kokan new, vol. 4, no.3, 2012

Kokan News آ�آ� � �ز

Volume 4, Issue 3 | July — September, 2012 Editor: Dr. Siraj Mohammed Bijle

Foreword

Education is vital to the human resources

development and empowerment in the stages of growth of a nation. In any education system, higher education encompassing Management, Engineering, Medicines, Sciences etc., plays a major role in imparting knowledge, values, and developing skills and, in the process, increase the growth and productivity of the nation. While the Government is committed to providing primary education and certain facilities/subsidies for higher education, given the higher cost involved in the establishment of higher education institutes, we are witnessing great scope for the entry of private sector to run educational institutions.

On the need for education, I wish to quote our Father of the Nation, Mahatma Gandhi, who once said that “Education not only moulds the new generation, but reflects a society’s fundamental assumptions about itself and the individuals which compose it”. The famous philosopher Einstein while discussing the need for education has projected the following fundamentals:

• To educate the individual as a free individual;

to understand and use critical thinking skills.

• To educate the individual as a part of society –

virtually all our knowledge, our clothes, our food is produced by others in our society, thus, we owe Society and have responsibility to contribute back to Society.

• Through education, knowledge must continually be

renewed by ceaseless effort, if it is not to be lost. It resembles a statute of marble which stands in the desert and is continually threatened with burial by the shifting sand. The hands of service must ever be at work, in order that the marble continue to lastingly shine in the sun. Continued on page ...2

IN THIS ISSUE

Kokan Welfare Society, Kuwait 4

Taare Zameen Par 6

Kokan Ports and Medieval Trade 14

Kokani Language: Past and Present 18

Ramadan Karim 19

26 آ�آ� ��ن

THE e-NEWSLETTER OF THE KOKANI DIASPORA COMMUNITY

The election of Pranab Mukherjee as President of India is important for a couple of reasons. In the first place, it is reflective of the clout the veteran politician has had on Indian politics, given his experience in government.

Pranab Mukherjee is the one man who can restore Rashtrapati Bhavan to the sanctified image it has since India attained freedom in 1947. Mukherjee steps into a presidency which in the past has been exalted by the presence of Dr. Rajendra Prasad, Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, Dr. Zakir Hussain, V.V. Giri, Shankar Dayal Sharma, Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam and Mrs. Pratibha Patil (first woman President of India) of equally high intellectual brilliance. In a sense, Mukherjee has a certain edge over them in that he arrives at the presidency after substantive experience gained at such important ministries as finance, defense and foreign affairs. A Mukherjee presidency, therefore, will be one that cannot be taken for granted despite the holder of the office traditionally being a figurehead. For once in a long time, India could look forward to an activist president who has a good record as a consensus builder.

Congratulations to Shri Pranab Mukherjee from Kokan News on becoming the President of India. It is fortunate to have such an experienced parliamentarian as the head of India.

Kokan News آـ7آـ; :ـ9ـ7ز

While discussing the importance of education, I must state that schools have become the most important means of transforming wealth of knowledge and skills from one generation to another. However, the role of institutions becomes more challenging in the modern world with innovations and technological developments. Investment in education and educational institutions should be viewed as an investment for economic prosperity. In India, there are about 26,478 institutions providing higher education and accounting for the largest number in the world. In comparison, according to a report, in 2010, the U.S. had only 6,706 higher education schools and China had 4,000. It is important that given the large number of schools of higher learning in India, we must target to bring more students under the system. Investment in human capital, lifelong learning and quality education help in the development of society and nation.

Another challenge to be addressed in strengthening the Indian education system is to improve the capacity utilization. For example, a recent study on capacity utilization in India for higher education indicates that the capacity utilization in case of MBA is about 57 per cent in Maharashtra and 72 per cent in Haryana. In case of certain states, there are a lot of unfilled seats in institutions. On the one hand, we need to improve our GER, and on the other, we need to ensure that institutions/ colleges/schools created for providing higher education fully utilize the capacity created. One of the factors why the capacity utilization is low in upcoming/new institutions/colleges (both in private and public sectors) is their inability to provide necessary physical infrastructure to run the institutions. The infrastructure facilities desirable to rank the institutions of better quality include real estate, state of the art class rooms, library, hostels, furniture, sports facilities, transport, commercial buildings, etc. We need to ensure apolitical private sector participation in the establishment of colleges for providing quality physical infrastructure.

The Government is making efforts to improve the education system in terms of various parameters like GER, quality, investments, infrastructure, etc. But we need to recognize the constraints for the Government to make a big turnaround with huge investments in education. I believe that private sector has started playing a distinctive role in improving the education system in India. In this context, it is useful to explore the possibility of public private partnership (PPP) model in education. This is not only going to reduce the burden of the Government in incurring high cost of providing basic infrastructure facilities but also lead to construction of state of the art buildings, labs, libraries, hostels etc. Besides, the collaborative efforts between universities/colleges and corporate would help in organizing joint research and development, students getting exposure to industrial activities in terms of internships, corporate training during vacations and issuing of certificates by corporate for attending internship/training etc. and, thus, facilitating in image building and branding of institutions and making the students more job-worthy.

Another challenge for improving the Indian education system is to improve the student-teacher ratio. In India, this ratio is very high as compared to certain comparable countries in the world. For example, while in developed countries this ratio stands at 11.4, in case of India, it is as high as 22.0. It is even low in CIS (10.9), Western Asia (15.3), and Latin America (16.6). This brings the necessity to recruit quality and qualified teachers and strengthen the teachers required to handle classes. I also feel that like in developed countries where students are given part-time teaching assignments, we can also explore such possibilities in technical/higher education to handle lower level classes. It is also expected to help the students in meeting their education expenses partially. In order to improve the skills and talent of our large populace, there is a need for raising the quality and standards of our education system in a scientific way. It is well-known that many of our professionals (engineers/doctors/management professionals) remain unemployed despite lot of opportunities being open in the globalised world. One of the major factors is the lack of quality education resulting in qualified but not employable category. We need to introduce/activate the mechanism for rating and ranking universities/colleges. At present, there is no compulsion for institutions/colleges to get accreditation in India. Government has already mooted a proposal to introduce accreditation. We, therefore, require standard rating agencies to give accreditation to universities/colleges/schools. In a recent ranking of Business Schools by Financial Times at global level, in the top fifteen, only two of the Indian premier Business Schools appeared at rank no. 11 and 13 for the year 2011. Most of the top ranking business schools were from the U.S. In this ranking, even China was ahead of India.

In the same reporting, in respect of value for money of these two Schools, it is observed that it is not that high when compared with some of the best U.S. Schools. However, a positive development is that these high ranked Indian Schools possess faculties with doctoral qualifications and of global standards who can deliver quality education to the students. In the world ranking of universities by Quacquarelli Symonds in 2010, out of 200 world renowned universities, only one Indian educational institution appears in the list, while 53 institutions are in the U.S. According to Webometrics ranking for 2011, while no Indian university appears in the list, there are 99 U.S. universities included. This essentially shows that we need to develop Centre for excellence of global standards. Given the increasing role of private sector in the recent years in the development of higher education standards, we need more such institutions that meet certain global rating standards to come up in those areas where low GER prevails. I understand that the JRE School of Management has been established in collaboration with the largest private education group in Asia-Pacific and, hence, striving for quality education of global standards would be its principal aim.

