kuliah 11 sistem digesti new
TRANSCRIPT
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DEPARTEMEN ANATOMI FISIOLOGI FARMAKOLOGI
FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN HEWAN
INSTITUT PERTANIAN BOGOR
ANATOMI
SISTEM DIGESTI
PROGRAM D3 PARAMEDIS VETERINER
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SISTEM PENCERNAAN
Penyedia sumber energi utama yang diperlukan untuk melakukan aktivitas, tumbuh-kembang dan berkembang-biak yang melibatkan organ-organ untuk : mengambil/menerima pakan – reduksi mekanis –pencernaan kimiawi – penyerapan nutrient dan eliminasi bahan tidak tercerna
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Hubungan Fungsional Sistem Organ
Sirkulasi
RespirasiEkskresi
Digesti
Organ sistem pencernaan
Tractus alimentarius (saluran) Mulut anus
Organa accessoria
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ORGAN-ORGAN SISTEM PENCERNAAN
Saluran Pencernaan (Tractus alimentarius/ alimentary canal/digestive tract) : Mulut – faring – esofagus – lambung – usus kecil (duodenum, yeyunum, ileum) – usus besar (sekum, kolon, rektum) – anus
Organ pembantu (Organa accessoria/ accessoris gland) : Gigi – lidah – kelenjar ludah – hati & kantong empedu – pankreas
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Situs viscerum
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CAVUM ORIS (ORAL CAVITY, RUANG MULUT)Mengambil/menerima pakan – reduksi mekanis – pencernaan kimiawi:
Melibatkan bibir, lidah, gigi, kelenjar ludah
Vestibulum oris
Cavum oris proprium
dibatasi oleh proc alveolaris & gigi, ruang mulut dibedakan atas:
Mukosa cavum oris : indikator kesehatan hewan
Normal : pink, anemia : pucat, gangguan sirkulasi/keracunan: piknotis
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Lips/labium Bibir (batas anterior, mengelilingi rima oris)
Labium superius : philtrumplanum nasolabiale (sapi, kerbau) kambing, domba, babi planum rostri kelenjar
mukus lembab!Labium inferius : mentum
indikatorkesehatan
hewan
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Incicivus (I): gigi seri , Caninus (C): gigi taring, Premolare (P): geraham depan, Molare (M): geraham belakang
reduksi mekanis
Teeth, dentis Gigi geligi ~ heterodont
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Teeth (Dentes, gigi) : Reduksi mekanis
Incicivus (i), caninus (c), premolare (p), molare (m)
Gigi susu (deciduos/ temporary)
Gigi tetap (permanentes)
Bentuk, pola pergantian, keausan
Umur hewan
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PENENTUAN UMUR berdasarkan pergantian gigi seri susu – tetap
Pergantian Domba Sapi Kuda Babi
I1 1-1.5 th 1.5-2 th 2.5 th 12 bl
I2 1.5-2 th 2-2.5 th 3.5 th 16-20 bl
I3 2.5-3 th 3 th 4.5 th 8-10 bl
I4 3.5-4 th 3.5-4 th - -
FORMULA GIGI (rumus gigi)
Anjing (anak) 2(i3/3, c1/1, p3/3) = 28
Anjing (dewasa) 2(i3/3, c1/1, p 4/4, m 2/3) = 42
Kucing (anak) 2(i3/3, c1/1, p3/2) = 26
Kucing (dewasa) 2(i3/3, c1/1, p3/2, m1/1) = 30
Kuda 2(i3/3, c1/1, p3-4/3, m3/3) = 40-42
Ruminansia 2(i0/4, c0/0, p3/3, m3/3) = 32
Babi 2(i3/3, c1/1, p4/4, m3/3) = 44
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Penentuan umur setelah pergantian gigi susu
berdasar keausan gigi tetap.
A. 6 bulan
B. 1.5 -2 tahun
C. 6 tahun
D.10 tahun
Karnivora
Pembersihan karang gigi
@ Anjing/kucing: dental prophies
@ Kuda: dental floating
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(Kelenjar ludah)
Reduksi fisik melarutkan/mengencerkan/melicinkan
kimiawi mencerna KH oleh enzim ptyalin (amilase)
1. kelenjar parotis, 2. duktus parotideus, 3. kelenjar mandibularis, 4. duktus mandibularis, 5 & 6. kelenjar sublingualis, 7. duktussublingualis mayor, 8. kelenjar zygomaticus
Salivary gland
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Komparasi kelenjar ludah:anjing, babi, sapi &kuda
Jenis sekresi : serous, mukus, sero-mukus
Kelenjar ludah yang lebih berperan dipengaruhi jenis pakan
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(Lingua, lidah)
ApexCorpus (body)Radix (root) : os hyoideusDorsum : torus lingua (ruminansia, kuda, kelinci)
papillae lingualesVentral : frenulum
Tongue
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Papilla linguales
Papillae mechanicae
pp. filiformes, pp. conicae, pp. lenticulares
Papillae gustatoriae(chemoreseptor)
putik pengecap
pp. Fungiformes pp. Vallatae pp. Foliatae (ruminansia absen/rudimenter)
Pp. foliatae
Pp. filiformes
Pp. fungiformes
Pp. vallatae
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Distribusi papilla lingualis
berbeda-beda pada tiap
spesies hewan dan menjadi
karakteristik lidah masing-
masing hewan
Lidah : pemeriksaan
sistiserkosis pada hewan ternak
(sapi, kambing, domba, babi)
dan anjing
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PHARYNX & SOFT PALATE
Saluran muskulomembran, persilangan saluran pencernaan & pernafasan
