ks4 periodic table

7/27/2019 KS4 Periodic Table

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KS4 Chemistry

The Periodic Table


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The Periodic Table

Contents

Elements and atomic number

Arranging elements

Electronic structure

Patterns of behaviour

Teacher resources


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What are all substances made of?

to gold, an unreactive metal.

From chlorine, a poisonous gas

From sodium, a reactive metal

There are millions of different substances in the world

but what are they all made of?

Elements the building blocks of all substances.

There are about 100 different elements in a variety of forms.

to oxygen, a life-giving gas.


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Properties of elements

What is a property of an element?

A property is any characteristic of an element.

For example, here are some properties ofsodium:

It would be really useful to be able to predict properties

of elements instead of having to remember them!

metallic

highly reactive

solid but melts easily

feels light (low density)

Are there any patterns in the properties of elements?


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Properties and atomic number

particle charge relative mass

proton +1 1

neutron 0 1

electron -1 0.0005

Scientists discovered that the properties of elements

seemed to depend on atomic number.

What is the atomic number of an element?

Atoms contain three types ofparticles:

Where are these particles found in an atom?


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What is atomic number?

Atomic number = the number of protons in an atom

proton

electron neutron

heliumnucleus

What are the particles in this helium atom?

What is the atomic number of helium?


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Atomic number andelectrons

Atoms of elements contain equal numbers of protons

and electrons.

Atoms of elements have no charge, they are neutral.

What is the charge on a fluorine atom?

19

F9

How are the number of electrons and atomic number

related in a neutral atom?

9 protons

9 electrons

10 neutrons

charge = +9

charge = -9

charge = 0

total charge = 0

They are the same.

How does this affect the charge of such atoms?


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The Periodic Table

Contents


Arranging elements



Teacher resources


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Atomic number and patterns

KH Li NaBe Mg Al PN O S ClF Ne ArSiHe B C

reactive metalsunreactive gases

reactive gases

When scientists arranged elements in order of increasing

atomic number they found patterns in their properties.



Positions of similar elements

How many elements are there from one reactive metal

to the next?

How many elements are there from one reactive gas

to the next?


191 3 114 12 13 157 8 16 179 10 18142 5 6

8

8

Compare the positions of similar elements.

reactive gases reactive metals



Arranging elements

Arranging these strips in rows

Divide the elements at set intervals, arrange them according

to their properties and what patterns do you see?

cut here


191 3 114 12 13 157 8 16 179 10 18142 5 6

cut herecut here

Na Mg Al P S Cl ArSi

H He

Li Be N O F NeB C

K



Arranging elements

K

He

Al P SSiMgNa ArCl

Be N OB CLi NeF

When elements are arranged according to their properties

what patterns do you see and what element is missing?

reactive

metals

unreactive

gases

reactive

gasesSimilar elements go into the same columns.

Hydrogen is an exception. This reactive gas is best

positioned above the reactive metals.

Hhydrogen is a

special case



The periodic table

Arranging all the elements by atomic number and properties

led to the creation of

the periodic table

H He

Fr Ra Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt ? ?Ac ?

K Ca Ga Ge As Se KrSc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Br

Cs Ba Tl Pb Bi Po RnHf Ta W Re Os Ir Au HgLa Pt At

Na Mg Al Si P S ArClLi Be B C N O NeF

Rb Sr In Sn Sb Te XeY Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Pd Ag CdRh I



Columns of elements

H

LiNa

K

Rb

Cs

Fr

BeMg

Ca

Sr

Ba

Ra

Ga

In

Tl

AlB

Ge

Sn

Pb

SiC

Sb

Bi

PN

As Se

Te

Po

OS

He

Kr

NeAr

Rn

Xe

Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn

Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Pd Ag CdRh

Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Au HgLa Pt

Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt ? ?Ac ?

Br

At

ClF

I

What are columns of elements called?