As mentioned in the beginning, India has the largest number of higher education institutions. Despite that, we find the number of students interested in pursuing higher studies abroad is on the rise. We have to recognize these short-comings while building our educational institutions for reversal of trend. The challenge of educating millions of young people implies that we need to scale up our educational efforts multi-fold despite having the largest number of higher education institutes in the world. Scaling up is not possible unless the students become successful, create value in the society and contribute back to their alma-mater or, better still, start new institutes of global standards themselves. The curriculum of some of the colleges/universities is more or less obsolete and do not equip students with the necessary skills or impart latest knowledge. If a student passes out of a chosen course, he or she should be employable as a work force. Unfortunately, given the phenomenal share of lack of technical knowledge in the courses of education, students are found wanting in the desired skills and technical soundness. To address this issue, we may think of strengthening the vocational streams in schools/colleges. I urge the universities/schools/colleges to regularly revise their curriculum by involving experts from different fields so that the curriculum can lead to knowledge development. Further, why can we not use the available infrastructure more intensely? For instance, why cannot a second stream of courses, say vocational, be run in the evening/night so that the available /created infrastructure is better utilized?

Volume 4, Issue 3 | July — September 2012

Teachers are the most important factors for any innovative society because teachers’ knowledge and skills not only enhance quality and efficacy of education, but also improve the potential for research and innovation. Given the higher level of GER to be achieved by 2020, a large number of teachers would be required to educate the growing young population. Maybe, students could be used as teachers, especially good students coming from lower income groups so that they can be partly be compensated. Further, barring some leading schools/universities/autonomous educational institutions, many of the teachers of colleges/universities need to hone their skills/talent. There is a need to encourage teachers to participate by presenting research papers in seminars/workshops/conferences and receive periodic trainings for updating of knowledge/skills. It is equally important that a feedback mechanism from students is introduced in universities/colleges to assess and evaluate teachers’ role in the institutional developmental process.

Given that we need to compete globally in the 21st century, our education system should adopt certain benchmarking techniques for improving instruction models and administrative procedures in universities/colleges to move forward. I suggest that we need a thorough study and evaluation of models implemented elsewhere and work out strategies to adopt such models in our system. Benchmarking in my opinion would provide benefits to our education system in terms of reengineering, setting right objectives, etc.

The country is showing consistency in economic growth pattern, leading the world in terms of information and technology, modernization various economic activities and pushing for higher share of industries and services sectors of the economy but there is one area which needs reform is ‘education system’. While it is true that some investments are taking place in the country’s higher education system, we are yet to establish world class research facilities, recruiting profound academicians in universities/colleges/research institutions, etc. to sustain and forge lead in economic development. It is important to understand that countries like China, Singapore, South Korea, etc. are moving fast in investing in education system. Therefore, it is imperative that our educational institutions are equipped with the desired quality and standards which are essentials for transforming the younger workforce into productive ones. Needless to reiterate that in the higher education system focus on use of technology for effective learning by students also need to be encouraged to have cutting edge over our competitors in the globalised world.

In India, if education has to reach all deserving students, it should be made affordable. The fee structure in Government owned/sponsored institutions is inexpensive in India. However, in some private sector institutions, which have the freedom to prescribe fee structure and despite broad guidelines from certain state governments, fees are beyond the capacity of poor and deserving students. Ideally, the fee structure should vary for such economically weaker students. I would urge the educators to keep in mind that education should not become prohibitively expensive and ensure that no deserving candidate is denied admission just for the fact that he or she does not possess the necessary financial resources. I hereby also strongly recommend all the Kokani Educational and Welfare Associations in Kokan and abroad to come forward and help the needy students in all the fields. Establishing a unified and impartial “Kokani Educational & Welfare Consortia” is necessary with qualified academicians belongs to different fields of higher education on the board. I must acknowledge the work of some societies like Anjuman-e-Islam, MESCO (Mumbai), Kalsekar and Roghe Trust. The SSC and HSC results of 2012 are really encouraging in which the students who appeared from the South Konkan division managed to occupy the first slot in the examination with highest pass percentage of 93.94. It was followed by Pune (90.71percent) and Kolhapur (89.17 percent). The commercial capital of India, Mumbai (North Konkan) stood at the fourth position with a total pass percentage of 88.94%.

In my opinion, the most important objective of any educational institution is to equip the students with ethical values besides imparting

knowledge and skills. Today, I find that this basic human quality is slowly eroding. Illustratively, the Kokani Educational and Welfare Societies with the help of State Government must formulate progressive policies to ensure funds do not pose a major problem for education. I strongly feel that the School Alumni Association of students can become active in inculcating ethics and values among students.

In the same coin, as education has to be made affordable to all deserving and poor students, there is a strong need for educational institutions not to over-commercialize education but to uphold ethics in the business of education as well. It is not anyone’s case that the business has to be run unprofitably but the business must be carried out with ethical values for sustenance of educational institutions. Over exploitation should be avoided. Profit cannot be the sole motive for undertaking this business. It must be driven by an unflinching commitment to society which in turn will benefit the business in the long run.

To sum up, we need to recognize that the knowledge, skills and productivity of our growing young and dynamic work force forms the backbone of our economy. To reap the benefits of such a young work force, we need to implement the reforms in the education system and also bring forth new factors of production, namely knowledge, skills and technology which have the ability to unleash the productive frontiers of the economy in the most efficient and dynamic way. Besides, taking a lead from the western hemisphere, India should try to become ‘Knowledge Economy’ to promote inclusive growth. I, therefore, would like underline three major areas to be focused to ensure that our education system is sustainable and meets global standards:

• Quality of Education – in terms of infrastructure, teachers, accreditation, etc.

• Affordability of Education – ensuring poor and deserving students are not denied education.

• Ethics in Education – avoiding over-commercialization of education system.

Let me take this opportunity to again wish JRE Group of Institutions in establishing JRE School of Management which I am sure will play an important role in the 21st century in the Indian education system by providing world class education at an affordable cost to the young students and achieve success in all frontiers of educational activities.

