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Subject Markers

-이/가/께서 are used to designate which word in a clause, phrase, or sentence is the subject. This makes clear or emphasis what the sentence or clause is about.

-이 is attached to words ending in a consonant-가 is attached to words ending in a vowel-께서 is the honorific form of -이/가 is attached to the noun regardless of whether it ends in a vowel or consonant. It is used to refer people of higher social rank such has teachers, parents, high officials, etc.

Examples:

그 개가 작습니다. The dog is small.제 딸이 우유를 좋아해요. My daughter likes milk.할아버지께서 자고 있십니다. My grandfather is sleeping.

Object Markers 을/를

-을/를 are used to designate which word is the object of a phrase, clause, or sentence.

-을 is attached to a word ending in a consonant.

-를 is attached to a word ending in a vowel.

Because 데문에

-데문에/-기 데문에The -(기) 데문에 grammar pattern is used to show cause and effect. It would best translated as "because". The -기 is only used with a verb stem, otherwise, it's left off. There is no differentiation between whether the preceding syllable ends with a vowel or consonant, nor are there any restrictions on tense.

This pattern can't be used if the final/main clause is an imperative or propositive; rather use -( 으 ) 니까.

-기 데문에 is used with a verb.- 데문에 is used with a noun.

Examples:

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너 데문에 나가 못가!I can't go because of you!When used with a noun, 데문에 almost always has a negative connotation and conveys blame.

비가 왔기 데문에 못갔어.I couldn't go because it rained.When used with a verb, it may also convey negativity and blame, but it depends on the tone of your voice and how the sentence is put together.

As you can see, -(기) 데문에 is just as versatile in Korean as it is in English. When used with a noun, just as in English, it will be difficult to word it without having a negative connotation, however with a verb it depends upon the tone of the speaker's voice as well as the structure and organization of the sentence.

To a (person)To a (person) -한테/에게/께

This is attached to a (personal) noun or pronoun and indicates the receiver of an action or for whom something is done or exists. It is used only with living things. -께 is the honorific form. -한테 and -에게 are interchangeable. The opposite of this pattern is -한테서.

Examples:

저는 제 친구한테 책을 줍니다. I give the book to my friend.선생님께 물어 보십시오. Please ask the teacher.

see also - 보고 / 더러

Tries doing 아/어/여 보다someone tries doing somethingaction verb + 아 보다 or 어 보다 or 여 보다 is used to show someone tries to do something or has the experience of doing something. -아 보다 is attached to a verb whose last vowel is 아 or 오 and -어 보다 is attached to verbs whose last vowel is any other vowel. It can be used with difference tenses and the honorific modifier -시. If used in an imperative sentence it implies the listener has the choice to refuse.

Examples:

한국에 가 봤아요? Have you been to Korea (i.e. have you had the experience of going to Korea)?가 보세요. You should go (i.e. you should try to go).

honorific infix -시/으시

To show respect for the listener and/or the person talked about insert -시/으시 between the verb stem and the verb ending. Be aware some honorific verbs such as 잠수시다 (to eat) already have -

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시 built-in. 시 is placed after a vowel whereas 으시 is placed after a consonant.

Examples:

아버지가 키가 작으십니다. My father is short.제 지휘관이 키가 크십니다. My commander is tall.

Is -이다

I am...The -이다 verb is used like we would use is or am in English. For example, I am twenty years old. It always attaches itself to another word, usually nouns, and falls at the end of a sentence. You can add the honorific infix -시/으시 to show respect. This verb is used to link two nouns that talking about the same thing or person. Think of this verb meaning "equal" i.e. this equals that as in John is my brother. Don't confuse -이다 with -있다 which expresses existence. It is always pronounced as part of the word it's attached to.

- the opposite of 이다 is 아니다

Examples:

수무 살입니다. I am twenty years old.John Smith 이에요. I am John Smith.

When vs+ㄹ 때

when, at the time ofverb stem (action or stative) + ㄹ 떼/을 때 is to to express when or at the time of. Since 때 is a noun it can be used with any noun marker such as 이/가, 은/는, etc. or noun suffix such as 까지 (until), 부터 (from), 마다 (every), 도 (also, too, even), etc. It cannot be used with the verb -이다 however. Instead use 있다 as in the example 제가 군인이었을 때...(When I was a soldier...). -ㄹ 때 is used after verbs stems ending in a vowel whereas -을 때 is used after verb stems ending in a consonant. If both clauses occur in the past you don't have to use the past base -았- with ㄹ 떼/을 때 and the tense can be indicated in the main clause. However, if the action in the main clause occurs before the dependent clause, then use the past base with ㄹ 떼/을 때 as in the example 미국에 왔을 때,아주 덥었습니다 (When I came to the U.S. it was very hot). When you use this construction you can use a comma between the clauses. Also, the noun 때 means time and can be used with other nouns such as 점심때 (lunchtime), 6 살 때 (when I was six), etc.

Examples

저는 먹고 있을 때 누가 왔어요? Who came when (literally the time that I was) I was eating?구 분이 어렸을 때 아주 뚱뚱헀어요. When that person was young (implies isn't young anymore by use of the past base) he was fat.집에 나갈 때마다 돈을 냅니다. Every time I leave the house I spend money.

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Also -도

also, too, even, indeed

The particle -도 can be attached to almost any word in a sentence and always refers to the word to which is attached. It means "also","too", "even", "indeed", etc. When used with a negative form it means "even". When attached to an adverb it indicates admiration or emphasizes the adverb itself.

When -도 appears in the sentence twice it shows agreement between noun phrases as in both A and B... or neither A nor B. Both phrases must agree.

Examples:

이 책상도 좋습니다. This desk is also good.밤에도 일해요. I also work at night.저는 차도 샀습니다. I also bought a car.김 씨가 공부를 하지도 않아요. Mr. Kim doesn't even study.그분이 잘도 잡니다. He sleeps very well.돈도 시간도 없어요. I have neither time nor money.그 여자가 차도 자전거도 있습니다. That woman has both a car and bicycle.

Only -만only, just

-만 is attached to nouns and means only or just. It can replace a subject marker or object marker and can either replace another marker (such as 에 ((to,from, at)), 한테 to a person?, etc.) or be added to it.

Examples:

저는 집에서만 먹습니다. I only eat at home.음식만 시킬까요? Shall we order just food.그문만 담베를 피우고 있습니다. He is the only one smoking.

In order to -(으)러 + 가다/오다/다니다In order to, purpose of coming/going

When you need to express the reason for going somewhere or coming from somewhere, you can use this grammar pattern. However, this grammar pattern is restricted to verbs similar the ones above (They must express movement like come, go, go around).

The general translation for this is "in order to", or shorter, "to".

When the verb stem ends with a consonant, use "으러", except when the consonant is a ㄹ, then do as you do with vowels and simply add 러.

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Note: Tense is specified by the ending clause in the sentence. There is no reason to include a future/past tense infix on the VS connecting to 러.

Examples:김일병을 만나러 갔습니다.I went to meet PFC Kim.

왕씨하고 먹으러 왔어.I came to eat with Mr. Wong.

This pattern is similar to ( 으 ) 려 but that pattern can attach to any action verb.

Particle -에서 "In, At, From"In, At, From

The particle -에서 has two different meanings depending on how it used. First, it means at or in and shows where the action is taking place. It's attached to a noun and is always followed by an action verb. The second meaning is from, i.e. from a place. Use -한테서 to indicate from a person.

Note: when using the verbs 있다/없다 (which are existence verbs), use the particle -에 instead.

Examples:

도서관에서 읽어요. I read at the library.그 남자가 오늘 한국에서 오고 있어요. The man is coming from Korea today.다섯시에 학교에서 떠나요. I leave from school at five o'clock.

See also -한테서

Imperative Sentences - -십시오, 세요Please do...

To make a sentence imperative you can use -십시오/으십시오 or -세요. Add one of these to the verb stem and it becomes imperative. -십시오/으십시오 is formal speech spoken to people older than you or of higher social status. -세요 is a polite form but is used with people that you are familiar with. -십시오 is added to verb stems ending in a vowel whereas -으십시오 is added to verb stems ending in a consonant. -세요 is also used as a polite declarative sentence ending.

Examples:

내일 오십시오. Please come tomorrow.그 책이 읽으십시오. Please read the book.지금 하세요. Please do it now.

See also Informal Imperative Sentences.

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Informal Imperative Sentences -라Do such and such...

To request someone to do something informally you can use 아라/어라/여라 or -으라/라 with a verb stem. - goes after a verb stem with the last vowel -아 or 오 and 여라 goes after after a -하다 verb and finally -어라 goes after any other vowel. -으라 goes after verb stems ending in a consonant while -라 goes after a verb stem ending in a vowel.

Examples:

이제 집에 가라. Go home now.조용하라. Be quiet.잡지를 읽어라. Read the magazine.

See also Imperative Sentences for the formal and polite imperative sentence endings.

The particle -로/으로 By means of, with, to, towardsby means, with, to, towards

The particle -로/으로 is attached to nouns and expresses to or towards or a mean by which something is done. It can be used in four ways; 1. function as, in the capacity of, 2. direction towards, in the direction of 3. means with, by, by means of 4. Manner -ly. -로 follows nouns ending in a vowel and -으로 follows nouns ending in a consonant.

Examples:

연필으로 쓰세요. Please write with a pencil.차동자로 가겠습니다. I will go by car.무엇으로 오겠어요? How will you come?정열적으로 노래를 볼러요. He sings passionately.한국에 유학생으로 방문하겠어요. I visit Korea as an exchange student.

The particle 에, at, in, for, toat, in, by, for, with, on, to

The particle -에 is mostly to show someone or something is stationary in a place. It's easily confused with - 에서 but remember -에서 tells where an action takes place. 에 is always attached to a noun and is followed by an inactive noun such as 있다 (to exist), 없다 (to not exist), 많다 (to be many), 살다 (to live), etc. This particle allows you to indicate where a noun is at, in, by, or on, etc. Furthermore it is used to denote when an action takes place (for example, 세시에 가세요; Go at 3 o'clock.) or a destination (for example, 우리 집에 갔아요; I went to my house). Also, when used with nouns denoting numerals, it shows a unit of value or proportion (at, in, for, by, per). Lastly, it

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sometimes used to mean "for" when used for the object of a passive verb. To sum it up, it can be used to denote location (in, at, by) or destination (to), or time (in, at, on).

Examples:

도서관에 도착했습니다. I arrived at the library.주말에 무엇을 합니까? What do you on the weekends?마당에 고양이가 있습니다. The cat is in the yard.내 방은 항상 점열에 준지되어 있어요. My room is always ready for inspection.그 차를 엉마에 샀아요? How much did you by the car for?한 년에 한 번 휴가에 갑니다. I go on vacation one time per year.

The particle -까지 until, by, toto, until, by

The particle -까지 shows a specific that an action or condition continues to when it's preceded by a time expression or phrase. It can attach itself to nouns, other particles, verb endings, or adverbs.The opposite word from -까지 is -부터.

It can also be used sometimes to convey the idea that a situation or happenstance is unexpected. For example, 고등학까지 졸업하고 그걸 몰라요 (You even graduated from high school and you don't know that?)? In other words, this usage translates to "even {if, you, me, etc.}".

It can be attached to distance nouns in which case it means "all the way to" the place or until the place.

If it is attached to a noun, it can mean "so far as", "even", "on top of that", "moreover", etc. For example, "저는 책까지 잊어버렸어요/I even forget my book" or "Moreover/on top of that, I forget my book". This usage is dependent on context obviously.

Examples:

이제까지 음악을 들었어요. I listened to music until now.서울까지 운전합시다. Let's drive as far as Seoul.내일까지 가세요. Go by tomorrow.

The particle 부터 fromFrom

-부터 means "from" when attached or following time or place words and indicates a starting time or the place from which a physical movement begins. However, it is mostly used with time words. It's opposite is -까지. It's usually interchangeable with -에서.

Examples:

내일부터 학교를 시작하겠습니다. I start school from tomorrow.

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이제부터 제 차를 운전하지 마세요. From now {on} don't from my car.처음부터 끝까지 잤아요. I slept from beginning to end.

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Past tense infix/base -았/었/였

simple past

The past tense infix is attached to a verb stem to show simple past. Which of the three bases (았/었/였) you use depends on the last vowel of the verb stem (not the final letter of the verb stem). In verb stems where the final vowel is a ㅏ or ㅗ you add 았. If it the final letter is any other vowel such as ㅓ,ㅜ,ㅡ,ㅣ, use 었. If the verb ends in -하다, then you add 였. The contracted forms used in the examples below are the normal usage.

Examples:

갔습니다 (contraction of 가았습니다)/갔아요. I went.먹었습니다. I ate.궁부했어요 (contraction of 공부하였어요). I studied.아버지가 책을 읽셨습니다. Father read a book (note: the honorific infix -시 can be/has been added before the past base).

After doing (something) -후afterwards, later

Action verb stem plus -ㄴ 후에/-은 후에 means "after doing {the verb it's attached to}. It can also be placed after a noun to mean after that noun (for example, 점심 후에; after lunch). -ㄴ 후에 is added to verb stems ending in a vowel while -은 후에 is added to verb stems ending in a consonant.This pattern is mostly synomous with -은 다음에/-ㄴ 다음에 (meaning next). However, -후에 implies later whereas 다음에 impies immediately later/right after. It's also synomous with - 은 뒤에/-ㄴ 뒤에(literally...behind). It all of these patterns the particle -에 can be dropped. Then opposite of this pattern is -기 전에 (before).

Examples:

사십분 후에 그 지차가 도착하겠어요. The train will arrive after 40 minutes.수영한 후에 샤워합시다. After swimming, let's shower.저는 아침을 먹은 후에 학교에 갑니다. After I eat breakfast ,I go to school.

Transferetive Ending -다(가)did and then, did but, while doing, as, then, and then, while

Verb stem + -다가 is used when you want to express that some action or state in that past was interrupted and changes to some other state or action i.e. "switch gears". -가 can be dropped. The two clauses connected by -다가 must have the same subject. If the verb stem that is attached is the past form, then the usage is a little different. In that case, it implies that the interrupted/shifted action has been completed before the interruption or that the shifted action had come full circle. It works well when the two clauses contradict each other. Also, a state of constant alternating actions

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is suggested when two verbs ending in -었다가/았다가 are followed by 하다.

- this pattern differs from the pattern - 다가 in that -다가 shows an interruption of an action whereas - 어 / 아 / 여 다가 shows that an action was completed followed by a change of location. The pattern -아 / 어 / 여서 shows a certain continuity from a first action to the next.

Examples:

백화점에 가다가 제 친구를 만났어요. On the way to the department store I met my friend (in this case it's unclear if he/she continued to the department store or changed his/her plans and went with the friend).백화점에 갔다가 제 친구를 만났어요. I met at the department store ( this implies he/she unexpectedly met his/her after he/she go to the department store).**constrast these examples to "백화점에 가서 제 친구를 만났어요" which implies it was an expected meeting by which they went to the store to meet their friend.

구 분이 옷가게를 봇 찾아서, 그 길에서 올러갔다 내려갔다 합니다 (He can't find the clothing store and so he keeps going up and down the street).식당에 가다가 제 선생님을 만났어요. When I was going to the restaurant I met my teacher.학교에 갔다가 도서과에 들를까요? Shall we go to school {first} and then drop by the library?뛰어가다가 넘어졌어요. He was running and then fell down.