765432

Groups

1 0Group number

transition elements



Rows of elements

H He

Li Be N O F NeB CNa Mg Al P S Cl ArSi

K Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge Se BrCa KrAs

Rb Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Pd Ag Cd In Sn SbSr TeRh I Xe

Cs Ba Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Au Hg Tl Pb Bi PoLa AtPt Rn


PeriodsWhat are rows of elements called?

1

23

4

5

6

7

Period number



H He

LiNa

K

Rb

Cs

Fr

Be

Sc Ti

Mg

V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge Se BrCa Kr

Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Pd Ag Cd In Sn SbSr TeRh

Ba Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Au Hg Tl Pb Bi PoLa AtPt

Ra Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt ? ?Ac ?

Al PN O

S ClF Ne

Ar

Rn

I

Si

Xe

B C

As

What is the Group and Period of this element?

MgC

Group 2Group 4Group 7

Cl

K

Group 1MgCClK

Name the position

7654321 0

23

4

5

6

7

Period 3Period 2Period 3Period 4

1



H1 He

LiNa

K

Rb

Cs

Fr

Be

Sc Ti

Mg





Al PN O

S ClF Ne

Ar

Rn

I

Si

Xe

B C

As

311

19

37

55

87

4

21 22

12

23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 34 3520 36

39 40 41 42 43 44 46 47 48 49 50 5138 5245

56 72 73 74 75 76 77 79 80 81 82 83 8457 8578

88 104 105 106 107 108 109 111 11289 110

13 157 8

16 179 10

18

86

53

14

54

2

5 6

33

Missing elements!

In this periodic table the symbols are replaced by atomic

numbers. Some of the numbers are missing where?

Two more periods of elements fit here but are

only shown on some periodic tables.

These are called the lanthanides and actinides.



The Periodic Table

Contents


Arranging elements



Teacher resources

P 1 M l d l



Patterns 1: Metals and non-metals

on the left and centre

mostly on the right

Where are different types of elements grouped together

on the periodic table?

metals

non-metals

in between metals and non-metalsmetalloids

Metalloids arent type of rock music fan!

Metalloids actually have some properties similar to metalsand other properties similar to no-metals.

Can you name a metalloid element?

M l l d ll id



Metals, non-metals and metalloids

M t l t l t ll id?



H

LiNa

K

Rb

Cs

Fr

Be

Sc Ti

Mg





Al PN O

S ClF Ne

Ar

Rn

I

Si

Xe

He

B C

As

silicon (Si) metalloidfrancium (Fr) metalscandium (Sc) metalkrypton (Kr) non-metalcobalt (Co) metal

Is this element a metal, non-metal or metalloid?

KrSc

Fr

Si

Co

Metal, non-metal or metalloid?

P tt 2 Ph i l t t



Only two elements are liquids at room temperature.

Where are elements of different states grouped

together on the periodic table?

on the left, in the centre and to the right

only two elements are liquid

solids

liquids

mostly on the far rightgases

mercury bromine

Can you name these two elements?

Patterns 2: Physical state

Ph i l t t



Physical state

S lid li id ?



H

LiNa

K

Rb

Cs

Fr

Be

Sc Ti

Mg





Al PN O

S ClF Ne

Ar

Rn

I

Si

Xe

He

B C

As

krypton (Kr) gas

Kr

niobium (Nb) solid

Nb

barium (Ba)

Ba

solidnitrogen (N)

N

gasbromine (Br)

Br

liquid

Is this element a solid, liquid or gas at room temperature?

Solid, liquid or gas?

P tt 3 R ti it f t l



Patterns 3: Reactivity of metals

more reactive

m

orereactiv

e

What happens the reactivity of metals along a period?

H

LiNa

K

Rb

CsFr

Be

Sc Ti

Mg

V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga GeCa

Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Pd Ag Cd In Sn SbSr Rh

Ba Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Au Hg Tl Pb Bi PoLa PtRa Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt ? ?Ac ?

Al

What happens the reactivity of metals down a group?

Which is the most reactive metal?