Dr. Siraj Mohammed Bijle


Bibliotheque World Wide International honor for Kuwait based Indian Engineer Dr. Rumane

Bibliotheque World Wide International (BWW), USA honored Dr. Abdul Razzak Rumane with the award named “The Academia Infinite Spiral of Achievement in Electrical Engineering”. The Academia Awards is given by BWW to select number of entrants chosen from among those esteemed individuals who have been invited to appear in BWW International Editions for their achievement in Engineering & Technology, Science, Medicine, Economics, Commerce and The Arts & Letters. The Bibiotheque World Wide (BWW) is an international interdisciplinary multi-cultural forum based on the exchange of creative ideas and innovative concepts and is primarily focused on the on-going effects-both positive and negative of globalization. Dr. Rumane is an accomplished engineer having received various awards and medals. He is an author of book titled “Quality Management in Construction Projects” published by CRC Press (A Taylor & Francis Group Company), Florida, USA. He obtained a Bachelor of Engineering degree from India and received his Ph.D. from Kennedy Western University, USA. He has been

awarded Honorary Doctorate in Engineering by The Yorker International University in Italy. His biography has been listed in Marquis Who’s Who in Science and Engineering, The Barons 500-Leaders for the New Century, 500 Founders of 21st Century, 500 Leaders of Influence, Asian Admirable Achievers, amongst other listings. Dr.Rumane is associated with Al DAR Institute for Training and Education, Kuwait, as Director, Construction Quality Management. Source: http://www.indiansinkuwait.com/ShowArticle.aspx?ID=17953&SECTION=0#ixzz1x5jyQ6lK

KOKAN WELFARE SOCIETY, KUWAIT FORMED

Kuwait: The Kokani Community of Kuwait has formed recently a “Kokan Welfare Society”. The main objec-

tive of the society is welfare of the Kokani community working in Kuwait (i.e. welfare of people from Raigad, Ratnagiri, Sindhudurg, and Thane districts of Maharashtra).

Following members were elected as Office bearers.

Mohd Saleh Burud (Advisor), Dr. AbdulRazzaq Rumane (President), Maulana Nisar Daroge (Vice President),

Ibrahim Bhaldar (Gen Secretary), Dr. Rahmattullah Galsulkar (Joint Secretary), Faisal Kazi (Treasurer), and

Mohammed Shafi Alware as Joint Treasurer. Yacoub Solkar ,Taj Ahmed Khan, Ibrahim Haswarey, Shaukat Firfiray,

Ashfaque Solkar, Khaleel Kapdi,Zahid Rawoot, Mufti Hamza Falahi, Hafiz Abdul Salam Rawoot were elected as

Executive Committee members.

The membership is open for all Kokani community residing in Kuwait. The Executive Committee would like to

register the society with Embassy of India, Kuwait. Those willing to join the society may please contact Yacoub Solkar:

60048102, Taj Ahmed Khan: 97213915, Ibrahim Bhaldar: 55453928 for more information.


KWS Hosts Reception for Mr. Sami Bubere

(From Left Dr. Rumane, Sami Bubere, Mr. Burud and Mr. Bhaldar)

Kuwait: Kokan Welfare Society (KWS), Kuwait hosted a reception in honor of Mr. Sami Bubere which was

attended by prominent Kokani community members working in Kuwait. Mr. Sami Bubere, a well known international personality, is the chief editor of New Delhi based English newsmagazine “ Indo-Gulf Times” and a well known Urdu language magazine “ Subhe Ummid” which is published from Mumbai, India. Mr. Sami Bubere is in Kuwait on the invitation of Indo-Kuwait Friendship Society whose president is Dr. Ghalib Mashhour.

The program started with verses from holy Quran. Dr. Rumane Abdul Razzak, president of KWS welcomes Mr. Sami Bubere on behalf of Kokan Welfare Society and Kokani community brethren. He highlighted the work Sami Bubere who is donning in the field of Journalism, Social and Cultural activities, Peace and communal harmony and his association with World Peace Council. Dr. Rumane said that it was an honor of the society to have among them an international personality whose origin is from Kokan area of Maharashtra. Ibrahim Bhaldar general secretary of KWS elaborated the aims and objectives of KWS, which he said mainly community welfare and educational aware-ness. Mohammed Saleh Burud, a promuinent Kokani personality in Kuwait, remembered his association with Sami and applauded Sami’s work. He expresses the need of having common platform for welfare and progress of Kokani community in Kuwait. Mrs Maimoona Choghle, a prominent poetess also talked about Sami’s contribution and involvement among literary circle. She presented her book “ Fikr-o-Nazar to Mr. Sami. Dr. Ghalib Mashhour spoke about his long association with Sami and his work towards peace and communal harmony on international level. The chief guest of the evening Sami Bubere gave thought provocative advice to community members. He said he was very happy to know about the formation of Kokan Welfare Society to help community members to resolve various issues faced by them and to involve community in promoting communal harmony, educational awareness and cultural interaction. He advised community members to always work for peace and harmony among various group of people and extend helping hand to the needy. He advised members to work selflessly and without any ego for the betterment of society and humanity as a whole. He expressed his willingness to provide all the possible support back home in India. A book titled “Quality Management in Construction Projects” authored by Dr. Rumane was presented to Sami as a souvenir on behalf of KWS. At the end, there was discussion between the members and the chief guest on various issues. Community members appreciated the step for establishment of society. Dr. Rahmattullah Galsulkar, Joint general secretary proposed vote of thanks. The program ended with Dua. Dinner was served after the program.


You've survived 9 months of pregnancy and your baby is finally here. You're thrilled — but you're also exhausted, un-comfortable, and on an emotional roller coaster. Having made through the excitement of labor and delivery, now you're ready to begin life with your baby.

The baby on delivery in a few seconds will start crying, a procedure necessary by which air goes into the lungs and breathing starts. This is all by the grace of Allah by which the baby comes to life.

A few quick procedures for the baby your nurse will do include:

• Clearing the nasal passages with a suction bulb

• Weight, head circumference, and length measured

• Eye ointment or drops given to prevent infection

• The medical staff will wipe your baby, dry your baby and place a blanket around him/her

• Baby will be given vitamin K injection, to help the blood clot properly. All of this happens very quickly, and before you know it your baby is in your arms. With a vaginal birth, the average newborn stay is about 24-48 hours. With a cesarean delivery, it is about 5 days.

Before leaving the hospital the baby is usually checked for so possible problems can be picked up early on. These in-clude:

• Blood sugar levels

• PKU (phenylketonuria)

• Congenital hypothyroidism

• Hearing evaluation

Newborn Tests: Immediately after birth, your baby will be evaluated through an APGAR score as an acronym for: Ap-pearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, and Respiration, to determine his or her state of health. This routine test measures a baby's responsiveness and vital signs. Five factors are checked: heart rate, breathing, color, activity and muscle tone, and grimace reflex response. The baby is given a score of 0-2 in each category, and the five numerical results are added together. This total is called the APGAR score. The evaluation is done again at 1 minute and again at 5 minutes. A score of 7-10 is gen-erally considered normal, and if your baby receives this score, no special actions usually need to be taken at that time. A lower score means some extra measures, such as giving the baby oxygen, may be needed initially.