Thanks to Ms. Chong Royal for the examples.

-을 까요 Shall we...?/Will it be...?

Verb stem+ -을 까요/-ㄹ 까요 is to ask someone about their opinion or view and can be used with any verb. -을 까요 is attached to a verb stem ending in a consonant while -ㄹ 까요 is attached to a verb stem ending a vowel. When the sentence subject is we, the speaker is suggestion that something been done together (공원에 갈까요? Shall we go to the park?). When the sentence subject is I, it can be used be as confirmation of the speaker's wish or to ask permission (제가 맥주 시킬까요? Shall I order you a beer?).If used to refer to a second person it expresses speculation about the subject's action or condition. For example, "두 시간이면 그곳이 도착할 수 있을까요? Do you think we can arrive at that place in two hours?"When used to refer to a third person then it implies "Do you suppose, I wonder if, etc." For example, "차가 노무 더러울까요? Do you suppose the car is too dirty?". In this case, it's used for conjecture about an action or state of what you are talking about.It can be used to with the past tense to indicate wondering about a past event. For example, "한 선생님이 어제 한국에서 돌아오셨을까요? I wonder if Mr. Han returned from Korea yesterday? {shown with the honorific -시 inserted}"This form is somewhat less direct or assertive than the verb stem +(으)ㅂ시다 pattern. The honorific -시 can be added between the verb stem and this construction. The polite ending -요 can be dropped.

Examples:

제가 먼저 아내를 소개할까요? Shall I introduce my wife first?영화를 볼까요? Shall we see a movie?

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내일 날씨가 더울까요? Do you suppose the weather will be hot tomorrow?그것이 재미있을까? Will it be interesting (what's your opinion)?

See also -( 으 ) ㄹ 까 해요 .

Thinking of doing... -(으)ㄹ까 해요.

Verb stem + -을 까 하다/ㄹ 까 하다 means "is thinking of doing so and so...", i.e. to express intentions or future plans and intentions. The -하다 can be changed to other forms such as 하니까 (since/because), 하고 (and), 해도 (also), etc.Not used with questions and is mostly interchangeable with -(으)려고 하다 but this form suggests the speaker is more tentative than -(으)려고 하다 does.

Examples:

비행기로 갈 까 합니다. I think of going by airplane.

see also -( 으 ) 까요 .

The contrast particle -은/는

The particle -은/는 is used to compare topics being discussed, though one the topics might only be implied. -은 is attached words ending in a consonant whereas -는 is attached to words ending in a vowel. This particle can be attached to almost any part of a sentence. For example, it can replace subject markers, object particles, with other particles (such as -에, 에서, etc.), with negative forms For example 보지는 않아요/I don't see it (but since this particle implies contrast I may have heard it or smelled and at any rate, I didn't see it.).

Also, it can be used to emphasize a particular part of the sentence as seen in the following examples;Now the dog -은/는 is eating the bone in the yard; As for the dog...Now -은/는 the dog is eating the bone in the yard; As to what is happening now...Now the dog is eating the bone-은/는 in the yard; What I want to mention about the bone is...Now the dog is eating the bone in the yard -은/는; To talk about what's going in the yard...

It is not used with interrogative words such as what, who, what kind, where (무엇, 누구, 무슨, 어디 respectively), etc. as those focus attention on that part of the sentence anyways. Furthermore, in a subsequent sentence this particle is not attached to the word that answers the interrogative word in the preceding sentence (for example, if a car is the "what" in a previous sentence and it would be 차가 and not 차는).

It is used in sentences that have a pattern showing comparison between two different subjects such as -지만/but, -고/and, -아도/even though, etc. For example, 이 차는 좋지만 그 차는 나쁩니다/This car is good but that car is bad.

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If an affirmative question form is used with the particle -도, a negative answer always takes this particle. For example, 사과도 삽니까/Are you also buying an apple? 아니오, 사과는 안 삽니다/No, I'm not buying an apple.

Furthermore, when speaking new topics tend to have the subject markers - 이 / 가 attached to mark them as new information and the same topics are mentioned subsequently, they are marked with -은/는 is designate them as old information in the discussion.

Warning: The particle -는 can be confused with the attributive suffix/processive modifier -는 and so you must examine the context in which it's used to discern the true intent.

To clean/wash

The Korean language uses different verbs for different types of cleaning. They are;

세탁하다: To clean/wash clothes청소하다: To clean up, wipe, or vacuum house, room, building, vehicles, etc.세수하다: To clean, wash your face세차하다: To clean/wash a car닦다: To clean/polish/wash windows, teeth, shoes걸레질히다: To wipe/clean with a cloth/mop씻다: To wash the body, self감다: To wash hair설거지하다: To wash dishes빨래하다: To launder/wash clothes깨끗하다: To be clean/washed

To wear/use

The Korean language uses different verbs for different items that you wear or use. They are:

입다: To wear clothes매다: To wear a necktie; literally to tie, bind, knot,fasten차다: To wear a watch, seat belt, belt; literally to put on, fasten on, carry쓰다: To wear glasses, hat; literally to use신다: To wear footwear (socks, shoes, etc.)끼다: To wear gloves, rings, contact lenses, glasses; literally to put on, pull on착용하다: To wear necktie, seat belt, belt; literally to put on, wear (formal word)하다: To wear necklace, necktie, earrings; literally to do

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Negative adverb 안-

Used with action verbs to negate them as well with the honorifc existence verb 계시다. With a -

하다 verb it is normally place between the stem and -하다. It can be placed before but it sounds

awkward.

-안 tends to be used more by children whereas adults tend to use -지 않다.

Examples:

공부를 안 했어요. I didn't study.

안 가겠어요. I won't go.

Will probably do -ㄹ 거에요.

Used to indicate prospective future (i.e. something that will probably take place or will likely take place). -을/ㄹ is the future suffix attached directly to the verb stem.

- informal form of -ㄹ/을 것이에요. Likewise is 을 겁니다 is more formal.- conversely the -겠 future additive expresses definite or firm intentional future-Using past tense with this pattern(ex- 갔을 거에요, She/he probably went) is used to express speculation.

Examples:정근, 씨가 김치를 먹을 거에요. Jong Guen will probably eat kimchi/is going to eat kimchi.내일 날씨가 추울 겁니다. The weather will probably be cold tomorrow/is going to be cold tomorrow.영어를 잘 할 수 있을 거에요. You can probably speak (literally do) English well.

The exact meaning depends on the context of the conversation or text.

Together with -하고 같이/와/-과 같이

This pattern shows something is accompanied or associated with something else. 같이 means together.

-같이 can be omitted-In place of -하고 -와/과/이랑/랑 can be used-같이 can be replaced by 함께--같이 tends to be used more in speech whereas 함께 is used more in writing.

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Examples:TV 을 친구하고 같이 봤어요. I watched TV together with my friend.누구하고 같이 갔아요? With whom did you go?저는 그 분하고 일합니다. I work with that person.

And; particle -하고

Used to link nouns similar to 와 / 과 or 이랑 / 랑 .

-Never connects verbs,adjectives, clauses, sentences or adverbs

Examples:사과하고 배주를 샀아요. I bought apples and cabbage.수영하고 승마를 좋아해. I like swimming and horseback riding.

Exclamation ending 는군요.

This pattern shows exclamation when the speaker realizes or discovers something the listen is already assumed to know.

-는군요! is attached to action verbs in present tense— Otherwise attach -군요!

-the informal pattern is -구나/는구나-past base (았/었/였) or future base (겠) can be added between verb and this pattern

Examples: 편지를 못 썼구나! Oh, I haven't been able to write you a letter!버스가 오는군요! The bus is coming!

"Isn't it?" ending -지요.

The -지요/-지 form has many different uses and the exact meaning is derived from the context that it's used for.

1) When -지요 is used to form a question sentence ending, it functions as a casual question indicating doubt or supposition. For example, 그분이 조종사이지요?/He's a pilot, isn't he? This use is spoken with rising intonation.

2) It can be used as a confirming statement spoken with a level intonation. For example; 바빠요?/Are you busy?...할 일이 많지요/There's a lot of work to be done I daresay.

3) It can be used as a propositive statement. For example; 같이 가지요/Let's go together. Spoken with level intonation.

4) You can also use it as a tentative/suppositive statement. For example, 그 여자가 아름답지겠지요/ (I presume)she is beautiful.

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5) It can be used in a request. For example, 내일 오지요?/You'll come tomorrow,right?

6) Lastly it can be used to express intention. 제 집에 와서 저녁을 준비하지요/Come to my house and I'll prepare dinner.

-요 is optional.

This grammar pattern is extremely common in colloquial Korean and you'll hear very frequently.

sentence ending -고 말고요, "of course"

sentence ending -고 말고요, "of course"; there is no doubt about it; it is needless to say that..., it is a matter of course that.., 고말고요, 고말고, 고 말고요, 고 말고

- used with any verb- is used to confirm what is being said with the verb is true, i.e. of cours, needless to say, etc.- 요 can be dropped from the end- some references show a space between 고 and 말 but others don't.

Examples

오늘 학교에 갈 겁니까?/Will you go to school today? / 가고 말고요./Of course I'll go.그 남자가 똑똑하고 말고./There is no doubt that he's smart.

Exclamation ending -ㄴ 데요/은 데요/는 데요.

Exclamation ending -ㄴ 데요/은 데요/는 데요, surprise, delight, astonishment, wonder, interest, -ㄴ 데, -는데, 은데

This pattern is used for general exclamation and is used to draw the listener's attention.- used with any verb- -ㄴ/(은)데요 is attached to present tense descriptive verbs and the copula 이다. -ㄴ데요 attaches to vowel-ending verb and 은데요 attaches to consonant-ending verb- -는데요 attaches to all other verbs- 요 is optional- the past tense -았/었/였 or the future tense -겠 can be inserted between the verb and this pattern- by contrast the exclamation - 네요 is used for a spontaneous reaction without expecting a reply from the listener and the exclamation - 군요 is used for first realizations.is synomous with 는 걸요 ! but that pattern is used less than the pattern described here

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Examples

바지가 잘 어울리는데요!/Those pants really look good on you/really suit you!차가 아주 비싼데!/ The car is really expensive!

Adverb -못; can't, won't

Adverb -못; can't, won't, not (possible)texttext

This adverb denotes impossibility, refusal, or denial except when used with descriptive verbs, in which case it simply makes the verb meaning negative, i.e. not pretty, not good, etc. It's usually used with action verbs.

Two ways to use it it;못 + verb or verb stem+지 +못하다.

- 지 못하다 is always used with 하다 verbs- the 하다 part of 지 목하다 can be changed for tense or have a connective added to it- has a similar meaning to ㄹ 수 없다 __Examples__

뭇 오겠어요./I can't come.자지 못했습니다./I couldn't sleep.

Suffix -쯤; about, approximately

Is attached to time, place, or quantity words to indicate approximate time, size, amount, location, etc.__Examples__어디쯤 있어?/ About where is it?기차가 다섯 시쯤 오겠습니다./The train will come at about 5 o'clock.이쯤에 주차하게 어떨까?/How about parking around here?

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Family terms

Korean uses very specific terms for each family memory with the result that are many words you have to memorize. On the plus side, unlike English, there is little ambiguity (i.e. Uncle? Which, your mom's brother or your dad's? Your dad's oldest brother or youngest?).

부모 parents

양친 both parents

아버지 father

아버님 father, honorific

아빠 dad

시아버지 woman's father-in-law

장인 man's father-in-law

어머니 mother, honorific

엄마 mom

시어머니 woman's mother-in-law

장모 man's mother-in-law

며느리 daughter-in-law

사위 son-in-law

의붓어머니/계모 stepmother

의붓아버지/계부 stepfather

고주부 great-great-grandfather

고주모 great-great-grandmother

증조부 great-grandfather

증조모 great-grandmother

주부모 grandparents

할아버님 grandfather, honorific

할아버지 grandfather

조부 grandfather (man's)

할머님 grandmother, honorific

할머니 grandmother

손자 grandson

손녀 granddaughter

손주 grandchildren

형제 brothers; also generically siblings

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자매 sisters

아들 son

딸 daughter

동생 younger brother or sister

남매 brother and sister

오누이 brother and sister

외아들 only son

외동딸 only daughter

장남 oldest son

장녀 oldest daughter

차남 second oldest son

삼남 third oldest son

차녀 second oldest daughter

오빠 woman's older brother

형 man's older brother

처남 man's older brother-in-law

시아주버니 woman's older brother-in-law (husband's brother)

형부 woman's older brother-in-law (sister's husband)

매형 man's older brother-in-law (sister's husband)

자형 man's older brother-in-law (sister's husband)

누나 man's older sister

언니 woman's older sister

손윗 누이 young boy's older sister

새 언니 woman's older sister-in-law (older brother's wife)

형수 man's older sister-in-law (older brother's wife)

처형 man's older sister-in-law (wife's sister)

여동생 man/woman's younger sister

누이동생 younger sister (from older boy)

처제 man's younger sister-in-law (wife's sister)

제수 man's younger sister-in-law (younger brother's wife)

수누이 woman's younger sister-in-law (husband's sister)

올케 older/younger sister-in-law (woman's brother's wife)

동서 husband of wife´s sister or wife of husband´s brother

형님 woman's older sister-in-law (husband's sister)

아가씨 unmarried younger sister/generic term for young woman

남동생 man/woman's younger brother

처남 man's older/younger brother-in-law (wife's brother)

시동생 woman's younger brother-in-law

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도련님 woman's younger brother-in-law (husband's brother)

처형 man's older sister-in-law (wife's sister)

제부 man's younger brother-in-law (wife's brother)

매부 man's sister's husband

매재 man's younger brother-in-law (younger sister's husband)

매형 man's older sister's husband

아저씨 uncle/generic term for older married man

삼천 uncle (generic)

외삼촌 uncle (mother's brother)

큰아버지 uncle (married older brother of father)

각은아버지 uncle (married younger brother of father)

고모 aunt (father's sister)

외숙모 aunt (mother's brother's wife)

숙모 aunt (father's brother's wife)

이모 aunt (mother's sister)

큰어머니 aunt (father's older brother's wife)

작은어머니 aunt (father's younger brother's wife)

조카 nephew

조카딸 niece

사촌 cousin (generic)

이종사촌 cousin (mother's side)

고종사촌 cousin (father's side)

막내 last born/youngest child

배다른 형제 half-brother/sister (lit. different stomach sibling)

의붓 형재 stepbrother/sister

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Particles used in verb phrases

Particles used in verb phrases; -가/이; -를/을; -도; -은/는

Sometimes particles are added to verbal phrases such as -ㄹ 수 있다/없다 or 지 않다, etc. These mainly serve to emphasis the meaning of the verbal phrase.

-when 가/이/을/를 are added they make the phrase more formal and tend to emphasize the clause. Additionally, 가 lends the meaning of possibility to the clause when used with 을/ㄹ 수 있다 and 을/ㄹ 수 없다.

Examples:요리를 할 수가 없어./It's not possible for me to cook.요리를 하지가 않아./I don't cook.요리를 할 줄을 몰라./I don't know how to cook.

-However, when 도 is added it adds the meaning of "even".

Examples:요리할 수도 없습니다./I cannot even cook.

-If the contrast particle 는/은 is added, it adds contrast.

Examples요리할 수는 없어요./I can't cook (but...) In this case the contrast is unspoken but implied.

