Kusyar Ibn Labban's -Introduction to Astrology Edited and Translated by MICHIO YANO Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (JLCAA) Tokyo University of Foreign Studies 4-51-21 Nishigahara Kita-ku, Tokyo 114 Japan ,, Copyright 1997 by the Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa Printed by Bikohsha Co., Ltd, CONTENTS Preface .................................................................... m Introduction ................................................................ v Text and Translation ....................................................... 1 Appendix 1: Chinese Text of the Ming-yi tien-wen shu ...................... 263 Appendix 2: Index of Arabic Words with Chinese and English Translation ... 297 Appendix 3: English-Arabic Glossary ....................................... 315 ,\ v -.PREFACE It was in 1981 that I visited Brown University to learn under Prof. David Pingree for the second time. This time my aim was to learn to read Arabic manuscripts on astronomy and astrology. When I was struggling with Arabic texts, Prof. E.S. Kennedy, who was in Princeton University, advised me to study a text on astrology written by Kusyar ibn Labban. I was very glad to receive this advice because I had been familiar with the name of the author through Prof. Kiyosi Yabuuti's research on the Chinese translation of the same book. Since Prof. Yabuuti was my guru, who had initiated me into the field of history of astronomy, I thought it my duty to follow the track which he had opened and to continue the work which he had left for the younger generation. While learning technical terms in astrology and getting familiar with Ara-bic manuscripts, I began reading three manuscripts of Kusyar's book of which Prof. Pingree possessed copies. Later I obtained two other manuscrip\s from the Princeton University Library. During my one year stay in Brown University I read through the text with the help of the Chinese translation, but there remained many parts which I could not understand. After I returned to Kyoto I began inputting the Arabic text in the computer using software which was being developed by a company in Tokyo. However, my knowledge of the history of Islamic astrology was so poor that I had to give up my plan of preparing a critical edition. As I considered it prerequisite to learn more about the history of astrology and to become more familiar with Arabic manuscripts, I began reading various manuscripts on astrology of which I had brought copies from Brown. It was at that time that I found a very good graduate student who wanted to study with me. This was Mr. Keiji Yamamoto who had majored in Arabic grammar at the linguistic department of Kyoto Sangyo University. Since then we have been working together for about 15 years. We first read 'Umar ibn al-Farrukhan's Arabic translation of Ptolemy's Tetra-bibles, then we translated al-Bi:runi's Tafhfm into Japanese. Meanwhile I invited Prof. Merce Viladrich from Barcelona with the support of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science and we studied the mathematically most difficult chapter of Kusyar's book on astrology. In 1992 Dr. Charles Burnett of the Warburg Institute, London, came to Kyoto and worked with Yarnamoto and myself on Abu Ma'sar's Abbreviation of Intro-duction to Astrology. We published the Arabic text and an English translation in 1994. The publication in such a short time would have been impossible without the typesetting system 'lEX developed by Prof. Donald Knuth, the ~ T E X package of Prof. Leslie Lam port, and the macro package Arab'IE;X written by Prof. Klaus Lagally. With these tools it became extremely easy to digitalize Arabic texts. By that time, moreover, I had collected a great number of Arabic manuscripts III on astronomy and astrology, thanks to the Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research of the Japanese Ministry of Education. Thus I thought it was a good time for me to resume the editorial work of Kiisyar's book on astrology. In January 1996 I submitted an earlier version of the present work to Kyoto University, Department of Letters, as my D. Litt. dissertation. The referees of the dissertation, Profs. Eiji