NEWBORN SCREENING

APGAR Signs Score 2 Score 1 Score 0

Heart Rate (pulse)

Normal (above 100 beats per minute)

Below 100 beats per minute Absent (no pulse)

Breathing (rate and effort)

Normal rate and effort, good cry

Slow or irregular breathing, weak cry

Absent (no breath-ing)

Grimace (responsiveness / reflex)

Pulls away, sneezes, coughs, cries by stimulation

Facial movement only (grimace) with stimulation

Absent (no re-sponse to stimula-tion)

Activity (muscle tone)

Active, spontaneous move-ment

Arms and legs flexed with little movement

No movement, "floppy" tone

Appearance (skin coloration)

Normal color all over (hands and feet are pink)

Normal color (but hands and feet are bluish)

Bluish-gray or pale all over

Taare Zameen Par

Dr. Rahmattullah Galsulkar (MBBS) Email: [email protected] Tel: 00965-9-945-954-1

Let choice murmur in your ear And love murmur

in your heart. Be ready... here comes life


Primitive Reflexes

Infants are born with a number of instinctual responses to stimuli, such as light or touch, known as primitive reflexes, which gradually disappear as the baby matures. These reflexes include the:

• Sucking reflex, which triggers an infant to forcibly suck on any object put in the mouth

• Grasp reflex, which causes an infant to tightly close the fingers when pressure is applied to the inside of the infant's hand by our finger or other object

• Moro reflex, or startle response, which causes an infant to suddenly throw the arms out to the sides and then quickly bring them back toward the middle of the body whenever the infant has been startled by a loud noise

• Also, due to the immaturity of their developing nervous systems, young infants' arms, legs, and chins may tremble or shake, particularly when they're crying or agitated. You may feel he is shivering while crying but actually it is Normal.

After your baby arrives, you'll notice some changes — both physical and emotional. You might experience:

Sore breasts: The breasts may be painfully engorged for several days when the milk comes in and the nipples may be sore.

Constipation: The first postpartum bowel movement may be a few days after delivery, and sensitive hemorrhoids, healing episiotomies, and sore muscles can make it painful.

Episiotomy: If the perineum (the area of skin between the vagina and the anus) was cut by your doctor or if it was torn during the birth, the stitches may make it painful to sit or walk for a little while during healing. It also can be painful when you cough or sneeze during the healing time. Continue SITZ BATH (sitting in just a few inches of water and covering the buttocks, up to the hips, in the water) using cool water for the first few days, then warm water after that. Squeeze the cheeks of your bottom together when you sit to avoid pulling painfully on the stitches.

Hemorrhoids: Although common, hemorrhoids (swollen blood vessels in the rectum) are frequently unexpected. Al-ternating warm SITZ BATH and cold packs can help with hemorrhoids. It also can help to sit on an inflatable donut cushion. Don't use laxatives, suppositories, or enemas without your doctor's approval. Increase your intake of fluids and fiber-rich fruits and vegetables.

Hot and cold flashes: Your body's adjustment to new hormone and blood flow levels can cause you to have Hot & Cold Flashes.

Urinary or fecal incontinence: The stretching of your muscles during delivery can cause you to inadvertently pass urine when you cough, laugh, or strain or may make it difficult to control your bowel movements, especially if a lengthy labor preceded a vaginal delivery. Urinary or fecal incontinence often resolves gradually as your body returns to its normal prepregnancy state. Encourage the process with KEGEL EXERCICES, which help strengthen the pelvic floor muscles by pretending you're trying to stop urinating. Squeeze those muscles for a few seconds, and then relax.

Vaginal discharge (lochia): Initially heavier than your period and often containing clots, vaginal discharge gradually fades to white or yellow and then stops within several weeks.

Postpartum depression (PPD): More serious and longer lasting than the baby blues, this condition is present in 10%-25% of new moms and may cause mood swings, anxiety, guilt, and persistent sadness. PPD can be diagnosed up to a year after giving birth. In our set-up we usually see this if one has repeated baby girls and it's more common in women with a history of depression, multiple life stressors, and a family history of depression.

Sexual relations: Doctors often ask women to wait several weeks before having sex in order to allow healing to oc-cur. Your body needs time to heal. A waiting of 4-6 weeks is recommended to reduce the risk of infection, bleeding, or re-opening healing tissue.

When to See the Doctor:

You should call your doctor about your postpartum health if you:

• experience a fever of 100.4°F (38°C) or above

• soak more than one sanitary napkin an hour, pass large clots, or if the bleeding increases

• had a C-section or episiotomy and the incision becomes very red or swollen or drains pus

• have new pain, swelling, or tenderness in your legs

• have hot-to-the-touch, reddened, sore breasts or any cracking or bleeding from the nipple or areola (the dark-colored area of the breast)

• find your vaginal discharge has become foul-smelling

• have painful urination or a sudden urge to urinate or inability to control urination

PHYSICAL CHANGES IN YOU

Life only demands the

strength you possess


• have increasing pain in the vaginal area

• develop a cough or chest pain, nausea, or vomiting

• become depressed or experience hallucinations, suicidal thoughts, or any thoughts of harming your baby

What Your Newborn Looks Like

Many newborns are tiny, wet creatures when they first emerge. Often their heads are slightly pointed as a result of passing through the birth canal. This is only temporary — the head will take on a rounded appearance within a few days. Your baby also may look crunched up since the legs and arms have been kept bent at the knees and elbows while in the womb. The limbs will straighten out as your baby grows. Keep them folded in cotton sheets with

the hands by the sides straightened and the legs also straightened up at most of the time for a month.

Baby's tiny fingers and toes will be paper-thin — and sometimes long — nails. Baby's skin may have one of several possible appearances, looking somewhat red, pink, or purple at first. Some babies are born with a white coating called vernix caseosa, which protects their skin from the constant exposure to amniotic fluid in the womb. The vernix is washed off with the baby's first bath. Other babies are born much wrinkled. And some, especially premature babies, have a soft, furry appearance because of lanugo, a fine hair that develops while in the womb. Lanugo usually comes off after a week or two.

Remember, your baby's appearance will change dramatically over the next weeks as he or she grows. The limbs will extend, the skin tone will probably change, and the blotches will disappear

The newborn is very delicate and has to be handled carefully, some mothers may be afraid to handle them but a proper guidance will help them overcome the fear. Here are a few basics to remember:

• Wash your hands before handling your newborn, as the babies have not developed immunity and are susceptible to infection.

• Be careful to support your baby's head and neck.

• Be careful not to shake your newborn as it can cause bleeding in the brain and even death. If you need to wake your infant, don't do it by shaking — instead, tickle your baby's feet or blow gently on a cheek.

Diapering Dos and Don'ts

Before diapering a baby, make sure you have all supplies within reach so you won't have to leave your baby unattended on the changing table. You'll need:

• A clean diaper

• A fastener (if cloth is used)

• Diaper ointment if the baby has a rash

• A container of warm water

• Clean washcloth, diaper wipes, or cotton balls

• When removing a boy's diaper, do so carefully because exposure to the air may make him urinate.

• When wiping a girl, wipe her bottom from front to back to avoid a urinary tract infection.

