kuliah 3 hinduisme

8/10/2019 KULIAH 3 HINDUISME

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HINDUISME


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Asal Usul/Konsep

Hinduism does not include several

components of the common conception of a

religion

No historical founder

No single scriptural text recognized by all

No single authoritative voice or organisation No common creed

No single god or goddess


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Kolonial British & Hinduism

A Hinduism was in fact constructed to serve

colonial purposes

Scholars played a role in the orientalist

construction of Hinduism in their academic

disciplines


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Core concepts of HINDUISM

Hinduism originates from the ancient Vedictraditionand other indigenousbeliefs

Prominent themes i.e:

i- Dharma(ethics and duties)

ii- Samsra(The continuing cycle of birth, life, deathand rebirth)

iii- Karma(action and subsequent reaction)

iv- Moksha(liberation from the cycle of samsara).

*Buddhism, Jainismand Sikhismshare traits withHinduism
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peopleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peopleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharmahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsarahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karmahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mokshahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mokshahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karmahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsarahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharmahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peopleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedic


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Dharma

Hindu Dharmaspecific to the situation of the

particular individual or social group,

establishing the religious identity of the

individual through an expected pattern of

social relationships and through the individual

fulfillment of responsibilities


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Kasta

Considered as hierarchical division of society:

-Brahmans-rulers and warriors

-merchants and farmers

-labourers


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Kasta dan tanggungjawab sosial

Ones personal and social religious duty is

determined primarily by birth into a particular

social group

Caste determines ones range of responsibility,

the particular work (karma) with which one

must be engaged.


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Concept of God

Hinduism is sometimes considered to be a

polytheistic religion, but such a view tends to

oversimplify a diverse system of thought with

beliefs spanning monotheism,

polytheism,pantheism, monismand even

atheism.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytheistic_religionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotheismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytheismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantheismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atheism_in_Hinduismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atheism_in_Hinduismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantheismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytheismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotheismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytheistic_religion


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VARIOUS INTERPRETATION

Example:

the Advaita Vedantaschool holds that there is

only one causal entity (Brahman), which

manifests itself to humans in multiple forms

many scholars consider the Samkhyaschool of

thought to have had atheistic leanings
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedantahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samkhyahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samkhyahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedantahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedantahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta


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Brahman

According to theologies of Hinduism, Brahman(the greaterSelf or God) is in the highest sense One andnondifferentiated from the world and its beings (hence'nondualist')

it is also called Parambrahman, where the Sanskrit prefixparam-denotes "ultimate".

Brahman isalso sometimes seen as synonymous with theconcept of Paramatma(Supreme Spirit). Beyond time andspace, both immanent and transcendent

Brahmanis often described succinctly as sacchidananda,meaning 'Truth-Consciousness-Bliss', not only possessingthe qualities but also being their very essence.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramatmahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramatmahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramatmahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahman


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VIEWS OF ADVIANTA

Advaita philosophy declares that Brahman (the

impersonal God) is beyond mere intellectual

description

it can be understood only through direct spiritualexperience, where the 'knower' and the 'known'

are subsumed into the act of 'knowing'.

The goal is to "wake up" and realize that one'satman, or soul, is really identical to Brahman, the

uber-soul.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atman


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OTHER VIEWS

monotheistic (typically Dvaita Vedanta) and relateddevotional (bhakti) schools:

*Brahmanas a Supreme Being who possessespersonality.

*In these conceptions, Brahman is associated withVishnu, Shivaor Shaktidepending on the sect.

*Brahman is seen as fundamentally separate from itsreliant souls (humanity)

*in achieving liberation, individual beings experienceGod as an independent being, a living personality, andretain their individual identities.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dvaita_Vedantahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhaktihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shivahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaktihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaktihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shivahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhaktihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dvaita_Vedantahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dvaita_Vedantahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta


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Brahman(Devanagari)

is the concept of the Godhead

unchanging, infinite, immanent, andtranscendentrealitywhichis theDivineGroundof all matter, energy, time, space, being, andeverything beyond in this universe.

Its nature is described as transpersonal, personaland impersonalby different philosophicalschools.

