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Prevention of Injury


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KS4 Physical

Education


Learning objectives

What we will learn in this presentation:

Le

arn

ing

ob

jecti

ves

What factors cause injuries

Safety precautions which prevent injuries

The importance of choosing correct clothing,

footwear and equipment for different sports

How body conditioning helps to prepare the body

for activity

Why and how we should warm-up and cool-down

The need for balancing competition according to

grading, skill levels, weight, age and gender

The importance of rules and laws in sport and the

role of officials in preventing injuries.



Question

Using two different examples, explain how safe practice can

reduce the risk of injury when taking part in physical activity.

Award up to two marks for each example up to a maximum of

four marks.


Answer

Activity examples could include:

• Do not throw a javelin/ until instructed to do so or the hooter sounds

• Do not dive into a pool/ into the shallow end or without checking depth

of the pool

• Do not lift equipment/ without a straight back and bending the knees

• Have spotters at the side of the trampoline/ at all times

• Use equipment/ to reduce the effect of impact or to protect body parts

• Wear appropriate clothing correctly/ so that it is not caught in equipment

or does not cause tripping or does not obstruct vision

• Carry out a warm-up/ to ensure that the body is prepared for exercise

• Carry out a risk assessment/ to identify potential hazards

• Use correct technique/ to reduce impact or stress on the body


What causes injury?

Injury can be caused by internal or external factors:

Internal factors

These are factors to do with the performer

themselves, for example lack of proper

conditioning, poor technique or failure to

complete an effective warm-up or cool-down.

These are factors from outside that affect a

performer on the day, for example the

condition of the playing area, the equipment

used and the actions of competitors.

External factors

How can risks from these factors be minimized?


What causes injury?


What happens in your PE lessons?

Think about the safety precautions that are taken in your PE

lessons. These may include:

Athletics?

Football?

Netball?

Rugby?

Cricket?

Tennis?

Which of these procedures are followed before every lesson?

Which additional procedures are followed before:

Kit checks

Use of safety equipment

like crash mats

A warm-up and cool-down

Pitch inspection

Instructions about

technique and

safety


Before the game

Many precautions must be taken before participation.

Make a list of everything you can think of that can be done

before sport to prevent injury, then look at the selection below.

Describe the importance of each item.

Warm-up

Correct

technique

Training Fitness, strength

and flexibility

KitCorrect clothing

Appropriate equipment

in good condition

Inspection

of playing

conditions

Pre-event

precautions


Correct clothing – what not to wear


Correct clothing – what you should wear

What should you wear?

Protective gear appropriate to the activity

should be worn. Some dangerous sports

require protective equipment like body

armour, gum shields or helmets.

Warm clothing should be worn

before competing. During the

activity you need clothing that will

keep you the correct temperature.

Generally speaking, you should

wear comfortable clothing that

allows a full range of movement.


Correct clothing


Correct equipment

The equipment you play

with needs to be in good

condition, up-to-date and

used correctly.

What are the

possible issues

around using the

items shown

opposite?

Javelin

5-a-side

goal

Gym mats


Fit to play

It is said that:

What does this mean?

‘You must make sure

that you are fit to play

sport and don’t just play

sport to get fit’

Body conditioning is important in preventing injury. An athlete

should prepare their body for the demands of their activity.


Body conditioning

One way of preparing your

body for sport is weight

training. Weight training can:

Tougher tendons, ligaments

and bones are harder to

damage, therefore the risk of

injury is reduced.

increase tendon strength

increase ligament strength

increase bone strength.


Body conditioning

Some sports require a high

degree of flexibility.

Flexibility training can help

participants to prepare for

sports like gymnastics, diving,

martial arts and climbing,

where the body is required

to perform extreme movements.

Increasing a participant’s range of movement reduces

the risk of injuries like sprained and pulled muscles.

The easiest way to increase flexibility is by stretching.

Yoga and similar activities can also help.


Body conditioning

Fatigue is associated with

problems like cramp and

dehydration.

Fatigue can also lead to a

loss of proper technique,

causing injuries.

Improved fitness helps to prevent performers

becoming excessively fatigued during their activity.

Endurance training can

also help to prevent injury.

What could happen

to a rock climber if

they became very

fatigued?

What could happen

to a swimmer?


Body conditioning


Correct technique

Poor technique can lead to injury.

It can cause you to have

a sudden accident like a

crash or a fall.

Think of four sports where injuries can be

caused by poor technique.

Over a long period, poor technique

in sports like rowing and weightlifting

can cause strains or joint damage.

What sort of injuries could be caused?

© E

MP

ICS

Ltd


Warm-up

By warming-up properly you will reduce the risk of soft

tissue injuries like pulled muscles, strains and sprains.

The aim of a good warm-up is to gradually prepare the body

for exercise. This is done by:

increasing body temperature,

making muscles, tendons and

ligaments more elastic

stretching to increase the range

of movement around joints.