• To prevent or heal a rash, apply ointment.

• Always remember to wash your hands thoroughly after changing a diaper.

Diaper rash is a common concern. Typically the rash is red and bumpy and will go away in a few days with warm baths, some diaper cream, and a little time out of the diaper. To prevent or heal diaper rash, try these tips:

• Change your baby's diaper frequently, and as soon as possible after bowel movements.

• After cleaning the area with mild soap and water apply a cream with zinc oxide.

• If you use cloth diapers, wash them in dye- and fragrance-free detergents.

• Let the baby go un-diapered for part of the day. This gives the skin a chance to air out.

• If the diaper rash continues for more than 3 days or gets worse, call your doctor — it may be caused by a fungal infection that requires a prescription.

Bathing Basics

You should give your baby a sponge bath until:

• The umbilical cord falls off (1-4 weeks)

• The circumcision heals (1-2 weeks)

• The naval heals completely (1-4 weeks)

A bath two or three times a week in the first year is sufficient. More frequent bathing may be drying to the skin.

HANDLING A NEWBORN

Sometimes the smallest

things take up the most

room in your heart


Feeding and Burping Your Baby

• Immediately breast feed your baby.

• Do not give them anything else other than breast milk for 2-3 months.

There is a misguidance and the mothers don’t feed the baby for 3 days, during this time they give them glucose water only. This is a wrong practice. Babies must be breast fed from the first hour itself. Do not give them anything else other than breast milk. Not even outside water as the mother’s milk contains the right amount of water, proteins, sugars, vitamins, minerals and the digestive en-zymes.

It's recommended that babies be fed on demand —they seem hungry when crying, putting fingers in his or her mouth. A newborn baby needs to be fed every 2 hours. Monitor if your baby is getting enough to by the following guidelines:

• If your baby seems satisfied

• Produces about six wet diapers and several stools a day

• Sleeps well

• Is gaining weight regularly

• Another good way to tell if your baby is getting milk is to notice if your breasts feel full before feeding your baby and less full after feeding.

Babies often swallow air during feedings, so you need to burp your baby frequently. The following are burping strategies:

• Hold your baby upright with his or her head on your shoulder. Support your baby's head and back while gently patting the back with your other hand.

• Sit your baby on your lap. Support your baby's chest and head with one hand by cradling your baby's chin in the palm of your hand and resting the heel of your hand on your baby's chest (be careful to grip your baby's chin — not throat). Use the other hand to gently pat your baby's back.

• Lay your baby face-down on your lap. Support your baby's head, making sure it's higher than his or her chest, and gently pat or rub his or her back.

• If your baby doesn't burp after a few minutes, change the baby's position and try burping for another few minutes before feeding again. Always burp your baby when feeding time is over, and then keep him or her in an upright position for at least 10-15 minutes to avoid spitting up.

Sleeping Basics

Newborns typically sleep for periods of 2-4 hours. Don't expect yours to sleep through the night — the digestive sys-tem of babies is so small that they need nourishment every few hours and should be awakened if they haven't been fed for 4 hours. It's important to place babies on their backs to sleep to reduce the risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). In addition, remove all fluffy bedding, quilts, sheepskins, stuffed animals, and pillows from the crib to ensure that your baby doesn't get tangled in them or suffocate. Also be sure to alternate the position of your baby's head to prevent the development of a flat spot on one side of the head. Many babies have their days and nights "mixed-up" when they are first born. They tend to be more awake and alert at night, more sleepy during the day.

The placenta is an organ attached to the lining of your womb during pregnancy. It keeps your unborn baby’s blood supply separate from your own blood supply, as well as providing a link between the two. The link enables the placenta to carry out functions that your unborn baby can’t perform for itself. The placenta is linked to your baby by the umbilical cord. Your baby is inside a bag of fluid called the amniotic sac, which is made of membranes.

Functions of Placenta:

Oxygen and food pass from your blood supply into the placenta. From there, the umbilical cord carries the oxygen and food to your unborn baby. Waste products from the baby, such as carbon dioxide, pass back along the umbilical cord to the placenta and then into your bloodstream, for your body to dispose of them. The placenta produces hormones that help your baby to grow and develop.

PLACENTA

A newborn baby has only three de-

mands. They are warmth in the arms of

its mother, food from her breasts, and

security in the knowledge of her pres-

ence.


The placenta also gives some protection against infection for your baby while it's in the womb. It protects your baby against most bacteria. However, it does not protect your baby against viruses. For example, if you’re not immune to the rubella virus (German measles), it can cross the placenta and cause miscarriage, stillbirth or birth defects such as deafness, brain damage, heart defects and cataracts. Alcohol, nicotine and other drugs can also cross the placenta and can cause damage to your unborn baby. Towards the end of your pregnancy, the placenta passes antibodies from you to your baby, giving them immunity for about three months after birth. However, it only passes on antibodies that you already have.

After your baby is born, in the third stage of labour, more contractions will push the placenta out through the vagina. The doctor will give you an oxytocin injection to stimulate your contractions and help push the placenta out. They will inject the medicine into your thigh just as the baby is born. It makes your womb contract so that the placenta comes away from the wall of your womb. This also helps prevent the heavy bleeding that some women experience.

After the birth, your doctor will inspect the placenta and membranes, to make sure that they are complete and nothing has been left behind.

If you have a caesarean section, after your baby has been lifted from your womb, the placenta will also be removed.

Puerperium is defined as the time from the delivery of the placenta through the first few weeks after the delivery. This period is usually considered to be 6 weeks in duration. By 6 weeks after delivery, most of the changes of pregnancy, labor, and delivery have resolved and the body has reverted to the non-pregnant state. An overview of the relevant anatomy and physiology in the postpartum period follows.

Uterus

The pregnant term uterus (not including baby, placenta, fluids, etc) weighs approximately 1000 g. In the 6 weeks following delivery, the uterus recedes to a weight of 50-100 g. Immediately postpartum; the uterine fundus is palpable at or near the level of the maternal umbilicus. Thereafter, most of the reduction in size and weight occurs in the first 2 weeks, although the overall uterine size remains larger than prior to gestation. The endometrial lining rapidly regenerates, so that by the seventh day endometrial glands are already evident. By the 16th day, the endometrium is restored throughout the uterus, except at the placental site. The contractions of the arterial smooth muscle and compression of the vessels by contraction of the myometrium result in hemostasis. Immediately after delivery, a large amount of red blood flows from the uterus until the contraction phase occurs. Thereafter, the volume of vaginal discharge (lochia) rapidly decreases. The duration of this discharge, known as (lochia rubra), is variable. The red discharge progressively changes to brownish red, with a more watery consistency (lochia serosa). Over a period of weeks, the discharge continues to decrease in amount and color and eventually changes to yellow (lochia alba). The period of time the lochia averages approximately 5 weeks.

Cervix

The cervix also begins to rapidly revert to a non-pregnant state, but it never returns to the nulliparous state.

