kul. 4 shock
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Diagnosis and Management
of Shock
dr. Rudi, Sp.An
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Objectives
• Identify the major types of shock and principles of
management
•
Review fluid resuscitation and use of vasopressor andinotropic agents
• Understand concepts of O2 supply and demand
• Discuss the differential diagnosis of oliguria
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Shock
• Always a symptom of primary cause
• Inadequate blood flow to meet tissue oxygendemand
• May be associated with hypotension
• Associated with signs of hypoperfusion: mentalstatus change, oliguria, acidosis
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Shock Categories
• Cardiogenic
• Hypovolemic• Distributive
• Obstructive
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Cardiogenic Shock
• Decreased contractility
• Increased filling pressures, decreased LV
stroke work, decreased cardiac output
• Increased systemic
vascular resistance – compensatory
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Hypovolemic Shock
• Decreased cardiac output
• Decreased filling pressures
• Compensatory increase in
systemic vascular resistance
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Distributive Shock
• Normal or increased cardiac output
• Low systemic vascular resistance
• Low to normal filling pressures
• Sepsis, anaphylaxis, neurogenic,
and acute adrenal insufficiency
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Obstructive Shock
• Decreased cardiac output
• Increased systemic vascular
resistance
•
Variable filling pressures dependenton etiology
• Cardiac tamponade, tension
pneumothorax, massive pulmonary
embolus
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Cardiogenic Shock Management
• Treat arrhythmias
• Diastolic dysfunction may require
increased filling pressures
• Vasodilators if not hypotensive
• Inotrope administration
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Cardiogenic Shock Management
• Vasopressor agent needed if
hypotension present to raise aortic
diastolic pressure
•
Consultation for mechanical assistdevice
• Preload and afterload reduction to
improve hypoxemia if blood pressure
adequate
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Hypovolemic Shock
Management
• Volume resuscitation – crystalloid, colloid
• Initial crystalloid choices
– Lactated Ringer’s solution
– Normal saline (high chloride may produce
hyperchloremic acidosis)
• Match fluid given to fluid lost
– Blood, crystalloid, colloid
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Distributive Shock Therapy
• Restore intravascular volume
• Hypotension despite volume therapy
– Inotropes and/or vasopressors
• Vasopressors for MAP < 60 mm Hg
• Adjunctive interventions dependent onetiology
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Obstructive Shock Treatment
• Relieve obstruction
– Pericardiocentesis
– Tube thoracostomy
– Treat pulmonary embolus
• Temporary benefit from fluid or
inotrope administration
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Fluid Therapy
• Crystalloids – Lactated Ringer’s solution
– Normal saline
• Colloids
–Hetastarch
– Albumin
– Gelatins
• Packed red blood cells
•
Infuse to physiologic endpoints
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Fluid Therapy
• Correct hypotension first
• Decrease heart rate
•
Correct hypoperfusion abnormalities• Monitor for deterioration of oxygenation
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Inotropic / Vasopressor Agents
• Dopamine
– Low dose (2-3 g/kg/min) – mild inotrope
plus renal effect
– Intermediate dose (4-10 g/kg/min) – inotropic effect
– High dose ( >10 g/kg/min) – vasoconstriction
–
Chronotropic effect
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Inotropic Agents
• Dobutamine
– 5-20 g/kg/min
– Inotropic and variable chronotropic effects
– Decrease in systemic vascular resistance
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Inotropic / Vasopressor Agents
• Norepinephrine
– 0.05 g/kg/min and titrate to effect
– Inotropic and vasopressor effects
– Potent vasopressor at high doses
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Inotropic / Vasopressor Agents
• Epinephrine
– Both and actions for inotropic and
vasopressor effects
– 0.1 g/kg/min and titrate
– Increases myocardial O2 consumption
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Therapeutic Goals in Shock
• Increase O2 delivery
• Optimize O2 content of blood
• Improve cardiac output and
blood pressure
• Match systemic O2 needs with O2 delivery
• Reverse/prevent organ hypoperfusion
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Oliguria
• Marker of hypoperfusion• Urine output in adults
<0.5 mL/kg/hr for >2 hrs
•
Etiologies – Prerenal
– Renal
–
Postrenal
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Evaluation of Oliguria
• History and physical examination
• Laboratory evaluation
– Urine sodium
– Urine osmolality or specific gravity
– BUN, creatinine
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Therapy in Acute Renal Insufficiency
• Correct underlying cause
• Monitor urine output
• Assure euvolemia
• Diuretics not therapeutic
•Low-dose dopamine may urine flow
• Adjust dosages of other drugs
• Monitor electrolytes, BUN, creatinine
• Consider dialysis or hemofiltration
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Pediatric Considerations
• BP not good indication of hypoperfusion
• Capillary refill, extremity temperature better
signs of poor systemic perfusion
• Epinephrine preferable to norepinephrine due to more
chronotropic benefit
• Fluid boluses of 20 mL/kg titrated to BP or total 60
mL/kg, before inotropes or vasopressors
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Pediatric Considerations
• Neonates – consider congenital
obstructive left heart syndrome as cause of
obstructive shock
• Oliguria – <2 yrs old, urine volume <2 mL/kg/hr
– Older children, urine volume
<1 mL/kg/hr
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