Rig Veda, it regards as primordial beingHiranyagarbhathat is equated with the creatorGod Brahm.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagarihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godheadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendence_(religion)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendence_(religion)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendence_(religion)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendence_(religion)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiranyagarbhahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiranyagarbhahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiranyagarbhahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiranyagarbhahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahm%C4%81http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiranyagarbhahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahm%C4%81http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahm%C4%81http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiranyagarbhahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rig_Vedahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendence_(religion)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godheadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagari


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BRAHMAN CRITERION

Brahman is said to be eternal, genderless,

omnipotent, omniscient, and omnipresent,

and ultimately indescribable in the human

language

Should be described as infinite Being, infinite

Consciousness and infinite Bliss.

Brahman is regarded as the source and

essence of the material universe.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eternalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omnipotenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omniscienthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omnipresenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omnipresenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omniscienthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omnipotenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eternal


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AVAITIC VIEWS

The Advaitic tradition rejects to envolve in

definition of Brahman.

It considers the Vedas to be eternal, timeless

and contemporaneous with Brahman.

It considers, the Vedas were handed down

generations by vocal memorizations.

Written texts of the Vedas are a relatively

recent phenomenon.


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Brahman and Atman

Philosopher mystics of the Upanishads

identify Brahman, the world soul, with Atman,

the inner essence of the human being also

known as "Micro-soul-spark of Brahman.

The Ultimate Truth is expressed as Nirguna

Brahman, or lord of all "Gods".

Nirgunameans "formless", "attributeless",

mega-soul also known as. "spirit" only.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atman_(Hinduism)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirguna_Brahmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirguna_Brahmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirgunahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirgunahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirguna_Brahmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirguna_Brahmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirguna_Brahmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atman_(Hinduism)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishad


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AdvaitaPhilosophy

considers Brahman to be without any form,

qualities, or attributes,

considers all personal forms of God including

Vishnu and Shivaas different aspects of God

in personal form or God with attributes,

Saguna Brahman.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaitahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shivahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saguna_Brahmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saguna_Brahmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saguna_Brahmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saguna_Brahmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shivahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita


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Dvaita Philosophy

understands nir-gunaas without material

form or without bad qualities.

Vishnuis Brahman since the followers stress a

personal God.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guna


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OTHERS

According to some, God's energy is personified as Devi,the Divine Mother.

For Vaishnaviteswho followRamunjacharaya'sphilosophy, Devi is Lakshmi, who is the Mother of all

and who pleads with Vishnu for mankind who isentrenched in sin.

For Gaudiya Vaishnavasshe is Radha.

For Shaivites, Devi is Parvati.

For Shaktas, who worship Devi, Devi is the personalform of God to attain the impersonal Absolute, God.For them, Shiva is personified as God withoutattributes
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaishnavitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshmihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramunjacharayahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshmihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaudiya_Vaishnavismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radhahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaivitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parvatihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaktahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaktahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parvatihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaivitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radhahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaudiya_Vaishnavismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaudiya_Vaishnavismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaudiya_Vaishnavismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshmihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramunjacharayahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaishnavitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devi


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Ishvara

God is viewed as the supreme personal being(rather than as the infinite principle) God is called

Ishvara("The Lord; Bhagavan("The AuspiciousOne"; or Parameshwara("The Supreme Lord[

Ishvarathus refers to the personal aspect of God;it is not specific to a particular deity.

Ishvaratranscends gender, yet can be lookedupon as father, mother, friend, child, or even assweetheart.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishvarahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishvara


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Ishvara

Some schools of Hindu philosophy do not

believe in Ishvara, while others interpret

Ishvarain different ways

Some schools do not distinguish between

Ishvaraand Brahman.

The Dvaitaschool holds that Ishvarais not

incorporeal,[18]but is infinite and a personal

being.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dvaitahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incorporealhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incorporealhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dvaita


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Ishvara

Ishvara(Sanskritvara"lord, master",from an adjective vara"capable") is a Hinduphilosophical concept of Godmeaning "that

entity or the Supreme Being which is the lordand the ruler of everything".

The term is also used in Buddhism, e.g. inAvalokiteshvara. When referring to God asfemale, particularly in Shaktism, the femininevaris sometimes used.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalokiteshvarahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaktismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaktismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalokiteshvarahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit


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Ishvara

Hinduismuses the term Ishvara exclusively torefer to the Supreme Godin a monotheisticsense.

Often in popular speech the Hindu terms Ishvara,Paramatmanand Bhagavanare usedinterchangeably for God, however each word hasits own specific meaning in the original scripturalcontext.

Ishvara is also used to denote a "lord" in atemporal sense, as any master or king (a dualusage also found in English).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotheismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotheismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramatmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramatmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotheismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism

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