PUERPERIUM


Vagina

The vagina also regresses but it does not completely return to its pre-pregnant size. Resolution of the increased vascularity and edema occurs by 3 weeks, this is restored by weeks 6-10.

Perineum

The perineum has been stretched and traumatized, and sometimes torn or cut, during the process of labor and delivery. The swollen and engorged vulva rapidly resolves within 1-2 weeks. Most of the muscle tone is regained by 6 weeks, with more improvement over the following few months.

Abdominal wall

The abdominal wall remains soft and poorly toned for many weeks. The return to a prepregnant state depends greatly on maternal exercise.

Ovaries

The resumption of normal function by the ovaries is highly variable and is greatly influenced by breastfeeding the infant. The woman who breastfeeds her infant has a longer period of amenorrhea and anovulation than the mother who chooses to bottle-feed. The mother who does not breastfeed may ovulate as early as 27 days after delivery. Most women have a menstrual period by 12 weeks; the mean time to first menses is 7-9 weeks. The delay in the return to normal ovarian function in the lactating mother is caused by the suppression of ovulation due to the elevation in prolactin. Most of the breastfeeding women return to regular periods within 36 weeks of delivery.

Breasts

The changes to the breasts that prepare the body for breastfeeding occur throughout pregnancy. If delivery ensues, lactation can be established as early as 16 weeks' gestation. Lactogenesis is initially triggered by the delivery of the placenta, which results in falling levels of estrogen and progesterone, with the continued presence of prolactin. If the mother is not breastfeeding, the prolactin levels decrease and return to normal within 2-3 weeks.

The colostrum is the liquid that is initially released by the breasts during the first 2-4 days after delivery. High in Protein content, this liquid is protective for the newborn. The colostrum, which the baby receives in the first few days postpartum, is already present in the breasts, and suckling by the newborn triggers its release. The process, which begins as an endocrine process, switches to an autocrine process; feeding of milk from the breast stimulates more milk production. Over the first 7 days, the milk matures and contains all necessary nutrients in the neonatal period. The milk continues to change throughout the period of breastfeeding to meet the changing demands of the baby.

The delivery of a baby through an incision in the mother's lower abdominal and uterine walls is performed when a vaginal delivery is not possible or is unsafe. This procedure is also called a C-section or Lower Segment Caesarean Section (LSCS).

Indications for LSCS:

• Danger to the mother or baby

• Baby's head too large to pass through the birth canal.

• Baby in the wrong orientation – head up (breech) or transverse.

• Failure of cervix to dilate (failed induction of labour).

• Abnormal placenta location obstructing the birth canal (placenta praevia).

• Failure of normal labour progress. Situation where urgent delivery is indicated such as fetal distress

• Severe illness in the mother (such as severe hypertension or sudden fits).

• Infection such as HIV or acute herpes genitals infection in the mother.

Possible Complications

• Excessive bleeding or surgical-wound infection.

• Post operative anemia.

• Endo-myometritis (inflammation of lining and muscle of the uterus).

• Excessive scar formation (called keloid scars).

• Complications of anesthesia

• Higher possibility of caesarean section in next pregnancy, depending on how the uterine (not skin) incision was done.

Blood clots in calf veins, which can travel to the lung, causing lung damage. In rare situations, there can be injury to the bladder, intestine or other structures encountered during the surgery.

CAESAREAN SECTION


Procedure Before The Operation:

• Consent for operation should be signed.

• Relevant investigation that may be taken will depend on your medical illness and age

• A small enema is given the night before or on the morning of the surgery to empty the bowel.

• Shaving of the operative site is done before surgery.

• You are required to fast for at least 8 hours before surgery (no food or drinks at all for 8 hours).

• Oral antacids will be given just prior to the surgery.

Description Of Procedure:

• A regional or general anesthesia is administered.

• A urinary catheter is placed and usually removed the following day.

• Antibiotics to prevent infection are usually given during the surgery.

• A transverse incision is made in the lower abdomen (at the level or slightly below the panty line). Another incision is made in the uterus.

• Baby, placenta and birth sac are removed.

• The uterus is closed with absorbable sutures.

• The skin can be closed with either absorbable or non-absorbable sutures. If non absorbable sutures are used, the sutures will be removed in about 1 week after surgery.

• The surgery usually takes 45 to 60 minutes to complete.

Post Operative Care:

• Expect a hospital stay of 3 to 5 days.

• Fluids will be given via an intravenous line after the surgery to maintain nourishment and hydration. Sips of water will be allowed gradually over the first few hours. The drip will be stopped when you are drinking normally again. This may take a little longer if you have had a general anesthetic.

• Antibiotics will be prescribed for those at risk of infection.

• Pain relief medication should generally be required for only 2 to 5 days following the procedure.

• Move and elevate your legs often while resting in bed to improve circulation and decrease the likelihood of deep-vein clots. It is important to mobilize as soon as possible, since it helps to prevent complications, such as blood clots and pneumonia.

• Frequent uterine cramps will be present and will response to simple pain relief medications.

• Gas pain (abdominal wind) can be a problem following the operation for some women. Early mobilization will help to reduce the wind.

• There will be fresh vaginal bleeding for 1 to 2 weeks and will usually reduce in amount and change in colour with time. It may last from 4 to 6 weeks. Use sanitary napkins—not tampons—to absorb blood or drainage.

• Wound dressing will be removed before discharge and the operation area sprayed with an Onsite dressing. The wound will be kept exposed.

• A firm ridge may form along the incision. As it heals, the ridge will gradually recede.

• Non absorbable sutures are usually removed from the skin incision on the seventh day. If absorbable suture is used, then the suture need not be removed. It will dissolve by itself after a few weeks.

• Once home, someone should be available to help care for you for the first few days.

• Shower as usual. Dry the incision site with dry, clean towel after each shower.

• There is no specific dietary restriction. Eat a healthy and balanced diet.

• Resume daily activities and work as soon as you are able. Full recovery normally takes about 4 to 6 weeks.

• You should start postnatal exercise once you are pain-free and comfortable. Specific exercises are available for women who had a C-section. Discuss this with your nurse or doctor. Avoid heavy lifting or strenuous activity for 6 weeks.

• Avoid sexual intercourse for 6 weeks or as directed by your doctor.

• Do not skip your postnatal visit, which is usually 6 weeks after the delivery. It is advisable to avoid the next pregnancy for at least two years.

See Your Doctor Immediately If There Is:

• Increasing pain, swelling, redness, drainage or bleeding in the surgical area.

• Vaginal bleeding which soaks more than 1 pad or tampon each hour.

• The urge to urinate frequently, especially if associated with pain and abnormal urine colour.

• Persistent and abnormal vaginal discharge.

• Increasing nausea and vomiting.

• Short of breath or feel faint.

• You develop signs of infection, including headache, muscle aches, dizziness or a general ill feeling and fever.

• New, unexplained symptoms develop. Drugs used for treatment may produce certain side effects.


