kuliah-4 chen- ni laterite-short version
TRANSCRIPT
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Mineralogical Characterization
of Nickel Laterites from New
Caledonia and Indonesia
T.T. Chen1, J.E. Dutrizac1, E. Krause2
and R. Osborne2
1CANMET, Natural Resources Canada, Ottawa, Ontario2Inco Technical Services Limited, Mississauga, Ontario
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Nickel lateri tes
Nickel laterite ores were formed by tropicalweathering of precursor (terutama)
ultramafic rocks.
The ores are generally divided into twotypes: limoniticand saprolitic.
Some ores formed in situ, whereas otherswere transported and deposited in locations
removed from their precursor sites.
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New CaledoniaPrincipal Nickel Laterite Deposits
LEGEND
Residual Nickel Deposit
Sedimentary Nickel Deposit
Ultramafic
Nepoui
Me Maoya
Tene Bourail
Tontouta
NOUMEAPernod
Moneo
Poro
Louaoua
Nakety
Thio
Quinne
Yate
Goro
Tchingou
Koniambo
Etoile du Nord
Tiebaghi
Poum
PdL
Prony
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IndonesiaPrincipal Nickel Laterite Deposits
500km
WEDA BAY
SULAWESI
KALIMANTAN
SERAWAK
PNG
IRIAN JAYA
HALMAHERA
SUMATRA
TIMOR
GEBE
OBISOROWAKO
BAHODOPI
POMALAA
GAG
WAIGEO
SENTANI
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Samp les s tud ied
The samples studied are typical wet nickel
laterites of humid rain forests. They are grab
samples obtained from Inco operations:
Pilot plant autoclave test feed of Goro laterite,New Caledonia (limonitic, in-situ type). Plaine des Lacs (PDL) sedimentary material,
New Caledonia (limonitic, transported type). Reduction rotary kiln feed from PT Inco (PTI)
Sorowako, Indonesia (saprolitic, in-situ type).
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Experimental
The as-received Goro sample was driedat~35oC for two weeks. Drying resulted in the
agglomeration of the materials.
Grindingthe as-received dried PTI reductionkiln feed to
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Chem ical analyses (w t %)
Goro PT Inco
Ni 1.73 1.99Co 0.11 0.05
Fe 41.1 20.7Mg 2.73 10.1Si 5.11 14.6
Al 2.57 1.66Mn 0.68 0.36Cr 1.73 0.80
CO3 0.66 -
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Goro Nickel New Caledonia
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Goro laterite. 1- (Cr,Al,Mg,Fe)3O4, 2- goethite, 3- serpentine,
4- gibbsite, 5- fine-grained matrix
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Goro laterite. 1- goethite, 2- serpentine, 3- goethite,
4- quartz, 5- (Cr,Al,Mg,Fe)3O4
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Goro later i te
Approximately two-thirds of the particlesare
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Goro later i te
Major- goethite FeOOH. Minor- lizardite Mg3Si2O5(OH)4 (serpentine),
talc Mg3Si4O10(OH)2, gibbsite Al(OH)3,Cr-spinel (Cr,Al,Mg,Fe)3O4 andMn oxide.
Trace- magnetite, chlorite Mg-Fe-Al silicate,forsterite Mg2SiO4(olivine), amphibole Ca-
Mg-Fe silicate, enstatite MgSiO3(pyroxene),
quartz and silica SiO2.nH2O.
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Goro laterite. 1- grey serpentine, 2- dark serpentine,
3- Mn-Ni-Fe oxide, 4- serpentine, 5- goethite
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Goro laterite. 1- Mn oxide, 2- goethite, 3- serpentine,
4- Fe-Mn-Al oxide
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Goro laterite. 1- forsterite, 2- serpentine, 3- quartz, 4-
goethite, 5- siderite, 6- enstatite, 7- gibbsite, 8- magnetite
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Approximate average compositions of the Ni-carriersin Goro laterite, as determined by electron
microprobe analyses (wt %)
Goethite Greyserpentine
Darkserpentine
Mnoxide
Magnetite Chlorite
Ni 1.5 1.7 2.0 10.2 0.15 0.7
Fe 47.8 6.1 6.1 7.5 68.6 5.0Mg 0.6 21.1 14.1 0.6 0.3 17.1Al 2.9 0.4 1.4 4.3 0.1 8.2Cr 0.8 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.4Mn 0.4 0.1 0.1 23.0 0.3 ndCo 0.1 nd nd 4.1 0.4 ndSi 1.6 17.7 14.7 0.5 0.1 13.9
nd- below detection limit (Mn 600-700 ppm, Co 550-600ppm, Ni 550-600 ppm). Serpentine Mg2-3Si2O5(OH)4.nH2O
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P.T. Inco Sorowako East Block
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PT Inco reduc t ion k i ln feed
The material consists of a mixtureof twoprinciple ores (a unserpentinized ore and a
variably serpentinized ore), together with asmall amount of recycledconverter material
and kiln dust.