Isthmus faucium (1) : mulut (oral) oropharynx Aditus esophagi (1) : esofagusChoanae/Nares posterior (2) : rongga hidung nasopharynxAditus laryngis (1) : laring – trakea laryngopharynxOstium pharyngea tuba auditiva (2) : telinga tengah (tuba eustachii)
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Melibatkan otot sirkuler & longitudinal (peristalsis/ segmentasi)
Pada batas dengan lambung : sfingter fisiologis sfingter anatomis kuda
ESOPHAGUS
Saluran muskulomembran : pharynx stomach (proses menelan, muntah penting pada ruminansia)
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STOMACH (VENTRICULUS, LAMBUNG)Pencernaan mekanis & kimiawi
Monogastrik(karnivora, omnivora, herbivora)
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Mukosa lambung
Gastric pits : pintu kelenjar
Struktur Mukosa Lambung
Kasus klinis:
Gastritis, gastric ulcer,
bloat/kembung,
obstruksi, atoni
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Ruminansia
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Lambung Ruminansia
Rumen fermentasi
Reticulum
Omasum foregut fermenter
abomasum = monogastrik
Tampak lateral (kiri)
Trokarisasi →flatulen (kembung)
Tampak medial (kanan) Papillae ruminis
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Reticulum:
- cellulae reticuli
- papillae reticuli
Omasum:
- laminae omasi
- papillae omasi
Struktur Mukosa Lambung Ruminansia
Abomasum:
- Fundus plica gastrica
- Pilorus
FundusPilorus
plica gastrica
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INTESTINUM (USUS)Intestinum tenue (usus halus)
Intestinum crassum (usus besar)
Duodenum
Yeyunum
Ileum
Duodenum
Yeyunum
Ileum
Duodenum
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Duodenum :@ permuaraan ductus choledochus & ductus pancreaticus
@ emulsifikasi lemak (oleh empedu) dan pencernaan enzimatis (dari pankreas & kelenjar intestinal)
Yeyunum : paling panjang, pencernaan enzimatis & penyerapan nutrien
Ileum :@ pendek, berbatasan dengan usus besar ‘ileocaecal junction’
@ banyak agregat limfonodus (kelenjarpertahanan) disebut ‘payer patches’
INTESTINUM TENUE (SMALL INTESTINES, USUS KECIL)
Pencernaan kimiawi & penyerapan, terdiri dari duodenum, yeyunum, ileum panjang, membentuk lipatan-lipatan, berbeda pada struktur mukosa (vili) memperluas permukaan
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STRUKTUR USUS HALUS : villi
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Sapi
INTESTINUM CRASSUM (LARGE INTESTINES, USUS BESAR)
Penyerapan air, elektrolit, VFA, fermentasi (hindgut fermenter : pada beberapa spesies) & pembentukan feses. Terdiri dari caecum, colon dan rectum anus
Caecum
Rectum
Colon ascendens
Colon descendens
Pada karnivora usus besar relatif pendek (tidak ada fermentasi),Sekum kecil : palpasi ‘ileocecal junction’ (kanan, vert. lumbal IV)
Pada ruminansia colon tdd# colon ascendens :
= ansa proximalis coli= ansa spiralis coli
@ gyri centripetal@ gyri centrifugal
= ansa distalis coli # colon transversum# colon descendens
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Kuda
Caecum
Rectum
Colon ventral
Colon dorsal
Colon tenue
= colon crassum
@ ventral kanan
@ ventral kiri
@ dorsal kiri
@ dorsal kanan
= colon tenue
flexura sternalis
flexura pelvina
flex diaphragmatica
Pada kuda colon sangat besar fermentasi (hindgut fermenter) bersakulasi membentuk ‘haustrae’ , pita longitudinal ‘taenia coli’ tdd
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Struktur mukosa usus besar : tidak bervili,
banyak sel-sel goblet penghasil mukus
Gastric pit
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LIVER (HEPAR, HATI)
Fungsi
sekresi empedu
detoksikasi
simpan glikogen
hasilkan albumin
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POSISI LIVER DI RUANG ABDOMEN TERHADAP ‘MEDIAN LINE’ PADA BEBERAPA HEWAN
Anjing Babi
Kuda SapiLobulasi hati anjing
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Kelenjar ganda
Eksokrin : @ enzim
@ elektrolit
Endokrin : hormon
(insulin, glukagon, somatostatin dll)
PANCREAS
Kasus klinis:
@ Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) :
Diare berlemak, kurus, pucat
@ Diabetes mellitus
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SEKRESI YANG DIHASILKAN OLEH ORGAN-ORGAN SISTEM PENCERNAAN
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Gigi susu Gigi tetap
Incisor 1 4-6 minggu 3-5 bulan
Incisor 2 4-6 minggu 3-5 bulan
Incisor 3 4-6 minggu 4-5 bulan
Canine 3-5 minggu 5-7 bulan
Premolar 1 4-5 bulan
Premolar 2 5-6 minggu 5-6 bulan
Premolar 3 5-6 minggu 5-6 bulan
Premolar 4 5-6 minggu 4-5 bulan
Molar 1 5-6 bulan
Molar 2 5-6 bulan
Molar 3 6-7 bulan
Waktu tumbuh dan pergantian gigi anjing
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Gigi susu Gigi tetap
Incisor 1 3-4 minggu 3.5-5.5 bulan
Incisor 2 3-4 minggu 3.5-5.5 bulan
Incisor 3 3-4 minggu 3.5-5.5 bulan
Canine 3-4 minggu 5.5-6.5 bulan
Premolar 2 5-6 minggu 4-5 bulan
Premolar 3 5-6 minggu 4-5 bulan
Premolar 4 5-6 minggu 4-5 bulan
Molar 1 5-6 bulan
Waktu tumbuh dan pergantian gigi kucing