After the baby is born, the umbilical cord is clamped and cut when the cord has stopped pulsating in a painless procedure, leaving a 2-3cm umbilical stump. This allows time for blood in the placenta to transfuse to the baby. When a baby is born, his or her umbilical cord is filled with a small amount of blood. This blood contains high numbers of special cells called stem cells. If you choose, this blood can be stored. It will then be used in the future to treat children or their family members with deadly diseases including Leukemia and Lymphoma. Often, this blood can be used to treat children when a donor cannot be found for a bone marrow transplant. Put simply, the blood from your child’s umbilical cord could save a human life. Until recently, this blood with the potential to save lives was simply discarded as medical waste. This umbilical blood is rich in a special type of stem cell (called hematopoietic stem cells). They can produce red blood cells, white blood cells and blood clotting cells. These stem cells can be saved and transplanted into other people to treat deadly diseases. Stem cells are being used to cure or treat heart disease, diabetes, spinal cord injuries, Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s, burn victims and even HIV and AIDS. This makes it even more important to begin collecting and preserving stem cells.

Umbilical Cord Care

Umbilical cord care in newborns is also important. Some doctors suggest swabbing the area with rubbing alcohol until the cord stump dries up and falls off, usually in 10 days to 3 weeks. The infant's navel area shouldn't be submerged in water until the cord stump falls off and the area is healed. Until it falls off, the cord stump will change color from yellow to brown or black — this is normal.

• Keep the stump clean. Parents were once instructed to swab the stump with rubbing alcohol after every diaper change. If the stump becomes dirty or sticky, clean it with plain water — then dry it by holding a clean, absorbent cloth around the stump.

• Keep the stump dry. Expose the stump to air to help dry out the base. Keep the front of your baby's diaper folded down to avoid covering the stump.

• Let the stump fall off on its own. Resist the temptation to pull off the stump yourself, even if it's hanging on by only a thread.

Signs of infection

During the healing process, it's normal to see a little crust or dried blood near the stump. Contact your baby's doctor if your baby develops a fever or if the umbilical area:

• Appears red and swollen around the cord

• Continues to bleed

• Oozes yellowish pus

• Produces a foul-smelling discharge.

UMBILICAL CORD BLOOD

Birth is not only about making babies. It's about making the mothers strong, compe-

tent, and capable mothers who trust themselves and believe in their inner strength


KONKAN PORTS AND MEDIEVAL TRADE*

By LOTIKA VARDARAJAN

Source: Indica, Vol. 22, No.1, March, 1985. Pp. 9-16 Although the Konkan region stretches along a considerable section of the western coastline in India, showing little respect for political configurations, for the purposes of this paper emphasis will be placed on the Thana and Ratnagiri sections of the Konkan. In this area, ports which have enjoyed major importance at different times have included Chaul, Sopara, Thana, Kalyan, Dabhol and Rajapur. The compulsions imposed by the facts of physical geography, both terrestrial and oceanographic have been admirably delineated by P.M. Joshi and J. Deloche.1 Factors of commercial geography together with existing levels of technology combined to imbue the area with a degree of continuity over successive periods. With regard to means of communication, the author of Periplus had remarked, “From Paithan and Tagara (Ter) are brought to Barygaza in wagons which travel vast areas without roads much common cloth …”.2 Barbosa, ca. 1518, remarked that merchants from the interior brought to Chaul goods laden on droves of trained oxen with pack saddles across which they paced their goods.3 A.R. Kulkarni4 also comments on the general absence of highways in the area which was dependent to a larger degree on paths and short cut tracks. Despite these drawbacks, ports of the region enjoyed a hinterland as well as entrepot trade.5 In the medieval period the political control initially extended by the Bahmani suzerain and subsequently by successor states such as Ahmednagar and Bijapur brought these coastal units within the economic network of the core regions.6 In the overseas sector there were two defined regions of trade. One was the chain of trade links stretching from the western Indian coastline, along the littoral of East Asia, East Africa and extending southwards up to Sofala.7 The second comprised the links between the eastern shores of India leading from Tamil Nadu in the south to Bengal and curving across the Bay of Bengal to the Golden Chersonese. The two sections were not isolated. Konkan ports such as Dabhol served the needs of Qutbshahi Golconda while Adilshahi Bijapur utilized port facilities at Masulipatam to trade with Pegu and Southeast Asia. Konkan trade was as much affected by developments outside the country as those occurring within it. Among the foreign groups participating in trade of the region were the Chinese, the Jews and the Arabs. Except for stray references very little is known about the Chinese. Chinese naval presence in the Indian Ocean started in the later Tang period. There was a substantial heightening in tempo in the Sung and Yuan periods, A.D. 1280-1368.8 Ca. A.D. 1433, the Chinese name for Chaul was Ch’i-erh-mo-erh,9 but it was not on the itinerary of Cheng Ho. The knowledge with regard to Jewish activity is a little wider. The group known as Radanite came into prominence in the sphere of oriental trade ca. 9th century A.D. By the beginning of the 10th century this group had begun to concentrate more on the east European sector, the activities of Jews in Egypt coalescing with developments within the Fatimid Empire.10 On the Konkan coast a Jewish community, the Bene Israel, had been in existence since ca. B.C. 740-500. Whether or not they profited from the presence of their brethren is not known.11 Arab and later Jewish activity is closely linked with the policies of the Fatimid (A.D. 979-1175) and Mamluk (A.D. 1250-1517) rulers of Egypt. Under the Fatimids trade received a considerable fillip and Konkan ports profited greatly from this. Prior to their expansion into Egypt, from their base in Tunisia, the Fatimids had forged a European connection through their trade with Amalfi and, to a lesser extent, with Venice. Subsequent to their rise in Egypt, Fatimid fleets became active in Mediterranean, sailing as far east as Spain. In East Asia, Fatimid energies were directed towards the deflection of trade from the Persian Gulf to the Red Sea. Fatimid control was exercised over Yemen, while the port of Aidhab was developed on the Sudan.12 However, whereas in the 11th century Fatimid control over Mediterranean channels had been largely on contested, by the 12th century the maritime supremacy of the Italian republics had become paramount. The Jews of Cairo, largely of Maghreb origin, now diverted their operations to the Indian Ocean. The Jews operated on an individual, family-based manner. By the 13th century they found themselves unable to withstand the inroads made into their sphere of trade by the powerful mercantile organization known as the Karimi.13 As is the case with south Indian guilds, very little is known about the structure of the Karim merchants. Among those who operated in India a few names are known. There was Ibrahim Sawamili who operated from Kish in the 1th century. His brother, Abdul Rahman, was said to have occupied an important position in a court in meridional India. Ibn Husain Ibn Musalam Balisi, among the richest of the Karim merchants, died in A.D. 1373. Shihan al-din Ahmad Ibn Ali Misri Malakki had functioned as the agent of the Egyptian court at Gulbarga. He died in A.D. 1446.14

——————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————

*Presented at the seminar on “Konkan Society from Ancient to Modern Times” of the Department of History, University of Poona, Pune, 6-10 December 1984.