Mano, Masaaki Sugiyama, and Muneo Tokunaga gave me useful suggestions for improvement. It goes without saying that the present work would have been impossible without those institutes and people whose names have been mentioned above. My particular thanks are due to Prof. Pingree, who was not only my academic advisor while I was at Brown University in 1973-4 and 1981-2, but also has always been my source of inspiration. He corrected my English translation in the present work so carefully that I felt as if I had returned to my student days at Brown. This does not mean, however, that he is responsible for any errors which might be left in my translation. I want to thank again Mr. Yamamoto who carefully read my edition and gave me many important suggestions, especially from the viewpoint of Arabic gram-mar. I am also thankful to Mr. Toshiaki Kashino, a graduate student of Kyoto Sangyo University, who helped me to obtain several useful computer programs and improved some of them for my present purposes. Dr. Benno van Dalen, a research fellow of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, gave me useful suggestions concerning the introduction and prepared several Chinese characters which are not available in the Japan Industrial Standard code. Dr. MaLi helped me to proofread the Chinese text. I .!'-m grateful to Kyoto Sangyo University, especially to its computer center, for providing an excellent environment, and to Mr. Yutaka Yasuda, the former system manager of our Unix network. It is also my pleasure to express my thanks to Prof. Fumio Yajima, who first taught me Arabic grammar, and to Prof. Koji Kamioka, who kindly offered help to publish this work as one of the volumes in the Studia Culturae Islamica series. Kamigamo, Kyoto March, 1997. IV INTRODUCTION 1 The Author of the Madkhal The original Arabic title of the book here edited and translated into English for the first time is not unanimously stated in the manuscripts I have used. It is generally known as aJ-MadkhaJ ff $ina'at A}Jkam al-Nujiim1 or Mujma] al-U?iil ff A}Jkam al-Nujiim. In this introduction I simply call it Madkhal. The author of the Madkhal calls himself Kiisyar ibn Lab ban ibn Basahri al-Jili. This name indicates that he was a son of a Labban and a grandson of a Basahri and that his home was somewhere in the district of Jilan. Jilan (or Gilan in modern Persian) is the name of one of the states of Iran located south of the Caspian Sea. 2 Some manuscripts put 'Abii al-I:Iasan' before 'Kusyar', which fueans that Kiisyar had a son called I:Iasan. Some add further 'al-Kiya al-Sa'd' before these names. 'Kiya', which means 'king, hero, master' in Persian, seems to have been an honorable title given to him after he became famous as a scholar. No further information is available about his life and family. 1.1 Kiisyar's date In Madkhal 1.8.3 Kiisyar says that the positions of the 30 fixed stars 'are for the beginning of the three hundred and sixty-first year of Yazdagird'.3 Thus it is evident that he was active sometime in the end of the tenth century and the beginning of the eleventh. In his astronomical handbook aJ-Zij al-Jami '4 the epoch for the fixed stars was set at Yazdagird 301 (A. D. 932)5 and the positions of the apogees of the planets are given for the year 331 (A.D. 962).6 The difference 1 I follow the transliteration system of Hans Wehr's Arabic English Dictionary, except th, kh, and dh instead of 1, h, and , < 14 On Marriage 15 On Children ""'."" 1 ihC:iilfBiffi 2 1 $ 3 $ 4 5 mxaif*ll!\j,l,ffi 6 illl.ll!ffiiilllill!J 9 10 m a J'J x:&: 8 11 12 illl.ill:il 1 2 mA.ot"il:Ha*otzlllilJ 4 5 illi.A.O!:ffi.tt 6 illi.A.I\tHJHI: 7 8 9 OH l lilll.) 13Lr-o C!) Js- 12 ".::1...:- (2] y- .) _, .,YI_,ll Js- p1 .) _;_,..i Js- p1 .... 1....41 .ill v)L.._, 1 There are several variations in the benediction after r;:>) \ 2BV add . .......!1\,llI ; F add . ........,I \,llI 3J add. Cf. 4BF add . .ill .) sj .,_.s1 (' l,l. .) y .,_.s1 _,.(!I .:r U" _,, ... :H., , _,....I I .) :;; 4 ..,..s1 _,.(!I .:r .s _;.11., i _l.:J.I .) .,_.s1 _,.(!I .:r ':'.' 1\"' "-! >_:,AJ .:r _, 0_,, 1.oJ _, l;ly _, -,51 _,s:JI VS. f \.Jtll_, [2] -.J)0L..AJ J,!- (-!1 JJ8y_)...;..._, ._,.\,4)1_, .!!_) f _,.._, .I_,}. I er I.A..i.>i JJ 44la.l_,:; _, ._,.s1 L; 0\( l;)i 'cP. 0y:_:; J-11 JIJ> .:ro 0i ..:S:::..i &W_, u>l-i_, .;;....,s_, ..,,\........) ci;.)l_, > ... '\.n, &I;-'-' _, J) ..;1;_-'r-5'\.J!:,..z .z .JI 52..!>>1yJl u,...u_, ,_,;JI ..) oy.JI .:ro J l. ..!.> -'.)$. .:;.; .1""' ..::...o:>.z I;)J [9] U oy.JI .:ro iy.JI .. :.X fi 1 ,_. - .r - 'Y J - r.._:J" J - - - . --' - er .JJ