Whi h t l i ti ?



potassium (K) or lithium (Li)

H

LiNa

K

Rb

CsFr

Be

Sc Ti

Mg

V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga GeCa

Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Pd Ag Cd In Sn SbSr Rh

Ba Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Au Hg Tl Pb Bi PoLa PtRa Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt ? ?Ac ?

Al

calcium (Ca) or magnesium (Mg)calcium (Ca) or iron (Fe)copper (Cu) or barium (Ba)

From the positions of these metals in the periodic table,which metal in each pair is the more reactive?

Which metal is more reactive?

Patterns 4: Reactivity of non metals



Patterns 4: Reactivity of non-metals

more reactive

What are the rules for the reactivity of the non-metals?

1. Group 0 is the most unreactive group of elements.

2. For the remaining non-metals, reactivity increasesto the right of a period

Se BrKr

Te

At

PN O

S ClF Ne

Ar

Rn

I

Si

Xe

He

B C

As

mo

rereactive

Which is the most reactive non-metal?

un

reactive

and up a group.

Which non metal is more reactive?


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neon (Ne) or iodine (I)

Which non-metal is more reactive?

Se BrKr

Te

At

PN O

S ClF Ne

Ar

Rn

I

Si

Xe

He

B C

As

oxygen (O) or silicon (Si)fluorine (F) or chlorine (Cl)carbon (C) or oxygen (O)

From the positions of these non-metals in the periodic table,which non-metal in the pair is the more reactive?

Contents


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The Periodic Table

Contents


Arranging elements



Teacherresources

Patterns and atomic number


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Patterns and atomic number

What links atomic number and the properties of elements?

The periodic table shows that patterns in the properties

of elements are linked to atomic number.

electronsH He


K Ca Ga Ge As Se KrSc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Br

Cs Ba Tl Pb Bi Po RnHf Ta W Re Os Ir Au HgLa Pt At

Na Mg Al Si P S ArClLi Be B C N O NeF

Rb Sr In Sn Sb Te XeY Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Pd Ag CdRh I

Patterns and electrons


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atomic number = number of protons

atomic number = number of electrons in elements atoms

The properties of elements are hugely influenced by the

number and arrangement of electrons in the atom.

What links atomic number and the number of electrons?

1

H1

4

He2

7

Li3

10

B5

9

Be4

As atomic number increases by one, the number of electronsalso increases by one.

So the elements in the periodic table are also arranged in

order of the number of electrons.



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How is layout of the periodic table related to the numberand arrangement of electrons in these shells?

Electrons are arranged in shellsaround an atoms nucleus.

cut herecut herecut here

The point at which a new period starts is the point at whichelectrons begin to fill a new shell.

How many electrons can the first three electron shells hold?


191 3 114 12 13 157 8 16 179 10 18142 5 6

Rules for electron arrangements


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Rules for electron arrangements

2,8,8

The rules for the maximum number of electrons shells inthe first three shells are:

Electrons are arranged in shellsaround an atoms nucleus.

first shell maximum = 2 electrons

second shell maximum = 8 electrons

third shell maximum = 8 electrons

This electron arrangement is written as:

Electrons in Period 1


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Elements in Period 1 only have electrons in the first shell.

1 2

7654321 0

1

H He

The first shell can only hold a maximum of two electrons,

so Period 1 only includes the elements hydrogen and helium.

Why are there only two elements in Period 1?

What is special about the outer shell ofHe?




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Elements in Period 2 all have a complete first shell.

2,1 2,2 2,3 2,4 2,5 2,6 2,7 2,8

7654321 0

2

Li Be B C N O F Ne

The second shell is completed one electron at a time

going across Period 2 from left to right.

What is special about the outer shell ofNe?

What happens to electrons in the second shell in Period 2?




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2,8,1 2,8,2 2,8,3 2,8,4 2,8,5 2,8,6 2,8,7 2,8,8

Elements in Period 3 have complete first and second shells.

7654321 0

3

The third shell is completed one electron at a time

going across Period 3 from left to right.

What is special about the outer shell ofAr?

Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar

What happens to electrons in the third shell in Period 3?


Patterns of electron arrangements


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Patterns of electron arrangements

2,8,8,1 2,8,8,2

2,8,1 2,8,2

1

2,1 2,2

Consider the electron arrangements of the first 20 elements

in the periodic table.

7654321 0

1

2,3 2,4 2,5 2,6 2,7 2,8

2,8,3 2,8,4 2,8,5 2,8,6 2,8,7 2,8,8

2

23

4

What is the pattern for the number of outer shell electronsin each group?

Why do elements in the same group have similar

chemical reactivity?

Electrons in Group 1


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Why does reactivity increase

going down the group?

Going down Group 1 the

outer electron becomes

further from the nucleus

and so is more easily lost

in chemical reactions.

The Group 1 metals are

called the alkali metals.

1

2

3

2,1

Li

2,8,1

Na

Group 1 elements have

one electron in the

outermost shell.




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two electrons in the

outermost shell.

2,2

Be

2,8,2

Mg

2

2

3

In chemical reactions metals

tend to lose their outer

electrons to form positive ions.

What is the charge on the ions

of Group 2 elements?

These elements lose the twoouter electrons and form ions

with a 2+ charge.




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three electrons in the

outermost shell.

3

2

3

2,3

B

2,8,3

Al

Metals lose their outer

electrons to form positive ions.

What is the charge on the ions

of Group 3 elements?

These elements lose the

three outer electrons and formions with a 3+ charge.




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four electrons in the

outermost shell.

4

2

3

2,4

C

2,8,4

Si

The elements at the top of

Group 4 are non-metals.

These elements dont like tolose their electrons and prefer

to share them with other atoms.

What type of bonding is this?

The elements at the top ofGroup 4 bond covalently.




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five electrons in the

outermost shell.

5

2

3

2,5

N

2,8,5

P

How many electrons do the

elements shown need for

a full outer shell?

The Group 5 elements shown

need three more electrons

to achieve a full outer shell.




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Atoms form negative ions by

gaining extra electrons.

What type of ions will theseGroup 6 elements form?

These Group 6 atoms can gain

two extra electrons to complete

their outer shell and form

negative ions with a 2- charge.

6

2

3

2,6

O

2,8,6

S


six electrons in the

outermost shell.




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seven electrons in the

outermost shell.

7

2

3

2,7

F

2,8,7

Cl

These atoms need one extra

electrons for a complete outer

shell and form 1- ions.

Why does reactivity increase

going up Group 7?

The incoming electrons arepulled more strongly into shells

that are closer to the nucleus.




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Group 0 (or 8) elements all have

a complete set of electrons in

the outermost shell.1

2

3

0

2He

2,8

Ne

2,8,8

Ar

Why are these elements so

unreactive?

The Group 0 atoms do not need

to lose or gain any electrons to

complete their outer shells which

means they are unreactive.

The Group 0 elements are called

the noble (or inert) gases.


What is the electron arrangement?


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H He

LiNa

K

Rb

Cs

Fr

Be

Sc Ti

Mg





Al PN O

S ClF Ne

Ar

Rn

I

Si

Xe

B C

As

MgC

2, 8, 22, 42, 8, 7

Cl

K

2, 8, 8, 1MgCClK

What is the electron arrangement?

What is the electron arrangement in this elements atoms?

7654321 0

23

4

5

6

7

1

Different types of elements


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Different types of elements

Periodic table quiz


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Periodic table quiz

Contents


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The Periodic Table


Arranging elements



Teacher resources

Periodic table


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H

Li

Na

K

Rb

Cs

Fr

Be

Sc Ti

Mg





Al P

N O

S Cl

F Ne

Ar

Rn

I

Si

Xe

He

B C

As

Periodic table


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H

Li

Na

K

Rb

Cs

Fr

Be

Sc Ti

Mg





Al P

N O

S Cl

F Ne

Ar

Rn

I

Si

Xe

He

B C

As

ks4 periodic table

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