kutnar flora and_vegetation
TRANSCRIPT
MONITORING OF FLORA AND VEGETATION IN (PERI-)URBAN
FORESTS OF LJUBLJANA, SLOVENIA
Lado KUTNAR 1 & Klemen ELER 1,2
1Slovenian Forestry Institute, Dept. of Forest Ecology, Ljubljana, Slovenia 2Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Milano, Italy - June 17, 2014
BIODIVERSITY: FLORA & VEGETATION
• The composition, diversity, and structure of vegetation are important factors for assessing biological diversity of forest ecosystems.
• Vegetation is the source of primary production, controls the atmosphere gas exchanges playing a direct role in water and nutrient cycling, as well as climate and microclimate, influences soil characteristics, and interacts with other biotic components (insects, game, etc.) being a determinant habitat for many species.
• Vegetation has also been identified as a specific target for the calculation of critical loads/levels.
• The composition and structure of vegetation can serve as bio-indicators for environmental changes to ecosystems.
• The long-term study of vegetation dynamics provides information on changes in other forest ecosystem components (soil, microclimate, etc.).
INTRODUCTION
BIODIVERSITY: FLORA & VEGETATION
• The main objective of the flora/vegetation assessment is to estimate plant diversity status and changes at the monitoring sites and to contribute to the understanding and evaluation of forest condition in broader sense.
• The aim of the vegetation survey is to obtain information on changes
(i) in species composition and plant species richness, (ii) in the species cover (species abundance), and (iii) in vertical stratification - as a result of changing
site conditions due to anthropogenic impacts and natural factors.
• Flora/vegetation assessment allows plots to be characterized within identifiable vegetation and habitat types.
• Vegetation changes allow describing, explaining and modelling dynamical processes, by analysis of pathways, causes and mechanisms (including natural and anthropogenic environmental factors).
OBJECTIVES OF STUDY
BIODIVERSITY: FLORA & VEGETATION
i) Large vegetation plots (LVP) - area of 2500 m2 (50 meters x 50 meters) Aims: - Habitat characterization; - Assessment of changes on stand level.
ii) Medium vegetation plots (MVP) - 400 m2 (20 x 20 meters) - equivalent to ICP Forests monitoring (Canullo et al. 2011).
Aims: - Phytosociological approach (plant community description); - Characterization of forest
vegetation/site; - Assessment of vegetation changes during longer monitoring period.
iii) 10 small vegetation plots (SVP) - 4 m2 (2 x 2 meters) - distributed randomly. Aims: - Dynamical approach (micro-site level characterization); - Small-scale changes assessment; -
Assessment of changes during shorter monitoring period.
VEGETATION PLOT DESIGN
The diversity of vascular plant species and plant invasion has been studied in the (peri-)urban forests of Ljubljana. Three forest locations in Ljubljana have been selected:
i) ROŽNIK SITE is in the urban area and it is overgrown by Quercus petraea, Picea abies, Castanea sativa.
BIODIVERSITY: FLORA & VEGETATION
VEGETATION PLOTS IN LJUBLJANA AREA
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50
015 35
0
21 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
2
426 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
4
651 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75
6
876 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100
8
10101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125
10
12126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150
12
14151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175
14
15 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 15
16 16
190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203
18 18
204 205 206 207 208 209 210 20 x 20 m 211 212 213 214 215 216 217
20 20
218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231
22 22
232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245
24 24
246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259
26 26
260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273
28 28
274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287
30 30
288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301
32 32
302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315
34 34
35 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 35
36 36
38330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354
38
40355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379
40
42380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400 401 402 403 404
42
44405 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 416 417 418 419 420 421 422 423 424 425 426 427 428 429
44
46430 431 432 433 434 435 436 437 438 439 440 441 442 443 444 445 446 447 448 449 450 451 452 453 454
46
48455 456 457 458 459 460 461 462 463 464 465 466 467 468 469 470 471 472 473 474 475 476 477 478 479
48
50480 481 482 483 484 485 486 487 488 489 490 491 492 493 494 495 496 497 498 499 500 501 502 503 504
50
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
15
16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34
35
36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50
Sampling design
ii) GAMELJNE-POPLAR SITE is located in the flood area of the Sava River in the peri-urban area; it is dominated by Acer pseudoplatanus, Alnus glutinosa, Salix eleagnos and Fraxinus excelsior.
