, I wish to express my deepest and warmest thanks for their support, love
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and patience during my long absence from home. To my wife and son, my greatest thanks for giving me the confidence and encouragement I needed to attain my goal.
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O N T E N T S
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ....................................... |||TABLE OF CONTENTS ...................................... V
LIST OF ILLUSTRATION ................................... IX
INTRODUCTION .......................................... XVII
CHAPTER ONE: ARAB DESERT LIVING CONDITIONS ............ 2— The Old City ............................... 8--Social Changes In Pre-Oil Kuwait ................... 13
CHAPTER TWO: SOCIAL CUSTOMS AND LIVING PATTERNSIN OLD KUWAIT .............................. 21
— The Traditional Kuwaiti House ...................... 22— A Typical Day In The Life Of A Kuwaiti Family ...... 31— Small House (Al-Askar House) ....................... 35--Origins And Sources Of The Traditional Style ....... 39— The Colonial Veranda House Influence ............... 41— The Ottoman Influence .................. 44--The Persian Influence ............................... 45--Indian Decorative Influence ......................... 51— Building Materials .................................. 52
CHAPTER THREE: THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT ................. 55— Geography ........................................... 55— Topography .......................................... 63
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--Natural Vegetation ........................ 66— General Climate ...................................... 68— Weather Conditions During Seasons In Kuwait ........ 85
CHAPTER FOUR: SOCIAL CHANGES BROUGHT ABOUT BYTHE DISCOVERY OF OIL ....................... 93
— Urban Expansion ..................................... 100— Contemporary Kuwaiti Architecture .................. 106
CHAPTER FIVE: GOVERNMENT HOUSING SERVICES ANDPOLICIES .................................. 119
— Low Income Housing .................................. 124— The Distributed Low Income Houses .................. 131— Middle Income Housing.... ......... 135— Arabic Style Housing ............................... 141— Apartment Housing ................................... 144— Sample Application For Housing Services ............ 153— Systems Of Allocation And Ownership For
Residential And Industrial L and.................... 149(A) Conditions Of Eligibility ....................... 149(B) Methods Of Plot Distribution ................... 158(C) Methods Of Ownership ........................... 159(D) General Rules .................................. 161
— Methods of Distributing Low-Income-Group HousingAnd Land For The "Plot and Loan" Scheme ............ 163(A) General Rule ................................... 163(B) Methods of Allocation .......................... 164(C) Duties of Beneficiaries ......................... 166(D) Title Deed ....................................... 166
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CHAPTER SIX: THE SURVEY .................................. 168— Sample Questionnaire ................................ 169— Survey Results ...................................... 175— Suggestions And Recommendations Given By Low/Middle
Income Housing Recipients .......................... 195— Suggestions And Recommendations Provided By LandAnd Loan Recipients ................................. 197
— Survey Summaries .................................... 198
CHAPTER SEVEN: THE PROPOSED PROJECT .................... 204— Proposed Housing For The Project ................... 206— Site Analysis ....................................... 211
CHAPTER EIGHT: HOUSE ENERGY ANALYSIS ................... 223— Input File For House "A", Sabah Al-Salem City,
Section A-4 ......................................... 226— Hourly Temperatures June 21 ........................ 231— Hourly Temperatures December 21 .................... 232— Output Summary: ..................................... 233
(A) Hourly House Energy Balance ............. 234(B) Hourly Conditions ....................... 235(C) Graphic Illustration Of The Results ..... 236
CHAPTER NINE: AN ALTERNATIVE SOLUTION .................. 300— General Criteria For House Design In Kuwait ........ 303— First North/South House Design ..................... 313— Options For The First House Design ................. 319— Second North/South House Design .................... 323
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— First East/West House Design ....................... 331--Second East/West House Design ....................... 337— General Site Plan ................................... 345— Elevations Of Three House Blocks ...... ............. 346
BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................ 350
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I L L U S T R A T I O N S
CHAPTER ONE ........................................... 2
Figure (1-1) Nomad's Tent ............................ 2Figure (1-2) Old Arabic Town .......................... 2Figure (1-3) Sketches of Two Old Arabic Towns ......... 3Figure (1-4) Typical Urban
Architecture from the Arab World............. . 4Figure (1-5) Typical Urban Architecture
from the Southern Arabian Peninsula ........... 5Figure (1-6) Old Kuwait, 1947 ..... 8Figure (1-7) The Old Wall, 1940's ..................... 8Figure (1-8) Tea House, 1950 .......................... 8Figure (1-9) Street Scene, Kuwait, 1940 ............... 9Figure (1-10) Aerial View of
the Old Port, Kuwait, 1950 .................... 10Figure (1-11) Typical Urban
Pattern in the Old City ....................... 11Figure (1-12) Street in Old Tunis .................... 12Figure (1-13) Old Jerusalem .......................... 12Figure (1-14) The Scope of
Urban Growth, 1936-1951 ....................... 13Figure (1-15) The Scope of
Urban Growth, 1960-1967 ....................... 14Figure (1-16) The Old Harbor
before Pearl Diving Season...... 15Figure (1-17) The Western Waterfront ................. 16Figure (1-18) The Return
of the Pearl Diving Fleet ..................... 18
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CHAPTER TWO ........................................... 21
Figure (2-1) View ofa Courtyard in a Kuwaiti House ................ 22
Figure (2-2) View of an Interior Courtyard ........... 23Figure (2-3) Interior Courtyard, Bayt Al-Bader ....... 24Figure (2-4) "Dihlis" Passage
Leading to the Courtyard and Diwaniyah........ 25Figure (2-5) Portable
Brazier for Coffee Preparation ................ 26Figure (2-6) Traditional Kuwaiti Door ................ 27Figure (2-7) Arched Veranda
in the Women's Quarters ....................... 28Figure (2-8) Typical Arch ............................ 28Figure (2-9) Ventilation Grill ....................... 28Figure (2-10) Typical Old Kuwaiti Kitchen ............ 29Figure (2-11) Roof R o o m .............................. 30Figure (2-12) Sketch Showing
Two Typical Kuwaiti Courtyards ................ 31Figure (2-13) The Old "Suque" (bazaar) ............... 32Figure (2-14) Bayt Al-Askar Plan ..................... 35Figure (2-15) View of
Stairs Leading to Roof R o o m ................... 36Figure (2-16) Bayt Al-Askar,
Location of Well and Sink Area ................ 37Figure (2-17) House with
Central Courtyard, 1900 B.C., Ur .............. 39Figure (2-18) City of Ur, 1900 B.C.................... 39Figure (2-19) Protoaeolic
Capitals found in Ancient Sumeria ............. 40
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Figure (2-20) Detail, Column Capital in Kuwait ....... 40Figure (2-21) Dickson
House, Example of Veranda Style ................ 41Figure (2-22) Veranda House, Roof Detail ............. 42Figure (2-23) Dickson House, Rear of Veranda ......... 43Figure (2-24) Arcaded Facade,
Example of Ottoman Influence .................. 44Figure (2-25) Bahbahani
House, Ottoman Influence ...................... 44Figure (2-26) Exterior View of Bayt Al-Ghanim ........ 45Figure (2-27) Bayt Al-Ghanim, Plan ................... 46Figure (2-28) Kuwaiti Column
Capital and Water Spout ....................... 47Figure (2-29) Roof Terrace
Showing Wind Catcher .......................... 49Figure (2-30) Section Illustrating
the Function of a Wind Catcher ................ 49Figure (2-31) Midwall Wind Catcher ................... 50Figure (2-32) Section of a Wind Catcher .............. 50Figure (2-33) Typical Door
Decoration, Indian Decorative Influence ....... 51Figure (2-34) Imported African
Wood Stored at the Harbor, 1950's ............. 52
CHAPTER THREE ......................................... 55
Figure (3-1) Map of ArabiaShowing Location of Kuwait .................... 55
Figure (3-2) Map of theWorld Showing Location of Kuwait .............. 56
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Figure (3-3) The State ofKuwait and Its Major Cities ................... 58
Figure (3-4) The FourAdministrative Districts in Kuwait ............ 60
Figure (3-5) The Population by the ThousandsAccording to Administrative Districts ......... 62
Figure (3-6) Topography Map with Major Features ..... 63Figure (3-7) Soil Map ................................ 65Figure (3-8) Natural Vegetation Map ................. 66Figure (3-9) General Climate Summaries ... .......... 68Figure (3-10) Annual Variation of Visibility
Ranges at Kuwait International Airport ........ 78Figure (3-11) Map Illustration
Climate and General Ground Conditions ......... 79
CHAPTER FOUR .......................................... 93
Figure (4-1) Sketch of Oil Refinery at Ahmadi ....... 93Figure (4-2) Map of Major Kuwiti Cities ............. 95Figure (4-3) The Nomadic Tent ........................ 96Figure (4-4) Population
by Sex and Groups of Countries ................ 98Figure (4-5) Population Pyramid by the Thousands ..... 99Figure (4-6) Proposed Kuwaiti Waterfront ............. 100Figure (4-7) Proposed Master Plan for Kuwait
with Emphasis on Vehicular Paths, 1 9 5 1 ........ 101Figure (4-8) Low Income Housing in Rumaithyya ........ 102Figure (4-9) Proposed Plan
Superimposed on the Old City, 1 9 5 1............ 103Figure (4-10) The Old City, 1940's ................... 104
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Figure (4-11) The SiafPalace (the Ruler's Office) ................... 105
Figure (4-12) The Old American Hospital .............. 105Figure (4-13) Aerial View of Kuwait City, 1970's ..... 106Figure (4-14) Kuwait City Today ...................... 107Figure (4-15) Front Facade
of an Apartment Building, 1950's .............. 108Figure (4-16) The Parliament Building ................ 109Figure (4-17) Central Bank of Kuwait ................. 110Figure (4-18) Kuwait International Airport ........... IllFigure (4-19) Front Elevation
of a Contemporary Kuwaiti House ............... 112Figure (4-20) Plan of
Rumaithyya Neighborhood-Unit .................. 113Figure (4-21) Contemporary Kuwaiti Architecture ...... 114Figure (4-22) Master Plan For The Federal
Government Complex In The City Of Adeliah ..... 115Figure (4-23) Contemporary Kuwaiti Mansion ........... 116Figure (4-24) Typical Contemporary Kuwaiti House ..... 117
CHAPTER FIVE .......................................... 119
Figure (5-1) GovernmentSubsidized Housing in Subayhiya ............... 119
Figure (5-2) Exterior Viewof Low Income Housing in Bin Bagzi ............ 121
Figure (5-3) Housing Projectsunder the Public Housing Authority ............ 122
Figure (5-4) Projects Completedby the Public Housing Authority ............... 123
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Figure (5-5) Low income Housingin Sabah Al-Salem City Sector 10 (6) .......... 124
Figure (5-6) Low Income Housingin Sector 7(21) in Sabah Al-Salem C i t y ........ 125
Figure (5-7) Low Income, CorrectedWestern-Style Housing in Rumaithiyya .......... 127
Figure (5-8) Plan of Rumaithiyya NeighborhoodUnit, Considered Low Income Housing ........... 128
Figure (5-9) Exterior View of theTwo-Story Style Housing in Sabah Al-Salem ..... 129
Figure (5-10) Low Income,Precast-Style Housing in Subayhiya ............ 130
Figure (5-11) One Low IncomeHousing Unit in Bin Bagzi ..................... 132
Figure (5-12) Typical Floor Planfor Low Income Housing in Kuwait .............. 133
Figure (5-13) One of the NewerDesigns for Low Income Housing in Kuwait ...... 134
Figure (5-14) Middle Income Housing in Fauntass ...... 135Figure (5-15) Middle Income Housing in Khitan ........ 136Figure (5-16) Example of
Middle Income Housing in Khitan ............... 137Figure (5-17) Example of
Middle Income Housing in Khitan ............... 138Figure (5-18) Example of
Middle Income Housing in Khitan ............... 139Figure (5-19) A Prototype of a Kindergarten
in One of the New Housing Developments ........ 140Figure (5-20) Exterior View
of Arabic Style Housing in Sulaibiya .......... 141Figure (5-21) Location of Arabic-Style Housing ....... 142
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Figure (5-22) Typical Floor Planfor Arabic-Style Housing in Sulaibiya ......... 142
Figure (5-23) Apartment Housingin Suaber, Exterior View ...................... 144
Figure (5-24) Apartment Housingin Suaber, Typical Floor Plan ................. 145
Figure (5-25) Government ApartmentComplex in Sabah Al-Salem City ................ 146
Figure (5-26) GovernmentApartment Complex in Suaber ................... 146
Figure (5-27) Two Typical FloorPlans for Government SubsidizedApartment Buildings in Sabah Al-Salem ......... 147
Figure (5-28) Alternative Designfor Apartment Housing Units ................... 148
Figure (5-29) One of the DesignOptions for Low Income Housing................ 149
Figure (5-30) An Example of LowIncome Housing in Sabah Al-Salem City ......... 152
Figure (5-31) Example of a Plot and Loan Residence .... 156Figure (5-32) Plan of Khaldyya Neighborhood
Unit, Considered to be Plot and Loan Housing ... 157Figure (5-33) Typical Low Income Housing in Kuwait .... 162
CHAPTER SIX ........................................... 168
Figure (6-1) Major Kuwaiti Cities .................... 169
CHAPTER SEVEN ......................................... 204
Figure (7-1) Proposed Project Site,Sector A (4) of Sabah Al-Salem city ............ 204
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Figure (7-2) Sabah Al-SalemCity - Proposed House Design A ................ 207
Figure (7-3) Sabah Al-SalemCity - Proposed House Design B ................ 208
Figure (7-4) Sabah Al-SalemCity - Proposed House Design C ................ 209
Figure (7-5) Sabah Al-SalemCity - Proposed House Design D ................ 210
CHAPTER EIGHT ......................................... 223
Figure (8-1) Model A of the ProposedHousing Development in Sector A (4) ............ 225
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I N T R O D U C T I O N
REPORT DESCRIPTION.
Until very recently, Kuwait had shared an affinity for a simple and organic style of architecture with its neighboring Arab countries. This style was strongly justified and characterized by the environmental cues of desert, sea, harsh climate and a shortage of natural building materials.
Then, in the 1940's, a dramatic event catapulted the country into a period of change. Oil was discovered and Kuwait was transformed into a state so wealthy it could boast one of the higest per capita incomes in the world.
Naturally, the urban and architectural style of the city was dramatically influenced by this new found wealth. From an organic style of building and organization a new style emerged, one that neglected both the heritage and habitat of its sociogeographic location.
Concurrent with these developments was the transformation of Kuwait's political system. Faced with vast amounts of excess capital, a system of social welfare was developed that is unparalleled in its scope and depth.
Kuwaitis are offered a tremendous variety of subsidized services including education, health care, financial assistance and an ambitious program of public housing.
This report will examine the appropriateness of the government subsidized housing services provided in Kuwait in the context of climatic and cultural requirements. In order to accomplish this objective, this author will analyze and discuss relevant factors including such critical issues as traditional Arab and desert living conditions, traditional Kuwaiti architecture, general climatic conditions and the impact of oil upon political, cultural and economic development.
This section will be followed by a brief discussion of contemporary Kuwaiti architecture and the types of government housing services offered.
The second half of this report will deal with the central research and design objective, a study of the model city Sabah Al-Salem. The study will include an overview of the existing sections of the city emphasizing the evolution of the housing projects built by the Ministry of Public Housing and the analysis of a site designated for a future public housing development.
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The author will analyze the site itself and the proposed housing models to be utilized in light of the guidelines proposed in the first part of this report. Upon completion of this task, relevant recommendations and comments will be set forth and alternative housing designs proposed.
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CHAPTER 1
C H A P T E R l
ARAB DESERT LIVING CONDITIONS
Simplicity, solidity, sincerity and serenity. These adjectives might easily be used to describe traditional styling in Middle Eastern architecture. Arab cities and building forms differ only in dialect, being very closely related in the area of conceptual ideas. The strong sense of unity provided by the Islamic culture provides common forms and details. So strong is this cultural influence that imprints and influences are visible throughout the entire Arab world.
The structure, form and function of the old arab town was harmonious and human in scale. Despite the city's humble appearance, every element had a purpose. Every street, alley and space had its reason for existence. Each town was the result of a number of forces and factors that coexisted to create a satisfactory lifestyle for its residents.
Figure (1-1) Nomad's Tent Figure (1-2) Old Arabic Town
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The location of most arab towns was the result of several factors:
— the presence of water for drinking, agriculture and transportation.
— the existence of a market or crossroads.
— the historic precedent of a city dating to ancient history.
—- the coastline and subsequent seaports available along the Mediterranean Sea and the western coast of the Arabian Gulf.
the development of a resort town such as Bloudanin in Svria and Jericho in Palestine.
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Figure (1-4) Typical Urban Architecture from the Arab World
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Figure (1-5) Typical Urban Architecture from the Southern Arabian Peninsula
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PHASES OF KUWAIT'S URBAN EXTENSION: 1716 - 1945
Dates Scope of Urban Size of town Character of period
1716 - 1766.
Initial phase of rapid urban expansion
Utubi settlement. Trade with central Arabic-Protection by Bani Khalid.
1790 - 1870.
Slow but steady expansion
Stronger Utubi control. Expansion of pearling industry, further extension of trade. British hegemony in the area.
1870 - 1915.
Hastening urban growth.
Over 2 Km. along water front and less than 1 Km. in depth. Jahra Village the only satellite
Piracy and smuggling added to trading and pearling, political strength of Sabah Dynasty under Mubarakliks with Britain.
1915 - 1945.
Little urban expantion until 1940 - 1945.
Town over 3.5 Km. along water front and over 2 Km. in depth. More villages along Gulf Coast.
Economic hardship. British and Saudi blockades. Collapse of pearl market.
1945 - Rapid urban growth.
Town over 3.75 Km. along the shore and a little over 2.5 Km. in depth.
Oil economy, strong ties with Britain. Strong centralization.
Source: Abdullah, 152 . Based on A. G. Hill's compilationfrom several sources.
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POPULATION GROWTH; 1716 - 1957
Date Population Notes1716 Settlement by *Utub1766 Decreased Departure of al-Khalifa branch
to Qatar.1777 10,000 Estimation1820 5,000 - 7,000 armed men.1831 4,0001878 17,5001908 35,000 Excluding 13,000 Bedouins.1911 10,000 - 15,000 fighting men.1916 30.000 -
40.0001930 60,0001944 70,0001945 100,0001952 160,000 Oil economy. The beginning of
massive immigration.1953 250,000 Estimate by Dickson, not accurate
compared to 1957.1957 206,473 Census of population.
Source; op. cit.
Abdullah, 153 , p. 62, H. R.
Based on calculation from A. G. Hill, P. Dickson, Kuwait and Her Neighbors,
p. 40, and Census of 1957, Kuwait Planning Board, Statistical Abstracts, 1966 - 1971.
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Figure (1-6) Old Kuwait, 1947 Figure (1-8) Tea House, 1950
The Old City.
The old city of Kuwait was a compact, sea-oriented settlement located along the northwest corner of the Arabian Gulf in the Bay of Kuwait. The old city was surrounded by a mud wall built in haste to protect the city from the attacks of neighboring Arab tribes.
The old city achieved a sense of balance during its long development, the type of balance common to European towns
Figure (1-9) Street Scene, Kuwait, 1940
during the Middle Ages. This sense of balance mediated between man and his fellow man, man and God, man and nature and man and his environmental antagonists: the sea, the desert, the heat, and the absence of fresh water.
Like so many other arab towns, old Kuwait was organic in its structure and was designed according to an informal pattern of organization. Each of the components that made up the overall anatomy of the city was logical in its
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individual form. Old Kuwait, in its unique urban form, was a true example of the maxim, "Necessity is the mother of invention".
The city's overall image was one of uncanny beauty.It's character was created by a variety of diverse factors including streets, alleys and spaces and it's growth was in direct response to certain specific needs. It reflected the Kuwaiti culture by expressing major social values including
View1950
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fear of and respect for the sea (a major source of income for many of the city's citizens) , the desire for a coexistence with the harsh desert environment and the importance of the Islamic faith in daily life.
Due to the absence of advanced transportation systems, the old city was pedestrian in orientation. This automatically imbued it with the basic characteristics inherent in any pedestrian city:
— A short time period was required to cover most of the distances in the town due to the fact that its size and radius was fairly limited because of the significance of its center.
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— A large number of the routes and paths around the town were quite irregular and narrow because of pedestrian traffic and its predominance.
— The streets were frequently irregular because they were secondary to buildings and primarily viewed as leftover spaces.
— Living arrangements were decided according to social groupings. Thus, different ethnic and religious groups tended to live together in special sections.The elite usually occupied the city center where primary activities occured.
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Figure (1-14) The Scope of Urban Growth, 1936-1951
Social Changes in Pre-oil Kuwait.
A long history of gradual social change existed before the discovery of oil in Kuwait. Before the country successfully adapted to the oil economy, this gradual change of attitude prepared the people for life in post-oil, industrialized Kuwait. Although the individual phases of social change were not well-defined in Kuwait, it is evident that three very basic and generic phases occured: tribal sedentarization, urbanization and detribalization.
The first stage of the process, tribal sedentarization, was a spontaneous response to regional environmental conditions. For example, the first settlement of Kuwait by the Anza tribe "was a direct response to specific social and natural pressures which included draught, hostility and war.
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Figure (1-15) The Scope of Urban Growth, 1960-1967
In this case, tribal sedentarization was spontaneous and self initiated in nature" (Abdullah,p.107).
Due to the absence of favorable agricultural conditions in Kuwait, it was natural for early settlers to seek other available economic resources. These early Kuwaitis learned to exploit the sea and develop maritime commerce. As a result, the nomadic tribesmen gave up their dependency upon their flocks and herds.
In the first half of the eighteen century, the conflict and rivalry between dominant Arab tribes on both the eastern and northern sides of the Arabian Gulf resulted in the prominence of Kuwait as a commercial and residential center. This development arose because Kuwait filled two pressing needs. It was free from violence and conveniently located for both settlement and commerce.
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Figure (1-16) The Old Harbor before Pearl Diving Season
An examination of the form and scope of urban life before the discovery of oil reveals that economic factors had a significant impact on every phase of urbanization in
Kuwait. For example:
— Society gradually became less dependent on the desert as a major economic resource.
— The sea grew in importance as both a source of food and an exploitable economic resource.
— Kuwait became increasingly important to the roving tribes of the desert as a market for supplies and for
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the sale and/or exchange of products for foreign manufactured goods.
Kuwait established itself as a city of prime importance to the caravan routes running from Baghdad, Aleppo and Arabia.
Gradually, small food-producing villages established themselves. Their surplus food crops attracted others to live around them either by trading or buying from them without having to raise their own crops and/or livestock. This easy access to food allowed new settlers to develop the other economic resurces of the community.
Professional guilds came into existence. Among the most powerful of these was the pearl diving guild. Local historians stated that pearl divers throughout the Gulf area sought the advise of the local "zaim" in reference to trade negociations with the various rulers of the region.
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Before the discovery of oil, Kuwait was a classless, Arab/Moslem society. The old town was isolated from direct contact with neighboring countries and nationalities. According to Abul-Aziz Husain the classlessness of Kuwaiti culture was caused by several factors. The size of the city made separate living impossible and the small size of the population restricted one's circle of companions. The absence of non-Arab populations in Kuwait rendered the class concept incomprehensible. This is especially significant when it is noted that the presence of such foreigners as the Turks and the French has caused the development of social classes to begin in other Arab countries.
The absence of agriculture and, therefore, land ownership, also contributed to this egalitarian system. One economic spur to a class structured society occured during the peak of the pearl diving era. The decline of diving, however, halted this movement. As a result of the strength of tribal social connections, coupled with tribal pride, even poor members of society refused to allow money and property to be a dividing factor. The depth of this feeling is noted when considering marriage customs. "Money had no place in the consideration of marriage questions. Some families associated with less superior tribes, who accumulated wealth and tried to link themselves with superior tribes by marriage, failed to do so" (Dickson, 40-41 ) .
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Figure (1-18) The Return of the Pearl Diving Fleet
On an individual level, Kuwaitis did not enjoy aproperous and affluent lifestyle. An average Kuwaiti sailorattested to the fact that "the gross profit from a typicalten-month voyage is around 10,000 rupees. Once direct costshave been subtracted, about 4,000 rupees are left for theowners of the ship, and 4,000 rupees are left for divisionbetween the Nokhada (the captain) and his crew. The average Kuwaiti sailor feels that Allah has been good to him if ninemonths of tugging at ropes in the scorching sun and sleeping,drenched with dew, curled up on a coil of rope has netted him 150 rupees ($50.00). Most of his money may go for debts." (Sanger, p.163).
As a result of economic changes and the physical separation, decline and weakening of tribal solidarity, the structure of property began to evolve into a rather collective and pattern, unlike that which had prevailed in tribal society.
As society departed from traditional values and intertribal policies, and as the marketplace flourished and
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gained increasing significance, a state-oriented political system began to evolve that replaced tribal government. As a result, a definite functional division between those involved in ruling and governing and those involved in production became increasingly more evident.
Three major population groups emerged in pre-oil Kuwaiti society: the ruling family, the merchants, who enjoyed a great deal of political influence due to their economic power, and, finally, the working class, primarily sailors and pearl divers.
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CHAPTER 2
C H A P T E R 2
SOCIAL CUSTOMS AND LIVING PATTERNS IN OLD KUWAIT.
Three major features controlled the nature of Kuwaiti family structure and, therefore, made a significant impact on the old city: extended family structure, patriarchal rule and division of the sexes. Consequently, the Kuwaiti family was usually comprised of the head of household, his wife(ves), his unmarried sons and daughters and his married sons and their families. It might also have included one or more grandparents, a divorced or widowed female relative, cousins and often servants. All the family members lived in a single home in which each couple and their children occupied one room and single children and miscellaneous relatives were separated according to sex. In the majority of the rooms furniture was very sparce. Therefore, rooms weren't actually committed to a certain task or purpose, rather the purpose of each room changed regularly to accomodate immediate needs and
y mim e t-a n *W
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Figure (2-1) View of a Courtyard in a Kuwaiti House
The Traditional Kuwaiti House.
With the exception of the ruler's palace, there were three types of residences in old Kuwait. First were the seafront houses belonging to the wealthy merchants involved in pearl diving. Owners of these houses were among the early settlers and were, thus, able to build on the best available land.
Second were the large inland houses that belonged to those merchants involved in other types of trade, settlers who arrived in Kuwait after its establishment and sea merchants who chose to build an additional home for a second wife.
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Figure (2-2) View of an Interior Courtyard
Third were the small homes that made up the bulk of Kuwaiti residences. They were owned by the sailors, pearl divers and craftsmen that were among the major population group. The primary difference between these and the larger homes was the courtyard's size and the variety of its functions.
The size of each Kuwaiti family's house was based on the family's economic status and tended to expand horizontally as the family's wealth increased. The house was usually surrounded by high walls and included several major features including the courtyard, the diwaniyah and the harim.
One of the predominant features of the old Kuwaiti house was the courtyard. It allowed residents to enjoy an open air feeling while inside their house. Trees and vegetation were commonly located in the center of the courtyard to provide
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Figure (2-3) Interior Courtyard, Bayt Al-Bader
needed shade and create a cool, refreshing ambiance.
Optimally, a shady veranda surrounded the courtyard and was supported by either wooden pillars or simple masonry arches. For the major portion of the year, the courtyard acted as a large reception room for the women of the family since it provided privacy yet was open and inviting.
The diwaniyah, or majlis, was designed to provide men a place to meet and entertain their friends and business associates. It was located near the entrance of the house, was the only room with windows opening to the outside and was accessible from both the main street and the courtyard.
24
Figure (2-4) "Dihlis" Passage Leading to the Courtyard and Diwaniyah
The entrance to the diwaniyah was a pasageway usually lined with masonry benches on one or both sides. The double door to the room was usually handsomely crafted. The windows inside were usually covered with bars and shutters rather than glass and were positioned to catch the prevailing wind. Often the room was equipped with either a parapet or midwall wind catchers to catch the cool breezes and to rid the rooms of summer heat.
25
Figure (2-5) Portable Brazier for Coffee Preparation
Usually the diwaniyah was the most highly decorated room in the house, having plastered geometric and organic shapes
■I ornamenting the walls. At the end of the diwaniyah was a■p,
place designated for a burnished, portable brass brazier usedfor preparing coffee. In wealthier households a much smaller
.room was connected to the diwaniyah to be used by servants orthe younger male children to prepare coffee and tea to be
gM®erved to the guests. This smaller room was additionallyutilized as a food preparation area during special occasions.
The harim was the womens's section of the house and wasi j f .e;u. ^signed to protect them from public view. The harim hadmpr* own smaller and less conspicuous entryway. Access to
Sr*' ------------------; J ,
•£j- f ; ' r/v: '
‘— f * jL-*^ 7 w - v — -tx'—
Avv'i i
4
Figure (2-6) Traditional Kuwaiti Door
this doorway was from a small back street that had a wall facing it from the inside to prevent a clear view of the courtyard.
The only source of light in the harim was the room's doorway, which faced the coutyard. Windows didn't exist in these rooms for the sake of privacy. The rooms themselves were usually minimally decorated with only practical
27
Figure (2-7) Arched Veranda in the Women's Quarters
Figure (2-9) Ventilation Grill
rectangular niches ("roshan") that acted as shelving. The room's walls were most commonly finished with plain veneered stucco painted a light color.
The women's quarters were generally located on the ground floor. Wealthier families, however, often built a second room on the upper floor accessable by a staircase located in the courtyard. The walls of this room had windows that were covered by a lattice of wood. These windows provided ventilation as well as a view of the street below
28
Figure (2-10) Typical Old Kuwaiti Kitchen
and were the reason this room was commonly favored by the mistress of the house.
The household’s kitchen was located next to the courtyard away from the main entrance, the diwaniyah and the main part of the house. It was placed in this area as a result of the fact that cooking took up a large part of the day and produced a lot of heat and odor. Adjacent to the kitchen was a storeroom used to hold food and fuel.
The roof was a much used area of the house in old Kuwait. It was utilized by the entire family for sleeping on cool summer nights. Wealthier families set off a separate area of the roof for unmarried women. Often this area would be walled on three sides and open on one to catch the night breezes.
29
Figure (2-11) Roof Room
A small multi-purpose room was frequently built on the roof. It was used for extra storage, to accomodate a visiting relative or as a morning room for the mistress of the house. Homes that faced seaward had a wooden shed on the roof opened out onto the ocean. This room was accessable by way of a walkway and was used as a meeting place for the men of the household.
To arrive at a better understanding of the social and functional requirements for housing in Kuwait, one must
understand the well-established routines of daily life that haven't changed for decades in most households. The examination of a typical small house in old Kuwait will
30
Figure (2-12) Sketch Showing Two Typical Kuwaiti Courtyards
reveal the needs and lifestyle of its residents and thus provide us with a better guideline for the improvement of modern Kuwaiti housing design.
A TYPICAL DAY IN THE LIFE OF A KUWAITI FAMILY
Life in old Kuwait was established around a very set, slow-paced routine. In a financially secure family, the day began when the head of the household had breakfast in the harim with his wife. After his departure to attend to the day's business, the mistress of the house began supervising the cleaning of the house. Straw mats had to be cleaned and shaken outside to rid them of the sandy dirt which gathered on everything and was the reason for the lack of heavy, stationary furniture.
After house cleaning, the wife decided what the family would have for lunch that day and send the servants to the
31
Figure (2-13) The Old "Suque" (bazaar)
market to purchase ingredients during the mid-morning, around 9 to 10am. She would then enjoy a rest in the cool, shady area of the harim to drink a small glass of very sweet tea while the servant would begin to pick and clean the rice that accompanied the day's meals.
32
In households that could not afford servants, the task of rice cleaning was considered an important social event, allowing women to gather daily and chat, turning a laborious task into an opportunity for lively social interchange. After the midday prayers, the husband would return to have his lunch in the harim, followed usually by a siesta which would last until 3:00 pm, during which time a general quiet fell over the entire town.
Although women from richer families enjoyed a more affluent lifestyle, women from poorer families were allowed more personal freedom. This was because it was not considered proper for the women of a well-to-do family to leave the house to do errands while wives of the average working laborer had to take care of the household's needs herself. Thus she was able to keep abreast of the latest news and gossip in town. These women were also responsible for taking care of the daily household chores, which included such tasks as washing the family laundry on rocks by the beach.
Another important task left primarily to the women was assuring the family's fresh water supply, which was brought by boat from neighboring Iraq. The water was transported from the city's port to the family's house in four gallon tin cans, which the women carried on their heads. Despite the relative freedom these women enjoyed, they never left the house without wearing a heavy veil and black cloaks.
33
Wealthier families had water brought to their house by water boys who carried it on donkey's backs. Most homes had a well in the courtyard, but it generally contained brackish water used for cleaning before prayers and washing the dishes.
Before electricity, the arrival of night meant the end of general activity in town. Kerosene lamps were used indoors and usually provided sufficient dim light to finish up last minute household chores. After final prayers, everyone went to bed so that they could rise early the next day for dawn prayers and another day's work.
The majority of men who could not afford to have their own diwania, spent most of the afternoon and early evening with their friends at a private diwania or at one of the local cafes along the beach.
34
The home this author shall discuss belonged to the Al- Askar clan and was typical in its small size:
--- The entire house was raised thirty to fiftycentimeters (1.64 ft) to prevent flood waters from entering.
Openings to the outside were through two doorways.The main entrance was located on the southwest side of the house for use by the men and the secondary, smaller opening in the southeast corner of the house for the women. |j|
As one entered the house, one encountered an entrance hall, or "dihlis". At its end was a screened wall toshield household activities from public view, jj;::*••••
35
—— Entrance to the diwaniyah was possible though twoopenings, one facing the dihlis and one the courtyard.
—— Both the kitchen and the reception room were raised a step above courtyard level to protect them from flooding.
--- The rooms had very high ceilings (approximately 13 ft)which increased the volume of air in the room and thus facilitated air circulation.
36
3 21 6 6
Figure (2-16) Bayt Al-Askar, Location of Well and Sink Area
An elongated storeroom was located on the northeastern side of the courtyard. It was stocked once or twice a year, usually at the end of the pearl diving season. §88
A set of stairs was located on the north corner of the house. It led to the roof and the roof room, which was utilized by the family for entertaining and relaxation during the hot season.
—— A water well was located against the southeastern wall of the house. The wells were used to store water since fresh water was imported for all the city's residents by ship. Adjacent to the wells was a sunken area used for washing dishes and clothes. | .
37
Because there were no window openings to the outside, most of the room's light came though door openings.
Adjacent to the diwaniyah was a room designated for the care of animals known as the yakher. The bathroom was located next to this room and was connected with three flights of stairs that led to the lavatory.This location set it out of the way of the main activity level of the house.
38
H D ROOM
LIVING ROOk
Figure (2-17) House with Central Figure (2-18) City ofCourtyard, 1900 B.C., Ur Ur, 1900 B.C.
ORIGINS AND SOURCES OF THE TRADITIONAL STYLE
All the historic evidence leads us to believe that the .roots of vernacular architecture in Kuwait and the northern Gulf area are derived from ancient Mesopotamia, Ur and Sumer, a few miles north of Kuwait. Evidence to support this theory is derived from the similarities between existing traditional Kuwaiti architecture and the ruins of the old civilization of Mesopotamia.
For example, the style of columns used in Kuwait bear a very close resemblance to "Protoaelic" capitals believed to be Syrian in origin. Other proof of this historic link is found on the island of Failaka where there are archeological finds such as Mesopotamian-style temples and other structures that date back to the 29th Century B.C.
39
Figure (2-19) Protoaeolic Capitals found in Ancient Sumeria
Figure (2-20) Detail, Column Capital in Kuwait
40
Figure (2-21) Dickson House, Example of Veranda Style
In the early part of the 20th Century Kuwait, relevant foreign architectural styles found to exert an influence on the buildings of the old city include the Colonial Veranda, Ottoman and Persian residencial styles and Persian and Indian decorative elements.