From (a person); the particle -한테서/에게서

From (a person); 한테서; 에게서

This pattern is the opposite of 한테 / 에게 . 에게서 tends to be used in written/formal language while 한테서 tends to be colloquial. They mean "from a person".

-서 can sometimes be dropped with 한테서 and it's meaning must be derived from the context.__Examples:__

친구한테서 빌렸어요./I borrowed it from a friend.

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And; the particle 와/과

And; the particle 와/과, between nouns

Like 하고 and 이랑 / 랑 , 와/과 connect nouns.

-Never connects verbs,adjectives, clauses, sentences or adverbs-와 follows nouns ending in a consonant-과 follows nouns ending in a vowel

Examples:사과과 배주를 샀아요. I bought apples and cabbage.수영와 승마를 좋아해. I like swimming and horseback riding.

noun modifier; descriptive verb +-ㄴ/은

noun modifier; descriptive verb +-ㄴ/은; relative clause, adverbial phrase, past tense

This pattern is used to turn a descriptive verb into an adjective, relative clause, or noun modifier. It always goes in front of the noun being modified.

- -ㄴ used for verb stems ending in a vowel- - 은 used for verb stems ending in a consonant

Examples

크다 (verb to be big/large) + ㄴ + 집 (house) = 큰 집/big house좋다 (verb to be good) + 은 + 사람 (person) = 좋은 사람/good person

Note: ㄴ/은 used with an action verb denotes past tense. For example, 찍은 사진/the taken pictures

Only, nothing but; noun + 밖에 + 없다

Only, nothing but; noun + 밖에 + 없다; there is nothing but..., there is no one but...

This pattern denotes exclusiveness, i.e. there is nothing but or there is no one but, etc. 밖 by itself means "outside", "the exterior", etc. When it is placed behind a noun and in front of a negative predicate/verb it means basically "only".

- usually must be used with an accompanying negative- using 밖에 vice 만 implies a choice made unwillingly or reluctantly whereas using -만 implies a willing choice

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- noun + 밖에 + negative predicate (ex. verb+지 않다) = only with a meaning the same as 만.

Examples:

이 책 밖에 없어./This is the only book I have.사막 밖에 보이지 않다./There is nothing in sight but the desert (or Only the desert can be seen).

Suffix -짜리; (a thing) worth

Suffix -짜리; (a thing) worth;

This suffix indicates the value . It's usually used in relation to money but not always.

Examples

만원짜리 책/10,000 won book오천짜리 지폐/5000 won bill/note(currency)방 세개짜리 집/3 bedroom house

Negative imperative form; action verb + -지 말다; don't do...

Negative imperative form; action verb + -지 말다; don't do..., stop doing.., cease doing..., quit doing...

Usually used with action verbs to advise someone not to do something.

- usually used with in the negative propositive or imperative forms— can be used to negate other verbs however

- 말다 by itself means "to stop", "to cease", "to refrain from"- 말다 is an irregular verb

Examples

걱정하지 마./Don't worry추월하지 마시오./Do not pass.모자를 쓰지 맙시다./Let's not wear hats.오든지 말든지 마음대로 하세요./Come or not- do as you wish.

see also - 지 말고

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Adverb 그만-; stop (doing)

Adverb 그만-; stop (doing); that much and no more; to that extent only; no more than that; negative imperative, negative propositive

그만 means "to that extent only", "no more than that",etc. but when placed before an action verb, it means stop(doing)... It's usually used with a negative imperative or propositive form.

Examples:그만 해./Stop doing that.그만 자세요./Stop sleeping.그만 하자./Let's stop.

Sentence ending "do...for me"; -아/어/여 주다, -아/어/여 드리다

Sentence ending "do...for me"; action verb + -아/어/여 주다, action verb +-아/어/여 드리다; would you...for me; Shall I...for you?

This very common and useful pattern is used to request a favor or ask someone to do something for you.

- only used with action verbs- 드리다 is the humble form of "give" and so should be used to superiors or when you wish to be polite.- if the final vowel of the verb is 아 or 오, use 아 주다/아 드리다 else used 어 주다/어 드리다 or 여 주다/여 드리다 with 하다 verbs

Examples운전해 주세요./Please drive for me.뭐 해드릴까요?/What should I do for you?설명해 드리겠어요./I will explain it to you.공군 기지 전문 앞에 세워 줘./Please drop me off at the air force base gate.

Possessive marker; "Of, 's"; the particle -의

Of, 's; the particle -의; possessive; possessive marker

의 is a possessive particle and corresponds to "'s" in English. Sometimes it can be translated "of". It can indicate possession, relationship, origin, static location, etc.

- usually pronounced "에"- noun it's attached to limits following noun- some pronouns when 의 is attached become contracted— 제 (저의)/my, 내 (나의)/my, 네(너의)/your

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Examples표현의 자우/freedom of speech은민의 차/Eun Min's car인제 군산의 날씨는 어떻어요?/How is the weather in Kunsan now?

Cannot do...; -ㄹ 수 없다/을 수 없다

Cannot do...; -ㄹ 수 없다/을 수 없다; can't;

This pattern denotes inability, lack of capability, or impossibility. It usually doesn't indicate lack of permission (can't in English can indicate lack of permission or inability). In that case, use -면 안 된다.

- attaches to action verbs- ㄹ 수 없다 attaches to verb stems ending in a vowel- 을 수 없다 attaches to verb stems ending in a consonant- opposite of ㄹ / 을 수 있다 - tense is expressed in the ending 없다 part of this pattern, not the verb it attaches to- particles can be added to 수 to change the meaning somewhat. See here.

Examples:수영할 수 없어./I can't swim.

see also -아서는 안 된다

Can do; -을 수 있다/-ㄹ 수 있다

Can do; -을 수 있다/-ㄹ 수 있다; can; am able to

This pattern indicates ability, capability, possibility, etc. Unlike the English word "can", this pattern is not normally used to express permission.

- ㄹ 수 있다 attaches to verbs that end with a vowel- 을 수 있다 attaches to verbs that end with a consonant- opposite of 을 / ㄹ 수 없다 - tense is expressed in the ending 있다 part of this pattern, not the verb it attaches to- particles can be added to 수 to change the meaning somewhat. See here.- this pattern can be confused with - ㄹ / 을 줄 알다 / 모르다 but that pattern shows knowledge of how to do something rather than merely being able to do or being possible.

Examples:

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내일 갈 수 있어./ I can go tomorrow.

Will do; -ㄹ 게요/을 게요

Will do; -ㄹ 게요/을 게요, 게 께, 께요; intentional; 1st person intentional

-ㄹ/을 게요 shows the speaker's intention or plans when attached to an action verb. It implies a promise on the part of the speaker.

- 을 게요 attaches to a action verb ending in a consonant- ㄹ 게요 attaches to a action verb ending in a vowel- only used in the 1st person (i.e. I/we)- attaching 요 on the end is optional

NOTE: Before 1988 this pattern was spelled/pronounced as ㄹ/을 께요 and you may still encounter it like that.

Examples:

아침을 요리할 게요./I will cook breakfast.

Sentence ending "want to do"; -고 싶다/-고 싶어 하다

Sentence ending "want, would like"; -고 싶다/-고 싶어 하다

This pattern express want or desire.

-used with action verbs and 있다- 고 싶다 is used with 1st person- 고 싶어 하다 is used with 3rd person- tense or negation is expressed in the final 싶다 or 하다

Examples:차를 사고 싶습니다./I want to buy a car.이효리와 결혼하고 싶어 했어요./He wanted to marry Lee Hyolee.

see also - 었으면 하다

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Irregular - ㄹ verbs

Some verbs with a final consonant of ㄹ are irregular. When followed by the consonants ㄴ/ㅂ/ㅅ or the vowel 오, the final ㄹ is dropped. If followed by other vowels or consonants, it is kept.

Examples:사과를 팝니다./I sell apples.사과를 팔겠어요./I will sell apples

These verbs are irregular들다 to eat팔다 to sell알다 to know살다 to live울다 to cry놀다 to play쓸다 to sweep만들다 to make열다 to open

There aren't any shortcuts for remembering which verbs are irregular or not; you just have to memorize them.

If, When; 으면/면

If, When; 으면/면; conditional; suppositional

Shows a condition or stipulation when used to connect two clauses. The dependent clause comes before the main clause (opposite of English). It is also normally followed by a comma.

- 면 attaches to a verb ending in a vowel or the consonant ㄹ- 으면 attaches to a verb ending in a consonant except ㄹ- when the subject of the dependent clause (the "if" clause) is different from the main clause, it always takes a subject marker (i.e. 이/가)— if the subjects are the same, then the dependent clause's subject takes thecontrast marker 은/는- 만일 (if) or 만약 (if) may placied at the beginning of the dependent clause and serve to emphasize the suppositional nature of the clause.- can attach to any verb but when attached to 이다 or 아니다, it usually is attached as (이)라면

Examples:만약 비가 오면, 가지 않겠어요./If it rains, I won't go.감기에 걸리면 쉬어야 합니다./When you catch a cold, you should rest.

see also - ㄹ 때

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see also - 다가는 see also - 거든

Gerund suffix -기

Gerund suffix -기; nominalizing suffix; infintive

Most Korean verbs can be turned into a verbal noun or gerund by adding -기 to the verb stem. These words then indicate activity, extent, state of being, quality, quantity, etc. and then equivalent in English is "-ing" or the infinitive "to (do)".

- If the verbal noun is used as a subject it can take 가/이, etc.— if used as an object can take 을/를- more common in colloquial Korean than the -ㅁ/음 nominalizer- allows the verb attached to retain it's action semantic

Examples:일본에서 여행하기가 재미있을 것 같아요./Traveling in Japan seems like it would be fun.닭고기가 먹기가 좋다./This chicken is good to eat.

see also noun-forming suffix - ㅁ / 음

Noun-forming suffix -ㅁ/음

Noun-forming suffix -ㅁ/음; nominalizing suffix, verbal noun

Whereas the - 기 nominalizer suffix is used to express an act or a fact, the -ㅁ/음 nominalizer is used for a completed, fixed, or decided action or an abstract proposition. However, some simple nouns such as "싸움/a fight" are derived from this construct.

- This pattern tends to be used in formal speech/writing.- I've noticed it tends be used when Koreans write in bullet or abbreviated form such as on Powerpoint slides, ads, brochures, etc.- -ㅁ attaches to a vowel-ending verb- -음 attaches to a consonant-ending verb- there are other ways to form verb nouns but these are irregular and best memorize them as you encounter them.

Examples:가게에 있음은 확실해요./It's certain she is at the store.오늘 수업이 없음/No class today {left on a note on the classroom door}

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But -지만

But -지만; constrastive

This construct connects two contrasting clauses and simply means "but".

- can be attached to any verb- sometimes is followed by a comma- sometimes ends the sentence to form an incomplete sentence (I wanted to go but...)- the tense is normally attached to the second clause

Examples돈이 있지만 아직도 너무 비싸요./I have money but it's still too expensive.

Sentence ending "it seems to be/like"; -ㄴ 것 같다/은 것 같다/는 것 같다

Sentence ending "it seems to be/like"; -ㄴ 것 같다/은 것 같다/는 것 같다/거 같다/을 것 같다/ㄹ 것 같다; 것만 같다

This pattern is used with any verb and the copula 이다 and shows likeness or resemblance.

- ㄴ 것 같다 attaches to a descriptive verb ending in a vowel- 은 것 같다 attaches to a descriptive verb ending in a consonant- 는 것 같다 attaches to an action verb- 을/ㄹ 것 같다 is used to express a future likeness or resemblance- tense is attached to the final 같다 part of this pattern- negation can be in the final 같다 or main verb but the meanings will be different- 같아요 is sometimes pronounced 같애요.- in colloquial form it can be contracted to 은/ㄴ/ㄹ/는 거 같다- if the particle 만 is attached as in 것만 같다 it has an emphatic meaning.

Examples:버스가 오는 것 같아./The bus seems to be coming.직원들이 바쁜 것 같습니다./The employees seem busy.경기가 곧 끝날 것 겉아요./It seems the game will end soon.

see also 듯하다

-보다; (more) than

By: System Administrator (1238 Reads)-보다; (more) than

This pattern is used to show contrast between two things.

- usually attaches to the second noun of the comparision

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- is often used with "-더/more"

Examples:한국어가 영어보다 더 어려워요./Korean is harder than English.

"As much as"; particle –만큼 "As much as"; particle -만큼; to the extent of; equal to; as...as

Attaches to nouns and adds the meaning of extent or degree.

Examples:소녀가 어마니만큼 예뻐요./The daughter is as pretty as the mother.노력한 만큼 성적을 받 게 돼 있어요./You're supposed to recive as much credit as the effort you make.

The most; 제일/가장

The most; 제일/가장, -est, to the greatest degree

This marker is used to make comparisions and is usually placed before adverbs, noun modifiers, or descriptive verbs.

- 제일 originally means "the first"- used to compare three or more things (even if unstated as in "It is the most beautiful flower."- 가장/제일 are interchangeable but 가장 tends to be used in formal/written usage.

Examples:

이효리가 세계에 제일 아름다운 여자이다./Lee Hyolee is the most beautiful woman in the world.

Noun modifier suffixes -ㄴ/은; -는; -ㄹ/을

Noun modifier suffixes -는, -ing, -ㄴ/은, -ㄹ/을

This pattern attaches to action verbs and 있다/없다. It acts as a relative clause in English and indicates a present, existing condition. It's equivalent to "-ing" in English and is similar to - 기 .

- if -ㄴ (vowel ending stem) or -은 (consonant ending stem) are affixed to an action verb, it shows past tense or a present state resulting from a completed process (ex- 살찐 사람/a fat person).

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- if -을 (consonant ending stem) or -ㄹ (vowel ending stem) is attached to either an action or descriptive verb, it indicates future tense.-learning these modifiers (ㄴ/은/는/ㄹ/을) is very important because they appear very, very frequently in Korean.

Examples:저기 있는 차가 제차입니다./The car over there is my car.사과를 산 사람이 제 친구이야./The person who bought the apples is my friend.본부에 갈 장교는 누가입니까?/Who is the officer who will go to headquarters?

Every -마다

Every -마다; each, all

This pattern can be affixed to any noun and means "every".- is used often used with the pattern - ㄹ 때 (-ㄹ 때마다) to mean "everytime one does..."

Examples:고양이마다 우유를 좋아해요./Every cat likes milk.한국에서 운전할 때마다 무서워./I'm scared every time I drive in Korea.

-씩; each, apiece, respectively

-씩; each, apiece, respectively

This particle means "each", "apiece", "respectively" "per", etc.

- attaches to the number, counter, etc.

Examples:

조금씩 먹으세요./Eat a little by little.날마다 10 시간씩 근무해요./I work 10 hours per day.한 주 다섯 번씩 운동해./I exercise five times per week.

will do, intend to do; -ㄹ(을)래요

will do, intend to do; action verb/있다+ㄹ(을)래요; intentional

This pattern is used to express intention or planning.

- used with action verbs and 있다/없다- used with 1st person statements and 2nd person questions but can't be used for 3rd person- ㄹ 래요 attaches to verbs ending in a vowel\

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- 을 래요 attaches to verbs ending in a consonant- 요 can be dropped for informal usage- can be confused with (으)래요 which is a contracted quotation of a commandExamples:뭐 마실 래요?/What will you drink?