y1.J ;_,..)1_, foi y1.-..i(.:JI .._...yl.) >.J!-11 .)>_j d.:r- .1_,.)k_, 20_!:,.. _lj;; .;;_, ;_!:,.. oj!-11 0) ._,.....:JI Jl ...:.J_;;_, 6_jj;; .J J.WI C!)i .jJ _rWI_, clkll 1.-,i lf..o 0) .ill;_, ._;;\;! ...:..ly J ...:..ly 0?l,JI .j lf..o 0\S' \.. _, _!:,.. yS1 .y :')11_, .j 0""'"\j.l ,y y U 9 ._,.....:JI_, 8 )I ,y t.;,-; U J\;l.,J ;_,..)!_, _,.All ..)0JI JJ J_rll ..)0JI j Y.J i...,.P." .;r.._,.\Ji'2J-ll.;lJL:.. >)k_, to;)_).i w .. - -JLrJI i).r- JJ >fi..o ju ......._. c..JI_, j .j 1.+- :r J,UI J JJ t)i_, 1.1 y 0 lJ. I ._,..s1 _,.) 0"' ._,...> y:.,_ cllkll ..,.-\... 'JV ._,...> y 2 B \?. passim; FV \.?. passim 3 V add . ._,..._;:;! v ..:r 5B yy clll. 0"' 10J add. _,1 11BFJ 12J 0.)\.....J\ of :O.)l-... r-r"' 13F om. 14BV '-!" "B cly 16 J ...:;;,( 17 JV add. lrJI "J ..,...> y -" J lJ. intead of lJ. I ..,...> y -18-L Translation I. 7-8 Chapter Seven: On the Easterliness and Westediness of the Planets1 When a planet rises before the rising of the Sun, it is easterly. When it sets after the setting of the Sun, it is westerly. Take the easterliness and westerliness for the superior planets sixty degrees and for Venus forty five degrees and for Mer-cury twenty-five degrees approximately. These quantities for the two are the limit of the distance of these two planets from the Sun. 2 Chapter Eight: On the Fixed Stars and their Complexions3 [1] The fixed stars are many, and each one of them is in accordance with the temperament of one or two of the planets. Of these the most conspicuous in effect are those which are of the first and second magnitude, and also the majtirity of those which are of the third magnitude. When they virtually coincide with 4 the ascendant or the tenth place from the ascendant at the nativity or at the beginning of an important enterprise, or when they virtually coincide with the position of the two luminaries or the position of the lot of fortune, 5 then they give abundant wonders according to the nature of the star, which is based on the complexion of the planets. But there are many of them which are characterized by evil when they are malefic. [2] Some of them are 'cutters'6 which have the nature of the malefics, and their complexions are to cut life and to corrupt circumstances and matters, when the prorogation 7 arrives, from its beginning, at these stars. When we need the application of the Moon or of the lord of the ascendant to one of the stars in question, we consider that one of these stars is united with the complexion of the planet in question and that it (the fixed star) takes the place of the . 1The topic of this chapter does not make an independent chapter in the Tetrabiblos. 2For the inner planets, this distance is the greatest elongation from the Sun. 3The similar topic is found in Tetrabiblos !.9. Ptolemy classifies the fixed stars in three categories, those in the zodiacal belt, those in the north, and those in the south. For details, see Introduction to the present edition. 4Supplied by BFJV. 5For the lot of fortune, see 1.21.2. 6qa:tit; this corresopnds to anairetes in the Tetrabiblos. 7For prorogation ( tasyfr) see 3.20 and 3.21. -19-Part I Chapter 8 jf j j l,5' _,) 21L.l.. ySl_,JOI o.:U. LfA ..li j [3] 23\l_, .:i:J.-._, ._s-">] ll ..) ...;, )I _, ._,..;; ( ) i.;")l t)l (I_:,. .)I.! l\ ..) 56B add. c_bti 57BFJ om. V' .:r;./ _,)' _,i -.,.