THE COLONIAL VERANDA HOUSE INFLUENCE
The colonial veranda style of home can be traced back to the Spanish and Portuguese colonies along the Arabian Gulf area. The word "veranda” is, in fact, Latin in origin and is used even to day in Spain ("baranda") and in Portugal ("varande"). It was transplanted to Kuwait during the 18th Century by the British East India Company.
41
An example of this style was the Dickson house, built in 1904 by the British political agent in Kuwait. It's primary building materials include plater and coral rock, and its basic shape is that of a two-story structure with a square veranda on the second floor, lifted up by an arched veranda on the first floor.
The colonial veranda house was widely adopted by Europeans in the Gulf area and in Kuwait during the 19th Century. The model from which these houses were copied was the British colonial house of India.
The purpose of the veranda was to reduce the sun's glare during the day and to protect the walls from direct heat gain. It usually surrounded the building on the east, west, and south sides and was a standard method utilized in Kuwait to cope with the summer sun. This style was also noted for its high ceilings, which promoted cool air circulation due to convection. Additionally, lattices and horizontal louvre
42
Figure (2-23) Dickson House, Rear of Veranda
blinds were introduced to the open sides of the veranda to cut down on the sun's glare.
43
THE OTTOMAN INFLUENCE
Due to old Kuwait's seacoast location, it evolved into an important city during the 19th Century. It prospered as a result of commercial trade with influential businesses in Basra, Iraq. At that time, Basra had acquired distinctly a Ottoman style of architecture and aesthetics which, in turn, filtered down to Kuwait. This influence included elements such as first floors arcaded and screened up to head height,
wood-framed glass in the upper floors, a large wood balcony
44
Figure (2-26) Exterior View of Bayt Al-Ghanim
with arches on the front side of the residence, and a wooden screen on the roof to insure privacy.
THE PERSIAN INFLUENCE
The influence, most recognized in buildings of the early 20th Century can be traced directly to Persia through migrating tribes and transient workers and indirectly through neighboring Iraq which was strongly influenced by Persian architectural styles.
One example that best illustrates the Persian influence in Kuwait is "Bayt Al-Ghanim". The home was built by sheik
45
Key to Drawings (116-8,120-1)
1. Entrance passage2. Masonry bench3. Men's reception court4. Loggia5. Men's reception room6. Bathroom and lavatory7. Lobby8. Li wan9. Coffee preparation room
10. Stairs to roof11. Storeroom12. Dining room13. Kitchen14. Animal court15. Garages
16. Private living court17. Family living room18. Women's reception room19. Sleeping rooms20. Windtower21. Animal stalls22. Business office23. Small court or yard24. Business court25. Well26. Kitchen court27. Open roof28. Cesspit cover29. Washing place
Figure (2-27) Bayt Al-Ghanim, Plan
4G
Khazal Al-Khan of Arabistan, Persia in 1896. Sheik Khazal was a close friend of the Kuwaiti ruler and used the house as a winter residence.
Bayt Al-Ghanim was two stories high on three sides and built around a number of courtyards. Shady verandas were placed on both levels that were supported by timber columns distinctly Persian in styling. The main entrance faced north
47
Bayt Al-Ghanim was two stories high on three sides and built around a number of courtyards. Shady verandas were placed on both levels that were supported by timber columns distinctly Persian in styling. The main entrance faced north and was distinguished by a latticed-screened veranda. As a result of its orientation, the entrance was protected from direct sunlight. Thick thermal walls were a primary structural feature of the house as well as a pair of large wind catchers in the north facing living room designed to help cool the interior.
The house had a completely separate diwaniyah on the upper floor. This separation from the main masonry structure was designed to create two open passageways on the south side, coming from the sea. Therefore, the diwaniyah, with its window openings on both the north and south sides of the room, enjoyed excellent cross-ventilation. To provide aesthetic value, the room was covered with ornate, Islamic decorative patterns.
48
Figure (2-29) Roof Terrace Showing wind Catcher
Figure (2-30) Section Illustrating the Function of a Wind Catcher
49
i.v
Figure (2-31) Midwall Wind Catcher
Figure (2-32) Section Of Wind Catcher
50
INDIAN DECORATIVE INFLUENCES
The Indian influence was brought back to Kuwait via returning merchants and craftsmen who had visited India. The decorative Indian elements absorbed by Kuwait included, primarily, patterns used in stucco and plasterwork and wood carving techniques utilized by door manufacturers.
51
Figure (2-34) Imported African Wood Stored at the Harbor, 1950's
BUILDING MATERIALS
Kuwait is primarily a desert land overlooking the sea. The terrain consists of a layer of fine sand resting on top of a layer of hard sand or limestone.
Adjacent to the seafront lies a low ridge composed of Oolitic limestone and shell limestone. The bottom of the sea is composed of gritstone either exposed or covered with sand or salt. Oolites gritstone is also sometimes found in low escarpments on land. Unless protected, these stones weather rapidly and are not very serviceable as building materials.
52
In the past, foundations were generally constructed of stones and aggregate of a volcanic origin, which was found in some of the plains regions. The absence of argillaceous materials made these foundations very susceptible to liquification in the presence of water, even though the clay soil had sufficient cohesive ability to create walls and brick blocks.
Timber was usually imported, with the exception of date palm trunks, which might have been grown locally. Teak and hard wood were imported from India and Africa. Wood was, for the most part, fairly cheap despite import costs.
Glass was used occasionally in windows and had to be imported from Iran, Iraq, or the Mediterranean. Clay tiles, which were used primarily for flooring and the structure and construction of arches and vaults, were imported from Iran or Iraq.
The walls of the old Kuwait house were, with a few exceptions, made of layered earth or earth bricks which rested on top of a foundation that was built in a shallow trench filled with volcanic pebble stones. This foundation sufficiently protected the earth wall from moisture.
53
CHAPTER 3
C H A P T E R 3
SAUDIEGYPT ARABIA
Figure (3-1) Map of Arabia Showing Location of Kuwait
THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT
GEOGRAPHY
In 1961 the state of Kuwait indicated its independence by joining the United Nations and the Arab League. It is an Arab state and its official religion is Islam. It occupies approximately 16,918 square kilometres (6,530.3 square miles). Its territory consists primarily of desert and
55
Kuwait
Figure (3-2) Map of the World Showing Location of Kuwait
Politically, the state of Kuwait is divided into four major administrative muhafazas (districts). They include the Capital, site of the country's major government buildings; Hawalli, the most populous district and home for many non- Kuwaiti residents; Ahmadi, which houses the majority of the country's oil industry and the newly designated Jahra district.
Popelation In the Govemorates olkiUl* jlSLJlby Sex and Nationality Census 1980 > 1975 * 1970
Total Population OtSUutk Non-Kuwaiti i f v f J*- Kuwaiti
lb; ^Vl juO lb$ lb;
Govcrnorate Total Female Male Total Female Male Total Female Male ihiUt1970
Capital 217,714 82,524 135,190 107,001 27,508 79,493 110,713 55,016 55,697
HawaE 415,908 189,721 226,187 233,653 99,906 133,747 182,255 89,815 92,440
Ahmadi 104,210 46,158 58,052 50,536 19,460 31,076 53,674 26,698 26,976
Total *7 3 7 ,9 0 8 318,427 419,481 *391,266 146,898 244 ,368 346 ,642 171,529 175,113 iM -i197$
Capital 276,356 115,293 161,063 122,114 38,109 84,005 154,242 77,184 77,058
Hawalli 576,589 270,007 306,582 346,117 155,756 190,361 230,472 114,251 116,221
Ahmadi 141,256 65,478 75,778 54,518 21,716 32,802 86,738 43,762 42,976
Total **9 9 4 ,2 0 1 450 ,778 543,423 522 ,749 215,581 307 ,168 **4 7 1 ,4 5 2 235,197 236 ,255 tU -i1980
Capital 182,266 69,011 113,255 110,451 32,435 78,016 71,815 36,576 35,239 4— UK
HawaE 752,223 320,183 432,040 546,255 216,840 329,415 205,968 103,343 102,625 tJ-r
Ahmadi 232,643 103,957 128,686 96,088 34,667 61,421 136,555 69,290 67,265
Al* Jahra 190,820 88,162 102,658 39.545 12,407 27,138 151,275 75,755 75,520 •U4-1
Total 1 ,357 ,952 581 ,313 776 ,639 792 ,339 296 ,349 495 ,990 565,613 284,964 280 ,649 tM-i
• lodydcs 76 Persons NS (52) Male, (24) Female ^Ul ( 24 ) % j / i ( 52 ) . ^ 76 •
** Exdudins Kuwaitis rcsidins abroad pcrmantntly. ^ U -l J V *#
□ S O U R C E : 1 9 8 4 C E N S U S
57
Abdali •/
BUBIVAN
ILAKAKUWAIT KUWAITMutle
Flntes Abu Halite iManqaf iFahahllibllna Ahmadl oKubbarAShualbaXiJdlna AbdullaWare
Wefra
DIVIDED X NEUTRAL
X ZONE30 Km
Figure (3-3) The State of Kuwait and Its Major Cities
58
offshore islands. The desert portion is an extension of the Arabian Penninsula. Kuwait is located at the northwestern corner of the Arabian Gulf. The country of Iraq lies on its north and west borders and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia surrounds it from the south. Along the southern gulf coast lies the neutral zone which, until quite recently, was administered and controlled by both the governments of Kuwait and Saudi Arabia. In the 1970's the upper part of the neutral zone was annexed by Kuwait, adding 2300 square kilometers to its total area. The rich natural resources of the neutral zone are shared jointly by both governments.
The state of Kuwait is located between 28 and 30 degrees latitude and 46 and 48 degrees east longitude. The major urban center and capital, Kuwait City, is situated at 29 degrees 251 north and 48 degrees east longitude on Kuwait Bay.
Kuwait Bay extends 20 miles in an east-west direction and is located in the upper west corner of the Arabian Gulf. Two main islands, Failaka and Ras al-Ard, occupy the entrance to this bay. Failaka is the most populous and urbanized island off the Kawaiti shoreline. According to the 1971 census, its population was 3,282 with a density of 75 persons per square kilometer. Other large islands belonging to Kuwait include Warba, Bubian, Umm al-Namil, Miskan, Auha,
59
Figure (3-4) The Four Administrative Districts in Kuwait
60
Kubbar, Qarah and Um al-Maradim. With the exception of Failaka, which has always been inhabited, the majority of these offshore islands are unpopulated.
According to the 1971 census, the city of Ahmadi consitutes a second major urban community in Kuwait with a population of more than 100,000. It is located 37 kilometers from Kuwait City and is the main center of activity for the country's oil industry. Secondary cities for this activitys include Al-Funtas and Al-Fahahil, both of which act as ports for oil tankers. There are numerous other villages surrounding Kuwait City. The largest of these is Al-Jahra, having a population of more than 20,000 and status as the country's primary agricultural center.
61
Figure (3-5) The Population by the Thousands According to Administrative Districts
62
Figure (3-6) Topography Map with Major Features
TOPOGRAPHY
Kuwait’s topography could be generally characterized as flat and gentle with occasional low hills and very shallow depressions. The elevation from sea level is highest at the southwestern corner of the country (900 ft.) and gradually declines to 100 feet at the northeast corner of the country. A notable land depression is caused the formation of Kuwait Bay and the low lying desert plains to the south. Despite the region's openness to the sea, it is surrounded on three sides by rising, steeper ground. This condition continues
63
until the plateau and could best be explained by observing the angle of Jal-a-Zor Hill, which stretches to form the northwest coastline of Kuwait Bay.
The Jal-a-Zor escarpment is one of the prominent topographical features of the region. It is about 60 kilometers in length, rises to a height of 145 meters above sea level and follows a northeastern path. Loose sediment and sloping terraces cover the base of Jal-a-Zor escarpment near the bay. With the exception of the upper elevations, the ground slopes very mildly away from the edge of the escarpment due to its steep flanks.
Other major features include the Ahmadi Ridge (A-Zahr) which has a mild rise of 137 meters running a north-south course, and the Plain of Birgan, which includes few conspicuous hills. Wadi Al-Batin is the only major depression in the country. It is located in the central region, has an average width of six to eight kilometers, is about 50 meters lower than the neighboring plateau and becomes wider and more prominent as it stretches over the Iraqi border.
Shallow depressions occur in the northern, western and central part of the country. They have been named "Khabrat" and are filled with rain water during the winter season due
64
Figure (3-7) Soil Map1 DESERT SOILS
DUNE SOIL
SULAI BI YASERIES
LI THOSOLS
AL L U VI AL SOILS
to their fine silt and clay floors. The khabrat play a major role in the life of the roving bedouin tribes of the desert, for they serve as a major source of water for livestock and camels.
65
10 5 0 10 20 30 40 50 k
COASTAL SALT BUSH
CYPRUSSTEPPE
s =sg::;s;i!;i;ANABASISSTEPPE
COASTALSAND
RHANTERIUMSTEPPE
HALOXILONSTEPPE
Figure (3-8) Natural Vegetation Map
NATURAL VEGETATION.
The presence of native plants is extremely limited. The scarcity of rainfall during both the cool season, November through May, and the summer, cause most annual plants to adjust by completing their reproduction and growth phases during the limited rainy season. One of the major coping techniques used by perennial plants is the development of a deep, extensive root system. In areas where the soil is
66
extremely saline, only halophytic plants can survive.
Many factors influence the growth of vegetation including topography, soil conditions and drainage. On this basis, Kuwait's natural perennial vegetation can be divided into two major zones. The first zone is a dry desert steppe, non-supportive of vegetation that is located in the country's western area. The second zone occurs in the east and supports several distinct types of vegetation including saltbush, cyprus, halloxylon and nabasis. As a result of government sponsored experiments, scientists have found that antochthonous plants, such as athil (tamarix) and sider (zizyphus) and another 29 species of plants can florish on Kuwait's brackish water.
67
J F M A M J F M A M J J A S O N DJ J A S O H D
W 1 v>->1 itiiuPjuJl OjUUl
J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D
o SOURCE: 1984 CENSUSFigure (3-9) General Climate Summaries
GENERAL CLIMATE.
In general, Kuwait’s climate is typical of desert areas, with extremely hot, dry summers averaging 45 degrees centigrade and mild to cool winters averaging 14 degrees centigrade. The humidity is high in the late spring, summer and early fall and the rainy season extends from November to May.
In Kuwait, the mean annual temperature swing is fairly large with a 24.C differential occuring between the two extreme months of January and July. The average mean temperature in the winter season is approximately 14 C (plus
68
or minus 12) , although temperatures of -6.C have been recorded. The daily temperature during the summmer is 36.C (plus or minus 18.C).
69
CMmstoSogScaS Summary, Kuwait International Airport Means and Extremes for Period (1980-1957)
Mam number of days Wind (m.p.h.)
3 3 3 % 4 * 3, i 3 % * j 5 1 **r- > iMaximum speed
5 45to o-i 1 1 A >
33 1
Q3 ]
Month
i1 Pa
rtly
clou
dy
16i1 Ra
in 0
.1 m
m o
r mor
e 1Dist
ant l
ight
ning
Dust
onus
Risi
ng d
ust
Susp
ende
d du
st
Haze s 1 1
i1! Pr
evai
ling
dire
ctio
n
ij
ij
1( * ) 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 24 24
January 13.3 13.4 4.3 6.8 1.6 0.4 0.9 3.6 3.1 8.4 2.7 9.4 0.1 8.2 NW WNW 42 SSE 1939
February 12.4 12.6 3.3 4.0 1.1 0.5 1.4 4.1 4.4 8.3 1.2 6.5 0.2 9.2 NW SE 42 ESE 1975
March 12.3 15.5 3.2 4.2 2.1 0.8 2.1 6.8 4.9 8.2 0.7 3.1 0.1 10.4 NW WNW 46 SSE* 1972
April 10.3 16.3 3.4 4.0 3.3 1.4 3.3 6.9 4.3 8.2 0.2 1.8 0.3 10.5 NW ESE A 52 SW 1970
May 17.2 12.2 1.6 1.7 2.7 0.4 3.7 7.2 5.7 7.8 0.1 0.4 0.1 10.5 NW NNW 66 wsw 1968
June 28.5 1.5 0.04 0.1 0.2 4.5 10.4 4.9 6.4 0.1 0.1 12.9 NW WNW 45 NW 1973
July 28.4 2.6 0.1 0.1 4.6 8.6 5.5 7.0 0.2 0.5 12.2 NW WNW 41 NNW 1957
1958August 29.7 1.3 0.1 0.1 1.9 7.9 5.3 9.4 0.4 1.3 10.6 NW WNW 42 NW 1970
September 28.1 1.9 0.1 0.6 5.3 5.9 11.6 0.6 1.2 8.5 NW NNWa 39 NW 1970
October 22.9 7.7 0.4 0.6 0.8 0.3 1.4 3.6 6.0 11.2 1.4 4.2 0.1 7.9 NW s 48 NW 1974
November 14.4 13.7 1.9 3.1 1.3 0.6 0.3 2.6 4.6 11.1 1.2 3.9 0.1 7.5 NW w A 38 ENE 1957
December 14.1 13.4 3.5 4.8 2.3 1.0 1.1 3.6 3.4 9.6 1.7 8.5 8.0 NW WNWa 43 SE 1980
May
Year 231.6 112.1 21.8 29.2 15.4 5.8 25.8 70.6 58.0 107.2 10.5 40.9 1.0 9.7 NW WNW 66 wsw 1968( * ) Length of record by year:
X * ) More than one direction
( T ) Indicates an amount loo small to measure
o SOURCE: 1 08 4 CENSUS
70
(1980-1957) I j l i i o V V j O lk y » c-yfll jUw l U* oUtfJU^ ( ; . u i / > ) Cu i 3
S?)i
i
§
j1I
1i3S
I$*1
i t
133"
lg
II Aver
age
dim
ly ev
apor
atio
n (m
m)
( ) t
Z^'
vM Temperature (Ce)
< V ) MAI
Rain (mm)
« * > V J t w
Relativehumidity
j * * * '
Maximum gust MeanscAk-yll
Extremes
i
%4
11i
I
i
3
1
%4&
4
1
!
]
1
\
B
Z
3
I
j
I
5
!
3
1
\3
1
1
13
11
.1
1
131
\iI
**>J
j ,
II
3
l
4-3
A
1I
3
124 24 19 19 13 19 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 <* )53 SSE 1959 67 2.9 46.7 4.7 18.0 7.7 12.8 5.6 29.8 1966 -4.0 1964 27.8 73.2 1972 27.6 1979 87 41 A60 S 1971 69 2.8 51.3 6.8 20.7 9.4 15.0 6.9 35.8 1969 -1.1 1959 15.9 95.9 1976 38.0 1976 81 33 >’>61 W 1971 65 2.8 57.9 11.2 25.8 13.4 19.5 10.5 41.2 1969 3.3 1959 12.1 50.5 1961 28.5 1961 70 24
72 SW 1970 62 3.1 65.5 14.6 31.3 18.5 24.8 15.1 44.2 1970 9.7 1967 17.6 67.0 1972 48.4 1976 64 21 JuJ14 WSW 1968 72 2.1 71.4 21.8 38.2 23.9 31.1 20.0 49.0 1958 15.0 1963 4.7 19.0 1967 18.7 1967 47 13 >53 NNW 1970 77 0.3 74.6 30.8 43.4 27.5 35.8 23.5 49.8 1966 20.4 1971 0.02 0.5 1958 0.5 1958 32 8 X *
NW
50 NNW 1957 76 0.5 75.9 31.0 44.7 29.2 37.2 25.6 49.7 1978 23.3 1959 0.0 0.0 0.0 33 9 A
1960
56 WSW 1969 79 0.3 75.3 27.6 44.5 28.4 36.5 24.5 49.0 1963 20.6 1960 0.0 0.0 0.0 38 10
1966
50 NW 1970 83 0.3 72.5 22.0 41.6 24.7 33.1 21.2 47.5 1973 16.8 1959 T T 1965 T 1965 47 11
1979
78 SSW 1967 81 1.2 65.3 14.2 35.4 19.7 27.2 16.6 43.7 1980 11.3 i960 3.5 56.6 1977 17.8 1977 64 19
49 ENE 1967 74 2.5 55.8 8.7 26.5 13.8 19.9 11.3 37.9 1974 0.7 1958 12.7 107.6 1967 33.5 1961 75 30
53 ESE 1969 68 2.7 47.8 5.6 19.9 8.7 14.2 6.6 30.5 1958 -1.5 1963 20.8 57.9 1974 25.4 1958 84 38
April
May Net. 4th
84 WSW 1968 73 1.8 63.3 16.6 32.5 18.7 25.6 15.6 49.8 1968 -4 .0 1964 115.1 107.6 1967 48.4 1976 60 21 l—U t
o SOURCE: 1 98 4 CENSUS . , > ( . >. /ft ( A ).(W-Vj^VlVi V ) / , T )
71
Mean temperature by month at stations 1982 — 1978 e W i y > i o w y j 5<^JLh
Months
Shuwaikh Kuwait International Airport JyUi CyS3l ,U~
Ja-yil
Mean
1982 1981 1980 1979 1978
Mean
1982 1981 1980 1979 1978
Maximum Temperature C* • f y > i o v y
January 18.4 17.9 18.6 17.4 19.2 18.7 18.4 18.3 18.9 17.4 18.9 18.4 AFebruary 20.5 17.1 20.2 19.0 24.1 21.9 20.6 17.4 20.5 19.2 23.9 21.8 yWMarch 25.4 22.7 26.3 25.3 26.5 26.0 25.5 23.2 26.9 25.4 26.2 25.9 v>April 32.5 32.0 31.9 32.4 33.8 32.2 32.9 32.8 32.9 32.5 33.9 32.2
May 37.8 37.8 36.5 37.7 37.6 39.2 38.7 39.3 38.3 38.6 37.7 39.4 >u
June 42.3 41.7 42.0 43.5 42.6 41.9 43.7 44.4 43.9 44,7 43.3 42.3 > y
July 44.0 43.7 44.2 45.2 43.3 43.6 45.1 45.5 46.0 46.2 44.0 43.9 AAugust 43.0 42.1 44.2 43.3 42.8 42.4 43.9 44.2 45.8 43.8 43.0 43.0
September 41.7 42.2 41.4 41.6 42.2 41.0 42.3 43.2 43.0 41.4 42.3 41.6
October 34.5 32.2 34.4 34.6 35.4 35.8 35.4 33.5 35.7 35.8 36.0 36.1
November 25.2 22.3 25.8 26.8 28.7 22.4 25.8 22.8 27.2 27.5 29.2 22.2 y-VDecember 19.9 16.8 22.1 20.0 18.6 22.1 20.1 17.1 22.9 20.1 18.4 22.2 »— «»Mean 32.1 30.7 32.3 32.3 32.9 32.3 32.7 31.8 33.5 32.7 33.1 32.4
Minimum Tempersture C* #f U?yuJl I j lo U r jS
January 10.0 9.6 11.3 8.8 11.1 9.4 8.4 7.2 8.7 7.7 10.0 8.4 yW
February 11.2 8.6 12.5 10.3 13.3 11.5 9.7 6.5 10.0 9.4 12.2 10.2 y ^
March 15.0 13.3 16.2 16.0 14.8 14.9 13.3 10.9 13.3 15.2 13.4 13.9
April 20.7 21.2 20.4 21.0 21.3 19.6 19.2 18.8 17.0 20.6 20.5 19.0
May 25.6 27.2 25.8 25.1 25.7 24.3 24.4 25.2 23.4 24.7 25.0 23.6 >u
June 28.8 29.2 29.3 28.6 30.2 26.7 27.8 27.6 25.7 29.2 29.7 26.9 X *
July 30.8 30.7 31.8 31.1 30.7 29.5 29.7 28.1 28.7 31.5 30.3 29.7 A .
August 29.8 29.8 31.6 29.6 29.8 28.1 28.3 27.7 28.0 28.9 29.2 27.7
September 27.6 28.8 28.0 26.5 27.7 27.0 24.6 24.5 23.7 23.0 26.5 25.4
October 22.6 23.8 22.2 22.0 23.5 21.7 20.0 20.6 18.1 18.9 22.2 20.2
November 15.5 13.5 16.1 17.5 17.1 13.5 13.1 10.1 12.8 14.8 15.8 11.8 y *
December 10.8 8.1 12.9 9.8 10.5 12.8 8.7 5.6 9.8 7.2 9.3 11.7 y —
Mean 20.7 20.3 21.5 20.5 21.3 19.9 18.9 17.7 18.3 19.3 20.3 19.0 w
D S O U R C E : 1 9 8 4 C E N S U S
HUMIDITY
Unlike the rest of the Gulf region, Kuwait experiences extreme humidity for a few weeks during August and September. Relative humidity is at its highest during several days in December and January (average maximum of 85%). During the summer it dips to less than 45%. In general, relative humidity differs by 15% between the coastal and inland areas.
THUNDERSTORMS
About eight days per year, Kuwait experiences major thunderstorms, the majority occuring during the winter and spring due to vigorous Mediterranean depressions. The rise in humidity over the Gulf accounts for the fact that most thunderstorms occur in the east.
73
Humidity, Rainfall, Fog and Evaporation Kuwait International Airport 1983 _ 1982 J>Ui jUm
Number of days fWiixu Temperature (C ) y > imaunration
cvspv(mm) Sky .U_Jl
l {
•*! A Fog ' Mist Mean Meuu Extremef W '
■j y S | 3 J-Lw
.M
oder
ate :1
relativehumidity
Max
imum ur>
-«M
inim
um
1 *3,M<mths i 1 4 ! i I 1 Ra
in
Thic
k 1 Slig
ht 4 Mon
thly
I Lowe
st
1982
January 5.5 2.7 15 11 5 1 1 10 3 3 8 6 92 44 18.3 7.2 12.5 22.9 1.5
February 6.8 3.9 13 13 2 1 2 1 10 3 2 93 30 17.4 6.5 12.0 23.4 2.7
March 9.7 5.1 8 20 3 1 4 2 8 1 2 7 78 26 23.0 10.9 17.2 31.7 5.2
April 15.2 7.9 8 21 1 4 2 9 1 60 20 32.8 18.8 25.9 39.8 9.8 Je'May 22.2 12.8 8 17 6 2 5 2 10 53 16 39.3 25.2 32.3 44.5 21.6 > •
Jum 42.3 18.3 29 2 4 27 6 44.4 27.6 36.4 47.8 23.0 > >
July 39.7 17.1 31 • 1 31 7 45.5 28.1 37.4 49.4 24.6
August 46.1 18.4 30 1 27 7 44.2 27.7 36.6 47.6 23.0
September 22.6 12.6 24 6 1 2 53 9 43.2 24.5 33.8 47.7 21.3
October 15.2 7.2 8 18 5 2 8 5 16 2 5 74 V 33.5 20.6 27.2 40.6 13.2
November 7.6 4.1 16 13 1 3 2 9 3 79 29 22.8 10.1 16.5 31.1 5.0 jhVDecember 5.2 2.7 12 18 1 1 7 1 1 4 3 85 40 17.1 5.6 11.3 23.0 1.5
Year 19.8 9.4 282 139 24 14 26 12 1 79 6 4 20 30 62 22 31.8 17.7 24.9 49.4 1.5 LJl1983
January 6.0 2.8 10 15 6 1 1 10 1 1 4 7 84 38 15.3 5.5 10.5 23.4 -0 .7 >
February 8.2 4.3 18 9 1 2 1 1 6 2 3 4 80 25 19.6 7.0 13.1 24.7 2.0 y ’>
March 9.4 5.2 15 13 3 3 2 1 12 1 1 75 23 23.3 9.9 16.8 27.8 3.0 v >
April 14.1 8.2 12 16 2 5 10 2 1 71 21 30.2 17.2 23.6 36.0 10.8
May 22.6 12.3 11 18 2 6 7 2 11 54 14 39.4 24.6 32.0 44.8 19.0 >June 43.1 19.5 27 3 4 1 27 7 43.7 28.3 36.6 46.1 24.0
July 47.5 21.4 31 2 23 5 46.7 29.8 38.9 50.6 25.6 jJm
August 36.9 16.7 29 2 1 37 8 44.3 28.0 36.6 47.9 21.7
September 29.3 14.0 30 32 6 41.7 22.6 32.8 45.2 16.5
October 16.4 7.8 31 2 2 1 55 13 33.9 16.1 25.0 41.2 11.5
November 10.3 5.4 21 7 2 3 3 4 1 2 80 23 29.3 13.9 21.3 33.2 9.1 y VDecember 6.9 3.2 19 9 3 2 1 4 2 1 1 82 33 21.8 7.7 14.7 29.5 -1 .0
Year 20.9 10.1 254 92 19 19 19 5 2 57 11 1 14 17 58 18 32.4 17.5 25.2 50.6 -1 .0 L J l
D S O U R C E : 1 0 6 4 C E N S U S
74
PRECIPITATION
The November through May rainy season results in minimal rainfall with a mean annual total of 100 mm or less. Due to the country's flat desert, available moisture comes primarily from the Gulf, the site of most of the region's rain-bearing depressions. Kuwait's rainfall patterns are the result of the upward movement of air troughs forcing cold air over the lower layers of warm air in the northwest. This vertical temperature gradient is extremely condusive to the formation of violent thunderstroms, producing heavy rain showers and hail. Because of the increased humidity over the Gulf, rain is expected more regularly along the eastern coastal areas than in the western inland areas.
Rainfall Number of Days with (0.1 mm) jtfl j t ( ^ 0.1 ) UjUui y li f\}p >j*ormortbyfUtions 1982 — 1978
Shuwsikh Kuwait International Airport ^ A-
Months Mean
1982 1981 1980 1979 1978 -L-yll
Mean
1982 1981 1980 1979 1978
^
January 6.4 7 8 5 5 7 7.6 7 9 7 6 9 >February 4.6 5 7 7 1 3 5.6 7 6 9 2 4March 5.2 7 5 6 1 7 5.6 7 5 6 3 7April 2.8 7 4 1 — 2 2.4 5 1 3 1 2 VMay 2.0 5 1 — 3 1 2.2 4 2 1 3 1June
*July
August
September
October 2.2 7 2 2 — 2.0 7 2 — 1 — w * 1November 2.4 3 3 1 5 2.8 3 3 2 — 6 -fr-VDecember 5.4 5 4 5 8 5 5.2 4 3 5 9 5
Total 31.6 46 34 25 20 30 33.4 44 31 33 25 34 11*
□ SO U R C E: 1 9 8 4 C E N S U S
75
Rainfall and Sunshine and Mean Pressure Kuwait International Airport 1983 — 1982
jiAait tk rfp j Lpt-Dl
jUmJ>
(jV.)Mean stalioo
aunoshperic prmure
(mb)
Sunihine
(fjoyiih
Rainfall (mm)
ia-yll V 1 W ' tr*1 fijUli->d i & s-il/W
Jjull
oUL- )
( J N * L O i■Hi (x
Months MeanDev from average
Mean(Hours and
minutes)
Percentage Per. of possible Total
Greatestdaily Date
1982
January 1012.8 -0 .7 06:15 60 13.3 31.3 26
February 1011.6 +0.3 07:09 64 17.7 13.7 13
March 1008.9 +0.5 06:33 55 16.7 11.5 1
April 1005.3 +0.4 06:48 53 2.8 0.9 27
May 1003.1 +1.6 05:55 43 4.8 3.0 22 * uJune 996.7 +1.1 09:33 68
July 993.5 + 1.7 10:50 78
August 993.6 0 09:18 71
September 1001.1 + 1.5 09:36 78
October 1006.7 +0.3 06:23 56 7.8 2.4 31 yyrfNovember 1011.8 +0.3 07:16 68 32.8 32.4 2
December 1014.5 + 1.1 06:30 63 15.1 9.4 18
Year 1005.0 +0.8 07:41 63 128.8 32.4 NOV i-J i
1983
January 1015.8 +2.3 06:21 60 23.5 6.7 8 AFebruary 1012.3 + 1.0 07:55 71 6.0 3.9 16
March 1010.3 + 1.9 08:34 71 12.6 7.7 15 U->April 1006.2 + 1.3 08:42 68 18.9 14.4 3May 1001.2 -0 .3 08:04 59 3.1 1.2 22 >June 997.7 +2.1 08:52 63 T 3 > >July 993.1 + 1.3 10:18 75 *>>August 993.7 +0.1 09:44 74
September 999.2 -0 .4 10:24 84 J r * *
October 1007.5 + 1.1 09:55 86
November 1012.0 +0.5 07:54 74 0.2 0.2 13
December 1014.2 +0.8 07:33 73 0.6 0.5 16 X—V
Year 1005.3 + 1.1 08:41 71 64.9 14.4 APR L-Jl
w Morelhanoncday
□ SOURCE: 108 4 CENSUS
76
Total Rain (mm) by Stations 1983 — 1979 cAk£t v - - ( (JU ) jUJil ^ ^*4
% \ t % t 1 s *4 i; 4 <uJi 1 £
stg i E 3 •5 a £
Year5 i § 8 a s Z' 1 5 1 § 2 g£ 5 z 5 (X < 3E < 2 L_JI
Kewalt International Airport Uy$3l jUu1979 121.0 50.4 T 3.2 T 10.9 0.1 4.1 0.5 51.8 19791980 131.9 41.6 1.8 T 0.2 0.6 16.8 54.1 16.8 19801981 80.4 2.1 9.0 1.8 0.4 1.7 6.3 29.4 29.7 19811982 128.8 15.1 32.8 7.8 4.8 2.8 16.7 17.7 31.1 19821983 119.8 15.1 32.8 7.8 3.1 18.9 12.6 6.0 23.5 1983Mean 116.4 24.9 15.3 4.1 3.9 4.8 11.3 21.5 30.6
SbawaUtb
1979 140.9 52.5 — 29.6 8.7 4.0 1.7 44.4 19791980 134.0 50.9 1.3 — __ 0.2 6.6 59.2 15.8 19801981 85.5 4.0 9.9 3.3 0.6 3.3 3.7 29.7 31.0 19811982 104.9 14.3 15.4 4.3 2.0 4.5 24.5 10.3 29.6 19821983 134.0 14.3 15.4 4.3 6.0 43.0 21.3 4.7 25.0 1983Mean 119.9 27.2 8.4 8.3 3.5 10.2 12.0 21.1 29.2
Omarlyah ( Former1y Experiimental Farm) (U.V1.0*sll44jjll )1979 131.1 48.5 0.4 11.7 0.6 8.9 0.4 7.2 1.4 52.0 19791980 124.7 46.3 1.8 — — — 0.6 5.2 61.0 9.8 19801981 94.0 4.2 14.6 2.6 1.7 8.8 32.3 29.8 19811982 113.1 14.3 10.6 6.0 7.0 7.1 26.1 11.5 30.5 19821983 137.8 14.3 10.6 6.0 6.2 52.1 17.5 6.8 24.3 1983Mean 120.1 25.5 7.6 5.3 0.1 4.4 12.4 13.0 22.6 29.3 3^41
FaUaltaltlland KWk/r1979 165.9 64.7 _ 55.5 1.0 _ 2.2 0.5 42.0 19791980 147.5 71.4 1.3 — _ 0.7 6.0 58.8 9.3 19801981 100.5 3.0 16.7 12.7 0.6 6.3 28.6 32.6 19811982 198.8 23.5 82.2 6.8 1.5 5.1 25.1 19.3 35.3 19821983 168.8 23.5 82.2 6.8 6.2 13.1 9.1 8.2 19.7 1983Mean 156.3 37.2 36.5 16.4 1.7 3.9 9.7 23.1 27.8
Al-Abmad» Sf-W-Vl1979 131.4 56.3 0.8 2.3 13.9 0.4 5.9 0.2 51.6 19791980 85.8 27.7 1.1 — _ 2.1 2.6 34.4 17.9 19801981 82.3 4.8 9.5 15.9 1.9 5.8 18.8 25.6 19811982 113.9 13.8 14.0 15.8 4.7 12.0 13.4 40.2 19821983 98.0 13.8 14.0 15.8 0.9 12.9 7.2 2.6 30.8 1983Mean 102.3 23.3 7.9 6.8 6.1 4.4 6.7 13.9 33.2 JLyil
Al-AbmatUPort V■U-Vi «lv>
1979 115.5 44.8 0.1 3.0 1.1 6.7 0.2 6.0 0.2 53.4 19791980 78.8 21.5 1.5 — _ 2.2 5.1 36.5 12.0 19801981 62.3 3.1 11.5 4.8 2.8 2.8 13.2 24.1 19811982 90.6 14.2 13.6 12.1 3.4 20.8 3.1 23.4 19821983 89.8 14.2 13.7 12.6 0.3 19.8 7.7 4.3 17.2 1983Mean 87.4 19.6 8.1 5.5 0.2 2.4 5.7 8.5 11.5 26.0
T ■ trace (An amount too small to be measure)
□ SOURCE: 10S4 CENSUS
77
Dw," ejVlt(Averts* of 10 years, May-August) ( 10 )
' Hours y/90 0
Visibility las than 4 K M.