A thorough warm-up should consist of three main stages:


Warm-up

Stage 1: light aerobic work – Pulse Raiser

Light continuous activity such as slow jogging, is used to

increase heart rate and blood flow. Muscles, ligaments and

synovial fluid in the joints are warmed, increasing flexibility.

Stage 2: stretches

Stretching the main muscle groups and joints increases their

elasticity and mobility so that they are less likely to be strained.

Stage 3: sport specific stretches and skills-related

exercises

The final stretches and exercises will tackle the muscles that

come under particular stress during the planned activity, for

example, a javelin thrower may do some throws at 50% of

maximum effort.


Warm-up


Balanced competition

Would you allow these two individuals to compete

against each other in a boxing match? Why not?

In order to make a competition safe for participants,

it is important that the organizers balance it.



It is particularly important in contact sports that competitors

are reasonably evenly matched. This reduces the risk of

injury to younger or weaker competitors.

There are many different ways of balancing competition.

AGE

Many sports have junior

leagues or competitions.

GENDER

Women and men compete

separately in most sports.

WEIGHT

Many combative sports like

boxing and wrestling have

different weight divisions.

SKILL

Most sports have

separate competitions

for beginners.


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OsXJyDHFKn0


The rules of the game

Rules and laws in sport are not just there to ensure fair play

– they are also designed to protect participants.

The rules of each sport depend on a number of factors,

including the level of contact and the equipment used.

Think of how the rules in the following

sports help to protect participants.

1. Ice hockey

2. Boxing

3. Track cycling



Referees and officials play an important role in ensuring

safety, by enforcing the rules.

There are a number of ways in which

offending players can be dealt with:

1. Warning from the referee

2. Advantage/points given to

opponents

3. Sending players off, either

permanently or temporarily.

4. Disciplinary proceedings,

including lengthy bans.

How do these punishments help to improve safety?


The rules of the game: a case study

During the 2005 Lions rugby tour

of New Zealand, Brian O’Driscoll,

the Lions captain, suffered a

dislocated shoulder when he

was tackled by two New Zealand

players.

Video footage later showed

that O’Driscoll had been lifted

off his feet and driven into

the ground head-first in what

is termed a ‘spear-tackle’

Why is this type of tackle

particularly dangerous?


The rules of the game: a case study

The IRB rules state that:

“A player must not tackle an

opponent early, late or dangerously.”

Although the evidence emerged too late to take action

against the New Zealand players, the footage was

presented to a conference of referees.

Referees have been instructed to be vigilant against this

kind of tackle and punish offenders harshly.

Players found guilty of spear-tackling can be suspended for

up to 6 months.

Do you think that this will deter players from

spear-tackling opponents?


Is the playing area safe?

Before sporting activity commences, teachers or match

officials must check that the playing area is safe.

Pitches must be checked for glass and other sharp objects,

and sports halls need to be checked for wet or damaged floors.

Javelin Sailing Basketball

Rugby Long jump Ski jumping

What other factors

could affect the

playing area?

For each of the following sports, consider the safety

implications of freezing temperatures, strong winds

and the permanent fixtures required (e.g., goals, nets).


Cool-down

A proper cool-down after activity

prevents muscles and joints

becoming stiff and sore.

It helps you to recover more

quickly so that you are ready to

take part in activity again sooner.

A cool-down should consist of

some light aerobic work followed

by stretches.

Keeping the blood moving prevents

it pooling in the limbs which can

cause light-headedness. Stretching

helps to disperse lactic acid.


Preventing injury


Lifting

(b) It is important to lift and carry equipment safely. Describe the technique

that you should use

when doing this.

Award up to three marks for a correct response. Each response should

consider the back

position, the leg position and the location of the item to be carried.

Examples:

! The back should be kept straight; / the legs should be bent; / the

item to be carried should be

held close to, and secure to, the body

! Other factors which might be considered include wearing the correct

footwear, using more

than one person for particularly heavy equipment, not lifting or lowering

until told to do so

! Accept sport/activity-specific examples, eg carrying a javelin.


Safety legislation as applicable to specific events or

activities.

Safety and risk assessment; prevention of injury to self

and others; general rules which apply to all sporting

situations and activities.

Students should show knowledge and understanding of:

correct actions, clothing, footwear to prevent injury

correct technique when performing a skill or when

landing.

Particular reference to lifting and lowering actions to

include sports equipment, eg trampoline wings; use of

appropriate footwear, eg studded boots; spiked running

shoes and protective clothing in appropriate activities, eg

hockey, cricket, soccer, etc.


Exam-style questions

1. Pablo is about to play volleyball in a sports hall.

Pablo often has stiff hamstrings the day after playing.

a) List three things that he should do before

playing to reduce the risk of injury.

b) Explain the importance of body

conditioning in preventing injury.

c) How could Pablo prevent this?

2. Explain the roles of rules and officials in ensuring the

safety of competitors.

3. Give a detailed description of a warm-up that is

appropriate for a squash player.


Glossary of keywords

Warm-up

Cool-down

Blood pooling

Correct technique

Body conditioning


Flexibility

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