The ore is saprolitic, containing dominantamounts of Mg silicate and Mg-Fe silicate
minerals.
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PT Inco reduct ion k i ln feed
The ore still contains significant quantities of theprecursor mineralsolivine, pyroxene and
amphibole.
Most of the particles exhibit complex alterationtextures. Mineral species and Ni contents vary
from particle to particle.
Because the coarser-grained particles had beenground prior to study, the particle sizes shown in
this study do not necessarily represent the ore.
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PTI reduction kiln feed. 1- enstatite, 2- Ca-Mg silicate, 3-
serpentine, 4- Mg-Ca-Al silicate (amphibole), 5- goethite, 6-
(Al,Cr,Fe,Mg)3O4, 7- Mg-Fe-Al silicate (chlorite)
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PTI reduction kiln feed. 1- olivine, 2- diopside, 3- Mg silicate,
4- chlorite, 5- goethite, 6- serpentine, 7- Fe oxide, 8- spheroid
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PT Inco reduct ion ki ln feed
Major- serpentine.
Minorto trace- goethite, Cr-spinel, chlorite,talc, amphibole, pyroxene (enstatite,
diopside), Mn oxide, various Fe-Mg-Al
silicates, Fe-Mg-Ni-Si-O spheroids (recycledprocess material), olivine, magnetite and
quartz.
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PTI reduction kiln feed. 1- grey serpentine (1.8-2.0% Ni), 2-
dark serpentine- (2.1-3.0% Ni), 3- goethite (0.4% Ni), 4-
goethite (0.3-0.5% Ni), 5- goethite (1.0-2.1% Ni), 6- forsterite0.2% Ni 7- Mn oxide 13.8% Ni 8- enstatite no Ni
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PTI reduction kiln feed. 1- (Cr,Fe)3O4(no Ni), 2-
(Cr,Fe,Al,Mg)3O4(0.17% Ni), 3- Fe3O4(1.1% Ni), 4- serpentine
(1.2-2.7% Ni), 5- goethite (1.4% Ni), 6- spheroid (1.2% Ni in Mg-
Fe silicate and 2.3% Ni in Fe oxide), 7- NiFe2O4, 8- Mn oxide
(9.6% Ni)
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PTI reduction kiln feed. 1- goethite (0.3-0.4% Ni), 2- grey
serpentine (1.5% Ni), 3- dark serpentine (2.2% Ni), 4- dark
serpentine (4.9% Ni), 5- goethite (1.9-2.0% Ni), 6- Mn oxide
(16.3-17.3% Ni)
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Approximate average compositions of the Ni-carriersin the PTI reduction kiln feed, as determined by
electron microprobe analyses (wt %)
Greyserpentine
Darkserpentine
Forsterite(olivine)
Fayalite(olivine)
Fe-Mgsilicate
Ni 1.2 2.2 0.3 2.2 1.6Fe 5.4 5.2 7.3 41.1 13.7Mg 23.1 17.0 32.6 5.8 7.6Al 0.5 1.0 nd 2.5 0.5Mn nd nd 0.1 0.5 0.1
Co nd nd nd nd ndSi 18.5 15.0 19.4 11.9 22.9
nd- below detection limits (in ppm): Al 600, Mn 600-700,Co 550-600. Serpentine Mg2-3Si2O5(OH)4.nH2O
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Approximate average compositions of the Ni-carriersin the PTI reduction kiln feed, as determined by
electron microprobe analyses (wt %)
Goethite Magnetite Mn oxide Chlorite Spheroids
Ni 1.4 1.1 15.3 0.9 1.5Fe 52.8 69.0 7.9 5.7 33.9
Mg 1.5 0.4 1.6 18.9 9.5Al 2.0 nd 1.5 4.2 2.4Cr 0.4 0.3 nd 0.8 0.5Mn 0.6 0.3 27.3 0.1 0.5
Co nd 0.2 2.3 nd ndSi 3.2 0.1 2.1 15.2 13.8
nd- below detection limit (Al 600 ppm, Cr 600 ppm,Co 550-600 ppm).
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Conclus ions
The samples studied are from typical wetnickel laterites of humid rain forests.
The Goro ore is limonitic, in-situ type. Goro oreis fine-grained (mostly
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Conclus ions
The PTI ore is saprolitic and show complexalteration textures. The ore is rich in Mg
silicate, Mg-Fe silicates and goethite. Nickel in the PTI ore is present mainly in
serpentine, olivine, chlorite, goethite and Mn
oxide. The Ni contents vary from particle toparticle.
Cobalt is detected in the Mn oxide.
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Mineralogical Characterization
of Nickel Laterites from New
Caledonia and Indonesia
T.T. Chen1, J.E. Dutrizac1, E. Krause2
and R. Osborne2
1CANMET, Natural Resources Canada, Ottawa, Ontario2Inco Technical Services Limited, Mississauga, Ontario