20 2 1°Visibility leu than 100 M.
May June July August
• during day-time (0600-1800 Local) ( J4 1M0-600 )
□ SOURCE: 1084 CENSUSFigure (3-10) Annual Variation of Visibility Ranges at Kuwait International Airport
SANDSTORMS.
Sandstorms are expected in summer, early fall and in late spring. Sandstorm formation requires the presence of three major conditions':
— The surface of the land must be dry and dusty.— The speed of the wind must reach a particular velocity
in order for it to lift and move the dust.— Unpredictable and unstable air must be present to aid
in creating air currents to raise dust and sand particles.
The number of occurences drop during the spring and fall to one day per month. Due to the reduced lapse rate in the upper layer of air, the frequency of sandstorms is generally less severe at night.
78
L O O S E S A N D
L O W H U M I D I T Y
jB T E M P E R A T U R EI N V E R S I O N
i f D E E P L O O S E S A N D
E X P O S E D R I D G E S
W I N D D I R E C T I O N
Figure (3-11) Map Illustration Climate and General Ground Conditions
SURFACE WINDS.
The frequent prevailing winds arrive usually from the northwest (Al-Rih, Al-Shamali) with an average speed of 75 miles per hour and have their origins in the Mediterranean Sea. During the winter and spring, these winds are cool. They become slightly hotter during the summer, but still produce a cooling effect. Winds from the southwest (Raws) are usually damp and hot, often occuring between the months
79
of July and October and have a warming effect during the winter. In late spring and early summer, hot, dry winds (Suhail) prevail from the south. Between the months of March and August hot, dry sand and dust storms (Jauz) occur during the daytime and reduce visibility considerably.
Month
* M
ean
spee
d m
.p.h
. nii *1
+?!
January 34.5 42 1.4 8.3 j AFebruary 31.3 40 1.7 9.3
March 41 .4 46 2 .0 10.4 v-A*April 52 .9 52 2.2 10.5
May 85.2 66 2 .2 10.5June 39 .6 45 3.3 12.9 X XJuly 32 .9 41 2 .9 12.2 > !*August 34.5 42 2.2 10.6
September 29 .8 39 1.4 8.5 x * -October 45.1 48 1.2 7.9November 28 .3 38 1.1 7.4
December 34.5 42 1.3 8.0 x>—<»
80
Wild, Visibility sad Dust (Kuwait latcraatioial Airport) 1913 - 1912 .< Jjoii jU u ) jVkiij y^iij c y i
Number of days Wind (m.p.h.)
Months
V/Duststorms
jRising dust
4!*Suspended
dust-&hifi
*•Visibility less than
•v I •vioVO•XEIN
'1
«"IIVill
*tr- i> ' Maximum speed
§1Maximum gust
5 i ajx-Ui
1912January 1 2 3 1 6 16 7 6 3 8.4 NW WNW 31 SSE 28* 37 SSE 28
February 2 1 4 2 7 1 3 2 1 8.9 NW SE 39 SSE 13* 46 WNW 13
March 3 2 3 8 9 3 1 1 8.8 NNW NW 30A
SE 1* 34 SE 1 U - >
April 1 1 2 2 4 3 4 12 6 2 1 7.8 NW NNW 30 SE* 7* 37 NW 27 Jo<tMay 2 6 4 9 7 19 8 7 2 10.4 NNW N 34 NNW 5 39 NW 4
June 1 3 10 3 6 17 6 5 1 13.0 NNW NW 32 NW 12 38 NW 12 J+Jt
July 3 8 3 8 6 13 3 11.0 NW NNW 31 NNW 18 37 NNW 18 j j j i
August 6 11 2 6 6 18 6 2 13.3 NW WNW 30 NW 1* 39 WNW 23
September 1 2 1 4 13 6 2 i 1 6.3 NW SSE 24 NW 19* 30 NW 19
October 3 3 3 3 8 11 6 6 3 9.0 NW E 32 SE 24 40 NNE 26
November 2 2 2 1 7 6 3 3 7.3 NW NNW 30 SSE 9 34 SSE 9
December 3 2 1 5 9 3 4 1 7.5 NW NNW 37 S 5 42 S 3
Year 7 33 54 18 6 43 85 1 141 57 38 13 9.3 NW NNW 39 SSE FEB 46 WNW FEB IUI1983
January 3 3 4 1 13 3 2 1 9.1 NW SE 32 SSE 4 1* 37 SE 18
February 3 3 2 2 7 2 2 2 8.7 NW SE 30 ESE 25 35 NW 28
March 4 1 1 1 3 3 4 8.8 NW SE 39 SE 5 46 SE 5
April 1 1 3 1 6 1 9.0 NW SSE 42 ESE 3 52 ESE 3
May 7 1 1 1 2 6 2 2 14 10 9 8 9.2 NW N 40 WNW 15 56 WNW 13 J t\*
June 7 11 2 2 5 19 7 5 13.4 NW NNW 31 S 3 38 S 3 XMJuly 5 9 2 3 8 14 3 2 12.6 NW NNW 26 NW 3* 38 NW 25 &
August 5 6 2 6 3 14 5 3 11.0 NW NNW 29 NNW 15 35 NNW 15* uA -> i
September 2 5 3 7 3 8.3 NW NNW 26 NNW 27 31 WNW 2*
October 2 1 6 3 2 2 2 6.7 NW S 25 WNW 8 29 NNW 6* x r f l
November 1 2 1 1 6 8 3 4 4 7.4 SSE ESE 27 SE 12 30 ESE 12
December 1 4 4 8 3 2 2 7.0 NW WNW 26 NW 18 30 NW 11*
Year 7 28 44 17 2 32 46 4 118 50 35 19 9.3 NW NNW 42 ESE APR 56 WNW MAY I U Ia More than one direction* More than one day
• SOURCE: 1984 CENSUS
• •Vl /rt A • cx<y yri *
81
SOLAR HEAT GAIN FACTORS "SH G F " IN B T U H .F T .S O . FOR 28DEGREE NORTH L A T IT U D E
B A T : S T D i r e t f N N N I N | IN K• m N e r m e l
JAN I 111
211
1135
23117
2 1 t »T9 17 17 20 991 0 302 22 22 22 6711 312 25 25 25 2612 U S 26 26 26 26
H A L T D A T TOTALS 87 88 128 328
f e b ; m 519
1015
5773
98157
2 1 ♦ m 20 21 39 1301 0 310 25 25 27 6911 31# 28 28 28 3012 320 29 29 29 29
M A I# D A T T O T A IS 107 111 229 686
m a r j III 1118
9130
110116
15918921 t 2 93 29 28 75 158
1 0 307 29 30 36 9511 313 32 32 33 3812 315 33 33 33 33
M A I# D A T T O TA IS 129 176 391 661
a p r ; 811
2889
99199
52189
2 1 8 256 29 71 152 2051 219 29 5 115 175
10 291 33 36 69 117I t 297 36 36 38 S313 298 37 37 37 38
M A I# DA T T 0 7 A IS 165 318 579 809
M A Y ? }0 72990
67119
99171
109201
21 8 299 39 109 172 211
. 1 ,69 39 75 139 18310 280 37 50 90 12911 286 39 91 9 6612 287 90 60 91 91
M A I# DAT TOTALS 230 965 726 905
J U N t "J 90 81 108 1187 206 51 125 177 202
2 1 8 2 M 93 116 178 211♦ 269 39 88 198 189
10 279 90 60 100 13311 279 91 96 56 7113 281 92 92 92 93
M A I# DA T TOTALS 273 533 782 939
j u l ; 3092
66119
91168
101196
21 • 290 36 105 170 2079 261 36 77 190 181
10 272 38 52 91 12911 278 90 12 51 6712 280 91 91 92 92
M A I# DA T TOTALS 239 971 729 899
A U G ;8
212783
90193
98179
2 1 8 211 26 73 199 199* t 269 31 98 115 172
10 277 35 38 67 11711 283 37 38 91 5613 285 38 38 39 90
H A L # DAT TOTALS 175 325 579 790
sep i 511
1831
98111
70179
2 1 f 275 25 27 79 15310 290 30 31 37 9911 297 33 33 39 9013 299 39 39 39 35
H A L # D AT TOTALS 135 177 376 630
o c t ; ;;; 515
1016
S371
89151
2 1 8 m 10 297
21 22 80 12826 26 28 70
11 306 29 29 29 3113 308 30 30 30 30
H A L# DAT TOTALS 110 115 228 673
NOV J ” 111
211
1036
22115
2 1 * » 3 18 18 20 98e ' io m 22 22 23 97J l j o t 25 25 25 26» 310 26 26 26 26
M A W DAT T O T A IS #9 89 129 325
DEC I • » 19
19
929
998
2 1 ,! 269 16 16 17 85* 1 10 296 20 20 20 3911 308 23 23 23 29
DA... 13 311 29 29 29M A I# DAT TOTALS 80 80 101 270
D l r e i lN o r m a l N N N I N I I N I
C I S ! S I S S I s s s w s w
32 39 32 25 13 2 1175 205 209 170 109 28 11183 235 250 226 168 78 18190 210 297 296 206 133 92
71 158 216 292 229 182 10327 85 167 219 237 219 167
621 899 1096 1027 897 529 253122 126 112 79 30 5 5213 239 2 20 171 92 17 19209 293 296 211 191 9 21159 211 235 223 177 100 3078 152 200 215 199 151 7831 75 195 191 207 191 199
771 995 1076 988 790 913 219181 177 199 87 19 10 10231 237 207 199 55 19 18213 235 221 173 95 29 2&160 198 205 182 128 59 3089 136 167 172 159 103 5139 61 109 199 157 199 109
891 1022 1006 833 529 288 18153 95 30 10 3 3 3
199 179 132 60 16 19 19228 216 171 98 27 22 22207 208 178 119 •9 29 28156 171 160 129 72 37 3389 111 121 113 89 58 3939 50 71 68 95 68 70
996 958 831 570 302 209 170100 80 97 11 7 7 7200 169 112 37 18 18 18219 195 111 69 27 25 25198 185 199 60 35 32 31150 169 125 #3 97 37 35
83 92 89 79 56 99 8062 •5 52 58 60 58 52
969 887 681 378 219 188 179111 86 97 10 9 9 9197 162 101 31 19 19 19213 189 126 52 28 27 27193 179 126 65 35 32 32196 138 110 69 92 37 3682 89 77 62 99 92 9193 *5 98 51 52 51 88
959 897 611 319 206 189 18597 77 95 10 8 8 B
199 169 108 36 19 19 19219 190 137 61 28 26 26195 181 190 77 36 32 32199 196 121 81 96 38 3683 91 86 73 55 99 91•3 96 52 57 59 57 52
996 866 661 367 220 192 18398 91 27 9 3 3 3
188 169 129 56 17 15 15220 207 169 93 29 29 28201 202 172 119 98 31 30159 167 155 120 70 39 3585 109 l i e 109 86 58 9191 51 7 0 66 92 66 70
916 922 797 596 298 209 17880 78 69 90 10 5 5
219 225 196 138 59 20 1#205 225 212 166 93 30 25156 192 199 176 126 59 32
83 133 163 167 196 102 5236 62 108 191 153 191 107
897 973 960 801 513 288 186111 115 101 71 28 6 5203 229 2 10 163 88 17 15198 236 237 203 136 88 22151 206 228 216 172 97 3178 199 195 210 199 187 7632 79 191 186 201 166 191
793 958 1035 951 719 808 21330 33 3 V * 29 13 2 1
171 200 199 166 106 28 11ISO #31 295 222 165 76 19139 208 2 3 292 203 131 91TO 156 219 238 226 180 10127 89 165 216 239 216 16$
611 889 1026 1008 832 521 25013 19 19 11 6 1 1
155 186 168 161 108 33 9171 226 295 227 173 87 17132 207 297 2 9 213 183 9866 157 219 297 237 190 11025 87 172 226 295 226 172
556 896 1010 1019 660 568 266
1 I I I S I S S I S S S W S W
W S W W W N W N W N N W N O * S TF m
1 1 1 1 1 3 s11 11 11 11 11 9917 17 17 17 17 105 322 22 22 22 22 151 329 25 25 2 5 25 85 185 27 26 26 26 195 12
116 88 87 87 87 see5 5 5 5 5 13 s
19 18 18 19 18 78 420 20 20 20 20 180 325 25 25 25 25 191 330 26 28 28 28 223 175 31 29 29 29 233 13
125 107 107 107 107 75610 10 10 10 10 38 s18 18 18 18 18 106 429 28 28 29 29 172 329 29 29 29 29 222 333 32 32 32 32 253 161 38 33 33 33 269 13
138 129 129 129 129 9183 3 3 3 3 6 . *
19 18 18 18 18 60 * S22 22 22 22 22 131 428 28 28 28 28 192 333 33 33 33 33 239 337 36 36 36 36 268 1•9 39 38 37 37 277 13
157 158 158 153 153 10327 7 7 7 8 17 4
18 18 18 18 19 77 s25 25 25 25 26 199 431 31 3 i 31 31 201 335 35 35 35 36 2 5 339 38 * 38 3# 38 272 1• 5 82 91 81 90 280 13
175 178 173 173 175 10989 9 9 9 10 23 6
19 19 19 19 21 83 S27 27 27 27 27 198 4
% 32 32 32 33 203 336 36 36 36 37 2 *5 390 39 39 80 80 2 *0 185 3 83 82 12 276 13
182 162 182 182 117 11098 8 8 8 8 1819 19 19 19 19 77 S26 26 26 26 26 183 s32 32 32 32 32 198 436 36 36 36 37 292 390 39 39 39 39 266 386 #3 82 82 91 276 1
160 179 178 176 111 1082 ' 133 3 3 3 3 6
15 15 15 15 15 60. *29 29 29 29 29 129 $30 30 30 30 30 186 435 35 35 35 35 23838 37 37 37 37 262 351 11 80 39 38 271 1
166 163 162 162 161 1018 135 5 5 5 5 16
19 19 19 19 19 10225 25 25 25 25 16630 30 30 30 30 219 335 33 33 33 33 2#562 36 35 39 38 255 1
18# 135 38 138 139 8885 5 5 5 5 19 $ '
15 15 15 15 15 7321 21 21 21 21 13826 26 26 26 26 167 l31 29 29 29 29 21878 32 30 30 30 229
128 111 • 110 110 110 782 13 |1 1 1 1 1 3
11 11 11 11 11 88 116 18 18 16 18 10923 22 22 22 22 15829 25 25 25 25 18988 27 26 26 26 198
117 90 89 89 19 5181 1 1 1 1 1 5 '9 9 9 9 9 33
16 16 16 16 16 90 3 '21 20 20 20 20 13829 23 23 23 23 168 i *87 25 28 28 28 179
112 80 80 80 10 5 9 12W S W W W N W N W N N W H O *
□ SOURCE: CHALFOUN, N. U N I V E R S I T Y OF A R IZ O N A , 1 9 8 5
82
SOLAR HEAT GAIN FACTO RS “ SHOP" IN B T U H . F T . S O . FOR 29DEGREE NORTH L A T IT U D E
B A T ! I T D ir e c t N N N I M l I N I 1 I S I S I S S I• m N e r m e l
J A N ;27
2171
101
108
3116
11626
17126
20126
2009
1672 1 ♦ 276 16 16 19 97 181 2 33 269 226
t o 300 21 21 22 66 138 210 268 267i t 310 26 26 26 25 70 158 217 26312 311 25 25 25 25 27 86 169 221
W A IT D A Y TOTALS
251
85 85 122 317 606 888 1036 1023
FEB 7, 516
915
5571
96155
117211
121233
107219
76171
2 1 t 211 20 20 37 128 202 263 266 21210 306 25 25 26 67 153 212 236 225i t 317 27 27 27 29 78 153 202 21812 3 H 28 28 28 28 30 76 167 196
N A IF BAY t O ! A t $
MAR; *105
1017
1096029
222109113
676157168
762180230
9 90176237
1077163207
n?166
2 1 t 292 26 26 72 156 212 235 222 1761 0 306 29 29 36 93 160 199 208 185i i 313 32 32 32 37 83 137 170 17612 315 33 33 33 33 36 62 112 169
N A IF BAY TOTALS 127 172 383 653 887 1025 1016 167
APR *, . 56 205
816
3083
66168
55168
56199
67180
32133
106121 • 255 23 66 150 2 0 ) 227 216 172 100
279 29 63 112 173 207 209 180 12310 291 33 35 61 116 156 173 163 12811 296 35 36 38 52 66 112 126 ‘ 11612 298 36 36 37 37 38 50 73 93
; n a i f b a y touts 166 312 571 805 966 967 866 588
MAY; 107208
3039
70113
97170
106201
106201
86170
69113
1138
2 1 • 269 32 102 170 210 219 196 163 66* 269 36 71 136 181 198 186 166 83
10 260 37 67 86 127 150 150 128 8711 285 39 61 67 66 83 93 92 7812 287 39 60 60 60 61 66 53 61
N A IF DAY TOTALS 228 658 720 903 969 898 697 395
ju n ; lie 61 86 112 122 115 89 69 11207 50 126 176 202 198 163 103 3221 • ?M 61 116 176 210 213 185 128 56t 266 38 85 165 182 193 176 130 68
10 276 39 56 96 131 166 160 113 7311 279 61 66 56 69 82 86 80 6512 260 62 62 62 62 62 65 69
N A IF DAY TOTALS 270 526 777 936 965 860 628 328
JUL • 101200
3161
69113
96167
105197
101195
80165
67109
1137
2 1 • 210 35 103 168 206 216 191 139 63t 261 35 76 137 179 195 182 162 80to 271 38 50 88 127 168 168 126 86n 277 60 62 19 65 63 92 89 7612 279 61 61 61 62 62 67 53 60
NALF DAY TOTALS 237 666 718 893 951 878 677 383A U G ; 50169
920
2882
63162
51179
51189
63169
28125
95721 • 210 25 70 167 198 219 208 165 9 5
266 31 66 112 171 201 203 176 11710 277 35 38 66 115 156 169 158 12611 283 37 38 60 56 86 110 121 116n 265 37 38 38 39 60 51 72 90
N A L F BAY TOTALS 176 320 567 766 918 930 111 566
SEP I 102263
616
2230
60109
87178
99218
98226
80197
5013921 f 276 25 27 72 151 206 226 216 170
10 289 30 30 36 92 156 193 201 179i i 2 9 6 33 33 33 39 82 135 165 17012 298 36 36 36 36 36 63 111 165
N A IF DAY TOTALS 133 176 368 622 863 975 968 113
OCT I 116236
516
916
5069
85I6 9
106201
110222
97209
6816321 * 277 21 21 38 126 196 235 236 206
296 25 25 27 68 150 206 230 2 8Ji 305 28 28 28 31 78 169 197 21212 307 29 29 29 29 31 75 166 I8 9
NALF BAY TOTALS 108 112 221 •6 3 736 953 1036 956NOV l 26210
110
111
836
17112
23167
25196
23195
1816321 * 270 17 17 19 96 178 229 266 222■ 10 296 21 21 22 66 137 207 266 2 *3
11 305 26 26 26 26 69 156 215 23912 308 25 25 25 25 27 85 166 218N A IF BAY TOTALS •6 87 123 316 599 873 1019 1006
DEC l 11196
08 08 3
237
959
15011
18010
1628
15621,5 266 15 15 17 83 169 226 213 225296 20 20 20 36 131 206 216 250306 23 23 23 26 65 157 220 268
N A IF BAY TOTALS
D ire c t
2677
2677
2697
26259
25562
88832
173998
2271007
N e r m e l N N N I M l I N I 1 I S I St S S I
s S S W s w w s w w W N W M W M N W n o b STP m9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 s
107 28 10 10 10 10 10 10 61168 79 16 16 16 11 16 16 100 3206 135 • 3 22 21 21 21 21 150 a231 166 106 29 26 28 26 26 160 1HI 221 169 85 27 25 25 25 190 138 8 535 2 55 115 * 86 IS 85 • 5 569
29 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 12 s93 17 16 16 16 16 16 16 71 4
163 50 21 20 20 20 20 20 137 3180 103 30 25 25 25 25 25 167 a202 155 80 29 27 27 27 27 219 1210 196 167 76 30 26 28 28 229 13750 623 218 126 105 105 105 105 T39
19 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 36 $57 18 17 17 17 17 17 17 105 498 29 26 . 26 26 28 26 28 170 3
132 61 30 "29 29 29 29 29 219 a157 107 53 33 32 32 32 32 250 1
1*9 112 62 38 33 33 33 261 13560 297 186 137 128 127 127 127 907
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 6 416 16 16 18 16 18 16 18 60 S26 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 130 451 29 26 28 28 28 28 28 H I 375 36 33 32 32 32 32 32 237 a96 61 39 36 35 35 35 35 267 1
100 93 73 50 38 37 37 36 276 13317 210 172 157 156 153 153 153 1027
7 7 7 7 7 7 8 18 418 18 18 18 18 18 18 19 76 S27 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 165 436 32 31 31 31 31 31 31 201 3
37 35 35 35 . 35 35 35 2 *5 a59 66 60 39 37 37 37 36 271 1
61 53 66 61 60 60 60 279 13226 190 160 176 178 173 173 175 1095
9 9 9 9 9 9 9 10 26 419 19 19 19 19 19 19 21 66 S28 27 . 27 27 27 27 27 27 1*9 435 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 203 363 37 36 36 36 36 36 37 266 351 62 81 60 39 39 39 60 270 156 52 69 65 82 62 62 •2 277 13
211 191 166 183 182 182 162 186 11126 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 19
19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 7828 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 166 S36 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 198 468 38 36 36 36 36 36 36 261 358 65 61 60 38 38 38 39 267 362 60 53 66 62 61 61 61 275
227 196 166 160 179 178 178 180 1016 133 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 7
17 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 60 *29 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 129 950 31 29 29 29 29 29 29 11773 39 35 3 * 36 36 3 * 3 * 23391 60 81 38 36 36 36 36 26196 90 72 51 60 39 36 38 270
311 216 179 166 163 162 161 161 101013 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 1956 19 18 18 16 18 16 18 10196 30 25 25 25 25 25 25 166
129 62 31 30 30 30 30 30 212150 106 53 3* 33 33 33 33 262157 165 110 63 36 38 3 * 3 * 252528 297 168 1*3 133 132 132 132 677
27 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 13 $88 17 18 16 16 16 16 16 70
138 9 22 21 21 21 21 21 13*176 100 31 25 25 25 25 25 188197 150 78 30 28 28 28 28 216205 189 163 75 31 29 29 29 225726 613 216 127 109 108 108 108 726
10 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2101 27 10 10 10 10 10 10 61165 77 18 17 17 • 17 17 17 100205 132 62 22 21 21 21 21 1 *9228 182 103 29 26 26 28 * 8 179238 218 166 86 27 25 25 25 189133 526 253 116 17 86 86 86 565
5 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1105 33 9 8 8 1 1 1 30172 IT 16 15 15 15 15 15 IS213 166 9 20 20 2 0 20 20 133236 192 112 29 23 23 23 23 163266 227 173 67 25 26 28 28 173858 566 268 111 78 77 77 77 699
S S SW S W W S W W W N W M W N N W N O B
□ SOURCE: CHALFOUN, N. U N I V E R S I T Y OF A R IZ O N A , 1 9 6 5
83
SOLAR HEAT GAIN FACTO RS "SH G F " IN B T U H .F T .S O . FOR 30DEGREE NORTH L A T IT U D E
© A lt ST D ir e c t N M N f N | I N I 1 I S ! S I S S IN e r m e l
j a n ; *92 * 2
110
110
532
12111
16168
18197
17196
1 )165
2 1 9 27# 16 16 *9 95 179 232 2 *6 22610 298 21 21 21 ## 137 210 2 *8 2 *811 309 2 * 2 * 2# 25 69 158 219 2 *512 313 25 25 25 25 26 87 171 2 2 *
HALF O A T TOTALS
FEB 7. m83
51#
N15
1175269
30690
153
595112209
878116231
1 0 )0103218
102073
1712 1 © 2 9 0 20 20 36 126 201 2 *3 2 *7 2 1 )
10 307 25 25 26 66 153 212 238 22711 316 27 27 27 29 77 15* 2 0 * 22112 318 28 28 28 28 30 77 150 197
H A L F DAY TO TA IS *03 107 215 *6 6 753 986 1078 999
M A R ! 1872 62
1017
3928
108111
156186
179229
175237
1 *3208
881*7
2 1 t 291 2 * 26 69 155 211 236 2 2 * 17810 305 29 29 33 91 159 200 210 188i i 312 32 32 32 36 83 139 173 18012 3 1 * 3 ) 33 33 33 3* 6 * 116 153
HALF D A Y TOTALS * * * 169 375 6 *5 883 1028 1023 861
APR * so2 05
818
3282
*91*7
59188
59199
50181
3 *13*
11
632 1 • 1 5 ! 23 66 1*8 202 227 217 17* 102
9 279 29 *1 109 171 207 210 163 12610 291 33 35 58 112 156 17* 166 1 )311 296 33 36 37 50 8 * 11* 128 1 2 )12 298 36 36 37 37 38 51 76 97
HA LF DAY TOTALS H 3 307 5 6 * 801 9 *9 975 860 607
MAY * 111209
3138
72113 .
101170
113201
108202
87171
52115
12*0
2 1 • 250 31 99 168 210 220 197 1*5 689 269 3* 68 13* 180 198 187 1*9 86
to 280 37 *5 83 125 150 152 1 )1 9111 285 39 * 0 *5 62 83 95 95 8212 287 39 #0 *0 * 0 *1 *6
HA LF DAY TOTALS 226 *5 2 7 1 * 902 975 910 7 1 * *1 2JUN * 123 *2 87 116 127 119 93 51 11
208 *9 123 176 2 0 ) 199 165 105 332 1 * 2 M *0 111 17* 210 2 1 * 187 1 )1 56
9 2 6 * 37 81 1 *2 181 193 177 133 7110 2 7 * 39 53 93 129 1 *6 1*2 116 7611 279 #1 *3 52 67 82 88 83 6912 2 80 *2 *2 *2 *2 #2 *3
H A L F D A Y T O T A IS 267 519 772 935 972 872 6 *5 3 *3
JUL ‘ 105201
32#0
71112
98167
109197
105196
83166
• 9111
1139
2 1 •2 *1 3* 100 166 206 215 192 1*1 66
9 261 35 71 * 3 * 178 195 1 8) 1 *5 8 *10 271 38 *7 85 125 1*8 150 128 6811 277 *0 *1 *7 63 83 9 * 93 6012 279 *1 *1 #1 * 2 *2 #7 55 63
HA LF D A Y T O T A L S ? ]) *5 8 712 892 957 889 693 *0 0
AUG * 33189
920
3081
*51 *2
5 *179
5 *189
*6170
30126
1059
2 1 *2 * 0 25 68 1 *5 197 219 209 167 969 2 6 * 31 ## 110 169 201 2 0* 176 121
10 277 35 37 61 113 15* 170 161 12611 2 8 ) 37 38 * 0 53 8 * 112 12* 118T2 285 37 38 38 39 *0 52 75 95
H A L F DAY TOTALS *?3 3 1 * 560 782 919 939 826 582
SEP l 1222 * 2
B18
2629
72107
10*176
119217
1172 2 *
96197
601 *0
2 1 f 2 7 * 25 27 69 150 203 226 215 172* * 10 288 30 30 35 90 155 19* 2 0 * 183
i i 2 9 5 33 33 33 38 82 136 168 17*12 297 3* 3 * 3 * 3* 36 6* 11# 150
HA LF D A Y TOTALS *3? 171 360 61* 839 978 977 826
O C T l 1092 3 *
51*
816
* 867
821*7
101199
105220
93206
661 6 )
2 1276 21 21 37 12* 195 235 236 206295 25 25 27 66 1 *9 206 231 221
«* 3 0 * 28 28 28 30 77 150 199 21512 306 29 29 29 29 31 76 1 *6
HALF DAY TOTALS 106 110 2 1 * *53 726 9 *9 1037 961
n o v ;16
2 0 51
101
105
3212
10916
16*17
19216
19112
1612 1
268 17 17 19 9 * 177 228 2 *3 2221 io 2 93 21 21 22 *« 136 207 2 * * 2 * *i i 3 0 * 2 * 2 * 2 * 25 69 156 216 2 *112 307 25 25 25 25 26 86 168 220
HALF DAY T O T A IS # * 85 118 30* 586 862 1011 1001
DEC l 8188
08
08
222
591
61*5
717*
7177
5152
21 2 6 ) 15 15 16 81 167 222 2 *2 22#292 19 *9 19 37 130 205 2 *6 250
i i 3 0 * 22 22 22 23 65 157 221 2 *912 307HALF DAY TOTALS
2375
2375
2393
232 *9
2 *528
88819
175987
2291000
D ir e c tN e r m e l N N N I N t I N I 1 I I I S I S S I
s s s w s w W S W w W N W N W N N W H O * S TF r r
6 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 S106 28 10 10 10 10 10 10 36 4168 80 18 16 16 16 16 16 96 3209 137 *# 21 21 21 21 21 1 *5 a2 3 * 187 106 29 2 * 2# 2 * 2# 176 12 *1 2 2 * 171 86 26 25 25 25 166 12850 5 *1 258 11* 6# 83 83 63 550
28 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 11 s9 * 17 1* 1 * 1# 1# 1# 1* 69 4
1 *5 52 21 20 20 20 20 20 13* 3183 106 30 25 25 25 25 25 1 8 ) a205 158 82 29 27 27 27 27 215 12 1 * 197 150 77 30 28 28 28 225 12760 *3 3 221 123 103 103 103 103 723
19 9 9 9 9 9 . 9 9 33 s59 18 17 17 17 17 17 17 103 4
101 29 " 2 * 2# 2# 2 * 2 * 2 * 166 3136 6# 30 29 29 29 29 29 216 a161 112 55 33 32 32 32 32 2 *8 1166 153 115 6 * 3* 33 33 33 258 12556 307 187 137 127 126 126 126 896
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 6 616 i * i * i * i * 1* i# 1* 60 S29 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 130 453 29 28 28 28 . 28 28 28 190 379 38 33 32 32 32 32 32 236 a99 6# * 0 36 35 35 35 35 265 1
105 97 76 51 36 37 37 36 2 7 * 12331
8216 17* 157 15* 153 153 153 1 0 2 )
8 8 8 8 8 8 6 19 A19 18 18 18 18 18 18 19 79 S27 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 1 *5 436 32 31 31 31 31 31 31 201 350 37 35 35 35 * 35 35 35 2 * * a62 *5 #0 39 37 37 37 38 270 167 6 * 55 #6 *1 * 0 * 0 *0 276 12
2 3 * 193 181 176 17* 17* 17* 175 10969 9 9 9 9 9 9 10 25
20 20 20 20 20 20 20 21 85 s28 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 150 435 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 2 0 ) 3
38 36 36 35 36 36 37 2 * * a53 *3 *1 #0 39 39 39 * 0 270 156 5 * 50 *5 *2 #2 * 2 *2 277 13
216 193 187 16# 183 183 182 186 11168 6 8 8 8 8 6 9 20
20 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 7928 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 1 *136 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 19850 38 36 36 36 36 36 36 2 *161 *6 *1 * 0 38 36 38 39 26666 63 55 *7 #2 *1 #1 *1 2 7 *
2 3 * 197 185 161 179 179 179 180 1085* * # # # 1 7
17 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 6030 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 12953 31 29 29 29 29 29 29 16777 39 35 3 * 3 * 3 * 3 * 3 * 23295 63 *1 38 36 36 36 36 259
101 9 * 75 52 *0 39 38 38 268325 220 111 166 163 162 161 161 1006
15 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 2 )57 19 18 16 16 18 16 18 9999 30 25 25 25 25 25 25 162
133 65 31 30 30 30 30 30 20915* 110 55 3 * 33 33 33 33 2 *0162 150 i i * 6 * 36 3 * 3 * 3 * 2505 *3 307 i l l 1 *3 132 131 131 131 866
26 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 12 s89 17 1* 1* 1* 1# 1* 1* 68 4
1 *0 51 22 21 21 21 21 21 1 )1 a177 1 0 ) 31 25 25 25 25 25 180 a200 153 61 30 28 28 26 28 211208 192 1*6 76 31 29 29 29 2217 3 * *2 3 220 127 107 106 106 106 710
7 1 1 1 1 1 1 1103 27 10 10 10 10 10 10 38165 78 18 17 17 17 17 17 96206 13* *3 22 21 21 21 21 1 *5 a230 18* 105 29 2 * 2# 2 * 2 * 17*238 220 166 85 26 25 25 25 185 13•3 5 532 256 115 65 8 * 8* 6 * 5 *7
3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 S102 32 8 6 6 6 6 8 28172 88 16 15 15 15 15 15 812 1 * 1 *5 50 20 19 19 19 19 1292 *0 19* 113 29 22 22 22 22 1582 *8 229 175 88 2# 23 2 ) 23 168656 571 271 110 76 75 75 75 *8 0
s S S W S W W S W W W N W N W N N W H O *
□ SOURCE: CHALFOUN, N. U N I V E R S I T Y OF A R IZ O N A , 1 9 8 5
84
According to the Kuwaiti Meteorology department, the climate section of the General Department of Civil Aviation, weather conditions during the different seasons in the State of Kuwait could be summarized in these Major Season categories:
WEATHER CONDITIONS DURING SEASONS IN KUWAIT.
Winter (6th December— 15th February)
-- Remarkable drop in temperature. Clouds and rains. Verycold. North-Westerly winds.
-- Weather is cold especially at night or during thepresence of dry and cold north-westerly winds (maximum temperature 13.C which may drop to 3.3 C) and is interluded by warm intervals affected by humid south-easterly winds (maximum temperature 23. C may rise to 31.3 C). Clouds start invading the sky and rain falls after the prevalence of the south-easterly winds which are occasionally strong enough to raise dust storms. Very cold north-westerly winds are raised behind south-easterly ones especially during January. Temperature may drop below zero and frost may occur. The absolute minimum temperature recorded at Kuwait International Airport is -4.0 C on the 20th January 1964. Fog may occur particularly during calm nights. Cold north-westerly winds dominate this period.
85
Spring (16th February— 20th May)
Mild temperatures are very changeable. Rains and thunderstorms. Hot southerly winds.
