kundiwam irrigation 2013

Submitted To: Sir. Ali Murad Kisana

Subject: Geodesy and Surveying

Submitted By: Atiqa Ijaz Khan

Roll no: Geom-02

Dated: 28th Dec, 2013

2013 Institute of Geology

University of the Punjab

KUNDIWAM IRRIGATION SCHEME _

BOUNDARY DEMARCATION SURVEY

Kundiwam Irrigation Scheme _ Boundary Demarcation Survey 2013

1

Table of Contents

Chapter 1: Introduction 02

Reservoir Boundary Demarcation 06

Chapter 2: 10

Observations and Calculations 12

Results 15

References 21

List of Tables

Table 1: Calculations 15-16

Table 2: Results 20

List of Figure

Figure 1: Dam Reservoir (example) 06

Figure 2: EAC Curve (example) 07

Figure 3: ECC Curve (example) 08

Figure 4: Combined (EAC+ECC) (example) 09

Figure 5: Input Data 12

Figure 6: Extracted Data 13

Figure 7: Raster Output 13

Figure 8: Cross-sectional View(raster) 14

Figure 9: Cross-sectional View 14

Figure 10: EAC(2D area in meters) 17

Figure 11: EAC(3D surface area in meters) 17

Figure 12: ECC( in meters) 18

Figure 13: ECC( in feet) 18

Figure 14: EAC+ECC 19

Figure 15: Cross-sectional View (excel) 19

Figure 16: Cross-sectional View (cad) 20


2

Chapter 1

ntroduction

Talking about boundary demarcation surveys, first it is important to know what

actually the demarcation is? Internationally, 3 of the terms used that are

jumbled with each other, like, delimitation, demarcation, and delineation. But,

technically, they differ in their meanings.

Delimitation:

One of the statements regarding this is as follows:

“It is the legal process by which the two sovereign nations establish and describe in

writing the location of their common boundary. This is the task of diplomats and

treaty negotiators, and it may require more than a single agreement.”

(The Demarcation and Maintenance of International Boundaries, Dr. Alec McEwen)

It should then coincide with the line on the map. Or if it is written text, then care

should be taken to use the proper words, without any doubt.

Demarcation:

It is explained in the following terminology:

“It is a field operation; its purpose is to mark the position on the ground for all to

see.”


A joint commission of equal number of members from each country undertakes it. It

may call the physical marking on the ground.

I


3

Delineation:

It may become clear from this:

“It is the graphical or the mathematical representation of the boundary.”


Mostly, a joint commission undertakes both of the demarcation and delineation.

They then publish the results that include reports, photographs, other illustration,

maps, and tables showing geographical positions of the monuments, and survey

control stations.

Overview of Definitions:

At times, delimitation and demarcation overlaps, till the late ends of 19th century, the

1st attempt were made to separate them.

The first attempt to separate the two stages was made by Captain A. H. (later Sir

Henry) McMahon at a meeting of the Royal Artillery Institution in 1896. During the

discussion of a singularly dull paper by Lt. Col. Trotter on the demarcation of the

Sierra Leone boundary (Trotter, 1897), McMahon said:

“I think when one is talking of a science it is not out of place to consider the name of

that science. In my opinion, delimitation (which, as we know, is a new word, not to

be found in any dictionary, at least not in Webster or Johnson or any classical

dictionary) means the laying down – not the laying down on the ground, but the

definition on paper, either in words or on a map – of the limits of a country.

Delimitation covers...all the preliminary processes and procedure involved before a

boundary is laid down on the ground... Having done all that, you then come to

work on the ground, and then the process ceases to be delimitation and becomes

demarcation.”

Allocation Delimition Demarcation Maintenance Mangement


4

McMahon’s suggestion only gradually caught on. The 1902 Award in the Argentine-

Chile Case (Edward VII 1902) refers to ‘definition’ and ‘delineation’ of the border

followed by ‘fixing the boundary on the spot’, though the accompanying report by

Col. Sir Thomas Holdich (Holdich, 1902) refers to ‘the actual demarcation’. By the

time Lord Curzon came to give the Romanes Lectures (Curzon, 1907) the idea seems

to have taken hold as he adds a footnote to the word ‘demarcation’.

“I use the word intentionally as applying to the final stage and the marking out of

the boundary on the spot. Diplomatic agents and documents habitually confound

the meaning of the two words ‘delimitation’ and ‘demarcation’, using them as if

they were interchangeable terms. This is not the case. Delimitation signifies all the

earlier processes for determining a boundary, down to and including its

embodiment in a Treaty or Convention. But when the local Commissioners get to

work, it is not delimitation but demarcation on which they are engaged.”