$' _,)' "JV Jl -24-;, L Translation 1.8 and a little of Jupiter. Cutter. (24) Sagittarius: That which follows the Sting of the Scorpio, in Sagittarius 14 10', nebulous, southern, the complexion of the Sun and Mars. Cutter. (25) The Eye of the Archer, in Sagittarius 28 10', nebulous, northern, the com-plexion of Saturn and Mercury. Cutter. (26) Capricorn: The Falling Vulture, in Capricorn 0 20', of the first magnitude, northern, the complexion of Venus and Mercury. (27) The Flying Vulture, in Capricorn 16 50', of the second magnitude, northern, the complexion of Mars and Jupiter. (28) Aquarius: the Mouth of the Fish, in Aquarius 20 O', of the first magnitude, southern, the complexion of Saturn and Mercury. (29) The Tail of the Cock called al-ridf, in Aquarius 22 10', of the second mag-nitude, northern, the complexion of Venus and Mercury. (30) Pisces: The Shoulder of the Horse, in Pisces 15 10', of the secdnd magnitude, northern, the complexion of Mars and Mercury. Cutter. [5] We do not record the misfortunes which are caused from these stars in accordance with the mixed nature of a planet or two planets. It is necessary to beware of the harm when the prorogations arrive at them. The one whose course is nearer to the zenith is most obvious in its impression upon this horizon. -25-Part I Chapter 9 _, J C:""l::l\ .Jt.rJI ..s_,::..-1

J v)>J> I.;J 0:\II='SI

[1] 0_).1 JI='Si _,.. li.l'SI _,.. 0U. _rll_, y _,;.+. 1_, Jt.:JI 5 J ..s_,> I 4liJ 'S I .)b" ..... - ..::._,J.\15,\.:r.-i_, .)1_,::1\ J>- ,\.:r.-i 14c!ll.ll.) 13"_,L.:ill {3] JI_,::JI J>- .l.:r.-i_, JI_,::JI J!J. J>- _,!.VI ,\.:r.-i_, JI_,::JI J>- J_;JI 1,1.r.-i_, J>- - 0IAI 17,\.:r.-i_, Ji_,;ii # J>- L>-"!-1 ,\.:r.-i_, J>- ..ry.J\19,\.r.-i_, .)i_,;ii J!J. J>- ...... J>- y_;..JI ,\.r.-i_, .)1_,::1\ .)I_,::! I# J>- 0l1 y-11 20,\.r.-i_, .)1_,::1\ JI_,::JI J!J. J>- ,\.r.-i JI_,::JI J>- 0l1 y-11 ,\.:r.-i JYJI J_,J. j "_,L.:ill_, [4] M ';. .. M .. .. ,\.r.-1 JI_,::JI J>- - J_;JI ,\.:r.-1 JI_,::JI J>- J....':i\ 21,\.r.-1 _,!.VI ,j.:r.-j .)1_,::11 J!J. J>- ..r_,.il ,\.:r.-i .)1_,::11 J>- - 0 y y\ Jr-.! J_,-"!-1 j l..o>l:....;. _,I ..\i-' and puts [5] here .. 13BJ ;;;\l; . 14B add. -. j I . . . . l::.v lk.J -.: q . . . l::.v '.;'>' !.}""- j 4. _, J4}1 C" y ..:.+,!1 0J81_,Jt; L.JI_, 0'"-11 C" y yS1 _,.()I ..;, _r ..) p C!l)\ ..) _,.AJI0_r_, JJ-10' 9op ._,-:JI0_,! 01 J>- ("-11 .;....u.ll0_,!_, 01AI.JA .:r.P-' ..,. ..... )..) J>j 0_,!_, J _ _,!II.JA 11.;r.._,!. _, J. _,A-ll y> J. _,!I_, '-"'_,lll u..) )J10_,.:.JI_, 0 1\ U,l.i.. . I I. ..!'"' . ..) 'f"' _,.,... _, -34-T I l r Translation I.l3-14 Chapter Thirteen: On the Houses of the Planets 1 ' [1] Cancer and Leo correspond to the Moon and the Sun in their conditions. The two are as well closest among the signs to zenith. Cancer was made the house of the Moon and Leo the house of the Sun. The two houses of Saturn were put in opposition to the two houses of the two luminaries because they are contradictory to them in nature. Then to Jupiter which is below it in sphere belong the two houses on both sides of the two houses of Saturn. Then to Mars which is below it belong the two houses on both sides of the two houses of Jupiter. Then to Venus belong the two houses which are next to the two houses of Mars. Then to Mercury belong the two houses which are next to the two houses of Venus. [2] Thus the two houses of Jupiter are situated in trine to the two lumi-naries and the two houses of Venus are in sextile to the two houses of the two luminaries. The two houses of Saturn are in opposition to the two houses of the two luminaries. The two houses of Mars are in quartile to the two houses of the two luminaries. Because p J )\ ,1\10 \ll; 9b, > . ..... < J'- .1 C;)C . -'" 0 I '\ u....:zJ[3] .,s' c:' Y , J v:-- _,.--' , J if J .)14"" cJI '-"' C"' _,..tt; '-"' j.;i 0) _, ow '-"' j;i _,.. ; in longitude from the remotest tract of the West to the remotest tract of the East is one hundred and eighty degrees of a circle of the sphere. [2] The beginning of the inhabited part is taken sometimes from the Canary Islands which are far away in the ocean and were populous in ancient times, while sometimes it is taken from the coast of the ocean in the west. Between this view and the first view is ten degrees of the sphere. [3] The middle of the inhabited part is thirty-three degrees and ninety degrees longitude. Of the places of which the latitude is less than thirty-three degrees, if the longitude is less than ninety degrees it is south-west, and if it is greater than ninety degrees it is south-east. Of the places of which the latitude is more than thirty-three degrees, if the longitude is less than ninety degrees it is north-west, and if it