kuliah 1. hk dasar kimia
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HUKUM HUKUM DASAR KIMIADASAR KIMIA
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1. Hukum Lavoisier ( Hukum Kekekalan
Massa)Dalam sistem tertutup, massa zatsebelum dan sesudah reaksi sama
Contoh:
A + B → AB
2 g 3 g 5 g
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2. Hukum Proust ( Hukum Perbandingan
Tetap)Perbandingan unsur-unsur dalam tiapsenyawa selalu tetap
MMgg
OO22 MgMgOO
sisasisaMgMg
Sisa Sisa OO22
AwalAwal
AkhirAkhir
99
99
88
66
1515
1515
--
--
22
--
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3. Hukum Dalton ( Hukum Kelipatan
Berganda )
Belerang (S) dan oksigen (O) membentuk dua jenis senyawa. Kadar belerang dalam senyawa I danII berturut-turut adalah 50% dan 40%.Apakah hukum Dalton berlaku untuk senyawa tersebut?
Contoh:
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OOSSSenyawaSenyawa
50 %50 %II1111
40 %40 %IIII
50 %50 %
60 %60 %
11 1,51,5
Hukum Dalton berlaku dengan perbandingan oksigen
senyawa I : senyawa II = 2 : 3
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4. Hukum Gay LussacBila diukur pada suhu dan
tekananyang sama, volum gas yang
bereaksidan volume gas hasil reaksi berbanding sebagai bilangan bulat dan sederhana
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N2 (g) + 3 H2 (g) 2 NH3(g)
Contoh:
1 L1 L 3 L3 L 2 L2 L
2 L2 L 6 L6 L 4 L4 L
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5. Hipotesis Avogadro
Perbandingan volume gas-gas
yang bereaksi sama dengan koefisien reaksinya
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Contoh:
Dua liter gas nitrogen (N2) tepat
bereaksi dengan 3 liter gas oksigen (O2) membentuk 2 liter gas X, semua
diukur pada suhu (T) dan tekanan (P) yang sama. Tentukan rumus molekul gas X?
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Jawab:
2 N2 (g) + 3 O2 (g) 2 NxOy (g)
Atom N : 4 = 2x , x=2
Atom O : 6 = 2y , y=3
Senyawa X adalah N2O3
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KONSEP MOL
1. Pengertian Mol ( n )
X = jumlah partikelL = bilangan
Avogadro = 6,02 x 1023
LnX .1 mol = 6,02 x 1023
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Contoh:Tentukan jumlah mol dari 3,01 x 1023
atom besi
L
Xn
23
23
106
103
x
xn
5,0n
Jawab:Jawab:
molmol
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2. Massa (G)
Ar = massa atom relatifMr = massa molekul relatif
n = mol
rAnG .
rMnG .
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Contoh:1. Tentukan massa dari 0,2 mol
NaOH ( Mr=40 g/mol )
molgmolG 402,0
Jawab:
gramG 8
rMnG .
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3. Volume
V = volume gasVSTP = 22,4 L / mol
n = mol
STPVnV .
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Contoh:1. Tentukan volume 0,1 mol
gas oksigen pada keadaan 00C, 1 atm (STP)
Jawab:
STPVnV .V = 0,1 mol x 22,4 V = 0,1 mol x 22,4 L.molL.mol-1-1V = 2,24 LV = 2,24 L
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4. Perbandingan Volume Gas
n1 = mol gas 1
n2= mol gas 2
V1 = volume gas 1
V2= volume gas 2
2
1
2
1
V
V
n
n
2
1
2
1
V
V
n
n
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Contoh:Contoh:
1.1. Volume 2 mol gas oksigen Volume 2 mol gas oksigen 10 L, pada P, T yang sama 10 L, pada P, T yang sama berapa volume 8 gram gas berapa volume 8 gram gas hidrogen ? Diketahui Ahidrogen ? Diketahui Arr H=1 H=1 ; O=16; O=16
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Jawab:
2
2
2
2
H
O
H
O
V
V
n
n
LVH 202
2
.10
2
.8.2
HV
L
molgramgrammol
2
10
4
2
HV
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5. Persamaan Gas Ideal
R = 0,082 L.atm.mol-1.K-1
P = tekanan ( atm )T = suhu ( 273 + 0C )V = volume ( Liter )
TRnVP ...
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Contoh:1.Tentukan volume 2 mol gas
amonia (NH3) pada suhu 27°C dan tekanan 2 atm
TRnVP ...
atm
KKmolatmLmolV
2
300...082,02 11
V = 24,6 V = 24,6 LL
Jawab:
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Pertanyaan
1. Pada ruang tertutup, massa zat sebelum dan sesudah reaksi sama disebut hukum …
Lavoisier