-- Temperatures start rising remarkably after the 16th ofFebruary. From 15th March to 10th April a southerly, hot air current ,"Suhaili", may prevail and last for several days during which maximum temperature may reach 41 C (13 C above average). However, semi-cold north-westerly winds usually prevail afterward, causing temperature to drop to a noticable degree. The prevailing winds during this period are easterly and south-easterly especially during the day time. Thunderstorms frequently occur, particularly during the period of 10th March— 8th April, and are associated sometimes with violent dust storms during which visibility may drop to zero. These storms are very dangerous due to their rapid development and their ability to become suddenly unescap- eable. The mean speed of these storms is 40 m.p.h. It is noteworthy that the air behaind the thunderstorm is remarkably cold (sometimes 12.C cooler than the ambient air mass just before it).
86
Warm Spring (9th April— 20th May)
Sarrayat (9th April— 13th May)
-- This is the season of Sarrayat (local thunderstorms).Thunder clouds usually develop in the afternoon or at night and are occasionally accompanied by severe dust storms during which visibility may fall to zero. The resultant rain may be very heavy and usually occurs during a few minutes (maximum intensity of 38.4 mm during 20 minutes was recorded on 4th April 1976 at Kuwait International Airport). The southeasterly winds during this period become hot and humid. Air temperature is characterized by sudden changes and may drop to 10. C within one minute. Temperatures from one day to another are changeable particularly during the period of 11th— 30th April; they then drop to a noticeable degree due to the influence of both the north-westerly winds occuring during the morning and an easterly current appearng in the afternoon. Temperature starts rising gradually. Mean maximum temperature ranges between 30. C at the begining of this period to 40.C degrees at the end. Thunderstorms are likely to occur during the intervals: 8th, 12th, 16th, 22nd, 26th April and 7th— 10th May.
87
Summer (21st May— 4th November)
-- Considerable increase in temperature and humidity.Severe thunderstorms.
TRANSITIONAL INTERVAL (21st May— 5th June)
-- Winds are mostly variable; they blow from the northeast, north west and south-east and are light to moderate. This is the transitional interval between the end of spring and the actual summer. Maximum temperatures range between 40. C and 44.C. The sky is nearly cloudless.
DRY SUMMER. (6th June— 19th July)
-- Very hot winds (Simoom) and dust storms.
-- Dry and hot north-westerly winds "Simoom" prevail duringthis interval that are usually continuous and uninterrupted by winds from any other direction. They range between strong to light. Winds increase turbulence and raise extensive dust storms during which visibility deteriorates to a few metres, particularly at noon-time. Dust storms are liable to occur during four main intervals; 9th— 12th and 17th-24th of June, and from Ist-7th and 9th-17th of July. During these
intervals, strong north-westerly winds blow and reach there peak during daytime hours. Thereafter winds tend to die off somewhat throughout the night, but they begin again the next day. The daily mean maximum temperature ranges between 42. C and 46. C. The highest temperature ever recorded in Kuwait was 51. C at Sulaibiyah on 22nd July, 1978. Clouds completely disappear, and humid south-easterly winds rarely occur.
HUMID SUMMER (20th July — 4th November)
-- Remarkable increase in temperature and humidity.
-- The humid spells mostly begin on 20th July and maycontinue with interruptions until the end of October. During these intervals light easterly and south-easterly winds predominate, in the afternoon. Because this wind comes from the Gulf, it is burdened with huge amounts of water vapour. Humidity during the wet intervals serve to make the heat more trying, particularly when it is associated with calm winds.
During some intervals winds are north-westerly until noon-time, but due to the sea-breeze, they move to northeasterly and easterly until the afternoon, south-easterly until evening, southerly until the midnight, then westerly until sunrise. The humid spells last from two days up to twenty continuous days, specially during the intervals: 18th- -29th of July and the 6th-29th of August. Clouds may appear
89
during these intervals and the occurrence of thunderstorms is not unexpected, though it is rare. The daily mean maximum temperature ranges between 45. C and 46. C.
TRANSITIONAL INTERVAL (1st September— 4th November)
-- Decline in temperature. Continuous humidity,. Calmwinds.
-- Humid intervals continue to predominate during thisperiod particularly during the intervals: 15th — 29th of September and from 12th— 26th of October. No more "Simoom" winds prevail and heat starts decreasing rapidly after 11th September. Maximum temperature ranges from 42.C at the beginning of this period to 30.C at the end. Land and sea- breezes are remarkable and clouds start forming noticeably. It is noteworthy that the weather is trying if the winds are humid south-easterly, otherwise it is mild if the winds are north-westerly.
AUTUMN (5th November - 5th December).
-- Mild. Clouds and rain. Cool nights.
-- The hot season ends usually on the 5th of November. Ahot and humid south-easterly current usually precedes this date, then it shifts into a cold north-westerly current.
90
accompanied by thunderstorms. Mean maximum temperatures range between 20. C and 30.C It is noteworthy that nights are cool while days are still warm. The warm south-easterly current prevails for a week during this period particularly at the beginning of November, then the cold north-westerly winds prevail for nearly five days; and the clouds, sometimes with thunder, gradually cover the sky. Calm winds are frequent especially at night.
FREQUENCY OF DUST IN DAY TIME SUMMER
-- One of the most notable characteristics of summer inKuwait is the large amount of dust and sand in the atmosphere being raised by the dry fresh north-westerly winds.
-- Dust in the air is (27%) during daytime from May toAugust. June and July are the major dust months,the rate being at (34%) majority of the time.
-- Deterioration of visibility during dusty days in Kuwaitmay be due to dust lifted locally by wind and non-local dust advected in from other sources, notably from dust storms in Iraq.
91
CHAPTER 4
C H A P T E R 4
SOCIAL CHANGES BROUGHT ABOUT BY THE DISCOVERY OF OIL
The impact of oil an its industries was long reaching and profound upon the culture and economy of Kuwait. Its effects included: 1) sudden economic wealth and the development of a welfare economy, 2) huge numbers of immigrants migrating to the country drawn by plentiful new job opportunities, 3) growing complexity of both the political and administrative structures and, finally,4) rapid urban expansion and growth.
The discovery of oil has brought many benefits to the Kuwaiti people, such as wealth and increased access to advanced technology. It also has brought some negative consequences, however, such as the creation of a new societal structure stratified primarily on the bases of national origin and income.
Figure (4-1) Sketch of Oil Refinery at Ahmadi
U T T R
93
This class structre evolved to maturity in less than twenty-five years and was initiated by the government unintentionally when it first poured money into the private sector economy by purchasing land in the old part of the city merely to encourage Kuwaiti citizens to move to the newly developed suburbs.
Therefore, currently, there are five basic population groups distributed throughout Kuwait. The majority of the indigenous Kuwaiti population occupies the newly built, more affluent suburbs of Kaifan, Shami yah, Faiham, Qadisiyah, Dasma, Diya, and Shaab. This group is comprised of young married Muslims who hold jobs in service industries. Low status Kuwaitis, primarily settled Bedoins, live in shanty camps and villages. Examples of these areas are Shdadiya, Maqwa and Wara, near centers of oil industry activity. The high-status non-Kuwaiti population lives in densely populated areas in or near oil towns such as Ahmadi, Fahahil and Salimia. This portion of the population is primarily young (15-39), male, Muslim, and employed in the production and distribution of retail goods. . This group is often better educated than the rest of the immigrant community.
Low status, non-Kuwaitis gravitate to the small surrounding villages of Dawha, Mangaf, Fants, Madinat, al Omal, and other areas of new construction. This group is
94
Figure (4-2) Map of Major Kuwiti Cities
1, Jahra2. Dawha3• Sulevihat Madinat al Omala4. Sulaibiya5. Firdos6. Aradia7. Endelos8. Rouki9. Rabia10. Shuwaikh11. Farwaniya12. Omariya13. Jleeb Al-Shoolen14. Abrak Khltan15. South Surrah16. Surrah17. Cordoba18. Idailiya19. Rooda20. Hawaii!21. Jabriya22. Sha'ab23. Di'iya24. Dasma25. Qadlsiya
26. Huzha27. Abdullah Al-Salem28. Faiha29. Mansouriya30. Kaifan31. Shamlya32. Saliaiyah33. Rumaithlya34. Bayan35. South Bayan36. Salwa37. Mishrif38. Soubanh Al-Salem39. Charyt Al-Sahilee40. Fintass41. Western Fintass42. Fountass43. Roukah44. Hediyah45. Abu Halife46. Subayhiya47. Mankaf48. Fahaheel49. Ahmad!50. Kuwait International
Airport51. Khaldiya
95
Population by Sex andReligion in Censes Years Census 1980 — 1957 alw »U«dl
Others cM\i> Christian Moslem
Popelatioa MSUiILh aw 11* aw 11* aw
Census years Total Female Mile Total Female Male Total Female Male aLudl
1957 1,865 507 1,358 9,714 2,965 6,749 194,894 70,943 123,951 1957
1965 3,012 1,031 1,981 24,640 9,947 14,693 439,687 170,049 269,638 19651970 4,681 1,590 3,091 34,183 15,647 18,536 699,798 301,544 398,254 19701975 5,338 2,089 3,249 44,718 22,007 22,711 944,781 426,973 517,808 1975
1910 28,161 5,869 22,292 87,080 35,728 51,352 1,24,711 539,716 702,995 1980FeftfWjc 3 il V-JT
1957 0.9 0.7 1.0 4.7 4.0 5.1 94.4 95.3 93.9 1957
1965 0.6 0.6 0.7 5.3 5.5 5.1 94.1 93.9 94.2 19651970 0.6 0.5 0.8 4.6 4.9 4.4 94.8 94.6 94.8 1970
1975 0.5 0.5 0.6 4.5 4.9 4.2 95.0 94.6 95.2 19751980 2.1 1.0 2.9 6.4 6.2 6.6 91.5 92.8 90.5 1980
• SOURCE: 1 9 8 4 CENSUS
comprised of young, illiterate, male Muslims who are employed as construction workers or craftsmen. They tend to be highly transient in living arrangements and employment. The fifth group, the nonsettled Bedoins, tend to deny allegiance to any one central authority and refuse to honor national or political boundaries. Therefore, it is difficult to determine their citizenship and categorize them with other groups.
Figure (4-3) The Nomadic Tent
96
Estimated Mid-year Population by Sex and Nationality 1 9 8 5 - 1 9 7 5
lU l JUiK J CitjLll iU#l jtMl
OtSUl 11* s * /Total population Non-Kuwaiti Kuwaiti
ILh aw jjO 2bi tLU jjT* a * juO
Year Total Female Male Total Female Male Total Female Male L_Ji
1975 1,006,600 455,496 551,104 531,191 218,259 312,932 475,409 237,237 238,172 19751976 1,069,911 479,061 590,850 577,006 232,601 344,405 492,905 246,460 246,445 19761977 1,137,976 503,927 634,049 626,928 247,885 379,043 511,048 256,042 255,006 19771978 1,211,198 530,169 681,029 681,338 264,173 417,165 529,860 265,996 263,864 19781979 1,290,019 557,868 732,151 740,652 281,531 459,121 549,367 276,337 273,030 19791980 1,374,921 587,110 787,811 805,327 300,030 505,297 569,594 287,080 282,514 19801981 1,466,431 617,986 848,445 875,862 319,745 556,117 590,569 298,241 292,328 19811982 1,565,121 650,591 914,530 952,803 340,755 612,048 612,318 309,836 302,482 19821983 1,671,620 685,027 986,593 1,036,750 363,146 673,604 634,870 321,881 312,989 19831984 1,786,616 721,403 1,065,213 1,128,360. 387,008 741,352 658,256 334,395 323,861 19841985 1,910,856 759,833 1,151,023 1,228,349 412,437 815,912 682,507 347,396 335,111 1985
Growth rate K. (3.68V.) M 3.47V., F 3.89V. . 3 .89% O.U . 3 .47% j / i ( 3 .68% ) / ' J j u .
Growth rate Noa-K. (8.67V.) M 10.06V., F 6.37V. . 6 .37% i W . 10.06% j / i ( 8.67 % ) > 1 / I J j * .
Growth rates between 1975, 1980 censuses. . 1980 j 1975 jy U
Population by Sex In Census Years 1980 — 1957 stJuJi JlSLJl
ilSUi L_Jl OiSLJi
2f J * Percentage Population
a * CM JlTa lb! aw juOSex Pop. per
Years ratio* sq. km. Total Female Male Total Female Male
1957 Kuwaiti 108.6 7.1 55.0 26.3 28.7 113,622 54,468 59,154 S t f 1957Non-Kuwaiti 365.5 5.8 45.0 9.7 35.3 92,851 19,947 72,904
Total 177.5 12.9 100.0 36.0 64.0 206,473 74.415 132,058 iM-i
1961 Kuwaiti 109.1 10.1 50.3 24.1 26.3 161,909 77,448 84,461 ^ 1961Non-Kuwaiti 267.4 10.0 49.7 13.5 36.1 159,712 43,466 116,246
Total 166.0 20.1 100.0 37.6 62.4 321,621 120,914 200,707 IM-i
1965 Kuwaiti 104.7 13.7 47.1 23.0 24.1 220,059 107,490 112,569 V t / >965Non-Kuwaiti 236.3 15.5 52.9 15.7 37.2 247,280 73,537 173,743 ./y*"
Total 158.2 29.2 100.0 38.7 61.3 467 ,339 181,027 286 ,312 lU -i
1970 Kuwaiti 102.1 20.5 47.0 23.3 23.7 347,396 171,883 175,513 y e / 1970Non-Kuwaiti 166.4 23.1 53.0 19.9 33.1 391,266 146,898 244,368
Total 131.7 43.6 100.0 43.2 56.8 738,662 318,781 419.881 au-i
1975 Kuwaiti 100.5 26.5 47.5 23.7 23.8 472,088 235,488 236,600 y v f >975Non-Kuwaiti 142.5 29.3 52.5 21.6 30.9 522,749 215,581 307,168
Total 120.6 55.8 100.0 45.3 54.7 994,837 451 ,069 543,768 lU -i
1980 Kuwaiti 98.5 33.4 41.7 21.0 20.7 565,613 284,964 280,649 y t / >980Non-Kuwaiti 167.4 46.8 58.3 21.8 36.5 792,339 296,349 495,990 yo5" V
Total 133.6 80.2 100.0 42.8 57.2 1 ,357 ,952 581 ,313 776 ,639 lU -i
* Males per 100 females ^ 100 j j f i } ' jju- *
• SOURCE: 19S4 CENSUS
97
Population by Sex and Groups of Countries
Kuwaiti
Other Arab
countries
Asian countries
Africancountries
Europeancountries
Americancountries
Figure (4-4) Population by Sex and Groups of Countries
Populstlon by Sex and Groups of Countries Census 1980>1975»1970 iUtf Jy jl oUyufj
1980 1975 1970Uk aw n * aw 11* aw
Groups ofcountries 1980 1975 1970 Total Female Male Total Female Male Total Female Male Jydl
Percenitage V Li v -Ji
Kuwait 41.7 47.5 47.0 565,613 284,964 280,649 472,088 235,488 236,600 347,396 171,883 175,513 c * a iOther Arab 42.3 42.4 42.2 574,495 234,289 340,206 419,187 181,762 237,425 312,849 128,120 184,729 **/*" Jj-diAsian 15.0 9.8 9.7 204,104 56,148 147,956 97,813 31,245 66,568 71,917 15,907 56,010 W Jj*African 0.1 • 0.1 1,601 702 899 440 123 317 676 188 488European 0.8 0.4 0.7 9,984 4,219 5,765 4,280 1,953 2,327 4,816 2,179 2,637American 0.1 0.1 0.1 1,997 929 1,068 814 392 422 897 463 434Others * * 158 62 96 47 22 25 35 17 18 &Not stated * * — — — 168 84 84 76 24 52 Uir* j £
Grand Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 1,357,952 581,313 776,639 994,837 451,069 543,768 731,662 318,781 419,881 l<^All UJrl
* Ntgligble figure $3, v > « . *
• SOURCE: 1 9 8 4 CENSUS
98
Populidon PyramidKuwaiti
Female
70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Non-Kuwaiti Kuwaiti
FemaleFemale
1 9 :0
Non-Kuwaiti Kuwaiti
Female Female
70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Figure (4-5) Population Pyramid by the Thousands
99
Figure (4-6) Proposed Kuwaiti Waterfront
URBAN EXPANSION.
In Kuwait, a number of key factors that have an impact on urban formation were present in their most extreme form. This unique environment, with its harsh geography, climate, ecology and social philosophy, requires innovative and enlightened design solutions. Only the topography, being flat and mild in nature, allows for easy answers.
Such unique elements as heat, sandstorms, shortages of drinking water, huge expanses of desert and great wealth should, by logic, determine both the architecture and the
100
K U W A I T
cb V*ii
Figure (4-7) Proposed Master Plan for Kuwait with Emphasis on Vehicular Paths, 1951
landscape of the new city. However, one element, the automobile, has dominated over all others. In Kuwait, the automobile ruled supreme in the minds of those planning the new city. This preoccupation resulted in the neglect of other major design elements, including critically important factors such as climate.
As opposed to most major traditional Arab cities, the time frame in which Kuwait achieved its current status was very brief. In a period of a decade and a half, it burst forth as a city, metamophized into a capitol and, finally.
101
Figure (4-8) Low Income Housing in Rumaithyya
emerged as a sovereign state. Due to the great wealth generated by the massive volume of oil exported, many features of the emerging country could be characterized as super-affluent and super-unique.
Everything was constructed on an immense scale. When compared with other contemporary Arab cities, Kuwait boasts better and more numerous schools, clinics, fire stations, police stations, mosques, electric poles, cars, villas and other types of buildings both on a per person and per acre basis of measure. Faced with vast amounts of new revenue, most societies would react quickly and be overwhelmed by the great number of options opened for spending and investing.
102
c.i.EtL-rVi-iKiu^^i
adevlopkent plan FOR US H GW ESS
ABDULLA ASSAUM ASSUBAH CUE THE RULER OF KUWAIT
Figure (4-9) Proposed Plan Superimposed on the Old City, 1951
The Kuwaitis, thus far, have decided to build a giant new urban desert complex. The old wall surrounding the city was torn down and replaced by a green belt, which has been maintained carefully over the years. A vast communication system has linked every part of the desert, dividing it into different neighborhood units. Super-fast highways and double carrying biways have replaced the old, narrow, winding alleys.
Unlike most other boomimg cities, Kuwait approached the planning and organization of its urban affairs in an orderly and scientific manner. Funds were generously provided for
103
Figure (4-10) The Old City, 1940's
the construction of schools, hospitals, and roads. Skilled professionals were paid handsomely to plan and impliment and evergrowing list of amenities and administrations.
The Kuwaiti government, therefore, followed a carefully planned and controlled policy of expansion and growth. In view of the tremendous pressures caused by overnight abundance and quickly changing social mores, the government responded with the best of intentions and as wisely as was possible.
Kuwait's transformation from an old city to a new modern metropolis differed from the experiences of other old Arab
104
Figure (4-11) The Siaf Palace (the Ruler's Office)
Figure (4-12) The Old American Hospital
towns like Cairo, Damascus and Baghdad, in that the old section of the town housed few large architectural structures with historic or religious significance. Therefore Kuwait City lacked the architectural structures that act as starting points to guide urban planners. Usually, the absence of such focal landmarks result in a number of challenges and difficulties; such as the creation of a new and appropriate urban idiom satisfactory to the majority of residents, the avoidance of monotony and, finally, the need to create a significant and balanced urban, spacial and historic architecture.
105
Figure (4-13) Aerial View of Kuwait City, 1970's
CONTEMPORARY KUWAITI ARCHITECTURE.
A noted architect once stated that "the essence of good architectue is to adapt to its environment so that its positive attributes are enduring and may only gradually become evident to those who use it and see it." (Shiber, Kuwait Urbanization, p. 37).
106
Figure (4-14) Kuwait City Today
Unfortunately, however, the majority of the structures built in Kuwait today display a sense of aesthetic emptiness that is both unexplainable and inexcusable in its pervasivenesss. Buildings have been designed and built in mass quantities, yet their architecture is distressingly inferior; conceptually, aesthetically, functionally and structurally.
This architecture is neither modern nor deeply anchored in the Kuwaiti culture. Its primary element is copied.
107
meaningless decoration imposed on the facades of buildings. The style inherent in this architecture is either a direct copy or a shallow interpretation of every architectural style known today.
The structural design incorporated in the majority of modern Kuwaiti buildings is frequently inadequate in quality and economic use of labor. These flaws are usually concealed, however, by marble, glass, and paint. The final
108
Figure (4-16) The Parliament Building
109
m m
■ Section and plans1. main entrance. 2. guard. 3. banking hall. «. offices. 5, the board of directors’ meeting room.
Figure (4-17) Central Bank of Kuwait
110
Figure (4-18) Kuwait international Airport
result is most often disappointing and falls short in imagination, economics and workmanship.
What is the nature of the role played by Arab and Kuwaiti architects in this situation? In spite of high fees, limitless space, little techincal interference from clients and the very unique climatic restrictions of the desert, Arab architects have not designed buildings worthy of these fortuitous circumstances. Since the 1960's, Kuwaiti society has experienced a radical change in lifestyle from a simple,
111
agrarian system to a pseudo-sophisticated urban system. Perhaps the change has been so meteoric that the newly trained Arab architectural corps was unable to deal with it successfully and translate the modernization into structures that still reflected the country's roots. Foreign architects, who have been frequently invited to design in Kuwait, lacked an insight into the Kuwaiti and larger Arab culture and traditons and have, thus, created unfitting and inapproppriate architecture.
The Kuwaiti people themselves, with their simple, sensible and rich desert architecture have contributed to the problem by running away from these traditions and favoring, instead, the poor, eclectic and inadequate architecture of others. It is regretable that a culture so rich in tradition
112
Figure (4-20) Plan of Rumaithyya Neighborhood-Unit
113
Figure (4-21) Contemporary Kuwaiti Architecture
is being overwhelmed and buried beneath the wreckage of flat, unstylish contemporary buildings. Kuwaitis saw the glass
walls and disunited colors of their new environment and believed them to be signs of progress and of a developing, civilized society. If civilization is judged by the quantities of steel, glass, concrete and color present in a • society's architecture, then this would be true. These elements cannot, however, by any definition, be viewed as culture. They are, in fact, superceding the original and appropriate architectural "culture" of the people.
It is virtually impossible to identify one or two factors as causing the current state of affairs in Kuwaiti architecture. Nor is it possible to develop and easy
114
jptyvrw /
t
Figure (4-22) Master Plan For The Federal Government Complex In The City Of Adeliah
115
Figure (4-23) Contemporary Kuwaiti Mansion
solution to the dilemma because the mistakes of the past are, by now, too numerous and complex to rectify. Regression has been the general rule in most Kuwaiti architecture, however it is now time that regression be transformed into progress through a return to the eternal characteristics, concepts and concessions that have influenced the region.
Factors, such as climate, orientation, urbanistic concepts and principles, simplified ornamentation and a superior understanding of special relationships, should be integrated again into Kuwaiti architecture. Advancements in building mateirals and strucutral design must be allowed to influence the architecure in a logical manner rather than added as a superficial ornamentation. The visual and artistic vista of both Kuwait and the larger Arab world must
116
be salvaged before its features become unrecognizably altered.
117
CHAPTER5
c H A P T E R 5
GOVERNMENT HOUSING SERVICES AND POLICIES.
In 1970, a report by the United Nations stated, in reference to housing problems and issues in the Middle East, "Up to date, official information on housing conditions in the Arab world is meagre. For Iraq, Jordan and Kuwait, some information is available from the censuses of 1956, 1961, and1965, respectively....... Kuwait, where the government withinthe last ten years has created a new city of detached houses
119
for those displaced from the crowded, mud-walled city of the pre-oil era, ... housing conditions for median and low income groups in urban areas are poor." (Abdulla, p. 321, 1973).
In the 1950's, the government began a major program whose purpose was to relocate and house the population and fill the increased demand for housing by both natives and immigrants. People were moved from the center of the old city, which gradually became the commercial and political heart of the country, to preplanned suburbs on the outskirts of the old city.
Many factors affected the status of housing services and policies such as:
— Many Kuwaiti families became homeless as a result of the development of the old sector of Kuwait City.
— Housing rental prices became inflated.— The public's awareness of the issues and problems
concerning public housing was growing.— Social and economic changes were brought about by the
discovery of oil and its industries such as the breakdown of the traditional, large extended family structure.
— The government desired to resolve the problem of the shanty and tent communities in and around Kuwait City.
— The government intended to decrease the widening social gaps that had begun to change the social structure of the country as a result of its new found wealth.
120
Figure (5-2) Exterior View of Low Income Housing in Bin Bagzi
Currently, there are several government bodies involved in the provision and supervision of housing services in Kuwait. The predominant authorities involved include the Ministry of Housing, the Public Authority on Housing, the Ministry of Social Affairs, the Kuwait Municipality and the Savings and Credit Bank of Kuwait. These five organizations combine their efforts to provide five primary categories of housing services: low income housing, plot and loan systemhousing, middle income housing, arabic style housing and apartment units.
121
Figure (5-3) Housing Projects under the Public Housing Authority
1. Jabra 18. Idalllya 35. South Bayaa2, Dawha 19. Rooda3. Sulevihet Madlnat *1 (Mala 2B. Hawaii1 3 7 • • M l a h r l f4. Sulalbiya 21. Jabrlya 38. Soubenh Al-Salee5 Firdoe 22. Sha'ab 39. Cbaryt Al-Sabil##6. Xradla 23. Dl’lya 48. Plata##7, Endeloa 24. Damaa 41. Western Plata##B. Roukl 25. Qadlaiya 42 Pouata##9, Rabla 26. Husha 43. Boukabli. Shuwalkh 27. Abdullah Al-Bala* 44. Uadiyah
l i e ramanlya 28. Baiba 45. Abu Halite12. Qaarlya 29. Hanaourlya ♦6. Subayhlya13, J l e e b Al»Shool#n 38. Eaifao 47. hankat 114; Abrak Khitan 31. Rbamiya 48. Pahaheel15. South Surtah 32. Salielyab 49. Ahead116. Surrah 33. maaalthiya 58. Kuwait Xateraatisaal17. Cordoba 34. Bayaa Airport51. Kbaldly#
122
51. Khitan (middle income)2. Bayan (low income)3. Al-Aradia (plot and loan)4. Hediyah (middle income)5. Sabah Al-Salem (low income)
Figure (5-4) Projects Completed by the Public Housing Authority
123
Figure (5-5) Low income Housing in Sabah Al-Salem City Sector 10 (6)
I. LOW INCOME HOUSING.
The government offers different types and sizes of houses in this category. The homes' sizes are determined by the needs of various households. The approximate location of these houses was a major concern during the planning stage because it was considered important to not isolate them from major activity centers. House sizes range from 250 sq.m, to 750 sq.m, depending on the model. Each house usually consists of a reception room, a dining room, a living room, a hallway, a bathroom and three to five bedrooms.
124
Figure (5-6) Low Income Housing in Sector 7(21) in Sabah A1 Salem City
The houses are fully equipped and provided with electricity, water plumbing and phone lines. Even though the prices of the houses vary according to design, the government has charged families only a small, symbolic fee, regardless of the actual price of the land and construction materials. This policy was instigated to make homeownership easier and more affordable for the people. (The price the government asks for the land is 1/2 K.D. ($ 1.50) per 10.7 sq.ft. In most cases the land is worth forty times as much).
The low income housing developments include numerous styles and models depending on the location. However the majority fall into these six categories:
125
1) Old Eastern Style
These houses are primarily one story high and usually built on a 750 sq.m. plot. The actual area of the house is 302 sq.m. The house consists of three bedrooms, a dining room, a reception room, a bathroom and a designated space in the yard for animals. These houses were mainly built in the suburbs of Al-Shamiya and Al-Maqua.
2) New Eastern Style.
The houses in this category are one story and contain a reception room, two bedrooms, a kitchen, bathroom, restroom and a patio. The outside walls of the house are covered with brick. The total area of this house is between 500 and 750 sq.m. These houses are located in the suburbs of Qadisiya, Di'iya, Faiha, Farwaniya, Abrak Khitan, Fintas, Abu Helafa, Jahrah and Fahaheel.
126
Figure (5-7) Low Income, Corrected Western-Style Housing in Rumaithiyya
3) and 4) Western and Corrected Western Styles.
These houses consist of one floor and contain two bedrooms, a reception room, a bathroom, a restroom and a patio. The houses are covered with brick on the outside. Total floor area ranges from 375 sq.m, to 600 sq.m. These homes are located in Kaifan, Dasma, Faiha, Salimya, Hawalli, Qadisiya, Shaab, Omariya, Rumaithiya and the Island of Fiylaka.
127
Figure (5-8) Plan of Rumaithiyya Neighborhood Unit, Considered Low Income Housing
128
Figure (5-9) Exterior View of the Two-Story Style Housing in Sabah Al-Salem
5) Two Story Style
The ground floor of these houses contains an entrance hall, reception room, dining room, kitchen an a rest room.The second story holds three bedrooms, a bathroom and a staircase. The house also has a shaded area in the front yard that acts as a carport. This model was built in Kaifan, Shamiya, Dasma and Maqua.
129
Figure (5-10) Low Income, Precast-Style Housing in Subayhiya
6) Pre-cast Houses
These are two story homes. Both the walls and the floors are precast concrete, built in a factory, transported to the site and assembled on location. Only the foundations are poured in place. The ground floor consists of the entrance hallway, a reception room, dining room, kitchen, staircases and restroom.. The upper level contains three bedrooms, and a bathroom. The house also has a shaded carport in the front yard. These houses, occupy approximately 178 sq.m, of a land plot measuring 300 to 600 sq.m. These houses were located in the cities of Omariya and Sulaybikat.
130
THE DISTRIBUTED LOW INCOME HOUSES.
In 1978, the number of houses built and distributed under the low income housing program reached 17,310 and included locations in twenty nine different areas. Several government institutions have been involved in this development: the General Housing Authority— 1,468 homes,the Savings and Loan Bank of Kuwait --5,472 homes, and the Ministry of Public Construction -- 10, 370 homes.
Dwellings Distributed by Localities and Years j jM il <*—#■ Ujjilfor Limited and Medium Income Housing Programmes 1983 — 1976 j j jjJi\ J^jdl Jp
Location
Total
1UH Years ^1>Jt
1983 1982 1981 1980 1979 1978 1977 1976
Med
ium
Lim
ited ■k->
*M
ediu
m
Lim
ited
Med
ium
Lim
ited
Med
ium *
*
Lim
ited
Med
ium
Lim
ited
Med
ium
Med
ium
‘ i
j^.
Med
ium &
ALi
mite
d -k-y
-M
ediu
m
Lim
ited
Subahiya 857 84 _ 563 _ 210 wAhmadi — 906 — — — — — — _ _ _ 368 • _ 238 300 _Failaka — 93 — — — — — — — — _ 20 _ 73Jahra — 2,526 — — — 37 — 151 — 1,544 _ 794 — _ _ _ *U4-'Bayan 470 1,396 — — — — 444 — 26 394 _ 1,002 _ _ _ __ _ _Ein Bagzi — 1,254 — — — — — 473 — — — 779 — _ _ _ _ _Mongaf — 296Omeraia — 73Kheetan 369 — — — — — 73 — 70 — _ __ 226 — __ _ JUvHadyia 271 _ — — 122 _ 149 _ __ _ _ _ _ _ 3,0.Ardiya 612 __ — — 412 — 200 _ V>,USubaihAl 523 2,399 277 292 246 1,158 _ 949 _ / u t cwSalemFordaus — 882 — 456 — 426 — — — — — ' — — — — — — —Total 2,245 10,682 277 748 780 1,621 866 1,575 96 2,234 — 2,963 226 468 — 863 — 210 UJUI
• SOURCE: 1084 CENSUS
131
Figure (5-11) One Low Income Housing Unit in Bin Bagzi
Government limited & Medium Housing Programmes in Governorales 1 9 8 3 - 19 7 3
Years
Number of a; plications Dwellings distributed*
lb;
TotalMediumincome
Limitedincome
31*
Total Jahra Ahmadi
<Jr-
HawaUi
w U l
Capital
1973 1,498 — 1,498 12,944 2,211 5,042 5,691 *19731974 1,430 — 1,430 — __ 19741973 1,644 — 1,644 1,817 — 1,436 381 19751976 3,761 1,922 1,839 1,391 _ 1,104 287 19761977 3,277 1,691 1,586 861 — 861 19771978 1,916 452 1,464 395 — 322 73 19781979 2,206 372 1,834 3,378 — 563 1,800 1,015 19791980 2,680 609 2,071 1,646 850 296 500 19801981 3,628 932 2,696 2,736 188 919 1,629 19811982 4,494 1,133 3,361 1,621 37 1,584 19821983 3,072 966 2,106 748 — — 748 — 1983Total 29 ,606 8,077 21 ,529 25 ,537 1,075 6,497 11,130 8,835 a ju i
* Including d*u from 1953 to 1973
□ SOURCE: 1 9 8 4 CENSUS1973 Jl 1953
132
2nd FLOOR PLAN
1st FLOOR PLAN
Figure (5-12) Typical Floor Plan for Low Income Housing in Kuwait
133
5 " I(') fj'Hj4- f 1J* X { i • t * j* x t *->' •
rr\
(r) fJ; ikj. V-!^J f j i *&> ftj.x
u^x. jA5 4i>i
2nd FLOOR PLAN
jst FLOOR p l a n
6 “t t j - * ej T .
L--------------
_____ )ILTfU .
<Jk1* iijt f *J* * f f j
Figure (5-13) One of the Newer Designs for Low Income Housing in Kuwait
134
MIDDLE INCOME HOUSING
This category of housing was established as a result of numerous complaints voiced by beneficiaries of the plot and loan system. At issue were factors such as the increasingly high price of building materials and the scarcity of skilled labor.
Therefore, the government developed a program to provide middle income villas to these buyers. These houses were first built on an experimental basis in the city of Khitan.
135
Figure (5-15) Middle Income Housing in Khitan
The project involved 227 villas and was completed and distributed by the end of 1978.
Each house is a two story structure with a 160 sq.m, ground floor and a 100 sq.m, second floor on a 390 sq.m, land plot. The total cost of each house is 33,125 k.d. ($103,516.00) In general, the ground floor consists of a reception room (25 sq.m.) dining room (21 sq.m.), living room (25 sq.m.), kitchen (10 sq.m.) guest bathroom (5 sq.m.), carport (36 sq.m.), housekeeper's room, and bathroom (8 sq.m.), shufair room (8 sq.m.) and a laundry room (5 sq.m.) The upper level contains family sleeping areas which include
136
Figure (5-16) Example of Middle Income Housing in Khitan
FIRST FLOOR SECOND FLOOR1— Reception Room 1— Master Bedroom2— Dining Room 2— Bathroom3— Living Room 3— Dressing Area4——Den 4— Bedroom5— Restroom 5— Bedroom6— Kitchen 6— Bedroom7— Laundry Room 7— Ba throom8— Housekeeper's Room 8— Living Room9— Bathroom
137
Figure (5-17) Example of Middle Income Housing in Khitan
FIRST FLOOR1— Reception Room2— Dining Room3— Living Room4— Den5— Restroom6— —Kitchen7— Laundry Room8— Housekeeper's Room9— Bathroom
SECOND FLOOR1— Master Bedroom2— —Bathroom3— Dressing Area4— —Bedroom5— Bedroom6— —Bedroom7— Bathroom8— Living Room
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Figure (5-18) Example of Middle Income Housing in Khitan
FIRST FLOOR1— Reception Room2— Dining Room3— Living Room4— —Den5— Restroom6— Kitchen7— Laundry Room8— Housekeeper's Room9— Bathroom
SECOND FLOOR1— Master Bedroom2— Bathroom3— Dressing Area4— Bedroom5— Bedroom6— Bedroom7— Bathroom8— Living Room
139
Figure (5-19) A Prototype of a Kindergarten in One of the New Housing Developments
a master bedroom (38 sq.m.), two bedrooms (each 16 sq.m.) and a bathroom (7 sq.m.). Houses in this system are built in groups of seven to thirteen per street.