is greater than ninety degrees it is north-east. [4] The first of the triplicities, which is fiery, is Aries, Leo, and Sagittarius, and its lord by day is the Sun and thereafter Jupiter, and by night Jupiter and thereafter the Sun, and their participant by day and night is Saturn, and this triplicity belongs to the north-east quarter. [5] The second triplicity, which is earthy, is Taurus, Virgo, and Capricorn, and its lord by day is Venus and thereafter the Moon, and by night the Moon and thereafter Venus, and their participant by night and day is Mars and this triplicity belongs to the south-east quarter. confusion. The exaltation of the Head is in the three degrees of Sagittarius and the exaltation of the Tail is in the three degrees of Gemini. Their dejections are in the opposite places., 1This chapter is from Tetrabiblos 1.18. The division of the earth into quarters is from Tetrabiblos II.3. -37-r !': 1'' .'''.' .. I !If I I Part I Chapter 15 / ._}>-_:, _,J.UI_, I .,::,1;:1_,!1 yl::S""15_,>1 j .... 1Bly-.t,; cri.,; U. lr. # J>- J--i ,_,...._ t:;j_, [4) i\J;,j _, G9a _,...._ 19 er[,; t.y... ...,_\_, j::1; .cl\ > _,...._ [5) t.;i 'iJ LF.Y ._,.51 c. .,AI 0" .J.ili J>- '*' .cl\ , _, ..... _, uill J>-220" 21 0,_::,.J 9BV add. \.loo 10BJV ; J hapl. om. from here to the next l.)" llBJV 14BGJV 15B om. v . "" .J.r: .- "Jlf;-1.,; 19BJ For F's addition see the end of this chapter. 20B lro instead of 21 FG add. '! 22JV ,:r in,tead of If' 23BJ t.._...i 24For V's addition here, see the end of this chapter. 25F add. l!"-' but om. __,the rest leaving a space for the table. -40-i I I i ! t Translation 1.16 Chapter Sixteen: On Terms1 [1] The terms are among those things on which opinions differ. Each people has a variety of terms. Concerning the assignment of the terms they all assigned the terms to Jupiter in place of the Sun and the terms to Venus in place of the Moon, giving no role to the two . [2] Each one of the men of this art adheres to the terms of a people according to their reputation, namely, the terms of Ptolemy, the terms of the Egyptians, the terms of the Indians, and the terms of the Chaldeans. [3] As for the terms of Ptolemy, Ptolemy does not ascribe it to himself, but he says "I found the terms at the end of an old book". 2 He allowed that the terms of the Egyptians are these terms, and he reported something about their regularity which is not discarded by investigators. [4] As for the terms of the Egyptians, men of this art agreed on t h e ~ without being confident in them, and there is neither regularity nor system in them. [5] As for the terms of the Indians and of the Chaldeans, both of them have regularity because the terms of the Chaldeans are based on the triplicities and their lord, and the terms of the Indians are based on the masculinity and femininity of the signs and planets. But the two are entirely obsolete and neglected. Those who used one of them were frustrated because they found themselves isolated and deviating from the common view, having little confidence in what was an isolated view, and also because there was no way to verify either of the two. [6] So let it be assumed that we first follow the common view: they are the terms of the Egyptians which are used in our time. 1This chapter is from Tetrabiblos !.20 and !.21. 2Tetrabiblos 1.21.47. -41-G9b Part I Chapter 16 0U. _,..JI ..... z U,.WI _, c _, _) _, _j ...,-_,;..:J, I ,_,..)1 , _)I.J..o t)l ...,-_,;..:j, I , _)I.J..o _, _, _, _, "' ,_,..)1 , _)I.J..o ...,-_,;..:j, I ,_,..)1 ,_,..)1 ,_,..)1 c c _, _) , , _)I.J..o ,_,..)1 , _)I.J..o j. O_J-"'""":: oJ...