BIODIVERSITY: FLORA & VEGETATION
VEGETATION PLOTS IN LJUBLJANA AREA
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50
015 35
0
21 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
2
426 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
4
651 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75
6
876 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100
8
10101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125
10
12126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150
12
14151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175
14
15 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 15
16 16
190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203
18 18
204 205 206 207 208 209 210 20 x 20 m 211 212 213 214 215 216 217
20 20
218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231
22 22
232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245
24 24
246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259
26 26
260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273
28 28
274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287
30 30
288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301
32 32
302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315
34 34
35 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 35
36 36
38330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354
38
40355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379
40
42380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400 401 402 403 404
42
44405 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 416 417 418 419 420 421 422 423 424 425 426 427 428 429
44
46430 431 432 433 434 435 436 437 438 439 440 441 442 443 444 445 446 447 448 449 450 451 452 453 454
46
48455 456 457 458 459 460 461 462 463 464 465 466 467 468 469 470 471 472 473 474 475 476 477 478 479
48
50480 481 482 483 484 485 486 487 488 489 490 491 492 493 494 495 496 497 498 499 500 501 502 503 504
50
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
15
16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34
35
36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50
Sampling design
iii) GAMELJNE-PINE SITE is located on the upper-terrace of the Sava River in the peri-urban area; it is secondary pine forest with Pinus sylvestris in the upper tree layer, and Carpinus betulus and Tilia cordata in the lower tree layer.
BIODIVERSITY: FLORA & VEGETATION
VEGETATION PLOTS IN LJUBLJANA AREA
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50
015 35
0
21 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
2
426 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
4
651 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75
6
876 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100
8
10101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125
10
12126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150
12
14151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175
14
15 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 15
16 16
190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203
18 18
204 205 206 207 208 209 210 20 x 20 m 211 212 213 214 215 216 217
20 20
218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231
22 22
232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245
24 24
246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259
26 26
260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273
28 28
274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287
30 30
288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301
32 32
302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315
34 34
35 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 35
36 36
38330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354
38
40355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379
40
42380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400 401 402 403 404
42
44405 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 416 417 418 419 420 421 422 423 424 425 426 427 428 429
44
46430 431 432 433 434 435 436 437 438 439 440 441 442 443 444 445 446 447 448 449 450 451 452 453 454
46
48455 456 457 458 459 460 461 462 463 464 465 466 467 468 469 470 471 472 473 474 475 476 477 478 479
48
50480 481 482 483 484 485 486 487 488 489 490 491 492 493 494 495 496 497 498 499 500 501 502 503 504
50
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
15
16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34
35
36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50
Sampling design
8
BIODIVERSITY: FLORA & VEGETATION
0.5m<S<5m
H<0.5m
5m<T1 in T2
On medium (MVP) and on small (SVP) vegetation plots, the visual estimation of cover using modified ICP-Forests protocol (Canullo et al. 2011) of following vertical vegetation-layers has been done: • moss layer (i.e. bryophytes and lichens), • herb layer (all non-ligneous, and ligneous, including eventual seedling and browsed trees,
under 0.5 m height) • shrub layer (only ligneous and all climbers of a height between 0.5 m and 5 m), • tree layer (only ligneous and all climbers with a height over 5 m).
METHODOLOGY FOR VEGETATION ASESSMENT
9
BIODIVERSITY: FLORA & VEGETATION
Cover-abundance estimation:
BARKMAN et al. (1964)
Scale Cover (%) Quantity
r
<5.0%
sporadic (1-2 indiv./plot)
+ few
1 numerous (20-100 indiv.)
2m very numerous (>100 indiv.)
2a 5.0 - 12.5%
2b 12.5 - 25.0%
3 25.0 - 50.0%
4 50.0 - 75.0%
5 75.0 - 100.0%
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50
015 35
0
21 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
2
426 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
4
651 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75
6
876 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100
8
10101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125
10
12126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150
12
14151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175
14
15 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 15
16 16
190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203
18 18
204 205 206 207 208 209 210 20 x 20 m 211 212 213 214 215 216 217
20 20
218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231
22 22
232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245
24 24
246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259
26 26
260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273
28 28
274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287
30 30
288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301
32 32
302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315
34 34
35 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 35
36 36
38330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354
38
40355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379
40
42380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400 401 402 403 404
42
44405 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 416 417 418 419 420 421 422 423 424 425 426 427 428 429
44
46430 431 432 433 434 435 436 437 438 439 440 441 442 443 444 445 446 447 448 449 450 451 452 453 454
46
48455 456 457 458 459 460 461 462 463 464 465 466 467 468 469 470 471 472 473 474 475 476 477 478 479
48
50480 481 482 483 484 485 486 487 488 489 490 491 492 493 494 495 496 497 498 499 500 501 502 503 504
50
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
15
16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34
35
36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50
Cover-abundance
estimation: LONDO
(1975)
Scale Cover (%)
0.1 <1
0.2 1 - 3%
0.4 3 - 5%
1 5 - 15%
2 15 - 25%
3 25 - 35%
4 35 - 45%
5 45 - 55%
6 55 - 65%
7 65 - 75%
8 75 - 85%
9 85 - 95%
10 95 - 100%
All vascular plant species were recorded in herb, shrub, and tree layer separately. At the medium vegetation plots, the estimation of plant species cover has been done by Barkman et al. (1964) method, and the estimation of plant species cover at small plots has been done by Londo (1975) method.
