kshoemaker protein synthesis project
DESCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPT
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Protein Synthesis
By: Kim Shoemaker
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Cell
Nucleus
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Nucleus
DNA transcription occurs in the nucleus of the cell.
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Th
ymin
eA
den
ine
Cyto
sine
Gu
an
ine
Th
ymin
eA
den
ine
Cyt
osi
ne
Gu
an
ine
Th
ymin
eA
den
ine
Th
ymin
eA
den
ine T
hym
ine
Ad
en
ine
Th
ymin
eA
den
ine
Th
ymin
eA
den
ine
Cyto
sine
Gu
an
ine
Th
ymin
e
Cyt
osi
ne
Gu
an
ineAd
en
ine
Cyt
osi
ne
Gu
an
ine
Cyto
sine
Gu
an
ine
Th
ymin
eA
den
ine
3’ 5’
3’5’
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Th
ymin
eA
den
ine
Cyto
sine
Gu
an
ine
Th
ymin
eA
den
ine
Cyt
osi
ne
Gu
an
ine
Th
ymin
eA
den
ine
Th
ymin
eA
den
ine T
hym
ine
Ad
en
ine
Th
ymin
eA
den
ine
Th
ymin
eA
den
ine
Cyto
sine
Gu
an
ine
Th
ymin
e
Cyt
osi
ne
Gu
an
ineA
den
ine
Cyt
osi
ne
Gu
an
ine
Cyto
sine
Gu
an
ine
Th
ymin
eA
den
ine
3’ 5’
3’5’
RNA Polymeras
e
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Cyto
sine
Gu
an
ineT
hym
ine
Ad
en
ine
Cyt
osi
ne
Gu
an
ine
Th
ymin
eA
den
ine
Th
ymin
eA
den
ine T
hym
ine
Ad
en
ine
Th
ymin
eA
den
ine
Th
ymin
eA
den
ine
Cyto
sine
Gu
an
ine
Th
ymin
e
Cyt
osi
ne
Gu
an
ineA
den
ine
Cyt
osi
ne
Gu
an
ine
Cyto
sine
Gu
an
ine
Th
ymin
eA
den
ine
3’ 5’
3’5’
Th
ymin
eA
den
ine
RNA Polymeras
e
A
U
G
A
U
G
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Cyto
sine
Gu
an
ineT
hym
ine
Ad
en
ine
Cyt
osi
ne
Gu
an
ine
Th
ymin
eA
den
ine T
hym
ine
Ad
en
ine
Th
ymin
eA
den
ineC
ytosi
ne
3’ 5’
3’5’
Th
ymin
eA
den
ine
RNA Polymeras
e
A U G C A
GAC
Ad
en
ine
Th
ymin
e
Th
ymin
eA
den
ine
Cyto
sine
Gu
an
ine
Ad
en
ine
Th
ymin
e
Cyto
sine
Gu
an
ine
Cyto
sine
Gu
an
ine
mRNA strand
Th
ymin
eA
den
ine
Gu
an
ine
Cyto
sine
G CA CC
C
G
G
A
A
A
A UU
GG
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Cyto
sine
Gu
an
ineT
hym
ine
Ad
en
ine
Cyt
osi
ne
Gu
an
ine
Ad
en
ine
Ad
en
ineC
ytosi
ne
3’ 5’
3’5’
Th
ymin
eA
den
ine
Ad
en
ine
Th
ymin
e
Th
ymin
eA
den
ine
Cyto
sine
Gu
an
ine
Ad
en
ine
Th
ymin
e
Cyto
sine
Gu
an
ine
Cyto
sine
Gu
an
ine
Th
ymin
eA
den
ine
Gu
an
ine
Cyto
sine T
hym
ine
Ad
en
ine
Ad
en
ine
Ad
en
ine
Th
ymin
e
Th
ymin
e
A U G C A
GAC G CA C
C
C
G
G
A
A
A
A UU
G G CAG A C A U GA U U
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Th
ymin
eA
den
ine
Cyto
sine
Gu
an
ine
Th
ymin
eA
den
ine
Cyt
osi
ne
Gu
an
ine
Th
ymin
eA
den
ine
Cyto
sine
Gu
an
ine
Th
ymin
e
Cyt
osi
ne
Gu
an
ineA
den
ine
3’
5’
Ad
en
ine
Ad
en
ineC
ytosi
ne
5’
3’
Ad
en
ine
Th
ymin
e Cyto
sine
Gu
an
ine
Th
ymin
eA
den
ine
Gu
an
ine
Cyto
sine T
hym
ine
Ad
en
ine
Ad
en
ine
Ad
en
ine
Th
ymin
e
Th
ymin
e
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Th
ymin
eA
den
ine
Cyto
sine
Gu
an
ine
Th
ymin
eA
den
ine
Cyt
osi
ne
Gu
an
ine
Th
ymin
eA
den
ine
Th
ymin
eA
den
ine T
hym
ine
Ad
en
ine
Th
ymin
eA
den
ine
Th
ymin
eA
den
ine
Cyto
sine
Gu
an
ine
Th
ymin
e
Cyt
osi
ne
Gu
an
ineA
den
ine
Cyt
osi
ne
Gu
an
ine
Cyto
sine
Gu
an
ine
Th
ymin
eA
den
ine
3’ 5’
3’5’
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Cytoplasm
A U G C A
GAC G CA C
C
C
G
G
A
A
A
A UU
G G CAG A C A U GA U U
Nuclear Pore
Ribosomes
Translation occurs in the cytoplasm.
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Nucleus
A U G C A
GAC G CA C
C
C
G
G
A
A
A
A UU
G G CAG A C A U GA U U
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A U G C A
G G CA C
C
G
G
A
AA
A U U G G CAG A C A U GA U UC
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G C A
G G AC
GG
AA
AG GA C A U GU
C CG A
A URibosome
Large subunit
Small subunit
tRNAAmino acid
U UU
U A C Anticodon
“Stop” codon“Start”
codon
codons
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G C A
G G AC
GG
AA
AG GA C A U GU
C CG A
A U
U UU
T A C
T AG
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G C A
G G AC
GG
AA
AG GA C A U GU
C CG A
A U
U UU
T AG
TGC
Peptide bond
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G C A
G G AC
GAA
AG GA C A U GU
C CG A U U
U
TGC
T GC
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G AG A U GUC
G A U UU
T GC
A C
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A U GUG A U UA C
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Polypeptide chain
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Summary: DNA transcription occurs in the nucleus of the cell. RNA polymerase breaks the hydrogen bonds in the DNA and makes the mRNA strand from the base pairs. As RNA polymerase is making the mRNA strand the hydrogen bonds reform. The mRNA strand then goes to the cytoplasm to go through translation so the mRNA can be translated into protein. A ribosome (rRNA) takes the mRNA strand in it’s small subunit and at the beginning of the strand there is a start codon then there are three codons and then there is a stop codon. The start codon is always AUG. The start codon is in the small subunit of the ribosome and a tRNA molecule comes into the large subunit of the ribosome with the anti codon of the start codon and the codon and the anti codon attach and when they come apart the amino acid at the top of the tRNA molecule forms a peptide bond with the amino acid with the next tRNA molcule’s amino acid. Then the process continues like that until the stop codon is reached and the stop codon does not have an anti codon so the polypeptide chain is completed and released. When the chain is released all of the amino acids have their own charge so they all come together in a globular structure, which is a protein.