140
Figure (5-20) Exterior View of Arabic Style Housing in Sulaibiya
ARABIC STYLE HOUSES
These houses were built as a temporary solution to the problem presented by shanty neighborhoods in the surrounding villages of Jahra, Sulayibia and Mina Abdullah. Shanty neighborhoods arose as a result of the settlement of low income bedouins in these areas drawn by government jobs as national guardsmen, army troopers, policemen and watchmen.
The Arabic style houses are characterized by similar styles and designs and are ususally built in repetitive units. Total floor area for each house is 120 sq.m, built on
141
& GULF OF KUWAIT
JAHRA ^ I G H W A Y l ^ W i *JAHRA PROJECT
SULAIBIHAT PROJECT
Figure (5-21) Location of Arabic-Style Housing
Figure (5-22) Typical Floor Plan for Arabic-Style Housing in Sulaibiya
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a 200 sq.m. plot. The house contains a reception room (17.7 sq.m.), kitchen (8.6 sq.m.), three bedrooms (15.6 sq.m.), a bathroom and a carport.
Both the government and the National Savings and Loan Bank of Kuwait have shared the task of building 16,656 houses under this program. The rent charged to beneficiaries is a symbolic sum of 20 k.d. per month ($62.50). Recipients of this housing program benefit from numerous other public facilities such as schools, mosques, parks, commercial centers, fire stations and electric power stations.
143
Figure (5-23) Apartment Housing in Suaber, Exterior View
APARTMENT HOUSING
This housing service was, and still is, in an experimental stage. It came about as a result of the high cost and short supply of desirable land in urban areas. This program was first implimented in the suburb of Suaber. The project occupied 24.5 hectars and contained 900 housing units in five, and eight to ten story story buildings.
This project was designed with numerous amenities, such as restaurants, cafes, a children's playground, neighborhood centers, gardens, a health clinic, a sport center, retail
144
T f K
Figure (5-24) Apartment Housing in Suaber, Typical Floor Plan
stores, mosques, swimming pools, a supermarket and schools. Each unit occupies approximately 250 sq.m. (2700 sq.ft.) and each floor coantains two units.
Access to each apartment unit is provided by a private elevator. Recipients have a choice of two different designs, a one-story layout and a two-story layout. Each unit contains a reception room, library, dining room, family
living room, master bedroom, second bedroom, and a 20 sq.m, balcony.
145
Figure (5-25) Government Apartment Complex in Sabah Al-Salem City
Despite the numerous conveniences offered by this housing program, the response has been very slow and generally negative for numerous reasons that will be discussed in the next chapter, but could be summarized as negative cultural attitudes toward apartment living, the lack of space for expansion, and the absence of economic security which is usually provided by land ownership.
146
i Sjlufl yi JLUI
W j a> IfljT.Xf'j" |
f> I fy UAf l j r . x f t j t e L l j T . x f tjX0
PLAN
Figure (5-27) Two Typical Floor Plans for Government Subsidized Apartment Buildings in Sabah Al-Salem
147
Figure (5-28) Alternative Design for Apartment Housing Units
148
Figure (5-29) One of the Design Options for Low Income Housing
According to Saif Abdullah, based on Studies for <1
National Physical Plan for the State of Kuwait and Master Plan for the Urban Areas, Technical Papers Nos. 1-40, by Colin Buchanan and Partners, London; and based on the Systems of Allocation and Ownership of Residential and Industrial Land, by the Municipality of Kuwait and Housing Income Groups, by the Ministry of Social Affairs, 1967, the following regulations were established regarding the system of allocation of residential plots:
A. Conditions of Eligibility.
Any Kuwaiti classified as "Group 1" is eligible for the ownership of a plot or more in new residential neighborhood units. This group includes:
1. Persons whose houses have been acquired by the State for planning purposes after January, 1st. 1957.
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2, Persons who have been denied the right to build houses on privately owned land after January, 1st. 1957 and who do not own any other accomodations (These are eligible for one plot only.)
3. Persons denied the right to build on privately owned land after January, 1957, but who share the ownership of the house.
4. A minor whose property has been acquired by the State even if living with his guardian.
5. "Disreputed" women whose houses have been acquired, but they are required to resell their plot to Kuwaitis approved by the Municipality.
Persons of Group "l" are entitled to either a plot of residential land or a low-income type house, but not both. Note that the allocation of plot or a low-income group house is in addition to compensation for purchase of land. Those whose property was acquired before January, 1957 have no claim to a residential plot, only to monetary compensation.
The size and number of plots distributed to a person of
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"Group 1" depends on his family size, number of wives, proportion of males to females in the family and the size of his original house which has been acquired.
151
2nd FLOOR PLAN
t j l . X O j A .
T’j t • x I j O .
1st FLOOR PLAN
Figure (5-30) An Example of Low Income Housing in Sabah Al- Salem City
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SAMPLE APPLICATION FOR HOUSING SERVICESThe State of Kuwait.Ministry of Housing.Application and Research Department.
File number ____Application Date
Name of Applicant ________________________________________Nationality and Number ___________________ Age __________Number of family members_____________ Marital Status _____Type and place of work_______________ married_____ widowedTotal monthly income_________________Current residence and address____________________________
Applicant's address
Research department Date of research
Required documents:1. Three passport size photographs.2. Nationality document.3. Income verification.4. Children's birth certificates.5. Marriage certificate.6. Rental contract (lease)7. Certified recommendations from:
a. the Mayor.b. the Municipality Ownership Department.c. the Housing Department.d. the Savings and Loan Banke. the Census Bureau
8. Recommendation from the Mayor.9..Recommendation from the Municipality.
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Fill in these tables:
First: Number of Family Members.
Number Name Relationshipto applicant
Marital Type and location status of work.
Second: Family Income
Kuwaiti Dinar: SourceDinar FelisThird: Reasons for Application.
Information Concerning Your Nationality Cerificate.Document ____________________________The number___________________________File number _________________________Full name ___________________________Date and place of birth _____________Kuwaiti according to article ________ of the Nationality Law,1959.Date and place of reception of nationality
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Do not answer.For Ministry use only.Information has been confirmed from the nationality certificate for ____________________________________Mr.Occupying house number _______________ Block _______
Plot _______________ City _______Model
Head of Application and Research Department ___________________
Date:
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Figure (5-31) Example of a Plot and Loan Residence
156
Figure (5-32) Plan of Khaldyya Neighborhood Unit, Considered to be Plot and Loan Housing
157
B. Methods of Plot Distribution
Two methods are adopted:
1. Ordinary Method:
-- Any person who produces all the required document isregistered in a priority list of applications.
-- Every Saturday morning a list of new residentialplots made ready for distribution is advertised in the Municipality together with site plans.
-- The following Sunday applicants produce theirpriority registration numbers and in turn each is asked to choose his plot or plots from the maps displayed. The chosen plots are registered and a date is fixed for each applicant to accompany the official surveyor to inspect the site.
-- The whole process is supervised by a special boardappointed according to the provisions of decree No. FA/62/65-2583 issued 23.4.1962.
2. Lottery Method.
-- Available residential plots are advertised in theofficial gazette.
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-- Names of eligible persons are registered in the orderof application and each is given a receipt showing his serial number, and the number of plots for which he is eligible.
-- Identical cards carrying the serial numbers aresealed in a special box under the supervision of the Board.
--- A date is fixed to draw lots and all applicants arerequired to attend. Each is asked to pick a card out of the aforesaid box, and the serial number on each card establishes the order of each applicant on the priority list.
-- As in method 1 the choice of plots is done accordingto the priority list.
C. Ownership
-- After the choice of a particular plot the applicantis a given one month period of grace to obtain ownership documents, and meet all necessary payments.
-- Building should start within nine months from thedate of allocation.
159
-- No sale or mortgage of property is allowed before thelapse of one year from the date of ownership registration.
-- It is absolutely forbidden to rent the land or thebuilding erected on it.
-- Adjacent plots could be joined into one plot, on thecondition that:
i. Joining should be along the two longer sides of the plots.
ii. There should not be any projection or setback along the frontage.
ill. Only one single ownership document is issued for both plots.
iv. Only one building is allowed on both joined plots.
-- If a person who owns two adjacent plots wants tobuild on one plot and leave the other as a garden, he is required first to join the plots into one, and obtain a single ownership document as in (iii) above.
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D. General
-- Building of a garage or a party-wall only is notsufficient to satisfy the requirement of section "C" above.
-- Persons of "Group 1" whose property in the villageshas been acquired are entitled to a plot or plots in the same villages (which are Farwaniya, Abrak Khitan, Fintas, Jahra and Fahahil).
-- The municipality is required to supervise theconstruction process, especially the foundations, in order to avoid technical faults, and to fix the exact setting out of plot boundaries.
Source: "Systems of Allocation and Ownership ofResidential and Industrial Land", Municipality.
Source: Colin Buchanan and Partners, Technical Paper 18, October, 1969, pp. 26-27.
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i j T . x O j l .
I---
FLOOR PLAN
(T) >
ist FLOOR PLAN
Figure (5-33) Typical Low Income Housing in Kuwait
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METHODS OF DISTRIBUTING LOW-INCOME-GROUP HOUSING AND LANDFOR THE "PLOT AND LOAN" SCHEME.
In April 1967 the Ministerial Decree No. 5/67 and 13/67 set out the general system of distribution of low- income group housing, duties of both housing authorities and beneficiaries, and conditions of ownership. The new system includes:
A. General.
-- A family is defined as, "a husband, wife andchildren, all living together." Distribution is organized by a board, presided by the undersecretary of the Ministry of Social Affairs and the membership of:
Assistant Under Secretary for Social Affairs.Assistant Under Secretary of Labor.Director, Service Department.Controller of Family Welfare Department.Controller of Accounts.Controller of Allocation of Housing Controller of Subsides Controller of Housing Department.
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This board decides on:
a. The priorities for ownership of houses or plots.b. Withdrawal of houses or plots from those who violate
the conditons of ownership.c. Complaints that concern low-income-housing in
general.
B. Methods of Allocation.
-- The Board deals with applications in the order oftheir registration in the Housing Administration lists- each application should be supplemented with:
1. A report on the social condition of the family, size, housing condition; annual income, etc.
2. A list of property owned by the head of the family, or any earning member.
3. A report from the Municipality showing that the applicant has not received any residential plot in neighborhood units.
-- Priorities are established according to thefollowing conditions:
1. Monthly income of the family.
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2. The housing condition of the family.3. Size of the family.
-- For those who apply for plot in the "Plot andLoan" Scheme, further conditons are attached:
1. A signed guarantee that the appliant will abide by Municipality regulations concerning residential plots (in neighborhood units).
2. A signed guarantee to abide with the regulations set out by the Credit Bank.
-- If a beneficiary of a low-income-group house wants toget a plot instead, he should:
1. Satisfy all required conditions of eligibility for the Plot and Loan Scheme.
2. Guarantee to vacate his house within one year of the date of receiving a plot.
3. Not expect any compensation for whatever improvements he has added to the house.
4. Pay back all necessary maintenance costs as decided by inspectors from the Allocation Department.
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C. Duties of Beneficiaries
1. To pay for maintenance costs.2. Repay the housing cost in installments, regularly and
without delay.3. Not to rent the house or sublet part of it.4. Not to put the house to any use other than residential.5. Not to sell, mortgage, give away, or do any other
disposition before the issue of "unconditional" title deed.
6. If these conditions are violated, a warning is served and if not corrected within 30 days the house is withdrawn, and the instalment received until then kept as rent for the period it was occupied.
D. A "Conditonal" title deed is given at first, and after 10years and the full payment of costs an "unconditional"title deed is given.
Source: Abdullah, p.361, according to "House Low-Income Groups", Ministery of Social Affairs, 1967.
Source: Abdullah, p.361, according to Colin Buchanan and Partners, Technical Paper 18, October, 1969, pp. 26-27.
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CHAPTER 6
C H A P T £ R 6
THE SURVEY
In July 1981, a special committee was appointed by the Emir (ruler). The sole purpose of this committee was to study public opinions and recommendations regarding government housing services and policies. Respondents included 1500 families benefiting from various housing services. They were chosen at random, and represented major housing programs as follows:
Low income housing recipients.............. 1027Middle income housing recipients........... 70Plot and loan recipients................... 345
The survey instrument was a written questionnaire. This author will analyze those questions and responses most relevant to this report, thus aiding in the attainment of a better understanding of the modern Kuwaiti family and community along with commonly voiced needs in the area of housing. A sample of the survey instrument is presented next, followed by the responses, a brief conclusion and summaries.
168
SAMPLE QUESTIONNAIRE
1. Sex: male_______ female_______
2. Occupation:private________ government________ freelanceprivate and government_____
3. Income:A. monthly income:
none _______less than 200 kd _______200-400 kd _______
B. other sources of income:none _______less than 200 kd _______200-400 kd _______
4. Marital Status.married ________ widowed ________divorced ________ single ________
5. Education:less than intermediate school ________ college __less than high school ________ post graduatehigh school ________
400-600 kd more than 600 kd
400-600 kd more than 600 kd
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6. Current Type of Residence:land and loan ____ _middle income ______low income ______
7. Number of Family Members:less than 3 ________ 6 to 8 _______3 to 5 ________ more than 8 _______
8. Current address:name of city:__________________________
9. What year did you apply for subsidized housing ? 19___
10. How long was the waiting period between the time you applied for housing and the time you received it?1 year ______ 4 years _______ 7 years ______2 years ______ 5 years _______ 8 years ______3 years ______ 6 years _______ 9 years ______
If you are a land and loan recipient please answer questions 11-26. If you are a low or middle income housing recipient answer questions 27-32.
11. What is the total area of the lot your house is built on?
less than 200 sq.m _______ 400-500 sq.m. _______200-300 sq.m. _______ more than 500 sq.m. _______300-400 sq.m. _______
170
12. How many levels (stories) does your house have?
1 level ______ 3 levels ______2 levels ______ 4 levels ______
13. How many rooms does your house have?
less than 4 _______ 7 - 1 0 _______4 - 6 ________ more than 10 _______
14. How many additional rooms have you added to your house?none ______ one addition _______ two additions ___
15. Does your house have a swimming pool? yes j____ no ___
16. Does your house have any elevators/lifts? yes ___ no _
17. Does your house have central air-conditioning?y e s____ no ________
18. What is the total cost of your home?
less than 20,000 kd _______ 40,000kd-49,999 kd _____20,000kd-29,999 kd _______ 50,000kd-59,999 kd _____30,000kd-39,999 kd _______ 60,000kd or above _____
19. What was the cost of the basic construction for your home?
5000-9,999 kd _______ 15,000-19,999kd ________10,000-14,999 kd ______ 20,000 or above ________
171
20. Was your government subsidized loan sufficient for your needs?
yes ______ no ________
21. Is your monthly mortgage payment affordable?yes ______ no _______
22. Have you had any of the following problems? (choose as many as apply)
A. Contractors:a. not finished on timeb. didn't do agreed upon workc. didn't finish the jobd. other
B . Obtaining skilled laborers:a. construction workersb. plumbersc. technicians/electriciansd. carpenterse. other
C. Obtaining Building Materials:a. concreteb. lumber/woodc. brickd. concrete blockse. other
D. Poor relations with Authorities:a. Kuwaiti municipalityb. Ministry of Housingc. Ministry of Electricityd. savings and loan banke. other
23. What advantages have you discovered with the land and loan program?a. appropriate square meters ______b. freedom of design ______c. functional organization ______d. garden options ______e. personal privacy ______f. options for future expansion ______g. stability and peace of mind ______h. non-apartment lifestyle ______
172
24. Have you found the size of your home to be adequate?y e s______ no ___________
25. How many square meters is your home?1000 sq.m. ______750 sq.m. ______
26. Would you rather have had central authorities control and complete construction of your home? yes ______ no ______
Please explain:
27. How many levels (stories) does your house have?1 level ______ 3 or more levels ______2 levels
28. How many rooms does your home have?less than 4 ______4 - 6 ______more than 6
29. Have you made any alterations to your house?yes ______ no ______
If yes:What types of alterations have you made?a. added another floor ______b. added more rooms ______c. added a reception room (diwania) ______d. added a kitchen ______e. added other utility rooms ______Did you ask for a government loan to pay for these additions?yes ______ no ______ If yes, how much did you borrow?
1000-2999 kd ______ 5000-6999 kd ______3000-4999 kd 7000 or more
173
30. What advantages have you discovered with the subsidized loan and middle income housing program?a. avoided dealing with construction problems ______b. size of home is satisfactory ______c. number or rooms is satisfactory ______d. size of rooms is satisfactory ______e. public utilities/services are satisfactory ______f. some freedom of choice ______g. other ______
31. What, if any, problems have you encountered with this program?
32. Have your faced any of these specific problems?a. problems with the sewage system _b. secondary/minor problems _c. no reception room (diwania) _d. cleaning/lighting of neighborhood streets _
33. How do you feel about your home?good ______ fair ______ indifferent ______ bad
34. How do you feel about living in an apartment complex?good ______ bad ______
Please explain:
35. What type of housing did you originally prefer?land and loan ______ arabic-style housingmiddle income housing ______ apartments
36. What would you think of living in a self-sufficient satellite community?appropriate ______ inappropriate ______
174
Question _ 1_ j_ Sex
SEX LOW AND MIDDLE PLOT AND LOANINCOME HOUSING
NUMBER % NUMBER %Male 1021 93.1 338 98Female 76 6.9 7 2
Question 2 : OccupationJOB SECTOR LOW AND MIDDLE PLOT AND LOAN
INCOME HOUSINGNUMBER % NUMBER %
Private 16 1.5 13 - 3.8Gov't. 796 72.7 294 85.2Freelance 21 1.9 10 2.9Gov't andPrivate 12 1.1 3 0.9Retired 194 17.7 23 6.7No Comment 58 5.3 2 0.6
Question 3 : Income, monthlyMONTHLY LOW AND MIDDLE PLOT AND LOANINCOME INCOME :HOUSING
NUMBER % NUMBER %No Income 56 5.1 8 2.3200 KD 147 13.4 3 0.9200-400 KD 736 67.1 76 22.0400-600 KD 135 12.3 192 55.7600 and up 23 2.1 66 19.1
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Question 3 : Income, other Sources
INCOME LOW AND INCOME
MIDDLEHOUSING
PLOT AND LOAN
NUMBER % NUMBER %No Income 940 85.7 284 82.3200 KD 93 8.5 20 5.8200-400 KD 48 4.4 17 4.9400-600 KD 7 0.6 13 3.8600 and up 9 0.8 11 3.2
Question 4 : Marital Status
MARITALSTATUS
LOW AND MIDDLE INCOME HOUSING
PLOT AND LOAN
NUMBER % NUMBER %Married 1027 93.6 336 94.4Divorced 20 1.8 2 0.6Widowed 39 3.6 3 0.9Single 11 1.0 4 1.2
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Question 5 :EducationEDUCATION LOW AND MIDDLE
INCOME HOUSINGPLOT AND LOAN
NUMBER % NUMBER %Less than intermediate
848 77.3 25 7.2
Less than High School
151 13.8 58 16.8
High School 49 4.5 124 35.9College 45 4.1 116 33.6Graduate 4 0.4 22 6.4
Question 6 s Current Type of Residence -
CURRENT RESIDENCE NUMBERPlot and Loan House 345Middle Income House 70Low Income House 1027
Question 7 : Number of Family Members
NUMBER LOW AND MIDDLE PLOT AND LOANINCOME HOUSING
NUMBER % NUMBER %No Comment 3 0.3 2 0.6Less than 3 30 2.7 17 4.93 - 5 154 14.0 190 55.1
001VO 326 29.7 91 26.48 and up 584 53.2 45 13.0
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Question 8 : Current Address (City Name)NAME LOW AND
INCOMEMIDDLEHOUSING
PLOT AND LOAN
NUMBER % NUMBER %No Comment 2 0.2 0 0Jahra 115 10.5 0 0Sulebihat 86 7.8 0 0Khitan 83 7.6 1 0.3Omariya 145 13.2 0 0Bayan 109 9.9 195 56.5Ayn Begzee 166 15.1 0 0Rouki 99 9.0 0 0Rumaithiya 126 11.5 24 7Dawha 63 5.7 0 0Subayhiya 102 9.3 0 0Mishrif 0 0 94 27.2Di'iya 0 0 5 1.4Khaldiya 0 0 1 0.3Qadisiya 0 0 1 0.3Mansouriya 0 0 2 0.6Nuzha 0 0 7 2.0Rouda 0 0 15 4.3
178
— a * # * Z & a # i?2 5 5 5”2**32^ —2‘3*2*ir2"a * * ^ w * V 3 a 3 G # # w g w w # 3 » a « . I v^2522aSSa§28na5532S2^§o25•••••••••••••••••••••••a*
Figure (6-1) Major Kuwaiti Cities
179
Question 10 : Length of Waiting Period for Housing ServicesNUMBER LOW AND MIDDLE PLOT AND LOANOF YEARS INCOME HOUSING
NUMBER % NUMBER %1 Year 1 0.1 4 1.22 Years 11 1.0 8 2.33 Years 95 8.7 27 7.84 Years 110 10.0 36 10.45 Years 61 25.6 78 22.66 Years 81 7.4 68 19.77 Years 96 8.8 52 15.18 Years 76 6.9 25 7.29 Years 566 51.6 47 13.6
QUESTIONS 11 TO 26 ANSWERED ONLY BY PLOT AND LOANRECIPIENTS •
Question 11: Total Lot Area.
AREA PLOT & LOANNUMBER %
Less than :200 sq.m. 0 0200-300 sq •in • 29 8.4300-400 sq •in. 117 33.9400-500 sq • m e 44 12.8500 & up 155 44.9
180
QUESTION 12: Number of Levels (Floors).
NUMBER OF FLOORS PLOT & LOANNUMBER %
One 119 34.5Two 212 61.4Three 12 3.5Four 2 0.6
Question 13: Number of Rooms
NUMBER OF ROOMS PLOT & LOANNUMBER %
Less than 4 3 0.94—6 96 27.87-10 178 51.611 and more 68 19.7
Question 14: Number of Additions to House.
NUMBER OF ADDITIONS PLOT & LOANNUMBER %
N/A 28 8.1One Addition 299 86.7Two Additions 18 5.2
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Question 15: Swimming Pool
SWIMMING POOL PLOT & LOANNUMBER %
Yes- have pool 2 0.6No - don't have pool 343 99.4
Question 16: Elevators and Lifts. -
ELEVATORS AND LIFTS PLOT & LOANNUMBER %
Yes - have 2 0.6No - don't have 343 99.4
Question 17: Central Air Conditioning.
NUMBER OF FLOORS PLOT & LOANNUMBER %
Yes - have 262 75.9No - don't have 83 24.1
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Question 18: Total Cost of Home
TOTAL COST PLOT & LOANNUMBER %
Less than 20,000 KD 6 1.720,001-30,000 KD 23 6.730,001-40,000 KD 20 5.840,001-50,000 KD 80 23.250,001-60,000 KD 113 32.860,001 KD & up
** 1 KD = $ 3.27
103 29.9
Question _ 19: Cost of Basic Floors, and Roof)
COST
5,000-10,000 KD10.001- 15,000 KD15.001- 20,000 KD 20,001 KD & up
Construction (Foundation, Walls
PLOT & LOANNUMBER %
52 15.1103 29.958 16.8
132 38.3
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Question 20: If, No: Other Sources of Financing Used.
SOURCES PLOT & LOANNUMBER %
Commercial Loan 132 38.3Personal Savings 228 66.1Personal Loan 150 43.5Other Sources 68 19.7
Question 21: Adequacy of Government Loan.
ADEQUACY PLOT & LOANNUMBER %
Yes 32 9.3No 313 90.7
Question 21: Affordability of Mortgage Payments.
AFFORDABILITY PLOT & LOANNUMBER %
Yes- can afford 190 55.1No - can't afford 155 44.9
184
Question 22a: Problems with Contractors
PROBLEMS PLOT & LOANNUMBER
House not finished on time 229
Contractor didn't fulfill 165agreement.
Job not completed 198
Other 0
Question 22b: Problems Obtaining Skilled Labor.
PROBLEMS PLOT & LOANNUMBER
Builders 92Plumbers 103Electricians 69Carpenters 73Other 45
%
66.4
47.8
57.4
0
%
26.729.920.021.213.0
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Question 22c; Problems Obtaining Building Materials.
PROBLEMS PLOT & LOANNUMBER %
Concrete 94 27.2Wood (lumber) 44 12.8Brick 69 20.0Concrete Block 34 9.9Other 39 11.3
Question • 22d: Problems with Authorities.
PROBLEMS PLOT & LOANNUMBER %
Municipality 83 24.1Ministry of Housing 58 16.8Ministry of Electricity and Water
91 26.4
Nat'l S & L Bank 77 22.3Other 0 0
186
Question _ 23: Advantages of Plot and Loan Program.
ADVANTAGES PLOT & LOANNUMBER %
Appropriate sq.m. 315 91.3Freedom of Design 331 95.9Functional Organization 316 91.6Garden Options 319 92.5Personal Privacy 326 94.5Future Expansion 299 86.7Peace of Mind 5 6 16.2Non-Apartment Lifestyle 1 0.3
Question _ 24j_ Adequacy of Home's Size.
YES NONUMBER % NUMBER %
250 72.5 95 27.
Question _ 251 Lot Size (sq.m)
1000 SQUARE METERS 750 SQUARE METERSNUMBER % NUMBER %76 22 19 5.
187
Question _ 26: Desirability of Central (gov't) Control OverConstruction of Home.
YESNUMBER77
%
23.3
NONUMBER268
%
77.7
REASONS FOR YES: REASON FOR NO:* avoid dealng with building * distrust of contractorsproblems and/ or gov't supervisors
* freedom to design according to personal needs
* personal supervision over construction process
* flexibility for future expansion.
QUESTIONS 27 TO 32 ANSWERED ONLY BY LOW AND MIDDLE INCOME HOUSING RECIPIENTS.
Question 27: Number of Levels (Floors)
NUMBER OF FLOORS LOW AND MIDDLE INCOME HOUSINGNUMBER %
One 321 29.3Two 767 69.9Three and up 9 0.8
188
Question 28: Number of Rooms
NUMBER OF ROOMS LOW AND MIDDLE INCOME HOUSING
NUMBER %
Less than 4 19 1.74 to 6 534 48.7More than 6 543 49.5
Question 29: Alterations made to the House.
ALTERATIONS DONE LOW AND MIDDLE NUMBER
INCOME HOUSING %
Yes 785 71.6No
Question 29: If yes. Types
311
of Alterations.
28.4
TYPE LOW AND MIDDLE INCOME HOUSINGNUMBER %
Added another Floor 212 19.3Added more Rooms 595 54.2Added Reception Room (Diwaniyah) 293 26.7Added Kitchen 443 40.4Added another Utility Room 474 43.2
189
Question 29: Government Loan Requested to Make Additions.
OBTAINED LOAN LOW AND MIDDLE INCOME HOUSING
NUMBER %Yes 718 65.5No 377 34.4
Question 29: Size of Loan
SIZE OF LOAN NUMBER %
Less than 1,000 KD 11 ' 1.51000-3000 KD 51 7.23001-5000 KD 143 19.95001-7000 KD 143 19.97001 KD and up 369 51.5
190
Question 30: Advantages of LowProgram.
and Middle Income Housing
ADVANTAGES NUMBER %
Avoiding construction problems 668 60.9Satisfactory home size 780 71.1Satisfactory number of rooms 689 62.8Adequacy of public utilitiesand services 671 61.2Some freedom of choice 816 74.4Size of rooms satisfactory 614 56.0Other 17 - 1.5
Question 31: Problems with Low andProgram.
Middle Income Housing
PROBLEMS NUMBER %
Design forced on recipients 394 35.9Interior organization inflexible 386 35.2Home's area inadequate 292 26.6Number of rooms insufficient 358 32.6Area of rooms insufficient 357 32.5Public utilities/services insufficient 289 26.3Houses too close to each other 273 24.9Some home styles inappropriate 273 24.9Home too far from community service centers 165 15.0Homes too far from work. 203 18.5
191
Question __ 32: Other Miscellaneous Problems.
PROBLEMS NUMBER %
Problems with sewage system 184 16.8Secondary repairs 154 14.0No reception room 13 1.2Cleaning/lighting of 133 12.1neighborhood streets.
Question _ 33: Recipient1s Feelings toward Present Residence.
RESPONSES LOW AND MIDDLE INCOME HOUSINGNUMBER %
No comment 42 3.8Good Feelings 512 46.7Fair Feelings 202 18.4Negative Feelings 341 31.1
Question _ 34a: Feelings about Apartment Living.
RESPONSE LOW AND MIDDLE INCOME HOUSING
NUMBER %No comment 28 2.6Desirable 64 5.8Not desirable 1005 91.6
192
Question 34a: Reasons for Answers
DESIRABLE NOT DESIRABLEREASONS NUMBER % REASONS NUMBER %
Easiest way to 16 1.5 Culturally 650 59.3obtain gov't housing inappropriateAppropriate for family's lifestyle
63 5.7 Lack of privacy 394 35.9Size/area 320 29.2
Good if designated 29 2.6 inappropriatefor families.
Forced contact 46 4.2Importance of availability of
18 1.6 w/neighborshelter Problems caused 98 8.9
by close proximitywith neighbors'.
Question 34b: Feelings About Apartment Living.
RESPONSE PLOT AND LOANNUMBER %
No comment 121 35.1Desirable 10 2.9Not desirable 214 62.0
193
Question 34b: Reasons for answers.
DESIRABLE NOT DESIRABLEREASONS NUMBER % REASONS NUMBER
Gov't can't fulfill all 8 2.3
Lack of personal choice 22 6.
housing needsCulturallyinappropriate 123 35.Lack of control over construction quality
39 11.
Noise problems 90 26.Limited space 82 23.
Question 35: Original Housing Type Preferred.
TYPE OF LOW & MIDDLEHOUSING INCOME HOUSING PLOT & LAND
NUMBER % NUMBER %No comment 28 2.6 173 50.1Plot & Loan 800 72. 9 151 43.8Middle Income 96 8. 8 21 6.1Arabic Style 172 15. 7 0 0Apartments 1 0.1 0 0
194
Question _ 36: Desirablility of Living in a Self-SufficientSatellite Community.
DESIRABILITY LOW & INCOME
MIDDLEHOUSING PLOT & LAND
NUMBER % NUMBER %
No comment 28 2.6 142 41.2Yes 227 20.7 39 11.3No 839 76.5 164 47.5
Suggestions and recommendations given by low/middle incomehousing recipients.
Suggestions and recommendations Number %1. It is a wise policy, I would like to see
it continue.347 31.6
2. Increasing the number of rooms and having a reception room.
139 12.7
3. Providing government loans to build another floor.
44 4.0
4. Separating the houses, no shared party wall.
25 2.3
5. Harmony in population mixture of the neighborhood (having relatives close by)
0 0.5
6. Making it easier for beneficiaries to deal with their houses even before full payment to the government.*
25 2.3
7. Speeding the process of distributing homes after their completion.
190 17.3
8. Adjusting the designs to fit the family's lifestyle and tradition (Kuwaiti)
202 18.4
9. Presenting the designs to the public for feedback before construction.
202 18.4
195
10. Having more than one design per community 80 7.3so no particular one is forced on the public.
11. Considering the size of the Kuwaiti family 128 11.7and possible expansion (house should allowfor expansion).
12. Extra supervision of houses duringconstruction and at time of delivery to 44 4.0avoid claims of defects made by the public.
13. Prefering land and loan program to program 156 14.2they are qualified for.
14. Providing more playgrounds, gardens, 155 14.1central markets, schools, wider streetsand sufficient lighting.
15. Giving Kuwaiti women married to no-Kuwaitis 7 0.6the right to botain a subsidized house. **
16. Allowing single people to get on the waiting 11 1.0list for subsidized housing.**
17. Giving priority to solving sewer problems 44 4.0
* The government's policy doesn't allow people to sell or rent their homes until fully paid for.
** Both single people and women married to non-Kuwaitis do not qualify for government subsidized housing.
196
Suggestions and recommendations provided by land and loan recipients.
Suggestions Number %
1. Providing housing and settlements for all the public.
9 to a\
2. Paying more attention to public utilities and facilities.
106 30.7
3. Increasing the size of the loan. 101 29.34. Speeding up the process of examining/
processing housing applications.14 4.1
5. Providing land and loan program services to every applicant.
87 25.2
6. Giving the applicant freedom ofchoice in both housing and location.
7 2.0
7. Distributing housing services according to need rather than seniority.
7 to ts>
8. Government supervision of construction process and contractors, control over the availability and price of building materials.
19 5.5
9. Conducting more studies before and after delivery of services.
19 inin
197
SURVEY SUMMARIES
1. The majority of recipients (98%) are male heads of household.
2. The government is the biggest employer of individuals in all three categories (72.7% of low and middle income housing and 85.2% of plot and loan housing).
3. Monthly income of the majority of low and middle income families is between 200 and 400 KD ($625 to $1250) while recipients of plot and loan housing earn between 400 and 600 KD ($1250 to $1850) monthly. Recipients, in general, have no other sources of income.
4. Kuwait is predominately a married society (93.6% for low and middle income and 94.4% for plot and loan).
5. The majority of low and middle income housing recipients have less than an intermediate level education (77.3%), while recipients of the plot and loan program possess more than a secondary level education (69.5%).
6. The majority of survey subjects (1027) reside in low income housing versus 345 subjects who reside in plot and loan homes. There are a few representatives of the middle income program due to its very recent establishment.
198
7. Low and middle income housing families have eight or more members in their households (53.2%), while plot and loan recipients have three to five members (55.1%).
8. Results illustrate that government services are provided throughout the country rather than in one particular area.
9. & 10. The average waiting period for most government services is five years.
11 & 12. Average floor area varies according to the number of stories, however the majority of houses occupy 300 to 500 square meters (91.6%) and are primarily two stories high (61.4%) .
13. Even though water fountains are very popular in Kuwait, actual swimming pools are almost nonexistent (0.6%).
14. The majority of recipients (86.7) have added at least one addition to their home.
15. Most houses (51.6%) have seven to ten rooms, including the living room.
16. Even though the majority of the houses have two or more floors, elevators and lifts are rare (0.6%).
199
17. 75.9% of the homes have central air conditioning.
18 & 19. Total construction costs, and thus, the amount ofmoney borrowed from the government, vary according to the design and floor area of each house, however the majority (85.9%) of respondents borrowed between 40,000 and 60,000 KD (1 KD equals $ 3.27).
20. The majority of respondents (90.7%) see government loans as inadequate and borrow money for other sources or utilize personal savings to complete their houses.
21. The response was fairly balanced concerning the affordability of mortgage payments.
22. In general, respondents complained frequently of problems with contractors, scarcity of skilled labor and building materials and contact with local authorities.
23. Recipients of plot and loan housing services believe the program to have numerous advantages, such as the appropriateness of area (sq.m.), freedom of design and organization, freedom in landscape design, personal privacy and peace of mind during the construction phase.
200
24. Most plot and loan recipients (72.5%) believe the area of the plot they received to be adequate.
25. The majority of plots received are in the 1000 square meters category.
26. Most respondents (77.7%) are unreceptive to the idea of central authority supervising the construction and delivery of their homes, due, primarily, to distrust of contractors and government officials and the desire to personally oversee the construction so that it meets their needs and expectations.
27. & 28. The majority of low and middle income houses (69.9%) contain four rooms distributed on two stories (98.3%) .
29. Most of the houses received from the government have been altered by the addition of more rooms and/or another floor (71.6%). Funds to make these alterations were obtained primarily through government loans.
30. Recipients of low and middle income housing believe there to be numerous advantages to this program including avoidance of construction problems, sufficiency of the home’s area, number of rooms adequate, etc.