-' and gives the table in words. FV am. the table. -42-F ( Translation 1.16 Aries Taurus Gemini Cancer Leo Virgo 6 8 6 7 i 6 7 Jupiter Venus Mercury Mars Jupiter Mercury 6 6 6 6 5 10 Venus Mercury Jupiter Venus Venus Venus 8 8 5 6 7 4 Mercury Jupiter Venus Mercury Saturn Jupiter 5 5 7 7 6 7 Mars Saturn Mars Jupiter Mercury Mars 5 3 6 4 6 2 Saturn Mars Saturn Saturn Mars Saturn Libra Scorpio Sagittarius Capricorn Aquarius Pisces 6 7 12 7 7 12 Saturn Mars Jupiter Mercury Mercury Venus 8 4 5 7 6 4 Mercury Venus Venus Jupiter Venus Jupiter 7 8 4 8 7 3 Jupiter Mercury Mercury Venus Jupiter Mercury 7 5 5 4 5 9 Venus Jupiter Saturn Saturn Mars Mars 2 6 4 4 5 2 Mars Saturn Mars Mars Saturn Saturn [7] There are 360 degrees: for Saturn 57, for Jupiter 79, for Mars 66, for Venus 82, and for Mercury 76 (degrees).3 F's addition: Then the Chaldeans made the beginning of each sign belong to the dirurnallord of the triplicity, then the nocturnal lord of the triplicity, then the diurnal lord of the second , then the nocturnal lord of the triplicity, then the lord of the third triplicity. They made the shares of the lord of the first division of the sign eight degrees, the the lord of the second division seven degrees, the lord of the third division six degrees, and of the fourth five ... 4 V's addition: The men of the art in ancient times agreed on using the Egyptian terms, and that which is adapted by Ptolemy is the terms of the people also. But there are variations in them. The terms of the Egyptians, on which the men of the art agree, is used in our time. 3Cf. Tetrabiblos l.22.fn.l. 4The text is very corrupt, but it seems that the five numbers 8,7,6,5,4 are assigned to the five divisions. According to K. Yamamoto's personal communication, the word 'irtila(' appears in Abii MacSar's Great Conjunction in the same context, but the meaning is not clear. -43-Part I Chapter 17 \fl_, #I J p (':!WI 3l#" ...,_,li.JI 2_f.lll yS' .11 0) _,.;I [1] "l#"

\.,_s'-11_, ._,...U}w- 0) _,.; 121 p .)1!11..) J>j_, p ...,,lJ.\..) "'_,ul.l_, C"'\:;1\..j j .;_,.;i _, >W _,.1oi . - _, . ._:;!;, (J, (J, (J, -'..I. (J, _, i> I i> I JS' _, ..,.J JS' i> y JS' i> y _,J _, _,J i> _, I t.. _, ..u t.. i> , t I , i> j ..J i> I i> y J _,J I _, y _, JS' J ) JS' I j JS' y J _,J j t _,J I c _, c t.. j J.J t.. I J. t J. i> c i i> y , _, ':( J. y Y- _, Y-JS' J. j' JS' j!. JS' _, j!. _,J J. t.. _,J t _, J t t.. J. .!... t.. J., t J J., i> , 5' i> c 5' planet (B) wishing to apply to it, then if the distance between the two is the same as half of the the two bodies, it is the beginning of its (A's) application to it (B). If between the two is the same as the body of the smaller of the two, then it is in the stronger of its application. If the two are equal in degrees and minutes, then it has completed its application.'' If it has passed over by one minute, then it has 'separated' from it, but it is in its power and authority until it passes over by half of the two bodies or it encounters another planet (C) which intends to go into application to it (B) on the condition which was described. The other applications and separations are analogous to this. [3] As for application in latitude,4 we do not need it except in conjunction, where the beginning of the application is just like its beginning in longitude, and its termination is just like its termination , according to what was said before concerning application in longitude, by the amount of the bodies, and by what is taken into consideration about application. The existence of two planets in two degrees which are equal in their ascension or m 1The topics of this chapter are discussed more in detail by Abil Ma(Sar in his Abbreviation, chapter 3. The English equivalents of the technical terms in the present translation are mostly borrowed from those of the Abbreviation. See also Tetrabiblos I.24. 2The degrees of 'body' of planets can be tabulated as: As KuSyar says, there is an opinion that Mars' body is 8 degrees. 3I have supplied A, B, C to facilitate understanding. 4See Abbreviation 3.15 -51-Part I Chapter 18 . il!ll 28 Ul .>..;;; 27 .>J V I I\ J. L 0;:> , ':' y . ':' i .J'f" .,.. ':' - - . .) 290:\-f _y:JI .y- ._,..) 0) y., ._p:JI JW':II .:.r- _,>I ty., [4] JJ.I .j _,>'11 JJ .JY 31y)_y:)l .,u; 3ot.r- .:r .__; .I.:,.,.+ I .j o_,-.)1., .j 'l it.a.. iW 35\.A.J_,; C"f- 3\p..:,., .1.:,.,.+1 .j _;C:..ll.. )IJ Jy..i)l JL.:i'>'l.jJ 38B Cl!.o _,j O.k> _,j instead of O..b--' C1!.o !)A _,j 39BFJV om . ._HWI ._,..) _y:)l 0' Jy.A.o _,.; 4BFV put here. 41FVom. ._HWI ._,..) _y:]l 0' 42B (J .Jo yz.,.. 0' .Jo,. .j V (J t.,i c.P.-)IS" +. J 13 .;t,.... .;l..o..)i::.o 12 c:" 1_,.. .) c.P.-)IS" ..,. _) .) .) c.P.-)IS" 'P. .j .;t;.....,i ..; } t.,; c.P.-)IS" Jyw> l..;.,ti .Jb lij!..o .Jb W.:.... C!:f' 0}:-_ .Jb l..i ":-.J> 0_,.....J - yS'l_,(ll ..u.; b._;> 0y;._ _,i y!WI Ji -J) p ._s>IJ.I 36 j_, ._,..) - - if ..U; u _,.... _, _,>'ill 38._,..{ _,(!I if j;i 19a om . ._,..{ ._,..{ _,(11; FV om . ._,..{ .; 20y 0) _,i 21 F J _ ; a _ of lJ.,:< 0 y;._ 0b 22F J; J om. 23y' 24F om. "_,All i _,:JI _,j rl aJ .jll '"J 21a ._s_,:i 28J add. if 29a i _,All; FV ._sy.il 30aJV 8J om. throughout this chapter. 9F 10B om. 11BFJV om. 12B .J instead of .J o.w.WI 13Vom. 14V om. .:ro J.,l> [1] J,!-!1 I:U. rl.;-!1_, y if _,;JI 2 JN..UI ....,.j