Ordinal numbers (1st, 2nd, 3rd, etc.); -째

Ordinal numbers; -째; Korean suffix, Sino-Korean? prefix; -st; -nd; -th

With pure Korean numbers you add the suffix -째 to the number except for 1 which is 첫째. Thus, we get 첫째, 둘째, 셋째, etc. It can be attached to number made with a counter. For example; 첫번째 (1st time), 두번째 (2nd time), 사일째(the fourth day), etc.

You can express first, second, third, etc. using Sino-Korean? numbers by using -째 as a prefix. For example, 째일 (first), 제오 (fifth). However, this pattern is much less common than the Korean ordinal number pattern.

And; -고

-고, unlike 와 / 과 /이랑/랑/하고, is used to link two clauses (not nouns). It may be used with any verb and the subjects of the two clauses don't have to agree but if they are different they usually take the contrast particle -은 / 는 . The tense of the whole sentence is usually carried in the second clause. -고 is not normally used if the verb in the first clause is a movement or posture verb (i.e go/가다, come/오다, etc.). Instead 아 / 어서 is used. The use of -고 often suggests a discontinuity between the actions of the two clauses.

Examples:

저것이 나쁘고 비쌉니다. That is bad and cheap.그분은 군인이고 저는 조종사입니다. He is a soldier and I am a pilot.술을 미시지 말고 잡시다. Let's not drink alcohol and let's sleep (when used with negative form it shows rejection of one action vice another).

And then...; 아서/어서

And then...; 아서/어서; and; so, since, because

vs+아서/어서 has two uses; First, it's used to link two clauses that have the same subject and are sequential (movement/action in first clause comes before action in the second clause). If the two clauses have different subjects and a sequence of actions isn't implied, then use -고. Verb stems whose final vowel is 아 or 오 take -아서 and all others take 어서. If the first clause verb is a movement verb such as 가다/to go, 오다/to come, etc. then use this pattern rather than -고.

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Secondly, it shows a reason or cause for what is shown in the subsequent clause. The cause always is expressed in the first clause and the effect shows up in the second clause. For example, 자전거가 너무 삐사거, 살 수 없어요: I couldn't buy the bike because it was too expensive. In this usage, it's mostly used with descriptive verbs.

Tense and/or negation is expressed in the final clause. If the final clause is an imperative or propositive, use -(으)니까 instead.

CAUTION: In colloquial Korean, the -서 is can be omitted and so only the -아 or -어 would be added in that case. Furthermore, they sometimes are added but not contracted. For example with a -하다 verb you may see it as -하여 instead of -해서.

- this pattern differs from the pattern - 다가 in that -다가 shows an interruption of an action. Furthermore it also differs from - 어 / 아 / 여 다가 which shows that an action was completed followed by a change of location. This pattern shows a certain continuity from a first action to the next.

Examples:집에 가서 곧 자겠습니다. I'll go home and immediately {go to}sleep.비가 와서 그냥 집에 있겁니다. It is raining and so I'll probably just stay home.

See also -( 으 ) 니까 and -기 때문에 .

Because, since; -니까/으니까

Because, since; -니까/으니까; when, so; sequential form; -으니깐/니깐/니까는/으니까는

-니까 (verb stems ending in a vowel)/으니까 (verb stems ending in a consonant)connects clauses and is used as a casual connector meaning so,since, because, etc. It can be used with any verb and is usually used with a comma.

Additionally, it is used to mean "when". It can only be used with action verbs in this manner (whereas when it means "because", "so",etc. it can be used with any verb). Furthermore, when used like this the subjects of the two clauses must be different and the main clause usually is in the past tense.

If the final clause is an imperative or propositive, you can use this pattern but in such a case -기 때문에 and 아 / 어서 can't be used.

If the action of the main clause come after the dependent clause (i.e. the first clause), you can attach a past base infix to -니까/으니까.

This pattern is sometimes used as a sentence ending with or without a -요 attached to it as an

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unfinished sentence and corresponds to an English sentence such as "I'm hungry, so..." or "Because it's nice..."

This pattern is sometimes heard as -으니깐/니깐/니까는/으니까는 when a contrast marker, 은 / 는 , is attached.

Examples:

더워니까 수영장에 가세요. Because it's hot, go to the pool.지금 바쁘니까, 내일 전화하세요. I'm busy now, so call tomorrow.사무실에 나가니까, 학생을 봤어요. When I went out of the office I saw a student.

see also 더니

Even if; 아도

Even if; 아도/어도/여도; even though, even if someone does so-and-so

This pattern is used for concession or permission as in "Is it alright if I do X...?" or "Even if...".

- can be used with any verb except 이다 (이다 uses 이라도 instead)- 아도 used after 아 and 오- 어도 used after any other vowel- 여도 follows 하 or in the stem of a 하다 verb- when followed by such verbs as 좋다, 괜찮다, 되다, etc. it shows the meaning of something be OK to do.

Examples:차를 운전해도 괜찮아요?/May I drive the car?재미없어도, 공부하라./Even if it's not interesting, study it.

see also - 더라도

Must, have to; 아야 하다/되다

Must, have to; 아야 하다/되다; 아야 되다/어야 하다/어야 되/여야 하다/여야 되다; obligation, necessity

This pattern shows obligation and can be used with any verb.

- 아야 하다/되다 follows 오 and 아- 어야 하다/되다 follows any other vowel- 여야 하다/되다 attaches to 하다 verbs- tense is normally expressed in the final 하다/되다- (어/아/여)야 되다 is never used with past tense; in that case you have to use it

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with 하다- negation is normally expressed in the main verb and this pattern is normally attached to the -지 않다- colloquial speech seems to use 아/어/여야 되 more than the 하다 form

Examples:학교에 안 가야 해요./You should not go to school.학교에 가지 않야 해요./ " "하교에 가야 했어요./You should have gone to school.

After doing; +ㄴ 다음에

After doing; +ㄴ 다음에/ 은 다음에; after something happened; after something happens; next

This pattern shows that an action will be done later after something else.

- used with action verbs- -ㄴ 다음에 attaches to verb stems ending in a vowel- -은 다음에 attaches to verb stems ending in a consonant- subject(s) of the two clauses can be same or different- If the two clauses have the same subject, this pattern can't be used with 가다/오다- tense/negation is expressed in final clause- this pattern is most common in speaking whereas the synonymous-은 후 is more formal sounding and the also synonymous-은 뒤 is usually used in recipes, weather forecasts, etc. The opposite is -기 전 ( 에 ) .

Examples:공부한 다음에 잡니다./I sleep after I study.

Nobody does/is; 아무도+negative

Nobody does/nobody is; 아무도+negative predicate; 아무 (any person, anyone, anybody)

The noun 아무 means "any person", "anyone", "anybody", etc. but when followed by a negative construction, it means "nobody", "no one", etc.

-

Examples:아무도 가지 않겠다./Nobody will go.아무라도 할 수 있어요./Anyone can do it.

...is uncommon; 여간+

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...is uncommon; 여간+verb+negative; some, a little, it is uncommon/unusual/extraordinary/remarkable

The word 여간 means "commonly", "normally", "ordinarily", etc. but when it is attached to a negated verb it takes the opposite meaning.

- Usually used with descriptive verbs but can affix to action verbs as well.- when attached to an action verb an adverb (많이/many, 열심히/diligently, etc.) is used placed between it and the action verb.

-

Examples:이효리가 여간 예쁘지 않아요./Lee Hyolee is really pretty.구분이 여간 많이 운동하지 않습니다./He exercises a really lot.

see also 이만 저만 + verb +negative

Plural suffix; 들

Plural suffix; -들; -es

Generally in Korean singular and plural are not specifically stated but are infered from context. To ensure that the plural is understood, you can attach the suffix 들.

- can attach to any noun- can be directly attached to almost any word in a sentence to imply a plural sentence subject, even verbs or adverbs.- Koreans tend to leave this off if the context is clear but tend to use it when refering to people (사람들/people, 직원들/workers, etc.) if even the context is clear that they mean plural.- if a demonstrative (그, 저,etc.) is used, you must attach -들 (i.e. 그 사람들) but not if a the nouns are numbered (i.e. 그 두 장교/those two officers).

Examples:들어오 세요 들./You all please come in.왜들 안 가요?/Why don't you guys go?서울에서 많이 외국인들이 살아요./Many foreigners live in Seoul.

The time since...; vs+ㄴ 지가+time word+되다

The time since...; vs+ㄴ 지가+time word+되다/vs+은 지가+time word+되다; it's been (x amount) a time since...; from the time when...;

This pattern, which attaches to action verbs, shows an interval of time beginning at a certain point and extending to the present. It means "the time since", "it's been X time since", etc.

- the final 되다 verb can be used with or without the past tense infix but is usually used with it.

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- the particle -가 after the -지 can be left off- -ㄴ 지 follows a verb ending in a vowel- 은 지 follows a verb ending in a consonant- in place of 되다 other verbs such as 지나다/elapse\pass can be used

Examples한궁에 온지가 일년 판 되었어요./It's been a year and a half since I came to Korea.

Like; -처럼 particle

Like; noun+처럼; as; the same as; as...as

Attached to a noun, this pattern shows that something is "like" or indentical to the noun that it's attached to.

Examples:상향처럼 열심히 공부아세요./Please study diligently like Sang Hyang.

But, and so, so; -ㄴ데

But, and so, so; -ㄴ데/는데/은데;

This is a very common pattern in Korean. It can be used to connect two clauses together while expresses "but", "and", "...so". It can be thought of as a "verbal" semicolon or dash to link two clauses when the first clause leads into or transitions to the second clause.

- May be used with any kind of verb- 은데 attaches to descriptive present tense verbs ending in a consonant and the verb 이다- ㄴ데 attaches to descriptive present tense verbs ending in a vowel- 는데 is attached to all other cases- may be attached to past tense verb stem

Examples:그 분이 좋은 학생인데, 학교를 좋아하지 않아요. He is a good student but he doesn't like school.지금 바쁜데, 나중에 오겠어? I'm busy now, so will you come later?

Similiar to the ending - ㄴ데요 / 는데요 / 은데요 .

Decide to do...; -기로 하다

Decide to do...; action verb+기로 하다; make up one's mind to do...; arrange to do...;

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This pattern indicates making a choice or coming to a decision or solution.

- attaches to action verbs- 하다 in this pattern can be replaced by 약속하다 (to promise), 결정하다 (to decide), 작정하다 (to make up one's mind to do), 결심하다 (to make up one's mind), or similar verbs.- can have a negative attached to it (지 않기로 하다) and then it means to decide not to do something

Examples:가기로 했어요. I decided to go.가기로 약속했어요. I promised to go.

Have something to do; -ㄹ 일이 있다

Have something to do; -ㄹ 일이 있다/-을 일이 있다; Have nothing to do; 을 일이 없다/-ㄹ 일이 없다

This pattern is used when you want to relate that you have something do in the future.

- can only be used with action verbs- tense and negation are expressed in the final verb (i.e. 있다)- -ㄹ 일이 있다 is attached to action verbs ending in a consonant- -을 일이 있다 is attached to action verbs ending in a vowel- if 없다 is used instead of 있다 the opposite meaning of having nothing to do in the future is conveyed

Examples:

형을 만날 일이 있어요. I have to meet my older brother.오상에서 돌아갈 일이 있습니다. I have to return from Osan.

Going to do; "-(으)려고 하다

Going to do; "-려고 하다/으려고 하다/려 하다/으려 하다; intend to do; plan to do; have it in the mind to do

This pattern is used with action verbs and 있다. It denotes that the subject intends to do something i.e. "plan to do", "intend to do", etc.

- 으려고 하다 attaches to verbs ending in a consonant- 려고 하다 attaches to verbs ending in a vowel- the negation is expressed in the vowel this pattern is attached to, not the final 하다- the tense is expressed in the final 하다- can be used with 1st, 2nd, or 3rd person— as a comparision - ㄹ ( 을 ) 께요 is only used with 1st person

- sometimes the 고 part of this pattern is dropped

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- this pattern can be combined with sentence connectives such as 면, 는데, etc.- it can also express that something seems like it will happen (비가 곧 멎으려고 해요/It seems that the rain will soon stop.)- interchangeable with - ㄹ ( 을 ) 참이다 and - ㄹ ( 을 ) 터이다

Examples:공보하려 하면 아기가 운다.When I was going to study, the baby cried.내일 운행에 가려고 합니다. I intend to go to the bank tomorrow.

In order to; +(으)려고

In order to; avs+(으)려고; 으려고; 려고

This pattern is used with action verbs to express in order to do something or intention/purpose.

- attaches to any action verb- 으려고 attaches to verbs ending in a consonant- 려고 attaches to verbs ending in a vowel- never used with future tense- tense and/or negation is expressed in the final verb (usually the verb following 려고)- is synomous with 기 위해서

Examples:서울에 비행하려 일찍 일어났어요./ I woke up early to fly to Seoul.아내를 만나려고 여기에 왔습니나./ I came here in order to meet my wife.

similar to ( 으 ) 러 but that pattern only attaches to movement verbs (가다, 오다, etc.) whereas this pattern can attach to any action verb.

see also - 고자

progressive tense; -고 있다

progressive tense; -고 있다; -ing; continuous action

This pattern is attached to action verbs to show a process or continuing action.

- can't be used for the immediate future (i.e. I'll be taking a test soon.)- 있다 can be replaced by honorific verb 계시다- tense and/or negation are expressed in the final 있다- when used with verbs of wearing or contact, can mean either ongoing action or present state resulting from having done the action (i.e. He is putting on{or is wearing} a shirt.)

Examples:

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개가 자고 있다. The dog is sleeping열심히 일하고 있었어요. He has been working diligently.

see also - 는 중이다

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Strong feeling; -아서 죽겠다

Strong feeling; -아서 죽겠다; 어서 죽겠다; 여서 죽겠다; I could die; I'm so...I could die;

This grammar pattern is used by the speaker to show strong feelings about something.

- can be used with any verb except 이다— normally used with descriptive verbs

- the "서" part of this pattern can be omitted- 아서 죽겠다 is used after 아 or 오- 어서 죽겠다 is used after any other vowel- 여서 죽겠디 is used after 하다 or 하다 verb- usually used in the 1st person with the present tense.

Examples:피곤해서 죽겠어. I'm dead tired (literally "I'm so tired, I could die.")아파 죽겠어요. I'm so sick/hurt so much, I could die.

not..., but; 지 말고

not..., but; 지 말고; noun + 말고; negative imperative;

An attempt to dissuade something from doing something in favor of something else is shown by this pattern.

- used with action verbs and 있다- a slightly different pattern is using 말고 attached to a noun and has a similar of meaning of rejecting one thing for another- usually used with imperative or propositive forms

Examples:자지 말고, 일어나라! Don't sleep, get up!물 말고, 맥주를 주세요. Give me a beer, not water.

This pattern is the clause connective form of - 지 말다 .

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particle 이나/나

particle 이나/나; n+ 이나/나 or something; 몇+n+이나/나=about, approximately; number+n+이나/나=more than expected; noun+other particle+나=selection (of the noun)

This pattern has many different meanings as follows:

- noun + (이)나: or something, either...orex: 사과나 먹겠어/I'll eat an apple (or something)ex: 등산이나 수영이나 하고 싶어요/I want go hiking or go swimming.

- 몇 + noun + (이)나: about, approximatelyex: 몇 말이나 봤어요?/ABout how many horses did you see?