Preparation Phase of Demarcation:

The few of the steps are as follows that are used in the preparation of international

demarcation. But these steps can be used up to requirement for local area

demarcation.

They are as follows:

Preparation Phase:

1. Reaching and maintaining the political consensus.

2. Creating an institutional framework (joint commission).

3. Securing the finance.

4. Training of the boundary workers.

5. Legal and technical data collection.

6. Social and geographical settlements.

7. Will of local community.

8. Evaluate the working condition.

Field Work:

1. Identify the ground control points.

2. Recover the old marking.


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3. Rebuild or destroy the old markings.

4. Build new intermediate markings.

5. Survey all boundary marks.

6. Perform computational analysis.

7. Compile up satellite images.

8. Map all features.

9. Produce boundary map.

So, by the term “Boundary Demarcation Survey” means all the procedures,

preparation, and field work that the boundary workers do for marking the boundary

on the ground for all to see.

Uses:

This type of survey can be used in:

1. Marking the International boarders

2. Marking Property boundaries

3. Marking Reservoir boundaries

4. For Residential Land Use

5. For Revenue generation

6. By Municipal committees


6

eservoir Boundary Demarcation

One of the applications of the Boundary Demarcation Survey is in the dam

reservoir estimation. By surveying the correct control points, the area and

capacity calculation of the reservoir is done accurately.

Now what is reservoir?

“A reservoir is a large, artificial lake created by constructing a dam across a river.”

While broadly speaking, any lake or water pool may be included in this term.

Fig.1. Dam Reservoir

Reservoir can be:

1. Single-purpose Reservoir

2. Multi-Purpose Reservoir

Reservoirs can be of many types:

1. Storage Reservoir

2. Flood Control Reservoir

3. Distribution Reservoir

4. Balancing Reservoir

5. Hydropower Reservoir

R


7

6. Irrigation Reservoir

Available Storage Capacity of a Reservoir:

Whatever may be the use of a reservoir, its most important function is to store water

during floods and to release it later. The storage capacity of a reservoir is, therefore,

its most important characteristics. The available storage capacity of a reservoir

depends upon the topography of the site and the height of dam. To determine the

available storage capacity of a reservoir upto a certain level of water, engineering

surveys are usually conducted.

For accurate determination of the capacity, a topographic survey of the reservoir area

is usually conducted, and a contour map of the area is prepared. A contour plan of

the area is prepared to a scale of 1 cm = 100 m or 150 m with a contour interval of 1 to

3 m, depending upon the size of the reservoir. The storage capacity and the water

spread area at different elevations can be determined from the contour map, as

explained below:

Area-Elevation Curve:

From the contour plan, the water spread area of the reservoir at any elevation is

determined by measuring the area enclosed by the corresponding contour.

Generally, a planimeter is used for measuring the area. An elevation-area curve is

then drawn between the

surface area as abscissa

and the elevation as

ordinate.

Fig.2. EAC Curve


8

Elevation-Capacity Curve:

The storage capacity of the reservoir at any elevation is determined from the water

spread area at various elevations. The following formulae are commonly used to

determine the storage capacity (i.e. storage volumes):

Fig.3. ECC Curve

1. Trapezoidal Formula

2. Cone Formula

3. Prismoidal Formula

Combined Diagram:

It is the usual practice to plot both the elevation -area curve and the elevation-

storage curve on the same paper. The reader should carefully note the abscissa

marking as the areas and volumes increase in the opposite directions


9

Fig.4. Combined Diagram (EAC + ECC)


10

Chapter 2

Objective

The objective is to study the reservoir of a dam by using survey data.

Study Area

The study area belongs to the “Kundiwam Irrigation Scheme” South Waziristan,

FATA, Pakistan, on the Tank-Wana Road.

Data Sources

The data is available in by precise survey of that particular area for the year 2010.

Data Format

The data is in auto-cad drawing format. The contours lines are measured and

mentioned.

Software

The software used is:

1. Auto-cad (2007)

2. Arc GIS (9.3)

3. Microsoft Excel (2013)

Given Task

Our task is to measure the elevation, area and volume of the reservoir. In order to

show the relation between, elevation-capacity curve and elevation-area curve.

Methodology

It includes 2 major steps as follows:

Step 01:

1. Open ArcGIS V9.3.


11

2. Add Cad File... double click... just add “POLYLINES”, because we have to take

in contours only.

