konsep dasar muskuloskeletal
TRANSCRIPT
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KONSEP DASAR MUSKULOSKELETAL
Created By : Kharyee
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Kerangka
Kerangka tersusun beberapa tulang yang dihubungkan dengan persendian
Merupakan penopang tubuh
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Fungsi tulang
Penyanggah tubuh (support) Pergerakan (motion n locomotion) Melindungi organ-organ vital
(protection) Pembentukan sel darah merah
(hematopoesis) Menyimpan mineral-mineral tubuh
(storage)
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Functions of the Skeleton - Summary
1. ProtectionThe cranium protects the soft tissue of the
brain.
2. Movement The vertebrae allow us
to bend, stretch and rotate our body.
3. Blood ProductionRed blood cells are
made in the ribs and limb bones.
4. Support The bones of the legs
support the body.
5. Support The vertebrae support
the head.
6. ProtectionThe rib cage protects the delicate heart and
lungs.
7. Movement The bones and joints work with muscles to enable us to walk, run
and sprint.
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ProtectionThe hard nature of bone means that the
skeletoncan protect the more delicate parts of the body.
Examples:
The cranium (skull) protects the soft tissue of the brain.
The rib cage protects the delicate heart and lungs.
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Examples:
The bones of the legs support the body.
The vertebrae support the head.
Without the skeleton, the body would beflabby (lentur) and shapeless (tdk berbentuk)
Support
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Example:
The bones and joints work with muscles to enable us to walk, jog and sprint.
The vertebrae allow us to bend, stretch and rotate our body.
The skeleton is jointed to allow us to move whenthe muscles attached to them contract.
Movement
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Blood Cell ProductionRed and white blood cells are made in red bone marrow which is found at the ends of the femur and humerus and in the ribs, sternum, pelvis and vertebrae.
Humerus:Located in the upperpart of the arm.
Femur:Located in the upper part of the leg.
Red BoneMarrow
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Jaringan penghubung
Elemen kerangka dibuat dari berbagai macam jaringan penghubung
Jaringan penghubung berguna untuk penghubung atau pendukung
Jaringan ini digolongkan kedalam extraceluler sebagai matrix tulang
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Pembentukan jaringan tulang Osteosit sel yang ada pada tulang,
dan matrix tulang dibentuk dari garam-garam kalsium dan kolagen. Garam kalsium terdiri dari kalsium fosfat dan kalsium karbonat
Osteoblast sel sel tersebut berkembang menjadi jaringan tulang
Osteoklast sel sel yang sudah rusak, kemudian diserap kembali
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Type tulang
1. Long bones—the bones of the arms, legs, hands, and feet (but not the wrists and ankles). The shaft of a long bone is the diaphysis, and the ends are called epiphyses.
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Long bone…
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Type tulang
2. Short bones—the bones of the wrists and ankles.
3. Flat bones—the ribs, shoulder blades, hip bones, and cranial bones.
4. Irregular bones—the vertebrae and facial bones.
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Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi pertumbuhan tulang
HereditasNutrisi meliputi kebutuhan akan kalsium, posfor, protein, vitamin D, A, C.
Hormon meliputi growth hormon, thyroxin, PTH, dan insulin
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Kerangka
Kerangka Axial memiliki 80 tulang Tulang tengkorak terdiri dari 8 tulang
cranial dan 14 tulang wajah Tulang yg berhub dg tulang tengkorak
terdiri dari 6 tlg auditori dan 1 tlg hyoid Columna vertebra terdiri dari 24 tulang
vertebra, 1 sacrum dan 1 tlg ekor Thoracic cage, terdiri dari 1 tlg sternum
dan 24 tulang iga
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Kerangka
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Tulang cranial
Terdiri dari : 1 tlg Oksipital 1 tlg Frontal 1 tlg Sphenoid 1 tlg Ethmoid 2 tlg Parietal 2 tlg Temporal
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Tulang cranial
Frontal bone
Maxilla
Zygomatic bone
Occipital boneTemporal bone
Mastoid fontanelSphenoid bone
MandibleSphenoid fontanel
Anterior fontanel Parietal bone
Occipital bone
Posterior fontanelParietal bone
Frontal bone
Anterior fontanel
Posterior fontanel
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VERTEBRAL COLUMN
The vertebral column is very versatile. It has strength and is flexible. We can use it as a lever and it also protects the spinal chord.