- number + noun + (이)나:more than expectedex: 소주를 다섯 병이나 마셨습니다/He drank 5 bottles of soju (more than I thought he could).

- noun + other particle + 나: selection of time or place공원에나 갈까?/Shall we go to the park (or someplace)?아침에나 시간이 있을 것 같아요/It seems I shall have some time in the morning (or some time).

- noun + (이)나: just, nothing else but방학동안 낮잠이나 자겠어요/I'm just going to sleep during the vacation.TV 나 보기로 했다/I decided to just watch TV (there was not much else to do).

-이나 attaches to words ending in a consonant-나 attaches to words ending a vowel

The particle -도...-도; both...and

-도...-도; both...and; neither...nor

There are three more uses of 도 as follows:

-when followed by a negative predicate it means eitherex: 저도 먹지 않겠다/I won't eat it either.

-attached to two consecutive phrases it means both..and if the predicate is in the affirmativeex: 나도 그분도 미국 사람입니다/He and I are both American.

-conversly, attached to two consecutive phrases it means neither...nor if the predicate is in the negativeex: 감자도 배주도 안 좋아해요/I like neither potatoes nor cabbage.

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see also - 도

irregular -ㄷ verbs

Some verbs ending in ㄷ are irregular.- when followed by a vowel, the ㄷ turns into a ㄹex: 묻다=물었어요/I asked.- when followed by a consonant, it doesn't changeex: 묻다 =묻지 마세요/Don't ask.- no rules of thumb for which ㄷ ending verbs are regular and which are irregular. Just have to memorize them.

Irregular ㄷ verbs:묻다 to ask싣다 to load개닫다 to perceive, apprehend, grasp듣다 to hear걷다 to walk긷다 to draw, pump (water)

Regular ㄷ verbs (don't change):닫다 to close (a door)바닫 to receive믿다 to believe얻다 to obtain묻다 to bury쏟다 to pour

-애 대해서; about

noun+애 대해서; about; toward; concerning; in relation to; -에 관해서; -에 과하여; 에 대하여

This pattern means "about", "concerning", "in relation to", etc. -에 관해서 means the same thing as -애 대해서 but is more formal.

Examples:

미국에 대해서 이야기했어요. I talked about the United States.영어 발음에 대해서 질문이 있습니다. I have a question concerning English pronunciation.이 첵은 한국 역사에 대한 책이지요? This book is about Korean history, isn't it?

-(이)라도; ever it is

interrogative -라도/이라도; ever it is; no matter-it is; any-at all, even if

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When spoken, this pattern show's the speaker's indifference to the noun it is attached to or when attached to an interrogative, it shows an indefinite (any...at all, etc.).- 라도 attaches to words ending in a vowel- 이라도 attaches to words ending in a consonant- when attached to an interrogative phrase (어느 것/which thing, 몇 분/how many minutes, etc.) or an interrogative word (누구/who, 무엇/what, etc.) it carries the meaning "no matter (what, who, when, etc.) it is, any...at all, even if (it be), just, (or the)like, etc.-can also be attached to particles such as 에서, 부터, 어서- is interchange with no matter.../ 나 and - 든지

Examples:누구라로 좋습니다/Anyone at all is good.어떤 것이라도 괜찮아/No what kind of thing it is, it will be fine.누구한테서라도 사세요/No matter who it is from, buy it please.모르는 것은 배워서 알아야 해요/You must know you you don't know even if you have to learn more.

-ㄴ 일이 있다; has ever done

-ㄴ 일이 있다/은 일이 딨다/-ㄴ 일이 없다/은 일이 없다; has ever done; has someone ever done something, has someone never done something, has never done; has had the experience of

This pattern denotes one's past experience.-used only with action verbs- 은 일이 있다 (없다) is connected to verbs ending in a consonant- ㄴ 일이 있다 (없다) is connected to verbs ending in a vowel- tense is expressed in the final 있다/없다- has the same meaning as the pattern ㄴ / 은 적이 있다 / 없다

Examples:한간에 간 일이 있어요./I have been to the Han River (literally the experience of going to the Han River exists for me.).그 영화를 본 일이 있습니까?/Have you seen that movie?

see also -ㄹ 일이 있다

-이든지; ever it is By: System Administrator (1201 Reads)-이든지/든지; ever it is; no matter- it is; any-at all; no matter (who, what, when)

This pattern, when it follows an interrogative phrase (어느 것/which thing, 몇 분/how many minutes, etc.) or an interrogative word (누구/who, 무엇/what, etc.), denotes "no matter (who, what, when), "any at...all", etc.

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-이든지; ever it is

-이든지/든지; ever it is; no matter- it is; any-at all; no matter (who, what, when)

This pattern, when it follows an interrogative phrase (어느 것/which thing, 몇 분/how many minutes, etc.) or an interrogative word (누구/who, 무엇/what, etc.), denotes "no matter (who, what, when), "any at...all", etc.

- synomous with 이라도 and - 나 /no matter... - 이든지 attaches to consonants- 든지 attaches to vowels- sometimes the 지 can be dropped with the park

Examples:무슨 책이든지 읽겠어요./No matter what kind of book it is, I'll read it.얼마든지 좋습니다.Any amount at all will be good.

On a similar note, if an interrogative is followed by an action verb with (이)든지 attached, it carries a generic meaning.Examples:누가 가든지 괜찮아./Whoever goes, it's okay.어떤 차를 사든지 비싸군요!/Whichever car I buy, it's expensive!

Also;누구든지 whoever, anyone, everyone무엇이든지 whatever, anything어디든지 wherever, anywhere언제든지 whenever, any time얼마든지 any amount, as much as어떻게든지 no matter how

see also - 든지 ... 든지

irregular -ㅎ verbs

Some descriptive verbs ending in ㅎ are irregular.

When followed by the consonants ㄴ,ㄹ,ㅁ,ㅇ, the final ㅎ is dropped. However, when followed by

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any other consonants, the final ㅎ is kept. The following verbs behave in this manner:빨갛다 to be red하얗다 to be white노랗다 to be yellow까맣다 to be black파랗다 to be blue이렇다 to be like this그렇다 to be like that저렇다 to be like that (over there)어떻다 how말갛다 to be clear, clean, pure, sereneExamples:빨간 red (adjective)파랄 것입니다. It will probably be blue빨갛습니다. It is red.

Also, if the ending vowel is 아 or 어, and a ending with a vowel is attached, the final vowel becomes 애.Example:어때요? How is it?그래요. It is like that.

However, some ㅎ ending verbs never change and some of these include:좋다 to be good많다 to be many옳다 to be right점잖다 to be gentle괜찮다 to be alright, okay싫다 to be disagreable, unpleasant, distasteful넣다 to put in낳다 to give birth

-는 일이 있다; sometimes does

By: System Administrator (1163 Reads)action verb +-는 일이 있다/-는 일이 없다; sometimes does; someone sometimes does something; someone never does something.; the experience of, there are times when..., -는 일도 없다, -는 일도 있다

This pattern express the idea that someone sometimes (or never) does something, i..e a recurring happening, an ever-present posibility, or when used with 없다, that something never happens.

- only used with action verbs- tense is expressed in the final 있다/없다- sometimes can be used with 도 as in -는 일도 없다/있다 with no change in meaning.

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Examples:술을 마시는 일이 있습니다/ I sometimes drink alcohol (literally there are times when I drink.)서울에서 운전하는 일이 없다/I never drive in Seoul.

반말 endings; plain style

반말 endings; plain style; question 냐, 으냐,느냐; statement -ㄴ 다, 다, 는다; propositive -자; imperative 아라/어라/여라

반말/panmal is the informal speech level used from senior to junior or between friends. However, it's never advisable to use panmal upon first meeting someone if even they are your social inferior (lower rank, age, etc.).

Sentence Present Past FutureStatement v+어/아 v+었어/았어 v+ㄹ/을 거야n+(이)야 n+이었어/였어 n+ㄹ/일거야

Question v+어/아? v+었어/았어? v+ㄹ/을 거야?n+(이)야? n+이었어/였어? v+ㄹ/을 거니?v+니? v+었니/았니?n+(이)니? n+이었니/였니?

Propositve/ v+자"let's"

Command v+어/아v+어라/아라v+너라/거라

Exclamation v+(는)구나! v+었구나/았구나! v+겠구나!v+(ㄴ/는)다! v+었다/았다! v+겠다!n+(이)다! n+(이)었다/였다! n+(이)겠다!

-만에; after

time word+ 만에; after; passage of time; after (a period of time)

When this pattern is preceded by time words it shows the passage of time.

- usually followed by the particle 에 to indicate the time at which something took place— can be followed by the 이다 copula is in 오래간 만입니다/It's been a long time sinceI've seen you.

- usually used with the past tense- when followed by certain verbs it indicates it takes a certain amount of time to do something.Ex: 이 차를 세 달 만에 찾았아요./It took me two months to find this car.

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Examples:한 달 만에 병원에 돌아왔어요./I returned to the hospital after two month.s사 년 만에 진급되었어요./It took me four years to become promoted.

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irregular -ㅅ verbs

Some verbs ending in ㅅ are irregular in that they sometimes drop the final ㅅ.

- when followed by a vowel, the ㅅ is dropped

- when followed by a consonant, the ㅅ is kept

The following verbs follow this pattern;

낫다 to recover, get well

젓다 to stir, to row

붓다 to pour

짓다 to build

긋다 to draw

잇다 to unite, connect

Examples:

녹차를 저어야 해요./You have to stir your green tea.

집을 짓겠어요./I will build a house.

The following verbs are regular and always keep the final ㅅ:

벗다 to take off (clothes)

웃다 to laugh

씻다 to wash

빗다 to comb

솟다 1) to gush out, spring, 2) to rise, tower, soar

빼앗다 To snatch a thing, deprive, take away

Examples:

웃었어요./I laughed.

옷을 벗겠어요./I will take off my clothes.

As with other irregular verbs, there is no good method of differentiating the irregular from regular verbs and you must simply memorize them.

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irregular -ㅂ verbs

Some verbs ending in ㅂ are irregular. When the final ㅂ is followed by a vowel, it changes to a 우 but if it is followed by a consonant, it remains the same.Examples:추우면... If it's cold...춥지만... It's cold but...

The following verbs are irregular:가볍다 to be light (mass)간지럽다 to be ticklish, itchy곱다 to be pretty깁다 to sew눕다 to lie down덥다 to be hot더럽다 to be dirty돕다 to help무겁다 to be heavy (mass)아름답다 to be beautiful어둡다 to be dark줍다 to pick up, gather즐겁다 to be delightful, happy반갑다 to be glad고맙다 to be thankful맵다 to be spicy

Some verbs are regular and the final ㅂ never changes:곱다 to be numb (with cold)뽑다 to pick out, pluck씹다 to chew업다 to carry (someone) on one's back입다 to put on (clothes)잡다 to catch, grasp접다 to fold집다 to pick up넓다 to be wide좁다 to be narrow붙잡다 to catch, seize, take hold of

There is no good rule for differentiating which are regular vice irregular- you simply must memorize them.

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Do something in advance; 어 놓다

action verb + -어 놓다/아 놓다/여 놓다; to do something and put aside; to do something in preparation; to do something in advance

This pattern is used when you wish to indicate an action done in advance of something or in preparation for something.

- only used with action verbs- tense and negation are expressed in the final 놓다- is interchangeable with 아(어, 여)두다 with no change in meaning- 아 놓다 is used after 아, 오- 어 놓다 is used after any other vowel- 여 놓다 is used after the 하다 verb

Examples:비행기표를 사 놓으세요/Please buy airplane tickets in advance.이 교과서를 읽어 놓았습니다/I read this textbook in advance.웃을 빨래해 놓았어요/ I washed the clothes and set them aside (for later).

intransitive verbs used with 있다

intransitive verb + -아 있다/어 있다/여 있다; present result of past action

어/아/여 있다 expresses a continuing state i.e. a present result of a past action. This pattern focuses more on how things are now rather than how things were done if you compare it to the pattern 었 (i.e. the past infix).

- the tense and/or negation is expressed in the final 있다- used with mostly with intransitive verbs (i.e. an action verb which doesn't take an object such as sleep, die, complain, etc.)- 아 있다 is used after 아 or 오- 어 있다 follows all other vowels- 여 있다 follows the 하다 verb- the subject of the clauses use 이 / 가

Examples:

제 친구가 독일에서 가 있습니다/My friend lives in Germany (literally he went to Germany and is there.)창문이 닫혀 있다/The window is closed.

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While; -면서

action verb+ -면서/으면서, 으며, 며; while doing something; single subject

This grammar pattern shows a single person is doing two actions.

- both clauses must have the same subject- attaches to action verbs- if the subjects of the clauses are different, use - 는 동안에 - the main clause (i.e. the final clause) carries the most emphasis* the first or dependent clauses is additional information

- tense and/or negation is done in the final/main clause- 면서 attaches to verbs ending in a vowel- 으면서 attaches to verbs ending in a consonant- 으며/며 can be used in a similar fashion but this usage is less common and less colloquial.* 으며 attaches to verbs ending in a consonant* 며 attaches to verbs ending in a vowel* NOTE: 으며/며 has another meaining; it connects two clauses with the meaning "and" like the pattern - 고

Examples:운전하면서 라디오를 들었어요/I listened to the radio while I was driving.

Informal polite question ending -ㄴ가요?

Informal polite question ending -ㄴ가요/은 가요/는가요?; express doubt informally but politely

This pattern is used to ask a polite question or ask a question softly.

- most often attaches to descriptive verbs- ㄴ가요 attaches to descriptive verbs and 이다 in the present tense when they end in a vowel- 은가요 attaches to descriptive verbs in the present tense when they end in a consonant- 는가요 is used in all other cases, i.e. past tense descriptive verbs, 있다, etc.- the 요 can be dropped when this pattern is used to close friends or social inferiors

Examples:차가 있었는가요?/Did you have a car?영화가 좋은가요?/Is the movie good?

see also -나요

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someone says that; 고 하다

someone says that; 고 하다; indirect quotation

UNDER CONSTRUCTION: PLACE MARKER

To.., -ing; -는 것

To.., -ing; action verb + -는 것; the thing that someone is doing; infinitive; gerund, attributive form

This pattern is similar to when verbal nouns/gerunds are made with the suffix 기. However, in this pattern, it's used as infinitive (as in to do... something) or ...ing something. It is also an adnominal suffix i.e. .

- can be used with 있다/없다 but is mainly used with action verbs- is present tense

Examples:

저기 있는 것이 차이에요./That thing over there is a book.효리가 춤을 추는 것을 좋아해./Hyolee likes to dance.이 잡지를 누가 읽는 거에요?/Who is reading this magazine? (in this case 거 is the contracted form of 것)

Almost; -ㄹ 뻔했다

Almost; -ㄹ 뻔했다/을 뻔했다; nearly...; barely missed...; just barely escaped...; came close to...; almost did...

When you want to show that something almost happened or nearly occured, use this pattern.

- always used in the past tense- used mostly with action verbs- ㄹ 뻔했다 is attached to verbs ending in a vowel- 을 뻔했다 is attached to verbs ending in a consonant

Example:직장에 가는 길에 교통 사고 당할 뻔했어요./On the way to work, I almost suffered a traffic accident.