METHODOLOGY FOR VEGETATION ASESSMENT
G1-MVP
R-MVP
G2-MVP
G2-S-70
G2-S-95
G2-S-226
G2-S-274
G2-S-290
G2-S-297
G2-S-366G2-S-430
G2-S-432
G2-S-468
G1-S-63
G1-S-90G1-S-284
G1-S-353G1-S-368
G1-S-385G1-S-404
G1-S-432
G1-S-442
G1-S-479
R-S-6
R-S-23
R-S-49
R-S-222
R-S-273 R-S-250
R-S-275
R-S-322R-S-347
R-S-456
DCA
Axis 1
Axis
2
EEnter text and then drag to position
BIODIVERSITY: FLORA & VEGETATION
RESULTS: ORDINATION OF PLOTS
DRY
GAMELJNE-PINE SITE
GAMELJNE-POPLAR SITE
WET
ROŽNIK SITE
Salici-Populetum s. lat.
Querco-Carpinetum s. lat.
In total, 161 vascular plant species were recorded at three monitoring sites. The number of vascular species varied between 61 (Rožnik site) and 85 (Gameljne-poplar site) per site.
BIODIVERSITY: FLORA & VEGETATION
RESULTS: SPECIES RICHNESS
ALL LOCATIONS
ROŽNIK GAMELJNE - poplar
GAMELJNE - pine
ALL PLOTS n=3 n=1 n=1 n=1 N VASCULAR SPECIES 161 61 85 69 TREE SPECIES 36 22 14 21 SHRUB SPECIES (with climbers) 21 7 15 14 HERB SPECIES 104 32 56 34 MEDIUM VEG. PLOTS (400 m2) n=3 n=1 n=1 n=1 MEAN N – MVP 63.3 56 68 66
SHANNON H INDEX - MVP 3.39 3.48 3.51 3.172
SMALL VEG. PLOTS (4 m2) n=30 n=10 n=10 n=10
MEAN N – SVP 19.3 18.1 22.1 17.7
SHANNON H INDEX - SVP 2.24 2.09 2.34 2.26
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50
015 35
0
21 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
2
426 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
4
651 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75
6
876 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100
8
10101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125
10
12126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150
12
14151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175
14
15 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 15
16 16
190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203
18 18
204 205 206 207 208 209 210 20 x 20 m 211 212 213 214 215 216 217
20 20
218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231
22 22
232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245
24 24
246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259
26 26
260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273
28 28
274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287
30 30
288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301
32 32
302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315
34 34
35 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 35
36 36
38330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354
38
40355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379
40
42380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400 401 402 403 404
42
44405 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 416 417 418 419 420 421 422 423 424 425 426 427 428 429
44
46430 431 432 433 434 435 436 437 438 439 440 441 442 443 444 445 446 447 448 449 450 451 452 453 454
46
48455 456 457 458 459 460 461 462 463 464 465 466 467 468 469 470 471 472 473 474 475 476 477 478 479
48
50480 481 482 483 484 485 486 487 488 489 490 491 492 493 494 495 496 497 498 499 500 501 502 503 504
50
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
15
16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34
35
36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50
MEDIUM VEGETATION PLOT (MVP)
SMALL VEGETATION PLOT (SVP)
Based on Raunkiær’s life-form system, hemicryptophytes (40%) and phanerophytes (34%) prevail among identified vascular species in Slovenia.
The relatively high number of geophytes (15%) suggests that studied forests are in the late succession stage (mature forests).