j ..:.bUI_, JUI ji..JI o>UI 1"1"" _,.o

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JYlJJ 1 BV om. from here J om. from here to 2 F U:!loi..J I 3J om. U F . 8BFJV add. [_.f. 9BF ; V 1F f instead of ..!4i ,...,)\; V add. (..> y 11V add. rl;-J\ j..-J\ o:U. _, 12F in abjad in this context. 13B .-.- > _ ., F i.> ,{. J i.> > .'-' --;-_) Vw...J- I _) ' _) Vw-1-- V 14B .r ..r-1'" F J .r 15y .i....a.P-lSV \;>_j 17F 18JV & 20BFJV om. 22BFJV om. 23y om. -' 24V ..) ; F ,J' [_J>:instead of ,J' J> -62-Jcll I:U. ..) it, Translation I.21 Chapter Twenty One: On Lots 1 [1] The lot is an indicator extracted from two indicators which indicate one thing just as the twelve places do, and we use it instead of them. It is one of indicating a desired object. The lots based on this method are many, but the powerful one which we cannot dispense with is the lot of fortune which is the indicator of property and happiness, and the lot of the absent which is the indicator of opinion, religion, and the foretelling of things before their existence. [2] The lot of fortune2 is taken from the Sun to the Moon by day and from the Moon to the Sun by night, and are cast out from the ascendant. Its computation: when we take the between the Sun and the Moon by day in the direct direction and by night in the opposite direction, we add to it the degrees of the ascendant, and thirty are cast out from the ascendant , and then we count the number , then the lot of fortune is found there. [3] Example of it: The ascendant is ten degrees in Aries, the Sun is fifteen degrees in Sagittarius, and the Moon is ten degrees in Aquarius. Then there are fifty-five degrees between the the Sun and the Moon in the direct direction and we add to it the degrees of the ascendant; then sixty-five degrees are obtained. Then we throw away thirty degrees for Aries and thirty degrees for Taurus, and what remains is five degrees of Gemini. This is the place of the lot of fortune in this example. 3 1The lots are not mentioned by Ptolemy, although the scribe of G ascribes some theory to Ptolemy according to the information from Abii Ma'sar, as he puts in the gloss on [11] (see below). For Abii Ma.i 1"1"" .si 36 cllkll 0" 35 .)l_,:ll 39 .)l_,:ll 0)1.;. Js- J,U4_, 38 .)l_,:ll Js- ...)-j J,U4_, ,jl_,:ll Js- _,..All JJ ;_,...)10" 1"1""-' [7} .)I_,:! I Js- _,..All JJ , ).l.. 'l j l.o.'l _,j ..,_; lJb. L.fii; 61;_....1_, _:, 0" 's ..JI . d.ll _,.:t.. _,1 2 c!l}> _,.:t.. .,i ,_k,.,..:.ll _,.:t.. ..) t)l [1] .1., j"'[3J G17a J_:,':l)l .}-_:, l;i., 16-,.r.JI t)ll;i 15lJ_j"'; , !- 0[2] (Aij ..-;_,ll..j 01S"'"0J t.;... ':1 J..-AJI..U.;..) yj_).lj ..;WI Js- j-'< U ..) _,.. j ji Cf..J ..) 11 I.JI.r J.y-:11 0\S" i,;J [3] _,.....ll.:ro G17b i_,ts"j j:ill js- j, i _).; y,-:.!1 1"1"" j ;,U\ 1"1"" JJ _).; 01(1,;)!5] yj_).lj ..;Wij 0" J.lllj 15yj_).l _,..i Js- [6] _,.All JJ .:ro J.lllj _;-'11 cllkll .:ro .A-1 16y_,;JI JJ 18 _,i .y..:U. C: 0\S" 17\,;b C' y 0" .Aj ..) t)i01S"200) t.;... ':1 yj_).lj ..;W\ Js- j, _,i L.. lOJ in,tead of C!)l 11B om. 12BJ _, 13J lj y )..lo.j .y- 0_,-ail I3J[9J .}>- j, AI "..:.t., .j >Al., ._J> ..:.t., .j .. .. .. " .... >)..1 . "., ..s..iWI 0" 0] 51l:;l., .lyLI JL.I .JL..(;I .;1.,1 ,#- .j., .;1.,1 - L.. .,i Wl tU. y>L..J [2] .,__J j;.i J _,U... [JJ. .:r (-/. ..) y. J _,U... -,.51 .:r 0'6" I.;J J1.,4:.. ..::,.;'6" _,..ill ..Us 0'6" .;l.,i..) ..}>- j, 01_;,;5:11 0\.f.,.SOI ..::,.;'6" ,_,u.... 0'6" 0b WJ;.., l_,u...i ..::,.;'6" o_,.o)\..::,.;'6" 0b a.L! 2\_)u...i., m c 6\)h ... ., WJ;, ..::-;'6" _,w1 01.,i # ..)., JU.... .:r o_,.o j..JI ISJ _,..All [4] o_,.o)\ C ._y.., .;l.,i..) ;_;;!SO\ ..}>- j-'1. J_,b. [5] _,w1 01.,i # ..) ), .. n., WJoJI., ..}>- '\}.b yl,ll c? .!ll:..., J JU...i 4B.FJ _,u...i J r v WJoJI., 6BF J _,\.,.J!ll ..)