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If, whether; -지/가

If, whether; attribute ending (ㄴ/은, 는, ㄹ/을) + -지/가; uncertain fact or occurence;

This pattern is used to indicate uncertainty with regard to a fact or occurrence.

-Always preceded by a suffix modifier— -ㄴ지/은지 is with with descriptive verbs in present tense

— -ㄹ/을지 connects to verbs/nouns for future tense

— -는지 is used with action verbs

---for past tense use 었는지/았는지 with verbs or (이)었는지 with nouns

- -지 is used more than -가 in everyday speech (you can use -가 in place of -지)

- particles such as -를/을, -은/는, 도, etc. can be attached to this pattern

This grammar pattern is often followed by verbs such as;알다 To know

모르다 To not know

말하다 To tell

묻다 To ask

잊다 To forget

생각하다 To think

기억하다 To rememberetc...

Examples:

그것이무엇인지 모르겠어요. I don't what it is.

그 남자가 군인인지 물어 보세요. Please ask that man if he is a soldier.

어떤 자동차가 좋은지 아세요? Do you know which car is good?

정근 씨가 한남 대학교에서 공부했는지 알아요? Do you know whether Jong Guen studied at

Han Nam University?

Do/use completely; -어 버리다

Do/use completely; -어 버리다; finish up doing; use up completely; get it done; throw away;

The verb "버리다" means to 1)to throw away, cast away or 2) to finish up, to get it done and when attached to action verbs shows thoroughness or completion. It can also show regret or relief of having done something completely.

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- used with action verbs- 아 버리다 attaches to stems ending in 아, 오- 어 버리다 attaches to stems ending in any other vowel- 여 버리다 attaches to 하다- negation and/or tense is expressed in the final 버리디 not the verb that it attaches to

Examples:빵을 먹어 버렸어요/I ate up all of the bread.나중에 읽어 버리겠습니다/Later I will finish reading (all of the books).어떡해? 버스를 놓쳐 버렸어./What should I do? I missed the bus.

So that/until; 도록

So that; any verb (except 이다) + 도록; in order to; in such a way that; to the pointAlso time word + action verb + 도록= until

This pattern expresses a purpose or aim when attached to a verb. The English equivalent is "in order to", "in such a way so as to", so that..". It has a secondary meaning of "until" i.e. a continuance of an action/condition to a specified time.

- can be used with any verb except 이다- can't be attached to a verb with a past or future tense marker (았, 겠, etc.)- same meaning as 게 but is less colloquial and sounds more formal. Also interchangeable with -게끔 but that pattern is more emphatic than -게

Examples:잃어 버러지 않도록 가방에 넣어주세요/Please put this in the bag for me so that I won't lose it.제가 볼 수 있도록 보여주세요./ Please show it to me so that I can see it.어젯밤에 늦도록 일했어요./I worked until late last night.

Know/not know how to do...; -ㄹ 줄 알다/모르다

Know/not know how to do...; -ㄹ 줄 알다/을 줄 알다/ㄹ 줄 모르다/을 줄 모르다;

-ㄹ 줄 알다 shows knowledge of a techniquue or a process for doing something and ㄹ 줄 모르다 indicates the opposite.

- used with action verbs- ㄹ 줄 알다/ㄹ 줄 모르다 attach to verbs ending in a vowel- 을 줄 알다/을 줄 모르다 attach to verbs ending in a consonant- the tense/negation for the phrase/sentence is showed in the final ㄹ 줄 알다/ㄹ 줄 모르다- 모르다 is an irregular 르 verb

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similiar to- this pattern can be confused with ㄹ / 을 수 있다 /없다 but that pattern indicates ability, capability, or possibility.

Examples:수영할 줄 알아요./I know how to swim.춤을 출 줄 몰랐어요./I don't know how to do dance.

irregular -르 verbs

Some verbs ending in 르 are irregular. When these verbs are followed by the vowel 어 and have as their last vowel 아 or 오,the 르 changes to 라 and the the ㄹ is added to the remaining stem. Now that you are confused, look at the following examples to clarify as it's easier than it sounds.

모르다/to know be unaware of, not know = 몰랐아요/I didn't know/몰라도 좋아요/It's alright if you don't know it.나르다/to carry, transport = 날라 보세요/Try to carry this.

Additionally, irregular 르 verbs with a final vowel other than 오/아 change to ㄹ 러 as in;기르다/to bring up, foster = 아이를 길러 보세요/Please try bringing up a child.

The following verbs are irregular. As with other irregular verbs there is no good method to differentiate them from irregular verbs except to memorize them.

가르다/to divide고르다/to choose나르다/to carry, transport마르다/to be thirsty, get dry바르다/to stick, to paste, rub, apply, coat, put on (cremes, medicines, makeup, etc.)오르다/to rise, go up자르다/to cut (off)다르다/to be different빠르다/to be quick, fast, rapid구르다/to roll (over)기르다/to bring up (a child)누르다/to oppress두르다/to surround부르다/to call, to sing이르다/1)to reach, arrive at 2)to inform, tell 3) to be early, be premature저지르다/to commit an error, spoil, ruin, mar주무르다/to fumble찌르다/to pierce흐르다/to flow, trickle, ooze

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Looks/appears/seems; 어 보이다

something or someone looks/appears/seems;descriptive verb + -어 보이다/아 보이다/여 보이다;

This pattern attaches to descriptive verbs and shows likeness, resemblance, or similarity based on one's immediate sensory experience (i.e. something you are seeing directly).

- used with descriptive verbs- never used with the object particle 을 / 를 - tense and/or negation is expressed in the final 보이다 verb- 아 보이다 attaches to verbs with a final vowel of 오/아- 어 보이다 attaches to verbs with any other vowel- 여 보이다 attaches to 하다

Examples:뚱뚱해 보여요./He looks fat.추워 보입니다./ You look cold.간강해 보이지 않군요./You don't look healthy!

see also 모양이다 (bases on indirect evidence, secondhand information)-은 가 보다

I recall that...; -더니

I recall that...; -더니; recollection, the result of which is...

When someone recalls certain facts, occurences, experiences, etc. they can use 더니 to indicate this. The final (main) clause, when preceded by 더니, describes an immediate consequence or discovery stemming from an action. In other words, "so...", "when...", "but...", etc. The use of this pattern in the first person tends to show an unexpected result.

- when attached to a verb that has a past infix attached to it, can only be used in the first person (except when used in a question)— 사무실에 갔더니, 아무도 없었어요./ (I recall/recollect) I went to the office but nobody was there.

- When used with the present tense, it can only used with the 2nd or 3rd person. When used like this,it allows the speaker to affirm some fact.— 주무시더니, 지금 공부하고 있어요./(I saw) he was sleeping but now he is sleeping.

- is similar to the pattern -니까 but that pattern indicates a logical result or natural result.

Examples: 빛깔이 촣더니 맛도 촣군요./It has a nice color and I see it tastes good too!어제는 춥더니 오늘은 따뜻하네요./It was cold yesterday but it's warm today!

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웃었더니 배가 다 아픕니다./I laughed and (now discovered the results that)my stomach now hurts.

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Because of doing...' -느라고

Because of doing...' action verb+ -느라고; as a result of doing

This pattern is used to excuse or explain one's actions. It usually demonstrates something that was contrary to the expectations or desires of the speaker.

- only used with action verbs i.e. the first (dependent) clause has to have an action verb to attach this pattern to- indicates two actions in the dependent and main clause and both clauses must have the same subject- tense and/or negation is expressed in the final (main) clause, not in the first clause with 느라고- not normally used with future tense

- the 고 can sometimes be dropped

Examples:잠을 자느라고 숙제를 하지 않았어요./I didn't do my homework because I was sleeping.일을 하느라고 점심을 먹을 시간이 없어요./Because I'm working, I have no time to eat lunch.

Particle -이라도; even if (it be a...)

Particle noun+ -이라도/라도; even if (it be a...); no matter (who, what, when, where) it is; any...at all;

This construction indicates a lack of enthusiasm about one's choice when it attaches to a noun or a noun with a particle. Sometimes it can also be "even a...as well"

- 라도 attaches to nouns ending in a vowel- 이라도 attaches to nouns ending a consonant

Examples:여자라도 할 수 있습니다./Even a woman can do it.이것이라도 사자./Let's (settle on)buy this.

Assumed fact/expectation/likelihood; -줄 알다/모르다

Assumed fact/expectation/likelihood; -줄 알다/모르다

This pattern shows an assumed fact, expectation, or likelihood.

- the 알다/모르다 can be replaced by other verbs such as 생각하다/to think, 믿다/to believe- when followed by 알고 있다 use knowledge of an event or fact- 상향 씨가 일본에 간 줄 알고 있다./ I know Sang Hyang went to Japan.

- this pattern can attach to any verb

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- can follow particles such as 로 (for supposition), 을 (for knowledge) for emphasis

Examples:상향 씨가 올 줄 믿어요./I believe Sang Hyang will come.은민이가 잘 공부한 줄 알았어요./I thought Eun Min had studied well.구 녀가 예쁜 줄 몰랐어요./I didn't know she was pretty.

see also ㄹ / 을 줄 알다 / 모르다

Retrospective infix -더

Retrospective infix -더; as I recall; as I remember, looking back;

This infix is used when the speaker looks back on events, experiences, facts, etc.

- when used in a final sentence ending, it is normally used with the exclamatory endings 군요 and ㄴ데요 and in that case it must be inserted between the verb and one of those endings.- when used like this, the subject is usually third person- when used like this but with a descriptive verb, it can be used with the first person

- inappropriate for use when giving a lengthy talk about an experience and not used to talk about oneself or family member. However, can be used to report one's feelings from one's own perspective.- when attached to past infix (i.e. 었더), is only used with action verbs- sometimes pronounce 드- not used with the formal 합니다 존댓말 style

Examples:선생님이 잘 가르치더군요./(I recall) the teach taught well.

To reach/attain a point where/that; -도록 되다

By: System Administrator (1208 Reads)To reach/attain a point where/that; action verb + -도록 되다;

This pattern when used with an action verb shows a situation has been developed on its own accord.

- used only with action verbs

Examples:한국말을 가르치고록 되었어요./I've reached the point where I teach Korean.

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Irregular -으 verbs

Most verbs ending in the final vowel of 으 are irregular.

- if the final vowel of the verb is 아 or 오, then the the 으 changes to 아- Example: 바쁘다/to be busy = 바빠요./I am busy.

- if the final vowel of the verb is any other vowel, the 으 is dropped- Example: 쓰다/to write = 저는 편지를 썼어요./I wrote a leter.

The following 으 verbs are irregular;

바쁘다/to be busy

나쁘다/to be bad

아프다/to be painful, hurt, sick

배가 고프다/to be hungry

잠그다/to lock

예쁘다/to be pretty

기쁘다/to be happy

슬프다/to be sad

크다/to be big

뜨다/to rise (the sun, etc.)

끄다/to turn off (a light, etc.)

It just so happens that; -게 되다

It just so happens that; verb+ -게 되다; it turns out that, it is arranged that; it happens to become so-and-so;

This grammar pattern shows that something happens in a way that is out of one's control. It can be used to avoid indicating direct involvement so as to reduce responsibility. Also, can be implied that events transpired beyond the speaker's control.

- used with action verbs

Examples:저 이번에 승진하게 됐습니다./Turns out I'll be getting promoted this time (in this case the speaker is trying to avoid bragging or is trying to be humble).어떻게 하다 보니까 그렇게 됬어./One thing lead to another and it just turned out that way.나는 일본에 못 가게 되었어요./It just so happened that I couldn't got to Japan.

Of similar appearance is when a verb is is turned into an adverb with 게 and then attached to 되다

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also means to "become, come to"무서워하던 선생님을 좋아하게 됐어요./I came to like the teacher that I was once was afraid of.

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Provided (that); -어 야

Provided (that); any verb+ -어 야/아 야/여 야; if something takes place; provided something takes place; provided something is true

This pattern shows the meaning "if some takes place" (now or in the future) or "provided that something takes place or is true".

- can be used with any verb except 이다- normally followd by grammar patterns that show future, possibility or speaker's intention- tense is expressed in the main (final) clause- is interchangeable with ( 으 ) 면 but is never used with imperative or propsitive forms (unlike 으면)- 아야 comes after 아, 오- 어야 comes after any other vowel- 여야 comes after 하다- can attach 만 (as in 어야만) to make it more emphatic- if the verb in the main (final) clause is a negative, the meaning of there being no point to doing something is expressed

Examples:그 차가 좋아야, 살 거야./If the car is good, I'll buy it.그분이 가야 가겠습니다./Provided he goes, I'll go.뛰어 봐야 이미 늦은걸요./ (Go ahead and) Run, but it's already too late.

One plans to do...; -ㄹ 예정이다

One plans to do...;verb+ -ㄹ 예정이다;을 예정이다

This grammar construct denotes one's intentions, plan, or schedule.- the noun 예정 means a plan, a schedule, a prearrangement- the tense is expressed in the final -이다, not the verb this pattern attaches to- conversely, negation is expressed in the verb this pattern attaches, not the final -이다.- 을 예정이다 attaches to verbs ending in a consonant- ㄹ 예정이다 attaches to verbs ending in a vowel

Examples: 남자친구를 만날 예정이에요./I plan to meet my boyfriend.남자친구를 만나지 않을 예정입니다./I plan not to meet my boyfriend.

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Sentence ending "To be inferior to"; -만 못하다

Sentence ending "To be inferior to"; -만 못하다; to be worse than; to be not as good as

This pattern shows inferiority with regards to quantity, quality, ability, or degree. The equivalent English meaning is "to be inferior to", "to be worse than", "to be not as good as", etc.

- attaches to nouns

Examples:이 닭고기는 맛이 그 닭고기만 못해요./This chicken doesn't taste as good as that chicken.이 차는 그 차만 못해./This car is inferior to that car.

On the [] side; ㄴ 편이다/는 편이다

On the small, conservative, tasteful, etc. side; ㄴ 편이다/는 편이다; contrast, inclination; tends to..., is rather..., kind of...

When used with any verb, this sentence ending shows an inclination or contrast. The English equivalent is "tends to...", "is rather", "is on the _side", etc. The noun 편 means 1. side, direction 2. party, team, side 3. a means, a way.

- can attach to any verb- ㄴ 편이다 is attached to descriptive verbs in the present tense ending in a vowel (when ending in a consonant use 은 편이다) plus 이다 in the present tense.- 는 편이다 is used in all other cases.- if used with out a modifier suffix (-ㄴ/은/는) then it be used with some nouns to indicate that you are someone's/something's side as in 저는 김 씨 편입니다./I'm on Ms. Pak's side.- use if you want to be less assertative, less commital

Examples:이 도시는 작은 편입니다./This town is on the small side.장근 씨는 용감한 편이에요./Jong Geun is pretty brave.공부를 못하는 편이야./He's kinda of not good at studying/He tends to not to be able to study well.

Immediately after; -기가 무섭게

Immediately after; a.v.+-기가 무섭게; successions of things happening is so fast it's frightening; immediate succession of developments/occurrences, as soon as

This pattern shows an immediate chain of events or succession of occurrences. The literal meaning of the expression is that things happened in succession so fast it was scary. 무섭다 means to be "fearful", "afraid", "terrible", etc.