We have 12 ribs and it is their job to protect the organs of the chest and the upper abdomen.
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Vertebral column
The vertebral column consists of 33 bones, or vertebrae, which are divided into 5 groups:
7 in the CERVICAL region which form the neck, and allow a variety of movement.
12 in the THORACIC region.
5 in the LUMBAR region.
5 in the SACRUM
4 in the COCCYX which used to form our tail.
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Persendian
Persendian adalah sebuah tempat dimana kedua tulang bertemu.
Klasifikasi persendian tergantung pada keleluasaan bergerak
Ada 3 macam yaitu synarthrosis, diarthrosis dan amphiartrhrosis
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Persendian
Didalam persendian terdapat cairan sinovial yang berfungsi untuk melindungi tulang dari gesekan saat terjadi pergerakan.
Cairan tersebut dilapisi oleh hyalin cartilago
Cairan tersebut ditutup oleh membran sinovial
Kartilago bersifat elastis dan sebagai bantalan
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Carpals
Head offemur
Bodies ofvertebra
Intervertebraldisc
Trapezium(carpal)
Metacarpalof thumb
F Saddle
E Symphysis
D Gliding
Atlas
Odontoid processof axis
Acetabulum ofhip bone
Trochleaof humerus
Semilunar notchof ulna
A Ball and socket B Hinge C Pivot
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Category Type n description examples
Synarthrosis (immovable)
Amphiarthrosis (slightlymovable)
Diarthrosis (freely movable)
Suture—fibrous connective tissuebetween bone surfaces
Symphysis—disc of fibrous cartilagebetween bones
Ball and socket—movement in allPlanesHinge—movement in one planeCondyloid—movement in one planewith some lateral movementPivot—rotationGliding—side-to-side movementSaddle—movement in several planes
• Between cranial bones; between facial bones
• Between vertebrae; between pubicBones
• Scapula and humerus; pelvic boneand femur• Humerus and ulna; femur and tibia;between phalanges• Temporal bone and mandible• Atlas and axis; radius and ulna• Between carpals• Carpometacarpal of thumb
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There are 6 principle movements at a joint• FLEXION
• EXTENSION
• ABDUCTION
• ADDUCTION
• ROTATION
• CIRCUMDUCTION
JOINT
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1. FLEXION
2. EXTENSION
3. ABDUCTION
4. ADDUCTION
5. ROTATION
6. CIRCUMDUCTION
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Muscle (otot)
Type otot Smooth jaringan otot yang halus dan dapat
memanjang dan memendek, terdapat pada pembuluh darah dan dinding organ viseral
Striated terdapat serabut yang menggambarkan penyatuan dari beberapa sel menjadi satu fungsi ( Syncytium)
Cardiac terdiri dari serabut yang bersimpul, serabut tersebut memiliki percabangan. Jaringan otot cardiac hanya di temukan pada dinding jantung.
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Efek latihan
Athropy, otot mengecil akibat tidak digunakan
Hyperthropy, terjadi bila otot dilatih secara berlebihan sehingga meningkatkan massa. Peningkatan massa tersebut mengakibatkan peningkatan diameter serabut otot tersebut. Jumlah serabut otot tidak meningkat
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Type exercise
Isometric sebuah aktivitas otot dimana menghasilkan tegangan tanpa merubah panjang otot disebut juga isometric exercise, ex: memengang telapak tangan dan menarik tanpa pergerakan
Isotonik sebuah aktifitas otot dimana merubah panjang otot bahkan memendek.