0!i ;_}5' ,,..bb _,IJI 01_,1 ..) ;_,..)1 Yi.? [B) ..u.ly:JI 0J_, J >lj y51 lrJJ 24ifi.l,JI - -).k.. .:r ..:.p;.1 J.> ol,.ll -:,_}5'25.;-l._, ..:._,J-1 ..j y51_,.(JI __.tsi [9) ,y l,..j 0_,>:t 0]_, J l...:lj 0_,s::t 0) ol,.ll J _,..All [10) '-L.. l;j[u) J.l_,;i J." j, .)L. U ..) ,t.JI J..... _,_, ClJ.JI 0Y, !.,; _,i ,I.JI J..... _, ..) t)l_, G20a yo-' i_, ol,.ll 36..tJ_; J!.. J." j, [1] j,; L;JI Jr. j, I...Y- .y.._,!s._, " 510}i _,....JI 5o;....:lj .Y j, ..U.i.S' .JI.. y5' _,(; J.il .,:,)_, 55 ......., _,.. ..) '1 _,.,A.. 54 ..;IS' I; J ylJ. _, _,....J 1 , Y- ss y y5' _,(; J.i 1 JWI >lj_, 57 _,....JI Jy,A.o _,..-' c:"'l.::ll ..) ..;IS'.,:,)_, 56'} _,.,A.. J.;_ , >W 1_, 1_, J _,41 JW 1_, yUJI _, .J.-5'_, _,....J I '1 _,.,A.. J.;_ .,:,)_, _,....JI ..j :w.JI _,.. 58t_r. ..,.I_, j' ..j :w.JI_, C' }.I ;, .,:,ts' 6215J I.;- '} J'> )I .Y j"" 61.)J 60} ...... 59 UP.- j [8) G21a if .jll 66i_;Jl; JlJ.I .,:,1s'6515J t.; .-'1 ,>l;JI .Y j-'o 64i)1 .Y j-" Jy.AJI_, .lo#l ..j .,:,_,501_, ,>l;JI_, .Y j-" ..j .,:,_,501_, >_,......11 67JI.A.;)I .....1.\.JI -' . ..;J .f"-' I5J Wl J.,...; Cl!. _,i Wl Cl!. .Y 68.,:,_,.1_,:..11[9) ..u; 7o j-" L. >U--' y. 4Jo _,.b ..)-' }:11 ..)-' V>Lti ..) o..u.L... o - 1\ _,.....jl , l..o l5' I ) .) .!>oY.\ .)J Jp .) ._; _,....()' cu. \.ri.U,_, Jl.:JI_, ..;pi 'V J 2BFjV om. numbering. 3G om. 4 F JV JY- ; B 'J \ and om . ..1.-". 'J \ 0-' 5BJV t,.ll, ._,.l.!.ll 21_,.. ll, 13_;..11 _,...,.1 1 J--1 _,..., i lll 0 by-20, >l( l;.: l..u0 - - ..., _;.J.I J t.:.H, 22 y _;..11 0:\{ -f .:U I u _,.,1.1, y _;.J 1, 0l!. __,..)I if" J I ci:.l.l, [7] l( V"J JY.4J 1.., I..I"YJ 32..u.....ll .u ..... 112] -I.JJI '::i_,.), ._,..), 01_,...11 if" ,_;;JI J--WI o>l(J U.l.)-1 36 o>l(J j.-> }I o>l(J 35\.L 'J 0L.._f .U 0l)!.IIJ [14] 19B y \j y _;..11; V y _,.;.l\j 2ov U.o>l(j instead of o>l( l;.: 21V J_,.;.)linstead of _,...,.Jij J_;.J.I "J jj.lt - 23B 1.)"_) "J L..li 25 J ol...U J l;.: J 0:\AU IJ ; v ol.. J 0U.L.. J 26B add . .Y..JY J 27BV j; G 0\J\_.;; j 28BJV B add. 29B 0\:.. J_,> 30J; ,)I 31v (JL;L\ 33y .!J .J 34 G ':?"") j "v .U; v add . ..,..) 36J om. 37B add. o>l( -104- Jl yAA ..,....,, Translation II. 9 [6] The airy triplicity, which is Gemini, Libra, and Aquarius, belongs to the quarter which is between south and west. Its countries are: the land of Sudan, J.:Iadham, the seashores of the western sea, the Syrian sea, the country which is called by the common name of the west. [7] The watery triplicity, which is Cancer, Scorpio, and Pisces, belongs to the quarter which is between west and north. Its countries are: the country of Andalus, Jalaliqa, Burjan, Afrinja, greater Rumiyyz, and $aqaliba. [8] As for the countries which are related to each sign: to Aries belong Babylon which is Iraq, Adharbayjan, the region of Armenia, Persia, Palestine, Ramla, and the country of Syria. [9] To Taurus belong Hamadan, Mahan, the water of Kilfa,the water of Bru;;ra, the the Kurds, the region of Suwad to the mountains and the two sides of 'farsiis. [10] To Gemini belong Day lam, Jilan,3 Egypt, Barqa, Jurjan, Miiqan, Q":yra-wan, and Alexandria. [11] To Cancer belong Lesser Armenia, China to the east of Khurasan, Marw, Marw al-Rud, the country of Ifriqiya, and Byzantium which extends be-hind the routes of the frontiers. [12] To Leo belong Sogdiana, 'fiis and what follows it, Nisabiir, and from the cities of the Turks to the end of the inhabited world, the land of Antakiyya and inner Armenia, and Bab al-Abwab. [13] To Virgo belong Jaza'ira, the country of the country of Jaramaqa, the country of the sea coast which are the harbors of [14] To Libra belong Kirman, Sijistan, Kabul, 'fukharistan, Balkh, Herat, the region of the west, and Upper Egypt toward the boundaries of Ethiopia. 3This is Kilsyar's birth place. -105-Part II Chapter 9 J)_, .roJI JJ y_,.JI >lu ifjjl 42i_,.....JI_, .I [16) J)_, 450\::l_,.ll JJ ..:...JI_, 01..,S::.._, 44.cll .I [17) J_,;JI_, 4s .}.ISO I I _, ..:...JI v") J.,.i.ll _, >I_,...JI_, u !I .I y..UI_, [18) JJ 47 J? \?"ly JJ J-_,..JI"' J.)-1 ..r.fl.l Jl... J