3. Export those lines by right clicking the added file.

4. Now go to the “SELECTION BY ATTRIBUTES”:

a. Select from Exported file.

b. Apply query as: “Layers = INDEX OR Layers= INTERMEDIATE”.

c. Check the UNIQUE VALUES for “INDEX & INTERMEDIATE”.

d. Press OK.

5. Contours are selected in a result of the above selection.

6. Export that selection to get Only contours.

7. Create a polygon shape file with projection “Pak Zone 1”.

a. For this add, pre-defined projection file for “Pak Zone 1 & 2” in

“:C/Program Files/ArcGIS/Coordinate Systems”.

8. Select the MAXIMUM CONTOUR (1393m) by Selection Feature from general

toolbar.

9. Mark boundary around the maximum contour, including the Dam Axis, but

nothing beyond axis. And another polygon around the dam axis with much

larger horizontal extent as polygon_2.

10. CLIP the contours within the boundary by using: “Analysis-Extract-

Clip”.

a. Input=Contours

b. Clip=Boundary

11. Open Attribute Table of Clipped feature, and sort out for Zero Elevation

(check the min = 1379 and re-check the max = 1393).

12. Convert the Clipped feature into DEM and also the 2nd polygon, separately, by

using: “3D Analyst-Raster Interpolation-Topo to Raster”.

a. Input= Contour & Boundary

b. For Contour: Select Elevation

c. For Boundary: Select FID

d. Cell size=1

13. Can also convert the Clipped feature and polygon_2 in TIN, by: “3D Analyst-

Create/modify TIN-Create TIN from Features”.

14. Now note down the Area(2D), Surface Area(3D), and Volume, after every

0.5m by using : “3D Analyst-Surface Analysis-Area/Volume” as:


12

a. Height of plane=1

b. CHECK: statistics below the plane

c. Z=1

d. Click Calculate Statistics every-time.

Step 02:

1. Note down the values of Elevation, Area, Surface Area and Volume.

2. Add the values in the excel sheet, note pad or word.

3. Create 5 graphs in Excel as:

a. Create a graph of Elevation Vs Area (EAC).

b. Create a graph of Elevation Vs Surface Area.

c. Create a graph of Elevation Vs Volume (ECC).

Graph’s Units:

1. EAC curve in Meters.

2. EAC curve with surface area in Meters.

3. ECC curve in Meters.

4. ECC curve with Volume in Acre feet.

Observation and Calculations

Following figures describe the process and observations as:

Fig.5. Input data in Cad format


13

Fig.6.Extracted data from Cad drawing

Fig.7. Output raster


14

Fig.8. Cross-sectional view (raster)

Fig.9. Cross-sectional View


15

The following data has been obtained by using ArcGIS v 9.3:

Serial

No

Interval

(m)

Elevation

Area_2D

(m2)

Surface

Area_3D

(m2)

Volume

(m3)

Volume

(acre feet)

Interval

(feet)

Elevation

1 1378.5 43.06 43.06 0.45 0.000364821 4522.637795

2 1379 469.59 470.25 132.63 0.107524865 4524.278215

3 1379.5 852.27 855 464.61 0.376665367 4525.918635

4 1380 1216.65 1223 979.13 0.79379342 4527.559055

5 1380.5 2387.13 2399.24 1836.8 1.489117638 4529.199475

6 1381 3599.25 3620.8 3317.16 2.689264735 4530.839895

7 1381.5 6215.77 6249.66 5627.02 4.561898265 4532.480315

8 1382 7803.06 7854.51 9201.41 7.459702705 4534.120735

9 1382.5 9499.96 9573.24 13449.64 10.90379799 4535.761155

10 1383 12790.48 12889.68 18984.35 15.39085934 4537.401575

11 1383.5 18063.86 18191.76 26683.72 21.63283869 4539.041995

12 1384 22477.97 22639.39 36830.07 29.85861654 4540.682415

13 1384.5 26506.21 26705.57 49081.31 39.79085607 4542.322835

14 1385 30522.05 30764.75 63342.2 51.35234499 4543.963255

15 1385.5 35322.88 35618.11 79711.94 64.62350601 4545.603675

16 1386 38896.98 39253.87 98417.37 79.78824128 4547.244094

17 1386.5 41766.46 42192.31 118559.29 96.11755767 4548.884514

18 1387 44986.31 45488.02 140215.1 113.6742044 4550.524934

19 1387.5 48896.59 49481.39 163747.66 132.7523567 4552.165354

20 1388 53879.04 54554.37 189227.79 153.4094293 4553.805774

21 1388.5 59508.94 60284.52 217837.37 176.6035877 4555.446194

22 1389 63583.73 64468.39 248629.37 201.5670624 4557.086614

23 1389.5 67748.26 68750.37 281486.38 228.2046676 4558.727034

24 1390 72073.72 73199.86 316402.6 256.5117011 4560.367454

25 1390.5 76873.26 78130.08 353503.06 286.5895263 4562.007874

26 1391 82102.86 83497.3 393188.87 318.7633284 4563.648294

27 1391.5 87206.12 88745.99 435500.34 353.0657871 4565.288714


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Table.1. Calculations

Results

The important graphical results are as follows:

Fig.10. EAC (2D area in sq m)

119845.75, 1395

1376

1378

1380

1382

1384

1386

1388

1390

1392

1394

1396

0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000 140000

EL

EV

AT

ION

(M

)

AREA (SQ M)

EA_Curve

Series1

28 1392 93158.49 94849.9 480570.74 389.6049463 4566.929134

29 1392.5 100722.72 102573.15 529039.37 428.8990948 4568.569554

30 1393 107509.37 109526.27 581199.92 471.1863307 4570.209974

31 1393.5 113138.62 115330.12 636412.98 515.9482763 4571.850394

32 1394 116184.25 118556.37 693852.51 562.5152499 4573.490814

33 1394.5 118180.19 120737.11 752472.3 610.0390757 4575.131234

34 1395 119845.75 122590.76 811985.94 658.2875574 4576.771654

Total 16.5 1684031.85 1711308.17 7751891.4 6284.559133 154689.9606


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Fig.11. EAC (3D area in sq m)

Fig.12. ECC (in meter cube)

122590.76, 1395

1376

1378

1380

1382

1384

1386

1388

1390

1392

1394

1396

0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000 140000

EL

EV

AT

ION

(M)

SURFACE AREA (SQ M)

Surface Area_Curve

Series1

811985.94, 1395

1376

1378

1380

1382

1384

1386

1388

1390

1392

1394

1396

0 100000 200000 300000 400000 500000 600000 700000 800000 900000

EL

EV

AT

ION

(M)

VOLUME (METER CUBE)

EC_Curve

Series1


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Fig.13. ECC (in acre feet)

Fig.14. EAC+ECC (in meters)

4510

4520

4530

4540

4550

4560

4570

4580

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

EL

EV

AT

ION

(F

T)

VOLUME (ACRE FEET)

EC_Curve

Interval (ft)

020000400006000080000100000120000140000

1376

1378

1380

1382

1384

1386

1388

1390

1392

1394

1396

0 100000 200000 300000 400000 500000 600000 700000 800000 900000

AREA (SQ M)_SERIES 1

EL

EV

AT

ION

(M

)

VOLUME (METER CUBE)_SERIES 2

EAC+ECC

Series2 Series1


19

Figure.15. Cross-sectional View (excel_2013)

Figure.16. Cross-sectional View (cad_2007)

1376

1378

1380

1382

1384

1386

1388

1390

1392

1394

1396

1398

1400

1402

1404

1406

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260

EL

EV

AT

ION

(M

)

DISTANCE (M)

Cross-Section

Series1


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The following are the results tabular form:

No Serial Minimum Value

at 1379 m

Maximum Value at

1393 m

Summation

01. Area (m2) 43.06 119845.75 1684031.85

02. Surface Area (m2) 43.06 122590.76 1711308.17

03. Volume (m3) 0.45 811985.94 7751891.4

04. Volume (acre feet) 0.000364821 658.2875574 6284.559133

Table.2. Results


21

References

1. Criteria for determining municipal boundaries and categorization of

Metropolitan municipalities (Bid no ao3/2010mdb),

Report prepared for: municipal demarcation board

By: Professor Robert Cameron, Department of political studies, University of

Cape Town, Professor John Meligrana, School of urban and regional planning,

Queen’s university, Kingston, Canada

2. Delimitation and demarcation of boundaries in Africa. The user’s guide

African union border programme (aubp)

3. The demarcation and maintenance of International boundaries,

Prepared for the Canadian Commissioner of the Canada/United States

international boundary commission, who presented it at a training workshop

on the demarcation and maintenance of International boundaries, held at the

University of Durham, 8-10 July 2002, By Dr. Alec McEwen

4. Chapter 3: Reservoir, Ce_05016_ch3_4

5. Mapping in support of frontier arbitration: Delimitation and demarcation

By: Dennis Rush-Worth

kundiwam irrigation 2013

Technology

word demarcation

results20list of figure

demarcation overlaps

actual demarcation

meters17 figure

data13 figure

ecc19 figure

feet18 figure