201
31, 32, 33. The main theme of the problems facing recipients of low and middle income housing is the inflexibility and inadequacy of sevices. In general, however, the majority are satisfied with their current residence.
34. Most repondents in all three categories disapprove of apartment living (91.6% and low and middle income housing and 62% of plot and loan housing). Major drawbacks are viewed as cultural inappropriateness, lack of privacy and limited potential for size and future expansion.
35. The plot and loan program appears to be the most highly favored alternative with 72.9% of low and middle income recipients originally applying for this service.
36. The majority of respondents disapproved of the idea of living in a self-sufficient satellite community.
202
CHAPTER 7
C H A P T E R ?
Figure (7-1) Proposed Project Site - Sector A (4) of SabahAl-Salem City
PROPOSED PROJECT
Project site is located in the northeast area of Sabah Al-Salem city. Sabah Al-Salem is considered by many in Kuwait to be a model city, having been built in the 19701s with a major emphasis on open space and complete public facilities. Part of the overall city project has been completed, part is currently under construction and a portion is yet to be constructed.
204
One of the future housing sites in Sabah Al-Salem city is Sector A/4 (proposed project site) which occupies an estimated 79 hectors. It consists of 323 land lots and will house an estimated 2584 residents. The project includes a large proposed park and other public facilities as:
1. A kindergarten.2. An intermediate school for boys.3. A secondary school for boys.4. A secondary school for girls.5. Local Mosque with a house for the Moathen (prayer
caller) and /or the mani (prayer leader).6. A Major Mosque with a house for the Prayer caller
and a house for the prayer leader.7. A major shopping district.8. A large community Center which includes:
a. health center (clinic)b. Police stationc. ballroom (hall)d. public librarye. social activity centerf. government offices (municipality, commerce,
electricity, etc.)g. post officeh. emergency electrical generators
Other needed public services and facilities are shared with the surrounding communities.
205
As mentioned earlier the sector contains 323 land lots. Each lot is approximately 4305 sq ft. (52x81 ft.) There are four house designs proposed for the site by the Government. The orientations and locations were decided upon during initial planning. in general, the total area of each house is approximately 3632 sq ft. All four houses are classified in the low income category and are two story designs. Each residence contains of the following elements:
LOWER LEVEL1. Diwania (men's reception) 258 sq ft. (13x20 ft)2. Living room 232 sq ft. (13x18 ft)3. Major kitchen 226 sq ft. (11x17 ft)4. storeroom 57 sq ft. (11x5 ft)5. Housekeeper's Quarters 202 sq ft. (19x13 ft)6. Bedroom 172 sq ft. (13x13 ft)7. Bathroom 48 sq ft. (7x9 ft)8. Rest room 23 sq ft. (4x6 ft)
UPPER LEVEL1. Master Bedroom 263 sq ft. (13x20 ft)2. Bedroom 172 sq ft. (13x13 ft)3. Bedroom 172 sq ft. (13x13 ft)4. Bedroom 232 sq ft. (18x13 ft)5. Livingroom 262 sq ft. (13x15 ft)6. Bathroom 50 sq ft. (6x8.5 ft)7. Bathroom 48 sq ft. (5.6x8.5 ft)8. Kitchen 50 sq ft. (6x8.5 ft)
206
StoreH %Kitchen
., r>- rp 8
X itchra J iReception I” Room —
! . ;
; •! :i i
l$t FLOOR PLAN 2® FLOOR PLAN
SECTION A.A. ^SECTION B.& «-w . ^
PROPOSED HOUSING DEVELOPMENT
O F i g u r e (7-2) Sabah Al-Salem City - Proposed House Design A
207
Kitchen
n._tP.|fJH_r i
Bedroom
Reception ; Room 2:
1st FLOOR PLAN 2® FLOOR PLAN BI
SECTION A. A. SECTION B.R
PROPOSED HOUSING DEVELOPMENT
Q F i g u r e (7-3) Sabah Al-Salem City - Proposed House Design B
208
9 <? rg> 9h -
9 9 p 9 9H---------1--MS--------- 1-
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SECTION A.A.
© © ©
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PROPOSED HOUSING DEVELOPMENT©O Figure (7-4) Sabah A1-Salem City - Proposed House Design c
209
© ® ® © ® ©
Kitchen
Jjg L - t
Living Room
t Reception Room
l$t FLOOR PLAN u ^ lO y ju n2 * * FLO O R P L A N d j U s j J i
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PROPOSED HOUSING DEVELOPMENT
O F i g u c o (7-5) Sabah Al-Salem City - Proposed House Design D
210
SECTORS 9 & 10 SABAH A L - S A L E M
OPEN U N D EV E LOPED LAND PROJECT S ITE
SECTOR 21 .SABAH A L - S A L E M
MUSHRIF C ITY
TITLE: Site Analysis DRAWING: Surrounding Sites V JSABAH AL SALEM CITY, SECTOR (4) A
211
TITLE: Site AnalysisDRAWING: Roads and Circulation{ )
SABAH AL SALEM CITY, SECTOR (4) A212
COMMUNITYBUILDINGS RELIGIOUS
PARK HOUSING
PRIVATE LAND
EDUCATIONAL
LANDSCAPE
TITLE: Site Analysis DRAWING: General Site ZoningSABAH AL SALEM CITY, SECTOR (4) A
213
0, O g i r l s * S m a j o r I j h i g h s c h o o l m o s q u e
0 L O C A L M O S Q U E
f " ) H E A L T H » a C L I N I C
N E I G H B O R H O O DC E N T E R
P O L I C ES T A T I O N
I N T E R . S C H O O L F O R B O Y S
K I N D E RG A R T E N
□t>°DM A J O R S H O P S
TITLE: Site Analysis DRAWING: Community Buildings !j ySABAH AL SALEM CITY, SECTOR (4) A
214
t
4TJ
f i i♦_ A Z M SOUTH 1 69 m m^ F azm souTH”iot ||-AZM south 124AZM SOUTH - 1 1 A ZM SOUTH 794tAZM SOUTH - 5 6
TITLE: Site Analysis DRAWING: House Orientation f hw
SABAH AL SALEM CITY, SECTOR (4) A215
TITLE: Site Analysis f hDRAWING: Future Projectsw p
SABAH AL SALEM CITY, SECTOR (4) A216
S' : • .1k:V..' . ' . I - i
Worst Best
TITLE: Site AnalysisDRAWING: Existing Views UJSABAH AL SALEM CITY, SECTOR (4) A
217
SCHOOLS ( 8 : 0 0 A M —1:00P M ) HIGHWAY (ALL DAY)
MOSQUES (SX DAILY) STREETS (RUSH HOUR)
TITLE: Site Analysis DRAWING: Sound Generators ipSABAH AL SALEM CITY, SECTOR (4) A
218
f T
EXI STING DITCH
i i i i i i i liiU' DIRECTION OF DRAINAGE
SABAH AL SALEM CITY, SECTOR (4) A
TITLE: Site Analysis DRAWING: Existing Drainage
219
\ . / M
E E E E
TITLE: Site Analysis DRAWING: General Site Contours f h€ 7SABAH AL SALEM CITY, SECTOR (4) A
220
TITLE: Site Analysis f i l l )DRAWING: Wind DirectionSABAH AL SALEM CITY, SECTOR (4) A
221
CHAPTER 8
C H A P T E R SHOUSE ENERGY ANALYSIS
In chapter eight, this author will attempt to examine the environmental appropriateness of two of the government proposed residential designs. This examination will be aided by the Calpas 3 computer program.
Calpas 3 was written by the Berkeley Solar Group, and was based on previous work done by Phil Niles at The California Energy Commission. The program is a mini and microcomputer program used primarily on residential and small commercial buildings.
It serves to determine the energy performance of structures by calculating; 1) hourly, daily, monthly and annual heating and cooling loads, 2) the temperatures of both the spaces and storage areas, 3) heat gains and losses, and4) the mechanical heating or cooling needed to maintain comfort levels specified by the designer or occupants.
An input file will be provided for one of the houses in this chapter (an input file for the second house is provided in an appendix volume of this report), followed by an output
223
summary of the six different orientations of the house, final component will be a graphic presentation of the results. Detailed output results are available in the appendix volume of this report.
The
224
Figure (8-1) Model A of the Proposed Housing Development in Sector A (4)
: i 1 i ■! i; I | l!i i .
—— H 0 _ . .... ——6 d) 66 6FLOOR PLAN
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SECTION A.A. SECTION B.B. £>A;
e •* *W S* &m ?m #»eTITLE : PROPOSED HOUSING DEVELOPMENT ; A
225
INPUT FILE FOR HOUSE A SABAH AL-SALEM CITY, SECTION A-4
TITLE KUWAITSITE LAT=29 LONG=-48 TZN=21
LOCATION=SECTION A-4 / SABAH AL-SALEM CITY / HOUSE AAZMSOUTH (169,-11) / (124,-56) / (79,-101)HOUSE FLRAREA=2744ROOF AREA=1712
UVAL=.24WALL NAME=SLABLOSS
UVAL=.9WALL NAME=NORTH
TILT=90INSIDE=AIR
WALL NAME=NORTHTILT=90INSIDE=AIR
WALL NAME=NORTHTILT=90INSIDE=AIR
WALL NAME=SOUTHTILT=90INSIDE=AIR
WALL NAME=SOUTHTILT=90INSIDE=AIR
WALL NAME=SOUTHTILT=90INSIDE=AIR
WALL NAME=SOUTHTILT=90INSIDE=AIR
WALL NAME=EASTTILT=90INSIDE=AIR
VOL=29299AZM=0 ABSRP=.5
TILT=0. INSIDE=AIR
AREA=186ABSRP=0
AZM=0
AREA=812 UVAL=.099
AZM=180 ABSRP=.26
AREA=193 UVAL=.099
AZM=180ABSRP=0
AREA=24 UVAL=.46
AZM=180 ABSRP=.6
AREA=543 UVAL=.099
AZM=0ABSRP=0
AREA=343 UVAL=.099
AZM=0 ABSRP=.26
AREA=38 UVAL=.46
AZM=0ABSRP=0
AREA=24 UVAL=.46
AZM=0 ABSRP=.6
AREA=950 UVAL=.099
AZM=-90 ABSRP=.26
226
WALL NAME=EASTTILT=90INSIDE=AIR
AREA=353 UVAL=.099
AZM=-90ABSRP=0
WALL NAME=WESTTILT=90INSIDE=AIR
AREA=1159 UVAL=.099
AZM=90 ABSRP=.26
WALL NAME=WESTTILT=90INSIDE=AIR
AREA=134 UVAL=.099
AZM=90ABSRP=0
WALL NAME=NORTH TILT=180 INSIDE=AIR
AREA=395 UVAL=.099
AZM=0 ABSRP=.65
SLAB AREA=1108 HTAHS=1.3
THKNS=6RSURF=0
MATERIAL=CONC60
INTWALL AREA=2777 HTAHS=1.5
THKNS=6 RSURF=.29
MATERIAL=CONC60
GLASS NAME=NORTH TILT=90 GLSTYP=1 TRSHTR=.8
AREA=81NGLZ=1XRFLCT=.04 ■ SCFWNTR=0
AZM=180 UVAL=1.07 RSHTR=0 SCFSMR=1
SGDISTWNTR AIR=.2 SLB=.4 IW=. 4SGDISTSMR AIR=.2 SLB=.3 IW=. 5GLSGREFLECT JANGR=.6
APRGR=.6 JULGR=.6 0CTGR=.6
FEBGR=.6 MAYGR=.6 AUGGR=.6 NOVGR=.6
MARGR=.6 JUNGR=.6 SEPGR=.6 DECGR=.6
SHADING WHEIGHT=3.9OHWD=3.6OHFLAP=0FLWD=0FRTX=0
WWIDTH=20.6OHLX=3.9FLDEPTH=0FLWBX=0FRWD=0
0HDEPTH=2.90HRX=3.9FLTX=0FRDEPTH=0FRWBX=0
GLASS NAME=SOUTH TILT=90 GLSTYP=1 TRSHTR=.8
AREA=67 NGLZ=1 XRFLCT=.04 SCFWNTR=0
AZM=0 UVAL=1.07 RSHTR=0 SCFSMR=1
SGDISTWNTR AIR=.2 SLB=.4 IW=. 4SGDISTSMR AIR=.2 SLB=.3 IW=. 5
227
GLSGREFLECT
SHADING
GLASS
SGDISTWNTRSGDISTSMRGLSGREFLECT
SHADING
GLASS
SGDISTWNTRSGDISTSMR
GLSGREFLECT
JANGR=•6 APRGR=.6 JULGR=.6 OCTGR=.6WHEIGHT=3.9 0HWD=3.9 OHFLAP=0 FLWD=0 FRTX=0
NAME=SOUTH TILT=90 GLSTYP=1 TRSHTR=.8AIR=.2AIR=.2JANGR=.6 APRGR=.6 JULGR=.6 OCTGR=.6WHEIGHT=3.9 0HWD=3.6 OHFLAP=0 FLWD=1 FRTX=3.6
NAME=EASTTILT=90GLSTYP=1TRSHTR=.8AIR=.2AIR=.2
JANGR=.6 APRGR=.6 JULGR=.6 0CTGR=.6
FEBGR=.6 MAYGR=.6 AUGGR=.6 N0VGR=.6WWIDTH=17 0HLX=3.9 FLDEPTH=0 FLWBX=0 FRWD=0
AREA=35NGLZ=1XRFLCT=.04SCFWNTR=0SLB= * 4SLB=.3FEBGR=.6 MAYGR=.6 AUGGR=.6 NOVGR=.6WWIDTH=8.9 0HLX=1 FLDEPTH=6.9 FLWBX=0 FRWD=4.6
AREA=69 NGLZ=1 XRFLCT=.04 SCFWNTR=0SLB=.4SLB=.3
FEBGR=.6 MAYGR=.6 AUGGR=.6 NOVGR=.6
MARGR=.6 JUNGR=.6 SEPGR=.6 DECGR=.60HDEPTH=2.9 0HRX=3.9 FLTX=0 FRDEPTH=0 FRWBX=0
AZM=0 UVAL=1.07 RSHTR=0 SCFSMR=1IW=. 4IW=. 5MARGR=.6 JUNGR=.6 SEPGR=.6 DECGR=.60HDEPTH=6.9OHRX=4.6FLTX=3.6FRDEPTH=6.9FRWBX=0
AZM=-90 UVAL=1.07 RSHTR=0 SCFSMR=1IW=. 4IW=. 5
MARGR=.6 JUNGR=.6 SEPGR=.6 DECGR=.6
228
GLASS NAME=EAST TILT=90 GLSTYP=1 TRSHTR=.8
AREA=18 NGLZ=1 XRFLCT=.04 SCFWNTR=0
AZM=-90 UVAL=1.07 RSHTR=0 SCFSMR=1
SGDISTWNTR AIR=.2 SLB=.4 IW=. 4SGDISTSMR AIR=.2 SLB=.3 IW=. 5
GLSGREFLECT JANGR=.6 APRGR=.6 JULGR=.6 OCTGR=.6
FEBGR=.6 MAYGR=.6 AUGGR=.6 NOVGR=.6
MARGR=.6 JUNGR=.6 SEPGR=.6 DECGR=.6
SHADING WHEIGHT=3.9 0HWD=3.6 OHFLAP=0 FLWD=0 FRTX=3.6
WWIDTH=4.60HLX=1.3FLDEPTH=0FLWBX=0FRWD=1
0HDEPTH=12.10HRX=1FLTX=0FRDEPTH=12.5FRWBX=0
GLASS NAME=WEST TILT=90 GLSTYP=1 TRSHTR=.8
AREA=79 NGLZ=1 XRFLCT=.04 SCFWNTR=0
. AZM=90 UVAL=1.07 RSHTR=0 SCFSMR=1
SGDISTWNTR AIR=.2 SLB=.4 IW=. 4SGDISTSMR AIR=.2 SLB=.3 IW=. 5
GLSGREFLECT JANGR=.6 APRGR-.6 JULGR=.6 OCTGR=.6
FEBGR=.6 MAYGR=.6 AUGGR=.6 NOVGR=.6
MARGR=.6 JUNGR=.6 SEPGR=.6 DECGR=.6
INFIL ACBASE=.75 ACTD=0 ACWIND=0INTGAIN INTGAIN=20 SCHED=RESVENT TYPE=FAN
EVAPEFF=.5CFMMAX=2TDIFF=2
KWMAX=.00007
TSTATSWNTR THEAT=65THEATNIGHT=65LGTRANGE=3
TDSRD=72TIMED0WN=23
TCOOL=80TIMEUP=7
TSTATSSMR THEAT=65THEATNIGHT=65LGTRANGE=3
TDSRD=72TIMED0WN=23
TCOOL=80TIMEUP=7
229
WINDFACTOR .25CHNGSEASON TYPE=DATE
SUMMERBEG=MAY-01SUMMEREND=SEP-30
DAYTIMES WDBEG=7SDBEG=6
WDEND=18 SDEND=19
SOLARCALC FREQ=DAILYSOLARPRINT FIRSTDAY=DEC-21
REPORTl=WALLLASTDAY=DEC-21REPORT2=GLSSMR REPORTS=GLSWNTR
SOLARPRINT FIRSTDAY=OCT-21REPORTl=WALL
LASTDAY=OCT-21 REPORT2=GLSSMR REPORTS=GLSWNTR
SOLARPRINT FIRSTDAY=JUN-21REPORTl=WALL
LASTDAY=JUN-21REPORT2=GLSSMR REPORTS=GLSWNTR
SOLARPRINT FIRSTDAY=MAR-21REPORTl=WALL
LASTDAY=MAR-21REPORT2=GLSSMR REPORT3=GLSWNTR
PRINTHOURLY FIRSTDAY=DEC-21 LASTDAY=DEC-21PRINTHOURLY FIRSTDAY=OCT~21 LASTDAY=OCT-21PRINTHOURLY FIRSTDAY=JUN-21 LASTDAY=JUN-21PRINTHOURLY FIRSTDAY=MAR-21 LASTDAY=MAR-21END
230
Run period: JUN-21 - JUN-21
H O U R L Y T E M P E R A T U R E S (Degrees F)
HOUSE
D H THS SLI SLO IWI IWO1 80 812 80 813 80 814 80 815 80 816 80 827 80 838 80 849 80 8510 80 8511 80 8512 80 8513 80 8514 80 8515 80 8516 80 8517 80 8518 80 8319 80 8220 80 8221 80 8122 80 8123 80 8124 80 81
83 8182 8182 8182 8082 8082 8182 8282 8282 8382 8382 8383 8383 8383 8383 8383 8384 8384 8284 8184 8184 8183 8183 8183 81
8281818181818181818181.81828282828282828282828282
D : Date H : HourTHS: House Air Temperature SLI: Slab Inside Surface Temperature SLO: Slab Outside Surface Temperature IWI: Int. Wall Inside Surface Temperature IWO: Int. Wall Outside Surface Temperature
231
H O U R L Y T E M P E R A T U R E S (Degrees F)
HOUSE
D H THS SLI SLO IWI IWOD 1 65 68E 2 65 68C 3 65 67
4 65 672 5 65 671 6 65 67
7 65 678 65 709 68 73
1 0 71 781 1 75 811 2 79 841 3 80 851 4 80 851 5 80 851 6 80 831 7 79 791 8 77 781 9 75 762 0 74 752 1 73 752 2 72 742 3 71 732 4 71 73
73 67 7173 67 7072 67 7071 67 7071 67 6971 67 6970 67 6970 67 6970 69 6870 72 68.70 75 6871 77 6972 78 6973 78 7075 79 7176 78 7277 77 7377 76 7378 75 7478 74 7478 74 7477 73 7477 73 7477 72 74
D : Date H : HourTHS: House Air Temperature SLI: Slab Inside Surface Temperature SLO: Slab Outside Surface Temperature IWI: Int. Wall Inside Surface Temperature IWO: Int. Wall Outside Surface Temperature
232
Date; Jun 2 h Dec21 House; Alt.(A)Azm.South; .11 Report; Hourly
233
S U M M A R YRun period: JUN-21 - JUN-21
H O U R L Y H O U S E E N E R G Y B A L A N C E(kBtu; + into house)
GAINS & LOSSES=====================D H THS TCOND INFIL SLR INTJ 1 80 11.8 3.16 0 1.64U 2 80 11.8 3.16 0 1.50N 3 80 11.8 3.16 0 1.43
4 80 8.85 2.37 0 1.432 5 80 8.85 2.37 0 1.431 6 80 5.32 0.79 6.94 1.77
7 80 10.8 0.40 17.9 2.598 80 25.6 2.77 23.1 4.039 80 36.4 4.35 27.0 3.82
10 80 47.7 6.33 29.2 4.1011 80 52.9 7.12 29.2 4.0312 80 58.0 8.31 28.2 3.1413 80 59.3 8.70 28.7 3.0714 80 60.8 9.49 29.6 2.0515 80 56.6 9.10 28.7 1.9116 80 52.4 9.10 25.5 2.1217 80 39.5 7.12 22.4 3.8918 80 30.4 6.72 11.4 4.3719 80 22.4 5.93 0.51 4.3720 80 17.7 4.75 0 3.5521 80 14.7 3.96 0 3.4122 80 14.7 3.96 0 3.7523 80 16.2 4.35 0 3.0024 80 16.2 4.35 0 1.84
D :Date.H :Hour.THS sHouse Air Temperature. TCOND:Gains & Losses Due To
Conduction.INFIL:Gains & Losses Due To
Infiltration.SLR :Solar Gain & Loss.MECH :Mech. System Energy
Transfers.
STORAGE TRANSFERS= = = =:=========== =========AIR SLB IW MECH M
0 1.29 1.76 -19.8 C0 1.18 1.63 -19.4 C0 1.09 1.52 -19.1 C0 1.01 1.41 -15.2 C0 0.93 1.31 -15.0 C0 -0.57 -0.55 -12.5 C0 -2.27 -2.77 -24.7 C0 -2.40 -3.08 -49.0 C0 -2.59 -3.35 -64.7 C0 -2.48 -3.27 -80.9 C0 -2.07 -2.78 -88.1 C0 -1.67 -2.29 -93.7 C0 -1.67 -2.27 -95.6 C0 -1.67 -2.28 -97.7 C0 -1.30 -1.82 -93.2 C0 -0.62 -0.96 -88.1 C0 -0.13 -0.31 -72.9 C0 1.90 2.25 -59.1 C0 3.19 4.01 -42.4 C0 2.24 2.96 -31.5 C0 1.95 2.59 -27.0 C0 1.70 2.28 -26.6 C0 1.54 2.08 -27.4 C0 1.40 1.91 -25.9 C
INT :Gains & Losses Due To Internal Wall
AIR :Energy Gain And Loss Of Air Node.
SLB :Energy Gain And Loss Of Slab
IW :Energy Gain And Loss Of Internal Wall.
M :Mech. System Mode (Heat, Vent, Cool)
234
(Various units)
WEATHER DATAD H S THS DB WB SBM SDF SGLJ 1 S 80 88 62 0 0 0U 2 S 80 88 63 0 0 0N 3 S 80 88 67 0 0 0
4 S 80 86 71 0 0 02 5 S 80 86 72 0 0 01 6 S 80 82 68 48 13 19
7 S 80 81 62 154 35 878 s 80 87 72 206 44 1549 s 80 91 73 224 53 21210 s 80 96 74 230 64 26011 s 80 98 70 232 71 29112 s 80 101 70 232 74 30413 s 80 102 69 232 72 29914 s 80 104 69 230 66 27715 s 80 103 68 226 57 23816 s 80 103 68 214 46 18517 s 80 98 70 176 38 11918 s 80 97 70 90 21 4419 s 80 95 71 2 2 220 s 80 92 71 0 0 021 s 80 90 69 0 0 022 s 80 90 68 0 0 023 s 80 91 67 0 0 024 s 80 91 65 0 0 0
D :Date.H :Hour.S :Season Of Current Hour. THS:House Air Temperature. DB :Outdoor Dry Bulb Temp. WB :Outdoor Wet Bulb Temp. SBM:Solar Beam Radiation
(Btuh/ sf).SDF:Solar Diffuse Radiation
(Btuh/ sf) .
CNTRLS FLOWS SUPPLY TMPSWDR TF SH VHS VHS292 0 0 0 75315 0 0 0 76337 0 0 0 78337 0 0 0 79337 0 0 0 79292 0 0 0 75292 0 S 0 72315 0 S 0 80337 0 S 0 82337 0 S 0 850 0 S 0 84
0 0 S 0 860 0 S 0 860 0 S 0 870 0 S 0 860 0 S 0 86
337 0 S 0 840 0 S 0 84
337 0 S 0 83337 0 0 0 82337 0 0 0 80337 0 0 0 79337 0 0 0 79315 0 0 0 78
SGL:Solar Global Radiation (Btuh/ sf).
WS :Wind Speed (m/ hr). WDR:Wind Direction N=0 E=90. TF :Throtting Factor.SH :Shutters.VHS:House Venting Air Flow
Rate.VHS:House Vent Supply Temp.
(Degrees, F).
WS434443435666566555444343
AZSOUTH=-ll JUN-21
80
70
- ^4 60<
/✓ \ \ 50
1/
r \\
v 40/
//
'lX 30
i/f y► \
XX 20
%— 1
10
p E w & * 1® m & Mwmm W & M
/1
i l l *111 i # 0
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
Mid
.2
AM
s<
s<<D
2<GO1 C
1 2CLCM
2CL
2CLCO
2Ol00 10
PM KBTU
/HR.
GAINS & LOSSES h-dT.Conduction I I SolarE3 Infiltration EE3 Internal
236
60
50
40
30
20
10* s i p ■■ g g g i n i p m j t g g mw.vm
v.v.v.v.v.™ 0
—10
-20
-30
-4 0
—50
—60
-70
Mid
. 5<CM
5<
s<CO
5<0 0
I9 No
on 5Q .CM
sQ .x f50 .CO
5CLCO 10
PM KBTU
'HR.
h H Int.WallSTORAGE fcjAir Node fc~|Slab
237
30
20
10
m , ■R m ■ ■
■ 1
■i m M e 0
-10
—a -20y \D-<-301
\--%-
$/ -40\$_
rZ> -50
cA_ (i
#-60
VV / -70\\
// -80
(5\ (?1 -90
•t<%
k -100
Mid
. s<<N
5<
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S<00
19 1
Noon sQ.
CM
sCL
SCL<0
5CL00 10
PM KBTU
'HR.
TRANSFERS|--| Mechanical; ® Vent ©Cool ©Heat
231
S U M M A R YRun period: DEC-21 - DEC-21
H O U R L Y H O U S E E N E R G Y B A L A N C E(kBtu; + into house)
GAINS & LOSSES=====================
D H THS TCOND INFIL SLR INTD 1 65 -8.03 -2.15 0 1.64E 2 65 -9.54 -2.56 0 1.50C 3 65 -10.7 -2.86 0 1.43
4 65 -10.3 -2.77 0 1.432 5 65 -11.8 -3.16 0 1.431 6 65 -13.3 -3.56 0 1.77
7 65 -14.3 -3.96 2.32 2.598 66 -9.70 -4.19 22.5 4.039 68 -3.33 -4.40 41.3 3.82
10 72 6.27 -3.26 46.8 4.1011 76 8.35 -3.55 46.3 4.0312 79 9.47 -3.62 46.1 3.1413 80 8.27 -3.96 47.0 3.0714 80 7.53 -3.56 45.3 2.0515 80 1.50 -3.96 38.7 1.9116 80 -6.06 -3.96 23.7 2.1217 79 -14.7 -4.21 2.85 3.8918 77 -15.8 -4.22 0 4.3719 75 -16.2 -4.35 0 4.3720 74 -14.4 -3.86 0 3.5521 73 -13.1 -3.51 0 3.4122 72 -12.2 -3.26 0 3.7523 72 -11.4 -3.05 0 3.0024 71 -10.6 -2.84 0 1.84
:Datet.:Hour
THS :House Air Temperature. TCOND:Gains & Losses Due To
Conduction.INFIL:Gains & Losses Due To
Infiltration.SLR :Solar Gain & Loss.MECH :Mech. System Energy
Transfers.
STORAGE TRANSFERS================ =========AIR SLB IW MECH M
-2.29 4.06 6.78 0-0.13 3.83 6.41 0 _1.26 3.75 6.43 0 __1.15 3.60 6.30 0 —0.00 3.24 5.71 4.23 H
0 2.99 5.28 6.45 H0 2.11 4.42 6.99 H
-3.05 -3.98 -1.16 0 _-13.0 -9.19 -8.69 0 —— 21.0 —11.4 —15.1 — 0.03 V-19.1 -11.9 -18.7 -0.03 V-16.2 -12.5 -21.3 -0.03 V-4.35 -11.3 -19.3 —17.0 C
0 -9.37 -16.5 -24.4 C0 -6.81 -13.7 -17.8 C0 -2.72 -9.92 -5.25 C
6.92 3.15 -2.94 -0.03 V10.1 3.12 -0.13 -0.03 V8.57 3.45 1.85 -0.03 V6.38 3.55 3.00 -0.03 V4.56 3.57 3.63 -0.02 V3.19 3.48 3.91 -0.02 V2.76 3.45 4.21 02.66 3.45 4.54 0 —
INT :Gains & Losses Due To Internal Wall
AIR :Energy Gain And Loss Of Air Node.
SLB :Energy Gain And Loss Of Slab
IW :Energy Gain And Loss Of Internal Wall.
M :Mech. System Mode (Heat, Vent, Cool)
239
H O U R L Y C O N D I T I O N S(Various units)
WEATHER DATA==================D H S THS DB WB SBM SDF SGL
D 1 W 65 60 55 0 0 0E 2 W 65 59 54 0 0 0C 3 w 65 58 54 0 0 0
4 w 65 58 53 0 0 02 5 w 65 57 53 0 0 01 6 w 65 56 52 0 0 0
7 w 65 55 52 18 2 38 w 66 55 51 148 24 479 w 68 57 52 262 33 119
10 w 72 64 57 280 51 18211 w 76 67 58 284 64 22412 w 79 70 59 284 69 24113 w 80 70 59 284 66 23414 w 80 71 60 282 55 20415 w 80 70 59 270 38 14916 w 80 70 60 176 27 7217 w 79 68 60 18 6 818 w 77 66 60 0 0 019 w 75 64 58 0 0 020 w 74 64 60 0 0 021 w 73 64 59 0 0 022 w 72 64 60 0 0 023 w 72 64 60 0 0 024 w 71 64 60 0 0 0
D :Date.H :Hour.S :Season Of Current Hour. THS:House Air Temperature. DB iOutdoor Dry Bulb Temp. WB :Outdoor Wet Bulb Temp. SBM:Solar Beam Radiation
(Btuh/ sf).SDFrSolar Diffuse Radiation
(Btuh/ sf).
AZS0UTH=-11
CNTRLS FLOWS SUPPLY TMPS: = == = = == ====== ===== = = = =WS WDR TE' SH VHS VHS
3 292 1 . 0 S 0 583 292 1 . 0 s 0 573 292 1 . 0 s 0 563 292 1 . 0 s 0 563 292 1 . 0 s 0 552 292 1 . 0 s 0 543 292 1 . 0 s 0 543 292 1 . 0 0 0 532 292 1 . 0 0 0 553 337 1 . 0 0 2 .0 0 614 22 0 . 9 1 2 .0 0 634 22 0 s 2 .0 0 654 22 0 s 0 654 22 0 s 0 664 22 0 s 0 655 22 0 s 0 654 22 0 s 2 .0 0 644 22 0 s 2 .0 0 633 22 0 s 2 .0 0 612 22 0 s 2 .0 0 621 22 0 .4 s 2 .0 0 621 22 0 . 7 s 2 . 0 0 621 22 0 . 9 s 0 621 45 1 . 0 s 0 62
SGL;Solar Global Radiation (Btuh/ sf).
WS :Wind Speed (m/ hr). WDRzWind Direction N=0 E=90. TF :Throtting Factor.SH :Shutters.VHSiHouse Venting Air Flow
Rate.VHSiHouse Vent Supply Temp.
(Degrees, F).
DEC-21
House energy imbalance for DEC Net=10.571 kBtu (0.0119)240
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
a i i l PP pi*i
M l * S I e 0
/e
—10
X f#r\\
■p-20
-30
-40
-50
Mid
. 5<CM
S<
S<<0
5<CO
1
Noon SQ.
CM
sa. S
Q.<0
sa.60
Ee
KBTU/HR.
GAINS & LOSSES hsdT.Conduction I ■"■I SolarEE3 In fil tration EE3 Internal
241
60
50
40
30
20
10
■ ■ ■ p i
..... y
P HXS i laijfcvMM&ft 01
k Vy
z 7 -10\ \ AV___|x z / -20
1
-30
-4 0
-50
—60
-70
Mid
.2
AM
5<
s<<0
S<CO
1
Noon S
O.04
SCL*
sCLCO
5CLCO
5CLe _
KBTU'HR.
STORAGEE=3Air Node J" — 1 IntWallIrHSlab
242
30
20
10■ *
jim * 1 * ■ m ■ * m 0/ v V r\ f -10\i -20i -3 0
-4 0
-5 0
-6 0
-70
-80
-9 0
4 0 0
Mid
. 5<CM
S<
5<<0
5<co
12
c1 5a.CM 4P
M 5Q.(0
5a.CO
12
KBTU'HR.
TRANSFERSf™tMechanical; ® Vent ©Cool ©Heat243
Date; Jun 21, Dec 21 House; Alt. (A) n hAzm.South; 169 Report; Hourly f244
S U M M A R YRun period: JUN-21 - JUN-21
H O U R L Y H O U S E E N E R G Y B A L A N C E(kBtu; + into house)
GAINS & LOSSESD H THS
= = = = = =TCOND
= = = = = =INFIL
: = = = = = = = = =SLR INT
J 1 80 11.8 3.16 0 1.64U 2 80 11.8 3.16 0 1.50N 3 80 11.8 3.16 0 1.434 80 8.85 2.37 0 1.432 5 80 8.85 2.37 0 1.431 6 80 5.37 0.79 6.81 1.77
7 80 11.1 0.40 17.5 2.598 80 26.0 2.77 24.3 4.039 80 36.8 4.35 28.0 3.8210 80 48.0 6.33 29.9 4.1011 80 53.2 7.12 29.5 4.0312 80 58.1 8.31 28.3 3.1413 80 59.3 8.70 28.6 3.0714 80 60.6 9.49 29.1 2.0515 80 56.2 9.10 27.8 1.9116 80 51.9 9.10 24.8 2.1217 80 38.9 7.12 22.2 3.8918 80 30.1 6.72 11.6 4.3719 80 22.4 5.93 0.52 4.3720 80 17.7 4.75 0 3.5521 80 14.7 3.96 0 3.4122 80 14.7 3.96 0 3.7523 80 16.2 4.35 0 3.0024 80 16.2 4.35 0 1.84
D :Date.H :Hour.THS iHouse Air Temperature. TCONDiGains & Losses Due To
Conduction.INFILiGains & Losses Due To
Infiltration.SLR :Solar Gain & Loss.MECH iMech. System Energy
Transfers.
STORAGE TRANSFERS= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =
AIR SLB IW MECH M0 1.28 1.76 -19.8 C0 1.18 1.63 -19.4 C0 1.09 1.52 -19.1 C0 1.01 1.41 -15.2 C0 0.93 1.31 -15.0 C0 -0.55 -0.52 -12.5 C0 -2.21 —2.69 —24.7 C0 -2.68 -3.41 -49.7 C0 -2.70 -3.51 -65.9 C0 -2.54 -3.35 -81.9 C0 -2.05 — 2.77 —88.8 C0 -1.62 —2.22 —94.0 C0 -1.61 -2.20 -95.6 C0 -1.56 -2.13 -97.3 C0 -1.15 -1.63 -92.4 C0 -0.54 —0.85 —87.0 C0 -0.15 -0.33 -72.0 C0 1.83 2.17 -58.7 C0 3.19 4.01 -42.4 C0 2.23 2.96 -31.5 C0 1.95 2.58 -27.0 C0 1.70 2.28 —26.6 C0 1.54 2.08 -27.4 C0 1.40 1.91 -25.9 c
INT :Gains & Losses Due To Internal Wall
AIR :Energy Gain And Loss Of Air Node.