Plant life-forms (Raunkiær) in EMoNFUr locations in Slovenia (left) and in Italy (right)
BIODIVERSITY: FLORA & VEGETATION
34%
5% 40%
15% 6%
Phanerophytes
Chamaephytes
Hemicryptophytes
Geophytes
Therophytes
Red colour indicate the positions of dormant buds. A, B - CHAMAEPHYTES; C – PHANEROPHYTES; D, E, F – HEMICRYPTOPHYTES; G, H – GEOPHYTES; I - THEROPHYTES
RESULTS: LIFE-FORMS
• In the studied (peri-)urban forests, numerous non-indigenous plant species were recorded. The majority of them have been declared to be invasive species in Slovenia, which adversely affect the forest habitats and outcompete native plant species.
• Presumably, these invasive species, which represent 6% of the flora recorded, come from the Sava River or from urban areas, i.e. gardens and parks. The majority of these invasive species are of the North American or Asian origin.
BIODIVERSITY: FLORA & VEGETATION
RESULTS: INVASIVE SPECIES
92%
6% 2%
NATIVE species
NON-NATIVE & INVASIVE species
NON-NATIVE & NON-INVASIVE species
• Among three studied locations, the level of plant invasion is the highest at Gameljne-poplar site (8 species). The most abundant invasive species at this site are Solidago gigantea and Fallopia japonica. Other invasive species are Rudbeckia laciniata, Erigeron annuus, Helianthus tuberosus, Impatiens glandulifera, Impatiens parviflora, and Physocarpus opulifolius.
Solidago gigantea
Rudbeckia laciniata
Fallopia japonica
Impatiens glandulifera
BIODIVERSITY: FLORA & VEGETATION
RESULTS: INVASIVE SPECIES
de Vries, W. et. Al. 2003. Intensive Monitoring of Forest Ecosystems in Europe. Technical Report 2003. UN/ECE EC, Brussels, Geneva, 161 s.
19 IM plots 148 IM plots 16 IM plots
BIODIVERSITY: FLORA & VEGETATION
RESULTS: EMONFUR vs. ICP-FORESTS
EMONFUR ICP N PLOTS 3 11 TOTAL N of VASCULAR SPECIES (γ) 161 295 MEAN N of VASCULAR SPECIES (α) 63 61
ICP-FORESTS plots in Slovenia
16
• In monitoring sites of Ljubljana forest area, the high level of plant species diversity was established.
• The (peri-)urban forests of Ljubljana are under the significant impact of invasive plant species. The dynamics of expansion of invasive species should be carefully monitored, and appropriate measures for its limitation need to be established in the near future.
• More forest management and silvicultural activities should be engaged with regard to the invasive species that already disturb forest development (e.g. forest natural regeneration) in some (peri-)urban forests.
• In this study, it has been proved that the modified ICP-Forests monitoring methodology may be appropriate for assessment of flora and vegetation in urban and peri-urban forests.
• In the monitoring of these forest, we should pay special attention to invasive plant species and disturbances caused by human.
BIODIVERSITY: FLORA & VEGETATION
CONCLUSIONS
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50
015 35
0
21 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
2
426 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
4
651 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75
6
876 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100
8
10101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125
10
12126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150
12
14151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175
14
15 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 15
16 16
190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203
18 18
204 205 206 207 208 209 210 20 x 20 m 211 212 213 214 215 216 217
20 20
218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231
22 22
232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245
24 24
246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259
26 26
260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273
28 28
274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287
30 30
288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301
32 32
302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315
34 34
35 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 35
36 36
38330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354
38
40355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379
40
42380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400 401 402 403 404
42
44405 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 416 417 418 419 420 421 422 423 424 425 426 427 428 429
44
46430 431 432 433 434 435 436 437 438 439 440 441 442 443 444 445 446 447 448 449 450 451 452 453 454
46
48455 456 457 458 459 460 461 462 463 464 465 466 467 468 469 470 471 472 473 474 475 476 477 478 479
48
50480 481 482 483 484 485 486 487 488 489 490 491 492 493 494 495 496 497 498 499 500 501 502 503 504
50
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
15
16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34
35
36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50
17
FLORA/VEGETATION STUDIES OF (PERI-)URBAN FORESTS IN PERSPECTIVE
• Vegetation changing (succession) in longer period (e.g. impact of climate changes, direct human impacts);
• Small scale studies – e.g. influences of different disturbances and site factors to plant species diversity;
• Game grazing impacts to vegetation (fenced vs. unfenced);
• Interactions of plants with other organisms (e.g. insects, mycorrhiza);
• Nature-conservation aspects, e.g. NATURA 2000 habitat types and key species.
BIODIVERSITY: FLORA & VEGETATION
THANK YOU!!
BIODIVERSITY: FLORA & VEGETATION