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- is used with action verbs- is mostly used with the main clause in the past tense- infers surprise on the part of the speaker from the rapidity of events

Examples:일본에 도착하기가 무섭게 일본말을 공부하기 시작했어요./I started to study Japanese as soon as I arrived in Japan.집에서 출발하기가 무섭게 교통 사고를 당했어요. As soon as I left the house I suffered a traffic accident.

see also 자마자

-던; retrospective marker

-던; retrospective marker; indicates things that happened in the past on a regular basis; -던었 = something in the past that happened only once

This pattern is used when the speaker thinks back about facts, experiences, or events.

- is always followed by a noun- can be used with any verb but is mostly used with action verbs- when attached to a verb in the present tense it refers to facts, events, or experiences that regularly happened in the past i.e. a situation continued for a while and then changed- when attached to a verb in the past tense it refers to a fact, event, or experience that happened just once in the past or a past state at a certain point of time

Examples:제가 근무하던 회사에요./It's the company where I used to work (as you see in this case it refers to a past habitual action).제가 근무했던 회사에요./It's the company where I worked(in this case as compared to the previous example the speaker only worked there once. For example, they did an inspection at that company for one day and then worked somewhere else the next).돈이 없던 남자가 부자가 되었어요./The man who had no money became a rich man.

Just as it is; -ㄴ 채

Just as it is; -ㄴ 채/-은 채; 은 채로, ㄴ 채로; intact, as it stands, with no change

This pattern indicates a state is unchange despite an action being performed. The English equivalent is "with no change", "as it was", "as it stands", "intact", "just as it is", etc.

- only used with action verbs- ㄴ 채 is affixed to verbs ending in a vowel- 은 채 is affixed to verbs ending in a consonant.- can have the particle 로 attached

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Examples:옷을 입은 채, 물에 뛰어 들어갔어요./He jumped in the water with his clothes on.사고난 차를 길에 버려둔 채로 도망갔습니다./They left the car they had the accident in as it was in the street and fled.

Even though...it's impossible; -ㄹ 래야, +ㄹ 수 없다

Even though...it's impossible; action verb +-ㄹ 래야, action verb +ㄹ 수 없다; Even if you want to (do something), it's impossible...; 을 래야, 을 수 없다

This grammar pattern expresses the futility or impossibility of something event in spite of one's wishes or desires.

- is used with action verbs- tense is expressed in the main (final) clause- the verb with ㄹ 래야 must be repeated in the main (final) clause- 을 래야 attaches to verbs ending in a consonant- ㄹ 래야 attaches to verbs ending in a vowel

Examples:그것을 정치적으로 해결할래야, 해결할 수 없다./Even though we want to solve it politically, it is impossible for us to do so.한국에 돌아갈래야, 돌아갈 수 없어요./Even though I want to return to Korea, it is not possible.

Sentence final ending it seems that; -나 보다/은가 보다

Sentence final ending it seems that; -나 보다; I think that; it appears that; 은가 보다; 는가 보다

This pattern is used when one wishes to express supposition or conjecture. Using these forms presupposes some type of observable evidence.

- can be used with any verb but tends to be used mainly with action verbs- action verbs in the present tense occur with 나 보다- alternatively this pattern can be 는가 보다 for action verbs

- decriptive verbs in the present tense usually occur with 은가 보다— in the past tense both use 나 보다— 이다 verb only used in past tense form

- subject is usually in the third person

Examples:교실에 계시나 봐요./It seems he is in the classroom.경제가 나쁘나 봐요./It seems the economy is bad.

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Interrogative ending -니?

Interrogative ending -니?; panmal style

This is a interrogative sentence ending used between close friends or parents to children, etc. It should never be used to social superiors (i.e. teacher, boss, older person, etc.). Women tend to use it more than men especially among older generations in Korea.

- can be used after any tense

Examples:언제 이사하겠니?/When will move?경치가 아름답니?/Is the scenery beautiful?

Have a habit of...; -는 버릇이 있다

Have a habit of...; action verb + -는 버릇이 있다; have a bad habit of doing

This pattern is used to show habitual action and it tends to carry a negative connotation.

- can only be used with action verbs

Examples:남을 방해하는 버릇이 있습니다./She has a habit of disturbing others.그는 말을 되풀이하는 버릇이 있다./He has the habit of repeating himself.

It is decided that; -기로 되다

It is decided that; -기로 되다; it is schedule that; it is arranged that;

This pattern shows results or outcomes decided by agreement between parties and is a passive pattern. The English meaning is "it is scheduled that", "it has been decided that", "it has been arranged that", etc.

-usually used with action verbs-used mostly in the past tense- can be used with the pattern 어 있다 which changes the meaning some to having an obligation or schedule (see examples below)

Examples:차를 수입하기로 되었어요./It has been decided that we will import cars.내주 할아바지를 방문하기로 되었습니다./It has been arranged to visit Grandfather next week.다음 달에 출장을 가기로 돼 있어요./We are supposed to/schedule to go on a business trip next

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month.음주 운전하면 벌을 받기로 돼 있습니다./If we drive intoxicated, we are supposed to receive punishment.

see also -기로 하다

In order to/for; -기 위해서

In order to; -기 위해서; for the sake of; for the purpose of; with the intention of; for; 을 위해서, 를 위해서, 을 위하여, 를 위하여, 기 위하여

This pattern is extremely common and you will hear it often. It is used to indicate the purpose of some action or of doing something.

- always used with action verbs- can be attached to nouns but it changes to 을/를 위해서- is synomous with 기 위하여 but this pattern is used more in writing than speaking- is interchangeable with ( 으 ) 려고 - the subjects of the main and dependent clauses must be the same

Examples:공부하기 위해서 대학교에 다녀요./I attend college in order to learn.건강을 위하여 매일 운동해요./I exercise everyday for my health.

Confident that...; -ㄹ 자신이 있다

Confident that...; action verb +-ㄹ 자신이 있다/을 자신이 있다; One is confident that one can..., +-ㄹ 자신이 없다/을 자신이 없다; one is not confident that one can

This pattern is used to show one's confidence to do something/some action (or lack thereof if used with 없다).

- is always used with action verbs- tense and/or negation is expressed in the final 있다/없다- 을 자신이 있다 follows verbs ending in a consonant- ㄹ 자신이 있다 follows verbs ending in a vowel- the ㄹ/을 portion shows future tense

Examples:이 고장을 수리할 자신이 있어요?/Are you sure you can repair this break-down?운전을 할 자신이 없었어요./I wasn't confident that I could drive.

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Sentence final ending keeps doing; -어 가다

Sentence final ending keeps doing; -어 가다/아 가다/여 가다; (it) keeps doing...; progressive development

This pattern indicates development to a better or more advanced state.

- can be used with any verb- 아 가다 follows 아,오- 어 가다 follows any other vowel- 여 가다 is attached to the verb 하다/to do

Examples:딸의 병이 나아 가요./My daughter's illness is getting better.대구의 인구가 늘어 갑니다./Daegu's population keeps increasing.

Because/so; -는 바람에

Because/so; -는 바람에; attached to imperative, declarative, or propositive, as a result of, as a consequence of

This pattern shows the reason something happened and usually connotates a sudden happening.

- used with action verbs- used with indirect quotation stems in the propositive, declarative, or imperative forms, i.e. 다, 자, 라- used with the main clause (final clause) verb in the present or past tense. It's very rarely used with the future tense- is interchangeable with - 는 통에 with no change in meaning

Examples:제 상사가 가는 바람에 저도 갔습니다./Because my boss went, I too went.제 상사가 가자는 바람에 저도 갔아요./My boss said, "Let's go," and so I went.

Sentence ending, derogatory modifier; 어 먹다

Sentence ending, derogatory modifier; action verb+ -어 먹다/아 먹다/여 먹다;

This pattern adds a derogatory meaning to the verb it's attached to.

- normally used with action verbs- 아 먹다 attaches to verbs with the final vowel of 아, 오- 어 먹다 attaches to verbs with the any other final vowel- 여 먹다 attaches to the 하다 verb- normally used with present or past tense

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Examples:마음대로 해 먹었어요./He did as he wanted.못 돼 먹었어요./He's no good.나를 속여 먹었어요./He cheated me.

Extremely; 이만 저만 +

Extremely; 이만 저만 +verb+ negative; it's really (extremely) such and suc;

This pattern is used to show an uncommon or remarkable state/condition.

Examples:이만 저만 불편하지 않아요./It's really inconvenient.효리가 이만 저만 예쁘지 않아요./Hyolee is extremely beautiful.

see also 여간 +verb+negative

Exclamation ending -ㄴ 걸요/-는 걸요!

Exclamation ending -ㄴ 걸요/은 걸요/-는 걸요!

This pattern expresses the speaker's astonishment, etc. while wondering about reactions/feelings of listener.

- can be used with any verb- 은 걸요 attaches to present tense descriptive verbs ending in a consonant- ㄴ 걸요 attaches to present tense descriptive verbs ending in a vowel and present tense 이다- 는 걸요 attaches to all other cases i.e. action verbs, past tense descriptive verbs, etc.- is interchangeable with 는데요 but is used less than that pattern

Examples:사람들이 많았는 걸요!/There were a lot of people!그 차가 멋있은 걸요!/That car is cool!

Suffix -적, -cal; 적으로, cally

Suffix noun+-적;적으로, -ic, -ive, -al

Some nouns of Chinese origin can be turned into adjectives or adverbs with these patterns.This is an important grammar pattern to remember as it's used so much.

- 적 forms adjectives- 적으로 forms adverbs

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Examples:

의학적 medical 의학적으로 medically역사적 historical 역사적으로 historically문화적 cultural 문화적으로 culturally충동적 impulsive

Whether or not; -느니...-느니

Whether...or not; verb+-느니...verb+-느니, 이라느니

This pattern is used when one is arguing between two possibilities.

- attaches to verb stems or plain style base- when attaches to the 이다 verb becomes 이라느니

Examples:부부가 이혼을 하느니, 안 하느니 항상 싸우고 있습니다/That couple is always arguing about whether they should divorce or not.교수가 보수적이라느니, 진보적이라느니 싸워요./They argue about whether the professor is conservative or progressive.

It is all the same if you do or not; -나 마나

It is all the same if you do or not; -나 마나; Whether you do (something) or not, it's the same, it doesn't matter

This pattern is used when there isn't much difference between two courses of action or behaviors.

- used with action verbs and 있다- can be a sentence ending or connective between two clauses- apparently this pattern is also used without the space, i.e. 나마나

Examples:가나 마나에요./It's all the same whether you go or not.전화를 하나 마나 동환이 오지 않을 거에요./It doesn't matter if you call Dong-hwan or not, he won't come.

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Because/so/therefore; 이라서

Because/so/therefore; noun+ -이라서/라서; and so

This pattern functions like 어서 but is attached to nouns instead of verbs and shows a casual relationship between two clauses.

- tense and/or negation are expressed in the independent(final) clause- 라서 attaches to nouns ending in a vowel- 이라서 attaches to nouns ending in a consonant

Examples:국제 공항이라서 늘 붐빈다./Because it's an international airport, it's always crowded.좋은 차라서, 샀어요./It's a nice car and so I bought it.착한 여자라서 마나겠어요./Since she's a kind woman, I will meet her.

After having done; -고 나서

After having done (something); action verb+-고 나서; and then, after,

This pattern shows a sequence of actions that appear in the two clauses (independent/final clause and the dependent/first clause).

- used with action verbs- not used with movement verbs such as 가다/to go, 오다/to come, 서다/to stand up, 눕다/to lie down, etc. Use the pattern 어서 with those verbs- the subject must be the same for both clauses- negation and/or tense are attached to the independent/main/final clause

Examples:이 책을 읽고 나서,영화를 봤어요./I read this book and then watched a movie.이 문장을 쓰고나서 차겠어요. After I write this sentence, I will go to sleep.

see also - 고 나면 see also - 고 나니까

It is necessary to do; -ㄹ 필요가 있다

It is necessary to do (something); verb+-ㄹ 필요가 있다/을 필요가 있다; -ㄹ 필요가 없다/을 필요가 없다 = not necessary to do

Necessity or pressure to do something is shown by this pattern

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- used with action verbs and 있다- the particle 가 is optional- ㄹ 필요가 있다/없다 attach to verbs ending in a vowel- 을 필요가 있다/없다 attach to verbs ending in a consonant- the negative (i.e. oppositve) form is ㄹ/을 필요가 없다-tense is expressed in the final 있다/없다

Examples:갈 필요가 없어요./It is not necessary to go.인제 공부할 필요 있습니다/It is necessary to study now.

Exclamation ending -네요

Exclamation ending -네요

This pattern is an exclamatory ending used to expresses astonishment/surprise, delight, etc. This pattern is used when the speaker has a spontaneous emotional reaction.

- used with all verbs- NOTE: if the 요 is omitted, then this pattern is used to make a statement in the familiar form/반말 i.e. to close friends, social inferiors (kids, etc.)

Examples:이 인도가 미끄럽네요!/This sidewalk is slippery!공장에 불이 났네요!/A fire broke out at the factory!

contrast with the missing 요;나는 저녁을 먹었네./I ate dinner.

plain style +니요?

plain style verb+니요?; incredulity; -니?

This style when attached to the plain style shows the listeners's astonishment or incredulity.

- can be used with any verb— when used with the verb 이다, changes to (이)라니요?

Examples:도망갔다니요?/He ran away!?!내일까지 한다니요?/Do it by tomorrow!?!욕심쟁이라니요?/He is a selfish person!?!

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Retrospective endings -ㅂ디까?/-ㅂ디다

Retrospective endings -ㅂ디까?/습디까?/-ㅂ디다/씁디다

These patterns are used to refer to a past event or fact retrospectively.

- ㅂ디까?/습디까? are used to ask about a certain event or fact in the past.- ㅂ디까? attaches to verbs ending in a vowel- 습디까? attaches to verbs ending in a consonant- the subject is normally in the 3rd person

- ㅂ디다/씁디다 is used in response to the above pattern to make a statement about a past fact or event.- ㅂ디다 attaches to verbs ending in a vowel- 씁디다 attaches to verbs ending in a consonant

Examples:사람들이 많습디까?/Were there many people (when you look/were there, etc.)?사람들이 많습디다./There were many people (when I looked/was there, etc.).

If one finishes; -고 나면

If one finishes (something); -고 나면

When this pattern is used, the completion of a first action (shown in the dependent clause), results in the state/condition of the main/independent clause.

- attaches to action verbs but is usually followed by descriptive verbs in the main clause

Examples:열 시간 운전하고 나면 너무 피곤해요./If I drive for ten hours, I feel very(too) tired.잠 자고 나면 괜찮을 걸 겁니다./You will feel better after you sleep.

see also -고 나서 see also - 고 나니까

When; -ㄹ 적에

When; -ㄹ 적에/을 적에

This pattern shows the time when some occurs and is interchangeable with the pattern interchangeable with - 을 때 .

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- is less colloquial than -ㄹ 때- can be used with any verb except 이다- if the actions of the clauses happen at the same time, do not use the past infix 었. However, it maybe used if the action of the main/independent clause takes place before the dependent clause's action- the particle 에 can be replaced with other particles (similar to ㄹ 때), such as 부터, 마다, etc.- ㄹ 적에 attaches to verbs ending in a vowel- 을 적에 attaches to verbs ending in a consonant

Examples:독일에 적에 여동생을 만났어요./When I went to Germany, I met my younger sister.한국에 왔을 적에, 이미 더웠습니다./When I came to Korea, it was already hot.우산을 가지고 갈 적마다, 비가 내려요./Everytime I don't take my umbrella, it rains.