SLB :Energy Gain And Loss Of Slab
IW :Energy Gain And Loss Of Internal Wall.
M :Mech. System Mode (Heat, Vent, Cool)
245
H O U R L Y C O N D I T I O N S(Various units)
WEATHER DATA CNTRLS FLOWS SUPPLY TMPS========================== ===== =============D H S THS DB WB SBM SDF SGL WS WDR TF SH VHS VHSJ 1 S 80 88 62 0 0 0 4 292 0 0 0 75U 2 S 80 88 63 0 0 0 3 315 0 0 0 76N 3 S 80 88 67 0 0 0 4 337 0 0 0 78
4 S 80 86 71 0 0 0 4 337 0 0 0 792 5 S 80 86 72 0 0 0 4 337 0 0 0 791 6 S 80 82 68 48 13 19 3 292 0 0 0 75
7 S 80 81 62 154 35 87 4 292 0 S 0 728 S 80 87 72 206 44 154 3 315 0 S 0 809 S 80 91 73 224 53 212 5 337 0 S 0 8210 S 80 96 74 230 64 260 6 337 0 S 0 8511 s 80 98 70 232 71 291 6 0 0 S 0 8412 s 80 101 70 232 74 304 6 0 0 s 0 8613 s 80 102 69 232 72 299 5 0 0 s 0 8614 s 80 104 69 230 66 277 6 0 0 s 0 8715 s 80 103 68 226 57 238 6 0 0 s 0 8616 s 80 103 68 214 46 185 5 0 0 s 0 8617 s 80 98 70 176 38 119 5 337 0 s 0 8418 s 80 97 70 90 21 44 5 0 0 s 0 8419 s 80 95 71 2 2 2 4 337 0 s 0 8320 s 80 92 71 0 0 0 4 337 0 0 0 8221 s 80 90 69 0 0 0 4 337 0 0 0 8022 s 80 90 68 0 0 0 3 337 0 0 0 7923 s 80 91 67 0 0 0 4 337 0 0 0 7924 s 80 91 65 0 0 0 3 315 0 0 0 78
D :Date.H :Hour.S :Season Of Current Hour. THS;House Air Temperature. DB :Outdoor Dry Bulb Temp. WB iOutdoor Wet Bulb Temp. SBM:Solar Beam Radiation
(Btuh/ sf).SDFiSolar Diffuse Radiation
(Btuh/ sf).
SGL:Solar Global Radiation (Btuh/ sf) .
WS :Wind Speed (m/ hr). WDRtWind Direction N=0 E=90. TF zThrotting Factor.SH :Shutters.VHSiHouse Venting Air Flow
Rate.VHSiHouse Vent Supply Temp.
(Degrees, F).
AZSOUTH=169 JUN-21
246
80
70
60\ \& 50
/X\ \ 40
// , \
\ 30
4Z\Xt 20\
10
Hil mgali i l l ### # # fitJiiSi 0
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50xJS 2
AM
S<Tf
<CD
2<00
ic
12Q.CM
2CL*
2CLCD
2CL00 10
PM KBTU
'HR.
GAINS & LOSSES fc-dT.Conduction I— I SolarEE3 Infiltration EE3 Internal
247
60
50
40
30
20
10mmm |g§§m m iggjm m i f ggg* 0
• wmm* m-10
-20
-30
-4 0
-50
-60
-70
Mid
. 2<CM
2<
2<(0
2<00
I
Noon 2O.
CM 4PM 2
CLCO
2CL00
l KBTU'HR.
S T O R A G EE=3Air Node |— | Tnt W a l l|— | Slab241
30
20
10
lllll llili■ ■ ■ ■ ill!■ * m ■ 0
-10
__ £ L -20\-30
1\
__i . $r ~
-40
__i
/ -50
\ (</
J -60
\ / -70
\ / -80(J%
-90% / •
-100
Mid
. 5<CM
s<
s<(0
s<CO
1c
i5aCM
IHd
P
Sa.CO
SQ.00
i9
KBTU'HR.
TRANSFERS|— [Mechanical; ® Vent ©Cool ©Heat
24!
S U M M A R YRun period: DEC-21 - DEC-21
H O U R L Y H O U S E E N E R G Y B A L A N C E(kBtu; + into house)
GAINS & LOSSES STORAGE TRANSFERSD H THS TCOND INFIL SLR INT AIR SLB IW MECH MD 1 65 -7.99 -2.14 0 1.64 -2.13 3.95 6.63 0E 2 65 -9.47 -2.54 0 1.50 -0.02 3.74 6.30 0 —
C 3 65 -10.6 -2.83 0 1.43 1.31 3.67 6.34 0 —
4 65 -10.3 -2.77 0 1.43 0.84 3.47 6.08 0.73 H2 5 65 -11.8 -3.16 0 1.43 0 3.14 5.54 4.50 H1 6 65 -13.3 -3.56 0 1.77 0 2.89 5.13 6.71 H
7 65 -14.2 -3.96 2.17 2.59 0 2.07 4.31 7.19 H8 66 —9.01 —4.19 20.9 4.03 —3.00 -3.61 -0.94 0 —
9 68 -1.99 -4.37 37.2 3.82 -12.6 -8.23 -7.90 0 —
10 72 7.83 -3.17 43.0 4.10 -20.3 -10.7 -14.4 -0.02 V11 76 9.87 -3.45 44.2 4.03 -18.9 -11.8 -18.4 -0.03 V12 79 10.8 -3.53 45.0 3.14 -16.4 -12.6 —21.2 —0.03 V13 80 9.05 -3.96 46.6 3.07 -5.52 -11.6 -19.7 -14.9 c14 80 8.07 -3.56 45.0 2.05 0 -9.58 —16.8 —24•1 c15 80 1.79 -3.96 38.5 1.91 0 -7.02 -14.0 -17.3 c16 80 -6.01 -3.96 23.3 2.12 0 -2.80 -10.1 -4.63 c17 79 -14.7 -4.19 2.83 3.89 7.19 2.98 ■-3.07 -0.03 V18 77 -15.7 -4.20 0 4.37 10.1 3.00 •-0.22 -0.03 V19 75 -16.1 -4.32 0 4.37 8.61 3.34 1.78 -0.03 V20 74 -14.3 -3.83 0 3.55 6.40 3.46 2.93 -0.03 V21 73 -13.0 -3.48 0 3.41 4.57 3.48 3.57 -0.02 V22 72 -12.0 -3.23 0 3.75 3.19 3.40 3.85 — 0.02 V23 72 -11.2 -3.02 0 3.00 2.75 3.37 4.15 0 —
24 71 -10.5 -2.81 0 1.84 2.65 3.38 4.48 0 —
D :Date.H :Hour.THS :House Air Temperature. TCOND:Gains & Losses Due To
Conduction.INFILiGains & Losses Due To
Infiltration.SLR :Solar Gain & Loss.MECH zMech. System Energy
Transfers.
INT :Gains & Losses Due To Internal Wall
AIR :Energy Gain And Loss Of Air Node.
SLB :Energy Gain And Loss Of Slab
IW :Energy Gain And Loss Of Internal Wall.
M :Mech. System Mode (Heat, Vent, Cool)
250
H O U R L Y C O N D I T I O N S(Various units)
WEATHER DATA==================D H S THS DB WB SBM SDF SGLD 1 W 65 60 55 0 0 0E 2 W 65 59 54 0 0 0C 3 W 65 58 54 0 0 0
4 W 65 58 53 0 0 02 5 W 65 57 53 0 0 01 6 W 65 56 52 0 0 0
7 W 65 55 52 18 2 38 W 66 55 51 148 24 479 W 68 57 52 262 33 119
10 W 72 64 57 280 51 18211 W 76 67 58 284 64 22412 W 79 70 59 284 69 24113 W 80 70 59 284 66 23414 W 80 71 60 282 55 20415 W 80 70 59 270 38 14916 W 80 70 60 176 27 7217 W 79 68 60 18 6 818 W 77 66 60 0 0 019 W 75 64 58 0 0 020 W 74 64 60 0 0 021 W 73 64 59 0 0 022 W 72 64 60 0 0 023 W 72 64 60 0 0 024 W 71 64 60 0 0 0
D iDate.H :Hour.S :Season Of Current Hour. THS:House Air Temperature. DB :Outdoor Dry Bulb Temp. WB :Outdoor Wet Bulb Temp. SBMiSolar Beam Radiation
(Stub/ sf).SDF:Solar Diffuse Radiation
(Stub/ sf).
AZSOUTH=169........House energy imbalance for DEC
CNTRLS FLOWS SUPPLY TMPS= =: = = = = = = =: = = = = = = =: = = =S WDR TF SH VHS VHS3 292 1.0 S 0 583 292 1.0 s 0 573 292 1.0 s 0 563 292 1.0 s 0 563 292 1.0 s 0 552 292 1.0 s 0 543 292 1.0 s 0 543 292 1.0 0 0 532 292 1.0 0 0 553 337 1.0 0 2.00 614 22 1.0 0 2.00 634 22 0 s 2.00 654 22 0 s 0 654 22 0 s 0 664 22 0 s 0 655 22 0 s 0 654 22 0 s 2.00 644 22 0 s 2.00 633 22 0 s 2.00 612 22 0 . 0 s 2.00 621 22 0 .4 s 2.00 621 22 0 .7 s 2.00 621 22 0 .9 s 0 621 45 1.0 s 0 62
SGLiSolar Global Radiation (Btuh/ sf) .
WS :Wind Speed (m/ hr). WDR:Wind Direction N=0 E=90. TF :Throtting Factor.SH :Shutters.VHS:House Venting Air Flow
Rate.VHS:House Vent Supply Temp.
(Degrees, F).
....... DEC-21Net=10.516 kBtu (0.0122)251
GAINS & LOSSES EET.Conduction I— I SolarE=H Infiltration E3 Internal
252
6 05 0
4 0
3 02 0
1 1 0l i S i ilill
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— 6 0- 7 0
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.#— cc £01
STORAGEH=3Air Node |— | Tnt.Wall|— | Slab
253
3020to
* an j)m 6,■H* ■ ■ * ■ ■ an■P 0V r 9
5Ft3Hi -10A i! -20
i -30-40-50-60-70-80-90100
Mid.
2 AM
4AM 2<<02<00 I
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12Q-CM 4P
M 2Q.(02CL00
WdOt KBTU'HR.TRANSFERS|— [Mechanical; ® Vent ©Cool ©Heat
254
m mNTm ms
t r
Date; Jun 21, Dec 21 House; Alt. (A)Azm.South; .56 Report;Hourly
255
S U M M A R YRun period: JUN-21 -JUN-21
H O U R L Y H O U S E E N E R G Y B A L A N C E(kBtu; + into house)
GAINS & LOSSESD H THS TCOND INFIL SLR INTJ 1 80 11.8 3.16 0 1.64U 2 80 11.8 3.16 0 1.50N 3 80 11.8 3.16 0 1.43
4 80 8.85 2.37 0 1.432 5 80 8.85 2.37 0 1.431 6 80 5.31 0.79 7.93 1.77
7 80 10.9 0.40 21.2 2.598 80 25.9 2.77 27.9 4.039 80 36.5 4.35 29.8 3.82
10 80 47.6 6.33 28.7 4.1011 80 52.7 7.12 27.4 4.0312 80 57.9 8.31 28.2 3.1413 80 59.4 8.70 28.6 3.0714 80 61.1 9.49 27.6 2.0515 80 56.9 9.10 29.0 1.9116 80 52.5 9.10 28.1 2.1217 80 39.3 7.12 22.3 3.8918 80 30.3 6.72 10.7 4.3719 80 22.4 5.93 0.48 4.3720 80 17.7 4.75 0 3.5521 80 14.7 3.96 0 3.4122 80 14.7 3.96 0 3.7523 80 16.2 4.35 0 3.0024 80 16.2 4.35 0 1.84
D : Date.H :Hour.THS :House Air Temperature. TCOND:Gains & Losses Due To
Conduction.INFILsGains & Losses Due To
Infiltration.SLR :Solar Gain & Loss.MECH iMech. System Energy
Transfers.
STORAGE TRANSFERS= = = = == = = = = = := S==:==== = = = = = = = = =AIR SLB IW MECH M
0 1.31 1.80 -19.8 C0 1.21 1.67 -19.5 C0 1.11 1.55 -19.2 C0 1.03 1.44 -15.2 C0 0.95 1.34 -15.0 C0 -0.76 -0.78 -12.9 C0 -2.86 -3.51 -26.4 C0 — 3.06 -3.94 -52.2 C0 -2.69 -3.54 -67.6 C0 — 2. 02 -2.72 -81.9 C0 -1.59 -2.17 -87.5 C0 -1.69 -2.28 -93.3 C0 -1.58 -2.15 -95.8 C0 -1.24 —1.73 -97.3 C0 -1.49 -2.03 -93.0 C0 -1.08 -1.54 -89.3 C0 0.13 -0.02 -73.7 C0 2.11 2.52 -58.7 C0 3.20 4.03 -42.3 C0 2.28 3.02 -31.6 C0 1.98 2.63 -27.1 C0 1.73 2.33 -26.7 C0 1.57 2.12 -27.4 C0 1.43 1.95 -25.9 C
INT :Gains & Losses Due To Internal Wall
AIR :Energy Gain And Loss Of Air Node.
SLB :Energy Gain And Loss Of Slab
IW :Energy Gain And Loss Of Internal Wall.
M :Mech. System Mode (Heat, Vent, Cool)
256
H O U R L Y C O N D I T I O N S (Various units)
WEATHER DATA CNTRLS FLOWS SUPPLY TMPSD H S THS DB WB SBM SDF SGLJ 1 S 80 88 62 0 0 0U 2 S 80 88 63 0 0 0N 3 S 80 88 67 0 0 0
4 S 80 86 71 0 0 02 5 S 80 86 72 0 0 01 6 S 80 82 68 48 13 19
7 S 80 81 62 154 35 878 S 80 87 72 206 44 1549 S 80 91 73 224 53 21210 S 80 96 74 230 64 260
11 S 80 98 70 232 71 29112 S 80 101 70 232 74 30413 S 80 102 69 232 72 29914 S 80 104 69 230 66 27715 S 80 103 68 226 57 23816 S 80 103 68 214 46 18517 S 80 98 70 176 38 11918 S 80 97 70 90 21 4419 s 80 95 71 2 2 220 s 80 92 71 0 0 021 s 80 90 69 0 0 022 s 80 90 68 0 0 023 s 80 91 67 0 0 024 s 80 91 65 0 0 0
D :Date.H :Hour.S :Season Of Current Hour. THS:House Air Temperature. DB :Outdoor Dry Bulb Temp. WB :Outdoor Wet Bulb Temp. SBM:Solar Beam Radiation
(Btuh/ sf) .SDF:Solar Diffuse Radiation
(Btuh/ sf) .
= ===== ===========WS WDR TF SH VHS VHS4 292 0 0 0 753 315 0 0 0 764 337 0 0 0 784 337 0 0 0 794 337 0 0 0 793 292 0 0 0 754 292 0 S 0 723 315 0 S 0 805 337 0 S 0 826 337 0 S 0 856 0 0 S 0 846 0 0 S 0 865 0 0 S 0 866 0 0 S 0 876 0 0 S 0 865 0 0 S 0 865 337 0 S 0 845 0 0 S 0 844 337 0 s 0 834 337 0 0 0 824 337 0 0 0 803 337 0 0 0 794 337 0 0 0 793 315 0 0 0 78
SGLtSolar Global Radiation (Btuh/ sf) .
WS sWind Speed (m/ hr) . WDR:Wind Direction N=0 E=90. TF :Throtting Factor.SH :Shutters.VHSiHouse Venting Air Flow
Rate.VHSiHouse Vent Supply Temp.
(Degrees, F).
AZSOUTH=-56257
JUN-21
80
70
V 60
/ XX>l 50//
\X\ 40// _
XX1 30\\ \ 20//////i#--
>10
SiPIfi
f
g # mi* ■ e wi 0 # 0
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
Mid
. 5<CM
5<Xt
S<(O
s<CO
I9 No
on So.CM 4P
M S0.CO
Sa.00 10
PM KBTU
/HR.
GAINS & LOSSES EBT.Conduction |— I SolarE=3 Infiltration EE3 Internal
258
60
50
40
30
20
10
BBggg2SBS28s* f gggggg§ 111» 0
-10
-20
—30
-4 0
-50
-6 0
-70
Mid
. s<CM
s<xt
s<CO
5<CO
I8 No
on2P
M S£L 5
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5aCO 10
PM KBTU
'HR.
STORAGEE=BAir Node |— | Tnt.Wall|— | Slab
259
30
20
10
■ * ####■ ■ m ■ RRR i e MR 0
-10
------ 4 4? —20
■r V M -3 0\
—i-(</ -4 0i
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(s-4 ------- (<
/j -6 0\
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/ “70\
_i/i -8 0
- f -------
J -9 0^x</ 4 0 0
■■Di
5<CM
5<
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s<oo
19
C
i5£LCM
2Q. 2
CLCO
2CLOO 10
PM KBTU
'HR.
TRANSFERSH Mechanical; ® Vent ©Cool ©Heat
260
S U M M A R YRun period: DEC-21 - DEC-21
H O U R L Y H O U S E E N E R G Y B A L A N C E(kBtu; + into house)
GAINS & LOSSES STORAGE TRANSFERS===================== ================ ==========D H THS TCOND INFIL SLR INT AIR SLB IW MECH MD 1 65 -7.94 -2.13 0 1.64E 2 65 -9.40 -2.52 0 1.50C 3 65 -10.5 -2.81 0 1.43
4 65 -10.3 -2.77 0 1.432 5 65 -11.8 -3.16 0 1.431 6 65 -13.3 -3.56 0 1.77
7 65 -14.4 -3.96 2.08 2.598 65 -10.1 -4.12 19.9 4.039 68 -3.36 -4.23 36.7 3.82
10 72 7.11 -3.05 44.6 4.1011 76 9.78 -3.41 47.4 4.0312 79 10.8 -3.58 48.0 3.1413 80 8.91 -3.96 44.4 3.0714 80 7.57 -3.56 40.4 2.0515 80 1.49 -3.96 34.2 1.9116 80 -5.86 -3.96 23.1 2.1217 79 -14.6 -4.18 3.00 3.8918 77 -15.6 -4.18 0 4.3719 75 —16.0 —4.30 0 4.3720 74 -14.2 -3.81 0 3.5521 73 —12.9 —3.45 0 3.4122 72 -12.0 -3.21 0 3.7523 72 -11.2 -2.99 0 3.0024 71 -10.4 -2.79 0 1.84
: Date:Hour.
THS :House Air Temperature. TCONDsGains & Losses Due To
Conduction.INFILiGains & Losses Due To
Infiltration.SLR :Solar Gain & Loss. MECH :Mech. System Energy
Transfers.
-1.98 3.87 6.48 0 _0.07 3.67 6.19 01.35 3.62 6.25 0 —0.57 3.36 5.88 1.38 H
0 3.06 5.39 4.74 H0 2.82 4.99 6.94 H0 2.02 4.20 7.57 H-2.15 — 3.25 -0.51 0 —
-11.7 -8.00 -7.39 0-20.5 -11.1 -14.5 0 _-20.0 -12.6 -19.1 -0.03 V—17.5 -13.3 -22.1 -0.03 V-4.91 -10.7 -19.1 -15.9 c
0 — 8.54 -16.1 -21.1 c0 -6.37 —13.5 -13.9 c0 -3.36 -10.5 -2.94 c
7.29 2.78 .-3.26 -0.03 V10.3 2.89 •-0.31 -0.03 V8.66 3.27 1.71 -0.03 V6.41 3.39 2.88 -0.03 V4.57 3.43 3.52 -0.02 V3.19 3.35 3.80 -0.02 V2.75 3.33 4.10 0 —2.64 3.34 4.43 0 —
INT :Gains & Losses Due To Internal Wall
AIR :Energy Gain And Loss Of Air Node.
SLB :Energy Gain And Loss Of Slab
IW :Energy Gain And Loss Of Internal Wall.
M :Mech. System Mode (Heat, Vent, Cool)
261
H O U R L Y C O N D I T I O N S (Various units)
WEATHER DATA CNTRLS FLOWS SUPPLY TMPS===================== =====D H S THS DB WB SBM SDF SGLD 1 W 65 60 55 0 0 0E 2 W 65 59 54 0 0 0C 3 w 65 58 54 0 0 04 w 65 58 53 0 0 02 5 w 65 57 53 0 0 01 6 w 65 56 52 0 0 07 w 65 55 52 18 2 38 w 65 55 51 148 24 479 w 68 57 52 262 33 11910 w 72 64 57 280 51 18211 w 76 67 58 284 64 22412 w 79 70 59 284 69 24113 w 80 70 59 284 66 23414 w 80 71 60 282 55 20415 w 80 70 59 270 38 14916 w 80 70 60 176 27 7217 w 79 68 60 18 6 818 w 77 66 60 0 0 019 w 75 64 58 0 0 020 w 74 64 60 0 0 021 w 73 64 59 0 0 022 w 72 64 60 0 0 023 w 72 64 60 0 0 024 w 71 64 60 0 0 0
D :Date.H :Hour.S :Season Of Current Hour. THSiHouse Air Temperature. DB :Outdoor Dry Bulb Temp. WB :Outdoor Wet Bulb Temp. SBM:Solar Beam Radiation
(Btuh/ sf) .SDF:Solar Diffuse Radiation
(Btuh/ sf) .
AZSOUTH= -56......House energy imbalance for DEC
= = = = = = = = = = = .= = = = =WS WDR TF SH VHS VHS3 292 1.0 S 0 583 292 1.0 S 0 573 292 1.0 S 0 563 292 1.0 S 0 563 292 1.0 S 0 552 292 1.0 S 0 543 292 1.0 S 0 543 292 1.0 0 0 532 292 1.0 0 0 553 337 1.0 0 0 614 22 1.0 0 2.00 634 22 0 S 2.00 654 22 0 S 0 654 22 0 S 0 6 64 22 0 S 0 655 22 0 S 0 654 22 0 S 2.00 644 22 0 S 2.00 633 22 0 S 2.00 612 22 0.0 S 2.00 621 22 0.5 S 2.00 621 22 0.8 S 2.00 621 22 1.0 S 0 621 45 1.0 S 0 62
SGL:Solar Global Radiation (Btuh/ sf) .
WS iWind Speed (m/ hr). WDRsWind Direction N=0 E=90. TF iThrotting Factor.SH :Shutters.VHSsHouse Venting Air Flow
Rate.VHSsHouse Vent Supply Temp.
(Degrees, F).
...... DEC-21Net=10.511 kBtu (0.0123)262
KBTU
GAINS & LOSSES E53T.Conduction |— | SolarE3 Infiltration I i Internal
263
60
50
40
30
20
/s 10
8§i te«H I * ■ » ■in/
0L //// z /* -10V__s V -20\" \
-30
-4 0
-50
-60
-70
Mid
. S<CM
5<
s<CO
S<00
IAIVOI- Noon SQ.
CMs0. 5
CL(0
5CL00 10
PM KBTU
'HR.
STORAGEE3Air Node Jr—1 Int.Wall|— | Slab
264
30
20
10i p * * p « i * * * * * 1 m # 1 * * 0
™ v rX 1__e ppa^
-10\V
/// -20
itV-3 0
-40
-5 0
-6 0
-70
-80
-9 0
-400"D5
5<CM
5<
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5<CO
i
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2CLCO
20.g
KBTU/HR.
TRANSFERSH Mechanical; ® Vent ©Cool ©Heat
265
Date;Jun 21, Dec 21 Azm.South; 124
House; Alt.(A) Report; Hourly
266
S U M M A R YRun period: JUN-21 - JUN-21
H O U R L Y H O U S E E N E R G Y B A L A N C E(kBtu; + into house)
GAINS & LOSSES STORAGE TRANSFERS= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = — = = 3 : = %: — =5 5 s == - - = = = —
D H THS TCOND INFIL SLRJ 1 80 11.8 3.16 0U 2 80 11.8 3.16 0N 3 80 11.8 3.16 0
4 80 8.85 2.37 02 5 80 8.85 2.37 01 6 80 5.51 0.79 7.71
7 80 11.6 0.40 20.38 80 26.7 2.77 27.89 80 37.3 4.35 30.5
10 80 48.2 6.33 28.911 80 53.1 7.12 27.412 80 58.0 8.31 28.213 80 59.2 8.70 28.514 80 60.6 9.49 27.415 80 56.2 9.10 28.616 80 51.7 9.10 27.817 80 38.6 7.12 24.418 80 29.8 6.72 11.919 80 22.3 5.93 0.5120 80 17.7 4.75 021 80 14.7 3.96 022 80 14.7 3.96 023 80 16.2 4.35 024 80 16.2 4.35 0
I NT AIR SLB IW1.64 0 1.33 1.821.50 0 1.22 1.691.43 0 1.13 1.571.43 0 1.04 1.461.43 0 0.96 1.351.77 0 -0.70 -0.712.59 0 -2.69 -3.294.03 0 -3.11 -3.983.82 0 -2.85 -3.744.10 0 -2.01 -2.724.03 0 -1.58 -2.163.14 0 -1.68 — 2.263.07 0 -1.54 -2.112.05 0 -1.20 -1.681.91 0 -1.42 -1.942.12 0 -1.04 -1.493.89 0 -0.33 -0.594.37 0 2.02 2.374.37 0 3.31 4.163.55 0 2.32 3.073.41 0 2.02 2.673.75 0 1.76 2.363.00 0 1.59 2.151.84 0 1.45 1.97
MECH M-19.9 C -19.5 C -19.2 C -15.2 C -15.1 C -13.0 C -26.7 C -52.7 C -68.6 C -82.8 C -87.9 C -93.4 C -95.6 C -96.8 C -92.1 C -88.2 C -73.5 C -59.5 C -42.7 C -31.7 C -27.2 C -26.8 C -27.5 C —26.0 C
D :Date.H :Hour.THS :House Air Temperature. TCOND:Gains & Losses Due To
Conduction.INFILiGains & Losses Due To
Infiltration.SLR :Solar Gain & Loss.MECH :Mech. System Energy
Transfers.
INT :Gains & Losses Due To Internal Wall
AIR :Energy Gain And Loss Of Air Node.
SLB :Energy Gain And Loss Of Slab
IW :Energy Gain And Loss Of Internal Wall.
M :Mech. System Mode (Heat, Vent, Cool)
267
H O U R L Y C O N D I T I O N S (Various units)
WEATHER DATA= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =
D H S THS DB WB SBM SDF SGLJ 1 S 80 88 62 0 0 0U 2 S 80 88 63 0 0 0N 3 S 80 88 67 0 0 0
4 S 80 86 71 0 0 02 5 S 80 86 72 0 0 01 6 S 80 82 68 48 13 19
7 S 80 81 62 154 35 878 S 80 87 72 206 44 1549 S 80 91 73 224 53 212
10 S 80 96 74 230 64 26011 S 80 98 70 232 71 29112 S 80 101 70 232 74 30413 S 80 102 69 232 72 29914 S 80 104 69 230 66 27715 S 80 103 68 226 57 23816 S 80 103 68 214 46 18517 S 80 98 70 176 38 11918 S 80 97 70 90 21 4419 S 80 95 71 2 2 220 S 80 92 71 0 0 021 S 80 90 69 0 0 022 S 80 90 68 0 0 023 S 80 91 67 0 0 024 S 80 91 65 0 0 0
D :Date.H :Hour.S :Season Of Current Hour. THS:House Air Temperature. DB :Outdoor Dry Bulb Temp. WB :Outdoor Wet Bulb Temp. SBM:Solar Beam Radiation
(Btuh/ sf) .SDF:Solar Diffuse Radiation
(Btuh/ sf) .
AZS0UTH=124
: = = = WDR
CNTRLS======TF SH
FLOWS= = = = =VHS
SUPPLY TMPS ===========VHS
292 0 0 0 75315 0 0 0 76337 0 0 0 78337 0 0 0 79337 0 0 0 79292 0 0 0 75292 0 S 0 72315 0 S 0 80337 0 S 0 82337 0 S 0 85
0 0 S 0 840 0 S 0 860 0 S 0 860 0 S 0 870 0 S • 0 860 0 S 0 86
337 0 S 0 840 0 S 0 84
337 0 S 0 83337 0 0 0 82337 0 0 0 80337 0 0 0 79337 0 0 0 79315 0 0 0 78
SGL:Solar Global Radiation (Btuh/ sf) .
WS :Wind Speed (m/ hr). WDRiWind Direction N=0 E=90. TF :Throtting Factor.SH :Shutters.VHSiHouse Venting Air Flow
Rate.VHSsHouse Vent Supply Temp.
(Degrees, F).
JUN-21
= = =WS434443435666566555444343
268
8 0
7 0
6 0y #~epl \
N 5 0>/
X\ 4 0///\\, 3 0
/ifi
1 \ \\ 2 0X
n/ ///>
1 0p | ^ M a n
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- 1 0- 2 0
- 3 0
- 4 0- 5 0
Mid. s<C M
s< s<CD
s<c o
1 10 A
M C1
Sa .C MSQ . Sa .c o
sC LC O 10 P
M K B T U' H R .
GAINS & LOSSES E53T.Conduction I— | SolarE3 Infiltration EE3 Internal
269
60
50
40
30
20
10
* g p p pp pn * s 0
-10
-20
-30
-4 0
-50
-60
-70
Mid
.2
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STORAGEE3Air Node ]r- j Int.WallSlab
270
30
20
10
■ ■ m * * H m e Ele m e 0
—6 -10F
/s r -20
i\\ -3 0V\ j -4 0\
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__ A/
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-9 0><s -100
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TRANSFERSEjMechanical; ® Vent ©Cool ®Heat
271
S U M M A R YRun period: DEC-21 - DEC-21
H O U R L Y H O U S E E N E R G Y B A L A N C E(kBtu; + into house)
GAINS & LOSSES STORAGE TRANSFERS= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = —= = —
D H THS TCOND INFIL SLR INT
D 1 65 -7.88 -2.11 0 1.64E 2 65 -9.30 -2.49 0 1.50C 3 65 -10.4 -2.78 0 1.43
4 65 -10.3 -2.77 0 1.432 5 65 —11.8 —3.16 0 1.431 6 65 -13.3 -3.56 0 1.77
7 65 -14.3 -3.96 1.76 2.598 65 -9.35 -4.10 17.3 4.039 68 -2.05 -4.16 32.2 3.82
10 71 8.45 -2.92 41.6 4.1011 75 10.8 -3.29 47.2 4.0312 79 11.5 -3.49 48.1 3.1413 80 8.87 -3.96 42.6 3.0714 80 7.20 -3.56 38.4 2.0515 80 0.86 -3.96 34.1 1.9116 80 -6.42 -3.96 23.8 2.1217 79 -14.6 -4.17 3.03 3.8918 77 -15.5 -4.16 0 4.3719 75 -15.9 -4.27 0 4.3720 74 -14.1 -3.78 0 3.5521 73 -12.8 -3.42 0 3.4122 72 -11.8 -3.17 0 3.7523 71 -11.0 -2.96 0 3.0024 71 -10.3 -2.76 0 1.84
D :Date.H :Hour.THS :House Air Temperature. TCOND:Gains & Losses Due To
Conduction.INFIL:Gains & Losses Due To
Infiltration.SLR :Solar Gain & Loss.MECH :Mech. System Energy
Transfers.
:======£ = = = = =::= = = = SAIR SLB IW iMECH M-1.77 3.75 6.27 00.21 3.57 6.02 0 __
1.41 3.53 6.12 0 _
0.15 3.20 5.58 2.39 H0 2.94 5.15 5.11 H0 2.70 4.77 7.30 H0 2.01 4.07 7.90 H-1.88 -2.61 -0.07 0 _
-11.0 -7.00 -6.49 0 __
-19.8 -10.7 -13.9 0 —-20.1 -12.9 -19.2 -0.03 V-17.9 -13.5 -22.2 -0.03 V— 6.06 -10.5 -19.3 -13.0 c
0 -8.41 -16.1 -18.9 c0 -6.77 -13.9 -11.9 c0 -3.79 —11. 0 —2.02 c7.44 2.66 -3.43 -0.03 V10.4 2.76 •-0.44 -0.03 V
8.72 3.16 1.61 -0.03 V6.45 3.30 2.79 -0.02 V4.59 3.34 3.43 -0.02 V3.20 3.27 3.72 -0.02 V2.75 3.25 4.03 0 —
2.64 3.26 4.36 0 —
INT :Gains & Losses Due To Internal Wall
AIR :Energy Gain And Loss Of Air Node.
SLB :Energy Gain And Loss Of Slab
IW :Energy Gain And Loss Of Internal Wall.
M :Mech. System Mode (Heat, Vent, Cool)
272
H O U R L Y C O N D I T I O N S(Various units)
WEATHER DATA CNTRLS FLOWS SUPPLY TMPS
D H S T H S D B W B S B M S D F S G L W S W D R T F S H V H S V H SD 1 W 6 5 6 0 5 5 0 0 0 3 2 9 2 1 . 0 S 0 5 8E 2 W 6 5 5 9 5 4 0 0 0 3 2 9 2 1 . 0 S 0 5 7C 3 w 6 5 5 8 5 4 0 0 0 3 2 9 2 1 . 0 S 0 5 64 w 6 5 5 8 5 3 0 0 0 3 2 9 2 1 . 0 S 0 5 62 5 w 6 5 5 7 5 3 0 0 0 3 2 9 2 1 . 0 S 0 5 51 6 w 6 5 5 6 5 2 0 0 0 2 2 9 2 1 . 0 S 0 5 47 w 6 5 5 5 5 2 1 8 2 3 3 2 9 2 1 . 0 S 0 5 48 w 6 5 5 5 5 1 1 4 8 2 4 4 7 3 2 9 2 1 . 0 0 0 5 39 w 6 8 5 7 5 2 2 6 2 3 3 1 1 9 2 2 9 2 1 . 0 0 0 5 51 0 w 7 1 6 4 5 7 2 8 0 5 1 1 8 2 3 3 3 7 1 . 0 0 0 6 11 1 w 7 5 6 7 5 8 2 8 4 6 4 2 2 4 4 2 2 1 . 0 0 2 . 0 0 6 31 2 w 7 9 7 0 5 9 2 8 4 6 9 2 4 1 4 2 2 0 S 2 . 0 0 6 51 3 w 8 0 7 0 5 9 2 8 4 6 6 2 3 4 4 2 2 0 S 0 6 51 4 w 8 0 7 1 6 0 2 8 2 5 5 2 0 4 4 2 2 0 s 0 6 61 5 w 8 0 7 0 5 9 2 7 0 3 8 1 4 9 4 2 2 0 s 0 6 51 6 w 8 0 7 0 6 0 1 7 6 2 7 7 2 5 2 2 0 s 0 6 51 7 w 7 9 6 8 6 0 1 8 6 8 4 . 2 2 0 s 2 . 0 0 6 41 8 w 7 7 6 6 6 0 0 0 0 4 2 2 0 s 2 . 0 0 6 31 9 w 7 5 6 4 5 8 0 0 0 3 2 2 0 s 2 . 0 0 6 12 0 w 7 4 6 4 6 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 0 . 1 s 2 . 0 0 6 2
2 1 w 7 3 6 4 5 9 0 0 0 1 2 2 0 . 5 s 2 . 0 0 6 22 2 w 7 2 6 4 6 0 0 0 0 1 2 2 0 . 8 s 2 . 0 0 6 22 3 w 7 1 6 4 6 0 0 0 0 1 2 2 1 . 0 s 0 6 22 4 w 7 1 6 4 6 0 0 0 0 1 4 5 1 . 0 s 0 6 2
D ;Date.H sHour.S :Season Of Current Hour. THS:House Air Temperature. DB :Outdoor Dry Bulb Temp.