Even/on top of that; -조차

Even/on top of that; noun+-조차; so far as, besides that, even the most basic, to boot, in the bargain

This pattern is used to emphasize the word that is attached to.

- attaches to nouns- is similar to 까지 but is used for undesireable situations and shows the most basic condition that exists. 까지 is used more to indicate the extremes or lengths to which an situation has developed.- also emphasizes an additional condition piled on

Examples:이름조차고 기억이 나지 않아요./I can't even remember her name.비가 오는데, 바람조차 불어요./It's raining, and on top of that, the wind is blowing.

Such as; 같은 것

Such as; noun+ 같은 것; something like; something is similar to

This pattern is used to make a comparision or demonstrate similarity.

- attaches to nouns- 것 can be replaced with other nouns

Examples:수학 같은 어러운 것을 공부하고 싶지 않다./I don't want to study a difficult thing such as math.미용실 같은 것 여기 없네요./There is nothing like a beauty shop here.

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For doing; -는데에

For doing; -는데에/는데; in doing...; for

This pattern in addition to meaning but, and, etc. (same construction) also can be used to show purpose or fitness. In this particular usage, 는 is a modifier marker, the 데 is dependent noun meaning place or situation, and the particle 에 expresses in or for.

- preceded by action verbs- the final 에 is optional

Examples:집을 수리하는 데에 쓰려고 합니다./I'm going to use it to fix the house (literally...In the situation of repairing the house, I'm going to use it.).이 옷이 수영하는 데에 편리해요./These clothes are handy/convenient/useful for swimming.

to be as large as; -만하다

to be as large as; noun+-만하다; to the same extent as; to be as much as; to be as little as; to be the size of, be as, be like

This pattern, when attached to a noun, shows comparison or similarity.

- attaches to nouns

Examples:작기가 이만한 것 있어요?/Do you have something this small?코기리가 거의 집만해요./The elephant is almost as big as a house.

see also - ㄹ 만하다

To be different from; -과는 다르다

To be different from; -과는 다르다/와는 다르다

This pattern is used to indicate contrast.

- used with nouns, verbal nouns, and noun clauses- the contrast particle 는 is normally attached to the particle 와 / 과 - 와는 다르다 attaches to words ending in a vowel- 과는 다르다 attaches to words ending in a consonant- 다르다 is an irregular verb

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Examples:그 것은 제가 생각했던 것과는 달라요./It is different than what I thought (it would be).정근의 얘기는 효리의 이야기와는 다릅니다/Jong Guen's story is different than Hyolee's.

Infix -겠/future tense

Infix -겠; will; strong intentional; future tense; supposition

This pattern is usually used to indicate future tense. By using this pattern you are showing strong intention or simply that sometime will happen. However, it can also be used to indicate supposition/conjecture.

-If combined with past tense it can show conjecture/speculation about that past event. Example: 많이 기다렸겠어요, You must have waited a lot.-When used with 3rd person subject conveys simple factual pronunciation i.e for weather forecasts, announcements, etc.-을 / ㄹ 것이다 / 거에요 denotes a simpler future and shows less intention or will.- if used to show conjecture, the subject is usually in the 3rd person. It can be used in this way with any verb, but most occurs with descriptive verbs or action verbs in the past tense. Conversely, when used to express future tense, it occurs in 1st/2nd person only with action verbs and 있다/없다.- when used with verbs of knowledge (모르다/don't know, 알다/to know,etc.) it means present tense. For example, 모르겠습니다 doesn't mean, I will not know, it means I don't know and is a common response when you don't know the answer to someone's query.

Examples:서울에서 내일 하루 정일 비가 오겠습니다. Tomorrow it will rain all day in Seoul.저는 서점에 곧 가겠어. I will go to the book store soon.일하지 않겠어요. I will not work.

It appears; -ㄴ 가 보다

It appears; -ㄴ 가 보다, looks like, I guess... 나 보다/는가 보다/은 보다

This pattern is used to indicate the speaker's presumption or conjecture.

- used with any verb usually with the subject in the third person- ㄴ가 보다 is used with descriptive verbs in the present tense ending in a vowel and the verb 이다 (present tense)- 은가 보다 is used with descriptive verbs in the present tense ending in a consonant- 는가 보다 is used in all other cases- a synomous pattern is -나 봐다 and this tends to be used mostly with action verbs but descriptive verbs in the past tense can also use this- these pattern is used when you don't have direct evidence of the conjecture you are talking about (in that case use 것 같다 ). For example, if you've heard Mr. Smith plays soccer well but have never seen him play to make your own guess, you can use this pattern. If you are basing your conjecture

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on having seen him, use 것 같다.

Examples:정근이가 뱅복한 봐요./Jong Geun appears to be happy.효리가 모레 가겠는 봅니다./I guess Hyolee will go the day after tomorrow.떠나나 봐요./Apparently he is leaving.

see also 어 보이다 모양이다 (based on indirect evidence, secondhand information)

게; so that

게; so that; in such a way, in order to

This pattern shows purpose or aim.

- used mostly with action verbs- interchangeable with -도록 but this pattern is more informal and common than -도록. Also interchangeable with - 게끔 but that pattern is more emphatic than -게- also used as a rhetorical sentence ending. If used in this manner, it must be used with ( 으 ) 면 or 다가는. The particle 요 may be added to make it a polite sentence. See the example below.

Examples:늦게 않게, 빨리 가세요./Please go quick so that you won't be late.여기서 자다가는 감기에 걸리게요?/If I sleep here, I'll catch a cold, won't I?

In spite of; -ㄴ데도

In spite of; verb+-ㄴ데도/은데도/는데도; although, despite, 음에도 불구하고, ㅁ에도 불구하고

This pattern shows disregard for an undesireable or unexpected fact/event. The contents of the second/main clause come about in spite of the facts expressed in the dependent/first clause.

- can be used with any verb- ㄴ 데도 is attached to descriptive verbs in the present tense and the verb 이다- 는 데도 is used in all other cases- is often followed by the expression 불구하고(in spite of, notwithstanding)- a similiar pattern is is when it's attached to the nominalizer (으 ) ㅁ to make (으)ㅁ에도 불구하고

Examples: 삼월달인데도, 관장히 추워요./Although it's March, it's very cold.미리 예고를 했음에도 불구하고 안 듣고 사고를 내더군요./In spite of the fact that we notified them in advance, they didn't listen and caused an accident.

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Even though...how?; +어야, 얼마나..겠습니까?

Even though...how?; verb+어야, 얼마나+verb+겠습니까?/아야, 얼마나..겠습니까/여야, 얼마나..겠습니까;

This construct shows the idea that someone is underestimating the actual size, quantity, condition, number, etc. of something.

- always ends in a question- the verb with 어야/아야/여야 is repeated in the final/independent clause- past tense is express in the final/indepedent clause, not the dependent clause

Examples:선생님이 야단쳐야, 얼마나 야다치겠습니까?/Even though the teacher will give me a scolding, how bad can it be?한국어 실력이 있어댜, 얼마나 있겠어요?/Granted that he's proficient in Korean, how good can he be?동환이가 가야, 얼마나 갔겠어여?/Even though Dong Hwan was going far, how far could he have gone?

Even though; -ㄴ들

Even though; -ㄴ들/은들; granted that...;

When someone uses this pattern, they are showing an act/instance of reluctant admittance or conceding a point made in an argument and this pattern is usuall followed by a rhetorical question.

- used with rhetorical questions (verb is typically in the future/겠 tense)- may be used with any verb- ㄴ들 attaches to verbs ending in a vowel- 은들 is attached to verbs ending in a consonant- when used with 얼 마나+verb+겠습니까?, is synomous with 어야 , 얼마나 +verb+ 겠습니까 ?

Examples:구분이 영어를 잘 한들, 미국사람만큼 잘 하겠어요?/Even if he speaks English well, can he speak it like an American?그 남자인들 무슨 힘이 있겠어요? What sort of power would he have? (lit. Even though it be him, what power would he have?)그 소녀는 고집이 세니 얘기한들 뭘 해요?/That girl is so stubborn, what is the point of talking to her?

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It might be; -ㄹ는지도 모르다

It might be; -ㄹ는지도 모르다/을 는지도 모르다;

This pattern shows the speakers doubt about a certain event or fact.

- can be used with any verb- subject is usually in the third person- ㄹ는지도 모르다 is used after verb stems ending in a vowel- 을는지도 모르다 is used after verb stems ending in a consonant- can be used interchangeably with ㄹ ( 을 ) 지도 모르다 but tends to be more conjectural than that pattern

Examples:그 분이 부자일는지도 몰라요./He might be a rich man (for all I know).

Through; -를 통해서

Through; noun+-를 통해서/을 통해서; throughout; 를 통해/을 통해

This pattern shows by which medium, means, etc. (through) something happened or shows the whole period or time (throughout) during which something happened.

- the final -서 is optional- 을 통해서 attaches to nouns ending in a consonant- 를 통해서 attaches to nouns ending in a vowel

Examples:상사를 통해서 소식을 들었어요./I heard the news through my superior.일생을 통해 수학만 가르쳤습니다./I taught only math throughout my life.

In spite of; 를 무릅쓰고

In spite of; noun+ -를 무릅쓰고/을 무릅쓰고; despite

When using this pattern, one shows willingness to continue despite some thing (danger, obstacle, etc.). 무릅쓰다 means to defy, risk, brave, etc.

- 를 무릅쓰고 is used after nouns ending in a vowel- 을 무릅쓰고 is used after nouns ending in a consonant

Examples:

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폭뭉우를 무릅쓰고 산책을 계속했습니다. We continued on our stroll (leisure walk) despite the rainstorm.앞음을 무릅쓰고 열심히 공부했어요./I studied hard in spite of the pain.

someone says that...; 말하기를

someone says that...; person + 말하기를 + indirect discourse (i.e. -라고 하다, etc.)

This pattern, when followed by an indirect discourse, indicates the source of the information relayed, i.e. who said it.

- the verbs 말씀하다 (to tell)/말하다(to say), can be replaced by other verbs such as 명령하다 (to order, command), 약속하다(to promise), etc.

대위께서 명령하시기를 이 일은 오늘 마치래요./The captain ordered that this work be finished today.친구가 말하기를 그 영화는 볼 만하대요./My friend says this movie is worth seeing.

Had the experience of; -ㄴ 적이 있다

Had the experience of; action verb+-ㄴ 적이 있다/은 적이 있다; ㄴ 적이 없다/은 적이 없다; have ever done (something);

This grammar construction indicates that someone has had a certain experience. Literally it means the experience of having done something exists.

- only used with action verbs- tense is expressed in the final 있다/없다- is interchangeable with 은 / ㄴ 일 있다 but that pattern is more colloquial- can substitute -없다 in place of -있다 to mean never had the experience of (doing something)- 은 적 있다 is attached to verbs ending with a consonant- ㄴ 적 있다 is attached to verbs ending with a vowel

Examples:남산에 가 본 적 있어요?/Have you been to Namsan?상을 받은 적 있어요?/Have you ever received a prize?

No matter how; 아무라+verb+ㄹ지라도

No matter how; 아무라+verb+-ㄹ지라도/아무라+verb+-을지라도/암만+verb+-ㄹ지라도/암만+verb+-을지라도; however; maybe, 더라도

This pattern forms an adverbial concessive clause,i.e. the speaker concedes a certain condition exists.

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- is always followed by a independent(main) clause- 아무리 can be replaced by 암만 with no change in meaning but 아무리 is more colloquial- ㄹ(을)지라도 is interchangeable with 아/어/여도 or 더라도 with no change in meaning

Examples:문제가 어려웠다치더라도, 어떻게 하나고 못 맞출 수가 있어?/Even though the problems were difficult, how could you not even get one answer correct?아무리 자신이 있더라도 충고를 듣는 게 좋을 겁니다./No matter how confident you are, it will do you well to listen to advice.암만 떠들지라도, 염려할 것 없어요./No matter how much noise they make, you shouldn't worry about it.아무리 좋아도, 사지 않겠습니다./However good it may be, I won't buy it.

Since someone does; 바에야

Since someone does; verb+ adverbial modifier/attributive form+바에야; since one does/since one did...

This pattern shows that one should take an opportunity that has appeared.

- usually used with an obligatory, imperative, or propisitive sentence (showing up in the independent clause)- is used with past modifier suffix (ㄴ/은), present modifier suffix (는), or future tense modifier suffix (을/ㄹ)- if you use with the future tense, it has a slightly different meaning of "one is supposed to do something"- similiar to 김에 but that pattern cannot be used with the future tense modifier suffix

Examples:서울까지 온 바에야, 전쟁기념박물관에 구경하세요./Since you came to Seoul, go sightseeing at the War Museum.항복할 바에야 차라리 죽겠다/I would rather die than surrender.

If someone says, "Let's do (something).."; -자면

If someone says, "Let's do (something).."; action verb+-자면

This pattern shows that someone has proposed to do something aand the speakers reaction is conditional to what upon what the other party said.

- only used with action verbs- abbreviated form of 자고 하면- tense and/or negation occurs in the final/main clause- this pattern can be easily confused with 자다 (to sleep) + 면 (if), i.e. if (one)sleeps/자면

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Examples:내가 먹자면, 먹었어요./When I said, "Let's eat.", he ate.대통령이 한국을 현대화자면, 어떻게 해다 합니까?/If the president says, "Let's modernize Korean.", how should we do it?

As long as; -되

As long as; -되; but; although, even though

This pattern shows conditional concession.

- act of concession appears in the first clause and the condition is shown in the final/main clause- used with any verb except 이다- can be used with verbs ending in consonants ㅆ or ㅄ (such as 없다)- can't be used with the final verb in the main clause being in the past or future tenses.

Examples:그 것을 사되, 내년까지 기다립시다./Let's buy it, but let's wait until next year.친구는 돈은 많되, 쓸 줄 몰라요./My friend has a lot of money, but he doesn't know how to spend it.마시긴 마시되 적당히 마셔라./You can drink, but drink moderately.

Thinking of doing; -ㄹ 생각이다

I thinking of doing...; action verb+-ㄹ 생각이다/을 생각이다

This pattern shows that the speaker is considering doing something or thinking about doing something.

- only used with action verbs- tense is expressed in the final 이다 portion- very similiar to the pattern ㄹ(을) 생각이 있다 (this pattern shows intention rather than consideration however)- ㄹ 생각이다 is attached to verbs ending in a vowel- 을 생각이다 is attached to verbs ending in a consonant- the 을 / ㄹ portion refers to the future tense

Examples:자녁에 체육관에 갈 생각입니다./I'm thining of going to the gym this evening.여자친구을 만날 생각이었어요./I was thinking of meeting my girlfriend.

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Plans to do; -ㄹ 계획이다

Plans to do; action verb+-ㄹ 계획이다/을 계획이다

This pattern shows one's plan, project, intention, etc. It literally means "My plan is to...".

- only used with action verbs- tense is expressed in the final 이다 portion- interchangeable with the pattern ㄹ(을) 계획이 있다. The 이 can be dropped in colloquial speech.- ㄹ 계획이다 is attached to verbs ending in a vowel- 을 계획이다 is attached to verbs ending in a consonant- the 을/ㄹ portion refers to the future tense

Examples:운전할 계확입니다./I plan to drive.공장을 세울 계획이 있어요./We plan to build a factory.

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