;Outdoor Wet Bulb Temp. SBMiSolar Beam Radiation
(Btuh/ sf).SDF:Solar Diffuse Radiation (Btuh/ sf) .
SGLiSolar Global Radiation (Btuh/ sf) .
WS :Wind Speed (m/ hr). WDRiWind Direction N=0 E=90. TF iThrotting Factor.SH :Shutters.VHSiHouse Venting Air Flow
Rate.VHS:House Vent Supply Temp.
(Degrees, F).
House energy imbalance for DEC Net=10.503 kBtu (0.0126) AZSOUTH=124. ............... DEC-21
273
80
70
60
50
40
l 30
L 20
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* g i l l * l i iX
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. s<CM
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i9
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KBTU/HR.
GAINS & LOSSES EST.Conduction I— I SolarE3 Infiltration EE3 Internal
274
60
50
40
30
20
10™le • mm
i p ■ * »««/
0R 0■ ###
X , i -10xv> Lrf z
y -20>
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KBTU/HR.
STORAGEE=HAir Node |— | Tnt.W all0Slab
275
30
20
to
■ mAIB
k .MBF l * ■ * ■ ■ ■ # # 0v!v VI
v_v.i/ -10\\
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-3 0
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-6 0
-70
-8 0
-9 0
-100•
"Oi
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5<Tf"
5<CO
5<00
IAIVOI- Noon SQ.
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<0sCL00 10
PM KBTU
'HR.
TRANSFERS|— [Mechanical; ® Vent ©Cool ©Heat
276
Date; Jun 21, Dec 21 House; Alt. (A)Azm.South; .101 Report; Hourly
277
S U M M A R Y 'Run period: JUN-21 - JUN-21
H O U R L Y H O U S E E N E R G Y B A L A N C E(kBtu; + into house)
GAINS & LOSSES STORAGE TRANSFERS= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =
D H THS TCOND INFIL SLR INT AIR SLB IW MECH MJ 1 80 11.8 3.16 0 1.64U 2 80 11.8 3.16 0 1.50N 3 80 11.8 3.16 0 1.43
4 80 8.85 2.37 0 1.432 5 80 8.85 2.37 0 1.431 6 80 5.15 0.79 7.82 1.77
7 80 10.3 0.40 19.9 2.598 80 25.1 2.77 26.2 4.039 80 36.0 4.35 27.4 3.82
10 80 47.4 6.33 28.3 4.1011 80 52.8 7.12 27.5 4.0312 80 58.1 8.31 28.5 3.1413 80 59.3 8.70 27.7 3.0714 80 60.7 ' 9.49 26.3 2.0515 80 56.5 9.10 28.6 1.9116 80 52.2 9.10 27.1 2.1217 80 39.3 7.12 22.2 3.8918 80 30.3 6.72 11.2 4.3719 80 22.4 5.93 0.50 4.3720 80 17.7 4.75 0 3.5521 80 14.7 3.96 0 3.4122 80 14.7 3.96 0 3.7523 80 16.2 4.35 0 3.0024 80 16.2 4.35 0 1.84
0 1.28 1.76 -19.8 C0 1.18 1.63 -19.4 C0 1.09 1.51 -19.1 C0 1.00 1.41 -15.2 C0 0.93 1.31 -15.0 C0 -0.76 -0.78 — 12.6 C0 -2.61 -3.20 -25.2 C0 -2.85 -3.66 -50.3 C0 -2.37 -3.12 -65.5 C0 -2.20 -2.93 -80.6 C0 -1.73 — 2.35 -87.3 C0 -1.83 -2.46 -93.4 C0 -1.43 -1.98 -95.4 C0 -1.08 -1.53 — 96.0 C0 -1.56 -2.10 -91.9 C0 — 0.96 -1.40 -88.4 C0 -0.02 -0.19 -73.0 C0 1.92 2.28 -58.8 C0 3.18 3.99 -42.3 C0 2.23 2.96 -31.5 C0 1.94 2.58 -27.0 C0 1.69 2.28 -26.6 C0 1.53 2.07 -27.4 C0 1.40 1.90 -25.9 C
D :Date.H :Hour.THS :House Air Temperature. TCOND:Gains & Losses Due To
Conduction.INFILsGains & Losses Due To
Infiltration.SLR :Solar Gain & Loss.MECH :Mech. System Energy
Transfers.
INT :Gains & Losses Due To Internal Wall
AIR :Energy Gain And Loss Of Air Node.
SLB :Energy Gain And Loss Of Slab
IW :Energy Gain And Loss Of Internal Wall.
M :Mech. System Mode (Heat, Vent, Cool)
278
H O U R L Y C O N D I T I O N S (Various units)
WEATHER DATA= = = := = = = == = = = =D H S THS DB WB SBM SDF SGL
J 1 S 8 0 8 8 6 2 0 0 0O 2 S 8 0 8 8 6 3 0 0 0N 3 S 8 0 8 8 6 7 0 0 04 S 8 0 8 6 7 1 0 0 02 5 S 8 0 8 6 7 2 0 0 01 6 S 8 0 8 2 6 8 4 8 1 3 1 97 S 8 0 8 1 6 2 1 5 4 3 5 8 78 S 8 0 8 7 7 2 2 0 6 4 4 1 5 49 S 8 0 9 1 7 3 2 2 4 5 3 2 1 21 0 s 8 0 9 6 7 4 2 3 0 6 4 2 6 01 1 s 8 0 9 8 7 0 2 3 2 7 1 2 9 11 2 s 8 0 1 0 1 7 0 2 3 2 7 4 3 0 41 3 s 8 0 1 0 2 6 9 2 3 2 7 2 2 9 91 4 s 8 0 1 0 4 6 9 2 3 0 6 6 2 7 71 5 s 8 0 1 0 3 6 8 2 2 6 5 7 2 3 81 6 s 8 0 1 0 3 6 8 2 1 4 4 6 1 8 51 7 s 8 0 9 8 7 0 1 7 6 3 8 1 1 91 8 s 8 0 9 7 7 0 9 0 2 1 4 41 9 s 8 0 9 5 7 1 2 2 22 0 s 8 0 9 2 7 1 0 0 02 1 s 8 0 9 0 6 9 0 0 02 2 s 8 0 9 0 6 8 0 0 02 3 s 8 0 9 1 6 7 0 0 02 4 s 8 0 9 1 6 5 0 0 0
D sDate.H :Hour.g • season Of Current Hour. THS:House Air Temperature. DB -outdoor Dry Bulb Temp. ffj3 -Outdoor Wet Bulb Temp. SBM: Solar Beam Radiation
(Btuh/ sf) .r d f:Solar Diffuse Radiation
(Btuh/ sf) .
AZSOUTH=-101
CNTRLS FLOWS SUPPLY TMPS: = = = ====== = = = = = = = = = =WDR TF SH VHS VHS292 0 0 0 75315 0 0 0 76337 0 0 0 78337 0 0 0 79337 0 0 0 79292 0 0 0 75292 0 S 0 72315 0 S 0 80337 0 S 0 82337 0 S 0 85
0 0 S 0 840 0 S 0 860 0 S 0 860 0 S • 0 870 0 s 0 860 0 s 0 86
337 0 s 0 840 0 s 0 84
337 0 s 0 83337 0 0 0 82337 0 0 0 80337 0 0 0 79337 0 0 0 79315 0 0 0 78
SGL:Solar Global Radiation (Btuh/ sf) .
WS :Wind Speed (m/ hr). WDR:Wind Direction N=0 E=90. TF iThrotting Factor.SH :Shutters.VHS:House Venting Air Flow
Rate.VHS:House Vent Supply Temp.
(Degrees, F).
JUN-21
= = =WS434443435666566555444343
279
80
70
604
/ \ 50ii_JLi \\% 40w
it4—
%\tk 30
— A
\ \X 20hhh
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-30
-40
-50
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. s<CM
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GAINS & LOSSES EEHT.Conduction I— I SolarE=3 Infiltration EE3 Internal
210
60
50
40
30
2 0
1 0mm * g g g in i g § g w * 0
-10
- 2 0
—30
-4 0
-50
-60
-70"d
1 2
AM4A
M 2<(O
2<00
18 No
on 2CLCM
2CL 2
Q.<0
2D lCO 10
PM KBTU
/HR.
STORAGEE3Air Node |— | Tnt.W all|— | Slab
281
30
20
10
m . ■ lii* n i ■ * m ■ i 0
-10L -20r V H -3 0
\____ L
V-40
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(<I
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4 // -80\ -9 0if -100
Mid
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5<
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I
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CM2Q. 2
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2Q.0 0
2Q.O
KBTU'HR.
TRANSFERS}— 1 Mechanical; ® Vent ©Cool ©Heat
282
S U M M A R YRun period: DEC-21 - DEC-21
H O U R L Y H O U S E E N E R G Y B A L A N C E(kBtu; + into house)
GAINS & LOSSES=====================D H THS TCOND INFIL SLR INTD 1 65 -7.98 -2.14 0 1.64E 2 65 -9.46 -2.54 0 1.50C 3 65 -10.6 -2.83 0 1.43
4 65 -10.3 -2.77 0 1.432 5 65 -11.8 -3.16 0 1.431 6 65 -13.3 -3.56 0 1.77
7 65 -14.3 -3.96 2.21 2.598 66 -9.42 -4.17 20.8 4.039 68 -2.41 -4.31 35.7 3.82
10 72 7.77 -3.09 41.8 4.1011 75 10.2 -3.36 42.9 4.0312 79 11.3 -3.44 44.3 3.1413 80 9.33 -3.96 44.9 3.0714 80 8.41 -3.56 46.1 2.0515 80 2.15 -3.96 40.2 1.9116 80 -5.77 -3.96 24.7 2.1217 79 -14.7 -4.21 2.92 3.8918 77 -15.7 -4.21 0 4.3719 75 -16.1 -4.33 0 4.3720 74 -14.3 -3.83 0 3.5521 73 -13.0 -3.47 0 3.4122 72 -12.0 -3.23 0 3.7523 72 -11.2 -3.01 0 3.0024 71 -10.5 -2.81 0 1.84
D :Date.H :Hour.THS :House Air Temperature. TCONDiGains & Losses Due To
Conduction.INFIL:Gains & Losses Due To
Infiltration.SLR :Solar Gain & Loss.MECH :Mech. System Energy
Transfers.
STORAGE TRANSFERSAIR SLB IW MECH M
-2.11 3.94 6.61 0-0.01 3.73 6.28 0 —
1.31 3.67 6.33 0 —
0.80 3.46 6.05 0.82 H0 3.13 5.52 4.54 H0 2.88 5.11 6.75 H0 2.05 4.28 7.27 H-2.76 -3.54 -0.83 0-12.1 -7.72 -7.37 0-19.9 -10.4 -13.9 0-18.9 -11.4 -17.9 -0.03 V— 16.5 -12.5 -21.0 — 0.03 V
-6.61 -11.5 -19.8 -12.6 C0 -10.2 -17.3 -23.9 C0 -7.47 -14.4 -18.4 C0 -3.10 -10.4 -5.70 C6.98 3.04 -3.14 -0.03 V
10.2 2.99 -0.28 -0.03 V8.67 3.34 1.73 -0.03 V6.44 3.44 2.90 -0.03 V4.60 3.47 3.54 -0.02 V3.21 3.39 3.82 -0.02 V2.77 3.36 4.13 0 —
2.66 3.37 4.46 0 —
INT iGains & Losses Due To Internal Wall
AIR :Energy Gain And Loss Of Air Node.
SLB :Energy Gain And Loss Of Slab
IW :Energy Gain And Loss Of Internal Wall.
M :Mech. System Mode (Heat, Vent, Cool)
283
H O U R L Y C O N D I T I O N S(Various units)
WEATHER DATA= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =
D H S THS DB WB SBM SDF SGLD 1 W 65 60 55 0 0 0E 2 w 65 59 54 0 0 0C 3 w 65 58 54 0 0 0
4 w 65 58 53 0 0 02 5 w 65 57 53 0 0 01 6 w 65 56 52 0 0 0
7 w 65 55 52 18 2 38 w 66 55 51 148 24 479 w 68 57 52 262 33 11910 w 72 64 57 280 51 18211 w 75 67 58 284 64 22412 w 79 70 59 284 69 24113 w 80 70 59 284 66 23414 w 80 71 60 282 55 20415 w 80 70 59 270 38 14916 w 80 70 60 176 27 7217 w 79 68 60 18 6 818 w 77 66 60 0 0 019 w 75 64 58 0 0 020 w 74 64 60 0 0 021 w 73 64 59 0 0 022 w 72 64 60 0 0 023 w 72 64 60 0 0 024 w 71 64 60 0 0 0
D : Date.H :Hour.S :Season Of Current Hour. THS:House Air Temperature. DB :Outdoor Dry Bulb Temp. WB :Outdoor Wet Bulb Temp. SBM:Solar Beam Radiation
(Stub/ sf) .SDF:Solar Diffuse Radiation
(Btuh/ sf) .
CNTRLS FLOWS SUPPLY TMPS: s = = s = = s = = = = = = = = = = = = = = :WS WDR TF SH VHS VHS
3 292 1.0 S 0 583 292 1.0 S 0 573 292 1.0 S 0 563 292 1.0 S 0 563 292 1.0 S 0 552 292 1.0 S 0 543 292 1.0 S 0 543 292 1.0 0 0 532 292 1.0 0 0 553 337 1.0 0 0 614 22 1.0 0 2.00 634 22 0 S 2.00 654 22 0 S 0 654 22 0 S 0 664 22 0 S . 0 655 22 0 S 0 654 22 0 S 2.00 644 22 0 S 2.00 633 22 0 S 2.00 612 22 0.0 S 2.00 621 22 0.4 S 2.00 621 22 0.7 S 2.00 621 22 0.9 S 0 621 45 1.0 S 0 62
SGLtSolar Global Radiation (Btuh/ sf) .
WS :Wind Speed (m/ hr). WDR:Wind Direction N=0 E=90. TF iThrotting Factor.SH :Shutters.VHS:House Venting Air Flow
Rate.VHS:House Vent Supply Temp.
(Degrees, F).
AZSOUTH=-101...............DEC-21House energy imbalance for DEC Net=10.499 kBtu (0.0122)
284
GAINS & LOSSES E=3T.Conduction I— I SolarE=3Infiltration I i Internal
285
60
50
40
30
20
/v_. 10
■ ■ * « ■ rib 0m #0# # ## i « i
Li / -10
x \\> <
/ -20
—30
-4 0
-50
-60
-70T3s
5<CM
5<
s<CO 8A
M I9
C
150 .CM
sCL
sCLCO
sCLCO 10
PM KBTU
/HR.
STORAGEE3Air Node jr." 1 IntWallSlab
286
3 0
2 0
10
* m A* P i
■
■ ! ■ a v * * pp 0y y ^
\ f ?M FlS p c
- 1 0
\
// - 2 0
i- 3 0
- 4 0
- 5 0
- 6 0
- 7 0
- 8 0
- 9 0
-1 0 0
"65
1 2
AM 5
<S<<0
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/HR.
TRANSFERSj—EtMechanical; ® Vent ©Cool ©Heat
287
Date; Jun2L Dec 21 House; Alt.(A)Azm.South;79 Report; Hourly t1
288
S U M M A R YRun period: JUN-21 -JUN-21
H O U R L Y H O U S E E N E R G Y B A L A N C E(kBtu; + into house)
GAINS & LOSSESD H THS TCOND INFIL SLR INTJ 1 80 11.8 3.16 0 1.64U 2 80 11.8 3.16 0 1.50N 3 80 11.8 3.16 0 1.43
4 80 8.85 2.37 0 1.432 5 80 8.85 2.37 0 1.431 6 80 5.38 0.79 6.95 1.77
7 80 11.0 0.40 17.8 2.598 80 25.9 2.77 24.5 4.039 80 36.7 4.35 28.4 3.82
10 80 47.9 6.33 28.6 4.1011 80 53.1 7.12 27.4 4.0312 80 58.1 8.31 28.5 3.1413 80 59.1 8.70 27.7 3.0714 80 60.3 9.49 26.4 2.0515 80 55.9 9.10 28.0 1.9116 80 51.6 9.10 26.9 2.1217 80 38.7 7.12 23.6 3.8918 80 30.1 6.72 11.9 4.3719 80 22.4 5.93 0.52 4.3720 80 17.7 4.75 0 3.5521 80 14.7 3.96 0 3.4122 80 14.7 3.96 0 3.7523 80 16.2 4.35 0 3.0024. 80 16.2 4.35 0 1.84
STORAGE TRANSFERS================ =========AIR SLB IW MECH M
0 1.28 1.76 -19.8 C0 1.18 1.63 -19.4 C0 1.09 1.51 -19.1 c0 1.00 1.41 -15.2 c0 0.93 1.31 -15.0 c0 -0.58 —0.56 —12.5 c0 -2.26 -2.75 -24.8 c0 -2.71 -3.45 -49.7 c0 — 2.7 5 -3.58 -65.9 c0 -2.22 -2.97 -81.4 c0 -1.73 -2.35 -87.5 c0 -1.85 -2.48 -93.3 c0 -1.45 -2.00 -95.2 c0 -1.13 -1.59 -95.6 c0 -1.45 -1.97 -91.1 c0 -0.99 -1.42 -87.5 c0 -0.33 -0.58 -72.9 c0 1.87 2.19 -59.3 c0 3.23 4.05 -42.5 c0 2.25 2.97 -31.5 c0 1.95 2.59 -27.0 c0 1.70 2.28 -26.6 c0 1.54 2.08 -27.4 c0 1.40 1.90 -25.9 c
D :Date.H iHour.THS :House Air Temperature. TCONDiGains & Losses Due To
Conduction.lNFIL:Gains & Losses Due To
Infiltration.SLR :Solar Gain & Loss.MECH :Mech. System Energy
Transfers.
INT :Gains & Losses Due To Internal Wall
AIR :Energy Gain And Loss Of Air Node.
SLB :Energy Gain And Loss Of Slab
IW iEnergy Gain And Loss Of Internal Wall.
M iMech. System Mode (Heat, Vent, Cool)
289
H O U R L Y C O N D I T I O N S(Various units)
WEATHER DATA= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =
D H S THS DB WB SBM SDF SGL
J 1 S 80 88 62 0 0 0U 2 S 80 88 63 0 0 0N 3 S 80 88 67 0 0 0
4 S 80 86 71 0 0 02 5 S 80 86 72 0 0 01 6 S 80 82 68 48 13 19
7 S 80 81 62 154 35 878 S 80 87 72 206 44 1549 S 80 91 73 224 53 21210 S 80 96 74 230 64 26011 S 80 98 70 232 71 29112 S 80 101 70 232 74 30413 S 80 102 69 232 72 29914 S 80 104 69 230 66 27715 s 80 103 68 226 57 23816 s 80 103 68 214 46 18517 s 80 98 70 176 38 11918 s 80 97 70 90 21 4419 s 80 95 71 2 2 220 s 80 92 71 0 0 021 s 80 90 69 0 0 022 s 80 90 68 0 0 023 s 80 91 67 0 0 024 s 80 91 65 0 0 0
D !Date.H :Hour.S :Season Of Current Hour. THS:House Air Temperature. DB :Outdoor Dry Bulb Temp. WB :Outdoor Wet Bulb Temp. SBM:Solar Beam Radiation
(Btuh/ sf) .SDF:Solar Diffuse Radiation
(Btuh/ sf) .
CNTRLS FLOWS SUPPLY TMPS: = = = = = = ====== = = = = = = = = = :WS WDR TF SH VHS VHS
4 292 0 0 0 753 315 0 0 0 764 337 0 0 0 784 337 0 0 0 794 337 0 0 0 793 292 0 0 0 754 292 0 S 0 723 315 0 S 0 805 337 0 S 0 826 337 0 S 0 856 0 0 S 0 846 0 0 S 0 865 0 0 S 0 866 0 0 s 0 876 0 0 s 0 865 0 0 s 0 865 337 0 s 0 845 0 0 s 0 844 337 0 s 0 834 337 0 0 0 824 337 0 0 0 803 337 0 0 0 794 337 0 0 0 793 315 0 0 0 78
SGL:Solar Global Radiation (Btuh/ sf).
WS :Wind Speed (m/ hr). WDRiWind Direction N=0 E=90. TF :Throtting Factor.SH :Shutters.VHS:House Venting Air Flow
Rate.VHS:House Vent Supply Temp.
(Degrees, F).
AZSOUTH=79 JUN-21290
80
70
60// \ 50
tV
\\% 40///
\X\ 30
- J
/ V \ \X 20t >10
w m p li Ifci.w.—
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-20
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GAINS & LOSSES fc-dT.Conduction I—H SolarE3 Infiltration EE3 Internal
291
60
50
40
30
2 0
10
* i l l IH 1111gggpP 0
-10
- 2 0
-30
-4 0
-50
-60
-70
Mid
. s<CN
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19
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2a.*
2a<0
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PM KBTU
'HR.
STORAGEH=HAir Node |— | Tnt.W all|----- 1 Slab
292
30
2 0
1 0
H i ■ IB I1Hm i ■M * S I 0
- 1 0
— a L - 2 0r \ 4 -3 0\ ; -40
4 --- 7 -5 0
\ rc
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// -80
(<(<1 -9 0Z"
r -400
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sa.CO
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KBTU/HR.
TRANSFERS£™[Mechanical; ® Vent ©Cool ©Heat
293
S U M M A R YRun period: DEC-21 -DEC-21
H O U R L Y H O U S E E N E R G Y B A L A N C E(kBtu; + into house)
GAINS & LOSSES =====================
D H THS TCOND INFIL SLR INTD 1 65 -7.97 -2.14 0 1.64E 2 65 -9.44 -2.53 0 1.50C 3 65 -10.5 -2.82 0 1.43
4 65 -10.3 -2.77 0 1.432 5 65 -11.8 -3.16 0 1.431 6 65 -13.3 -3.56 0 1.77
7 65 -14.2 -3.96 2.08 2.598 66 -9.14 -4.17 20.1 4.039 68 -2.12 -4.31 35.4 3.82
10 72 7.86 -3.07 40.8 4.1011 75 10.1 -3.30 40.9 4.0312 78 11.2 -3.33 42.4 3.1413 80 8.49 -3.96 44.1 3.0714 80 7.34 -3.56 45.7 2.0515 80 0.95 -3.96 43.6 1.9116 80 -6.62 -3.96 27.8 2.1217 79 -14.9 -4.24 3.26 3.8918 77 —15.8 —4.23 0 4.3719 75 -16.2 -4.35 0 4.3720 74 -14.3 -3.84 0 3.5521 73 -13.0 -3.48 0 3.4122 72 —12.1 —3.23 0 3.7523 72 -11.2 -3.02 0 3.0024 71 -10.5 -2.81 0 1.84
D :Date.H :Hour.THS :House Air Temperature. TCOND:Gains & Losses Due To
Conduction.INFILiGains & Losses Due To
Infiltration.SLR :Solar Gain & Loss.MECH iMech. System Energy
Transfers.
STORAGE TRANSFERS================== = = = = = := =AIR SLB IW MECH M
-2.06 3.93 6.55 00.02 3.72 6.23 0 _
1.33 3.66 6.29 00.71 3.43 5.98 1.04 H
0 3.12 5.46 4.62 H0 2.87 5.05 6.82 H0 2.07 4.26 7.34 H
-2.72 -3.36 -0.72 0 —
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6.52 3.17 -3.24 -0.03 V10.3 3.03 -0.34 -0.03 V8.76 3.36 1.67 -0.03 V6.52 3.45 2.86 -0.03 V4.65 3.48 3.51 -0.02 V3.25 3.40 3.80 -0.02 V2.79 3.37 4.11 0 —
2.68 3.38 4.45 0 —
INT :Gains & Losses Due To Internal Wall
AIR :Energy Gain And Loss Of Air Node.
SLB :Energy Gain And Loss Of Slab
IW :Energy Gain And Loss Of Internal Wall.
M :Mech. System Mode (Heat, Vent, Cool)
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H O U R L Y C O N D I T I O N S(Various units)
WEATHER DATA CNTRLS FLOWS SUPPLY TMPS========================== ====== ===== ==:======5==-sD H S THS DB WB SBM SDF SGL WS WDR TF SH VHS VHSD 1 w 65 60 55 0 0 0 3 292 1.0 S 0 58E 2 w 65 59 54 0 0 0 3 292 1.0 S 0 57C 3 w 65 58 54 0 0 0 3 292 1.0 S 0 56
4 w 65 58 53 0 0 0 3 292 1.0 S 0 562 5 w 65 57 53 0 0 0 3 292 1.0 S 0 551 6 w 65 56 52 0 0 0 2 292 1.0 S 0 54
7 w 65 55 52 18 2 3 3 292 1.0 S 0 548 w 66 55 51 148 24 47 3 292 1.0 0 0 539 w 68 57 52 262 33 119 2 292 1.0 0 0 55
10 w 72 64 57 280 51 182 3 337 1.0 0 0 6111 w 75 67 58 284 64 224 4 22 1.0 0 2.00 6312 w 78 70 59 284 69 241 4 22 0 S 2.00 6513 w 80 70 59 284 66 234 4 22 0 S 0 6514 w 80 71 60 282 55 204 4 22 0 S 0 6615 w 80 70 59 270 38 149 4 22 0 S 0 6516 w 80 70 60 176 27 72 5 22 0 S . 0 6517 w 79 68 60 18 6 8 4 22 0 S 2.00 6418 w 77 66 60 0 0 0 4 22 0 S 2.00 6319 w 75 64 58 0 0 0 3 22 0 S 2.00 6120 w 74 64 60 0 0 0 2 22 0.0 S 2.00 6221 w 73 64 59 0 0 0 1 22 0.4 S 2.00 6222 w 72 64 60 0 0 0 1 22 0.7 S 2.00 6223 w 72 64 60 0 0 0 1 22 0.9 S 0 6224 w 71 64 60 0 0 0 1 45 1.0 S 0 62
D :Date.H :Hour.S :Season Of Current Hour. THS:House Air Temperature. DB :Outdoor Dry Bulb Temp. WB :Outdoor Wet Bulb Temp. SBM:Solar Beam Radiation
(Stub/ sf) .SDF:Solar Diffuse Radiation
(Btuh/ sf) .
SGLiSolar Global Radiation (Btuh/ sf).
WS :Wind Speed (m/ hr). WDRiWind Direction N=0 E=90. TF sThrotting Factor.SH :Shutters.VHSiHouse Venting Air Flow
Rate.VHSiHouse Vent Supply Temp.
(Degrees, F).
AZSOUTH= 79................DEC-21House energy imbalance for DEC Net=10.565 kBtu (0.0123)
295
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298
CHAPTER 9
C H A P T E R ?AN ALTERNATIVE SOLUTION
In this chapter the author will respond to the four government proposed designs discussed in the previous chapter and will attempt to provide four alternative house designs based on the cultural and climatic issues presented in earlier chapters. Two of the alternative designs are responsive to north/south orientations and the remaining two to east/west orientations. All four are sensitive to the varied cultural factors discussed in the early chapters of this report.
This chapter will begin with a brief discussion of the criteria this author feels should be considered when designing venacular Kuwaiti architecture. These factors should be viewed as general guidelines rather than concrete regulations. It is this author's opinion that these factors will make government housing more culturally acceptable to a large proportion of recipients.
The designs provided by this author are very basic and modular and could be added to or subtracted from, without disrupting the overall harmony of the housing block.
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individuality can be expressed by the choice of different home designs for each direction, different material colors, building heights (achieved by adding another floor to the house), and several architectural style options for the basic modular housing unit.
These suggested alternatives are by no means definitive solutions to the problems created by current policies guiding the administration of the federal housing program.Architects alone cannot solve this problem. The efforts of several professional groups should be combined to thoroughly study the dynamics of the current situation and formulate a sound hypothesis to be used as a foundation for a permanent solution to Kuwait's housing problems.
Awareness of these issues should not be limited to the professionals directly involved with housing projects such as city planners, civil engineers, architects, etc. It should include professionals in the social and behavioral fields, as well, for they have the methodologies necessary to study the psychosocial impacts of these housing projects on their occupants, instruments such as surveys should be utilized for they can provide valuable clues to the reactions and needs of the recipients and will insure consumer involvement in the decision making process.
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Finally, persons at the higher levels of authority should be made aware of the studies conducted and results obtained so that future decision making can be more responsive and relevant to the ultimate user.
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GENERAL CRITERIA FOR HOUSE DESIGN IN KUWAIT
I, The Kuwaiti government is unintentionally creating a class-based society by labeling and locating people according to their income. (Studies like the Survey discussed earlier have shown that the annual income for most house recipients is not a good indicator of personal wealth). Home owners have expressed their discomfort with low and middle income labeling.
— Therefore, the government should do away with income category labeling and instead provide houses that could be added on if one's wealth allows, or be used as is without the loss of dignity.
II. The majority of the new houses don't have the capacity for expansion without major changes on both house design and structure, which is often is a costly and lengthy process.
— The basic house should be a complete and independent unit yet allow for expansion if needed. This could be achieved through the use of a basic, modular floor plan and overall building form.
303
III. In most cases, recipients have no decision-making power regarding the design of their houses. Thus, designs are usually forced upon them. For example, the combination of colors and building materials chosen for houses are not harmonious and inappropriate. As a result, they are rejected by a majority of recipients and changed at the first possible opportunity.
— The basic house design should allow for individual choice and taste. This could be achieved by early involvement of recipients in the decision-making process and by providing the following choices:
1. a range of suggested colors2. building size options (number of rooms
and/or floors)3. two or more basic designs for each block4. two or more architectural styles
IV. Currently in Kuwait there is a tendency to move away from the traditional courtyard design despite its many cultural and environmental benefits. As a result, modern houses are more outward than inward focused.
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— The courtyard design is an appropriate solution for vernacular architectural design in Kuwait because it addresses important environmental and cultural issues such as privacy, shade, open air and functional quarters.
IX. Below grade rooms have proved to be very popular in the Northern Gulf area, yet none of the government designs advocate this feature.
— Below grade designs should be offered as an option to recipients due to their environmental advantages.
VI. In the past, balconies were included in some housestyles because of the Ottoman design influence. They were not included frequently, however, due to economic consideration. However, today they are much more culturally acceptable and economically feasible.
— Balconies are desirable residential feature. For privacy's sake a screen or mushrabia is recommended.
VII; Due to cultural considerations, Kuwaiti families have always needed two main entry ways to their houses. However, today's houses display a growing trend toward one western-style entrance.
305
— When possible, at least two accesses to and from the house should be provided, a primary one used usually by male guests which leads to the reception or dining rooms and a secondary one used by household members for daily movement and female guests.
VIII. Entry to the old house was through a small door that was a part of a much larger one (a door within a door). The smaller door was used for everyday movement in and out of the house while the larger door was opened for special occasions such as the arrival of a special guest or a wedding.
— This door within a door option should be made available to government housing occupents.
IX. In the old days, rooftops were a functional part of the house rather than a place to locate tanks and TV antennas. They were used for sleeping on cool summer nights, and as an extra storage area or a summer quarter for family members.
— The roof should have a private area designated for summer sleeping that is surrounded by high walls.
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— The roof shape (flat or with a parapet) should allow for possible additions.
X. The location of the front yard in relation to the house and its main entrance is a crucial issue. In general, large front yards do not encourage any kind of social activity other than occasional children's play.
— The area of the front yard should be kept to a minimum.
XI. Today, the height of the walls around the new houses is inadequate. Walls do not block either sound or sight, but instead define each individual's property.
— The height of the walls surrounding the house should be no less than 8 feet and they should be constructed from solid building materials such as masonry blocks.
XII. In the past, houses were raised a foot or more above the actual street level to protect them from monsoon rains and duststorms and create a psychological and physical barrier.
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— The house should be slightly raised from the ground to prevent flooding and the accumulation of dust.
XIII. In the past, windows did not have as much significance as they do today. Their primary function was ventilation rather than light and view. The majority of the windows were inward facing. However, today they are much more culturally acceptable.
— The direction and location of windows in the house should include the following considerations:
— Windows on the first floor should not open up to the adjacent street for the sake of privacy, with the exception of the "diwania".
— If windows are needed for such purposes as cross ventilation and natural light, then a thin high horizontal window, a screen, or a mushrabia could be used.
XIV. The location of the "diwania" (men's reception room) is very important in relation to the rest of the house.
— It should be located away from the main portion of
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the house to allow for both the men in the reception room and the host's family.
— The diwania should be provided with it's own restroom.
— It should be accessible to the dining room without interfacing with the rest of the house. (The dining room is used exclusively by guests. Family members eat on the floor in the second story living room.)
V. Today, Kuwaiti houses often feature stairways located in such a way that they intefere with family privacy.
— The location of the stairs should not interfere with private household activities.
— Access to the stairs should not be through the living room or any other room.
XVI. Living Rooms are a private area of the house.
— Each house should have two living rooms, one semiprivate on the first floor and one very private on the second floor.
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— The first floor living room is often used as a women's reception room while the one on the second floor is primarily for the immediate family.
XVII. Modern residential designs frequently feature first floor bedrooms. Kuwaiti occupants find this culturally unacceptable.
— Bedrooms are generally a very privat part of the house and should always be located on the upper floor.
— There should be at least three bedrooms in the house. A master bedroom for the parents, a boys' bedroom and a girls' bedroom. The house design should allow for more bedrooms if needed.
XVIII. The location of the housekeeper's quarters in relation to the rest of the house is a factor that requiresattention.
— The design should provide an independent, small living quarters somewhat isolated from the main body of the house for use by a housekeeper, grandparent(s) or an elderly relative.
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XX. An issue of significant importance is the location of the kitchen in relation to the rest of the house.
— The kitchen should be located outside the main body of the house because food preparation takes most of the day in Middle Eastern countries and produces a lot of heat and odor.
— There should be a storeroom adjacent to the kitchen because Kuwaitis purchase their basic food supplies (rice, oil, tea, sugar, powdered milk, etc.) once a month.
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K U W A I T313
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314
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321
322
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328
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339
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342
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ELEVATION OF A 3 HOUSE BLOCK
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K U W A I T347
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7. Chalfoun, Nader. A Passive Solar Design Methodology For Housing In Egypt. (The University Of Arizona). 1985.
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13. Houghton-Evans, Planning Cities: Legacy andPortent. (Lawrence and Wishart Ltd.: London). 1975
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Lapidus, Ira M. Middle Eastern Cities. (University of California Press: Berkeley). 1969.
Lewcockt Ronald. Traditional Architecture in Kuwait and the Northern Gulf. (Art and Archaeology Research Papers: London, G.B.). 1978.
Mallakh, Ragaei El. Kuwait: Trade and Investment. (Westview Press: Boulder, Co.). 1979.
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Olgyay, Victor. Design with Climate. Bioclimatic Approach to Architectural Regionalism. (Princeton, University Press, Princeton, N. J.) 1963.
Saini, Salwant Singh. Building in Hot, Dry Climates. (John Wiley and Sons, New York.) 1980.
Sanger, Richard H. The Arabian Peninsula, (Cornell University Press ,Ithaca, New York). 1954.
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Savcenko, Margaret Bentley. Prban Housing,Designing in Islamic Cultures, II. (Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture. Cambridge.) 1982.
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30 Whyte, Wiliam H. The Social Life of Small UrbanSpaces. (The Conservation Foundation: Washington, D.C.). 1980.
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1. Annual Statistical Abstract, 1984. (Ministry of Planning, Central Statistical Office. Kuwait). 1984.
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