Originally based in Yemen, the Karim merchants moved to Egypt on two occasions, in A.D. 1181 and 1301. Meanwhile, ca. A.D. 1288 the Mamluks initiated a drive seeking to attract the trade of the Indies to Egypt.15 The references to links between the Konkan ports and Aden, Jedda and Hormuz are to be viewed within this context. After about A.D. 1425 importance shifted from Aden to Jedda.16 Among commodities despatched to India through Mamluk agency, were coral and copper, while those brought back included precious stones, rice and muslin.17

As in the case of the Jews, a community of Sunni Muslims of the Shafai sect, the Nawaits or Naitias, was to be found on the Konkan coast. The interaction between this community and Arab traders may have been a little closer than what had been in evidence among the Bene Israelis.18 The fortunes of the port cities were by no means uniform. In the medieval period, Sopara19 and Kalyan, which had played an important role in the earlier period, had declined. Kalyan provided a link into later times by the imputed connection between an early Christian community located in Thana and the later East Indian community engendered as a result of Portuguese missionary activity.20 Thana is mentioned by Idrisi, Marco Polo and Giovanni Boero (1533-1617).21 Chaul, a port of considerable antiquity, came to the fore under the Nizamshahis and enjoyed links with Malabar and Southeast Asia.22 Its importance rivaled that of Dabhol, but the water of Chaul to the end of the 18th century.23 Dabhol, like Chaul, had been known in antiquity. In the 15th and 16th centuries it came to be regarded as the principal port of Bijapur. However, ca. 1512, Tome Pires noted that the real centre of trade had shifted westwards to Diu.24 The port of Rajapur, already important under the Adilshahs, was favoured by Shivaji. Its pepper trade had induced the French East India Company to establish a counter there.25

During the early period teak, incense, textiles and semiprecious stones26 appeared to have been important constituents in the Konkan trade. In the medieval period, while there was an element of continuity, trade had increased substantially both in volume as well as in kind. Horses, areca nuts, betel leaves, food provisions and grains, lacquered furniture, formed important constituents. Tome Pires noted that much of Deccani black beads enjoying demand in Diu and Abyssinia, flowed out of Konkan ports.27 This is a reference to the trade in black glass beads which have been found in several sites on the East African coast. In the Brahmapuri (Kolhapur) excavations many such beads have been found in the Bahmani period layers. This reference could perhaps be taken as one relating to the black beads found in Maharashtrian mangalsutras.28

The play of textiles in Konkan trade presents an interesting picture. Silk weaving as also the tradition of velvet is associated with Thana and Chaul.29 Silk was imported from China and the reeling, dyeing and weaving operations were carried out locally. Both ports had residents of foreign origin such as Muslims and Christians. The technique of velvet, exotic to this country, must be attributed to the expertise brought in from Central Asia. Satin, which also received mention, like velvet, had its origins outside India. Whereas taffeta, which involves a simple weave, may have been of indigenous origin, the same cannot be said for satin. Satin, in the 17

th century, was also woven in Gujarat where it was

known as atlas or gajji.

Among categories of textiles localized to the region and receiving mention, are sarcenet, satin, taffeta, grogeran, tanasi, dungaree, percalle, allacha, betilla, bafta, bairami, buckram and shasses. Sarcenet was a fine, thin woven silk.30

Grogeran could perhaps be taken as dronggang or dragon. These were cotton cloths woven in two colours. As the inference in the texts is to silken material,31 it could perhaps be taken in the sense of dual coloured pitambar. Marco Polo noted the category, tanasi, in Thana. The meaning in Arabic of tanas is great pearls. Tanasi may have been a fabric embroidered with pearls.32 Dungaree was a coarse cloth which could be put to two usages. It could be used as inexpensive clothing or packing material. In a thicker weave it could be used as sail cloth. Its origins could perhaps be traced to the expression dhumarayi or dhumraji, meaning the colour of black smoke or a dark cloud.33 Terms such as percalle, betille, allacha, bafta and bairami are free of ambiguity. Shasses comprises a category of turban cloth.34The term buckram may have had its origins in Bukhara. Although it appears to have been a coarse quality fabric, in medieval French romance literature it is regarded as an expensive item.35

In this description of cotton fabrics exported through the Konkan ports an aspect to be noted is continuity in craft tradition in evidence to a remarkable degree. Thevenot noted that in the 17th century chintz was sent from Masulipatam, finding its way to the Konkan through the Nasik and Thal Pass.36 At a later date it is of interest to notice that printing was practiced in the Bombay Presidency by Khatris, of Gujarati origin, and bhawasars who enjoyed a linkage with the Mathura region.37

The major tradition in Konkani Deccan in the medieval period was that of a woven rather than a dye patterned one as in chintz. Cloths could be bleached, unbleached or coloured. Because of foreign contact there was a well defined silk tradition. The silk was procured at the cocoon stage from China rather than Persia or Bengal. The gauze weave was unknown but finely meshed weave must have been in evidence in betilla, bairami and shasses. Such a tradition continues, despite rapid erosion, in Paithan and Yeola. There is a reference to trade in indigo.38 Although the best varieties of indigo in the period were associated with the towns of Sarkhej (Gujarat) and Bayana (Uttar Pradesh), it is important to remember that the Konkan region of the Western Ghats produced indigo of the variety Indigofera tinctoria which was to later become a virtual synonym for indigo. For domestic needs along indigo must have been utilized.


It would also be of interest to know if the tradition found in early 20th century Maharashtrian female design could be traced to an earlier prototype. The distinctive feature of the Maharashtrian sari, usually worn in the kaccha style, is the checked design in the ground with a typical border and pallu. Floral designs were proscribed for the early converts to Christianity in the Bombay region, but they could wear plain colours, the only patterning permissible being white or black lines woven in stripped or checked patterns.39 In his documentation of fabrics woven by silk weavers of Thana, B.A. Gupte refers to such designs and further provides samples of fabrics woven in the Khan tradition.40 The fountainhead of this tradition appears to have been located in the Hubli region in North Kanara, Karnataka.41 In view of the conventions which have emerged in the sphere of Indian female clothing in this part of western India, perhaps a linkage with early medieval Indian traditions would not be amiss.

Before concluding, a brief reference needs to be made to Indian garments made of “grass” to which Ibn Khurdadbeh makes a reference.42 This could perhaps be taken as reference to the baste fibre derived from Hibiscus cannibinus, the Deccani hemp of Bombay Presidency. There is reason to believe that there was an increased demand for this bastes fiber. The demand for food grains and pulses appears to have been augmented. These items were transported in bags on pack animals. There should have been an increased demand for these bags, following increased demand, but little is known about this aspect.

Despite the elements of discontinuity with the past in the development of the Konkan in the medieval period, the major break in tradition was to take place not in the seventeenth century but later when the rise of Bombay changed the tempo of economic development in the region. —————————————————————————————————————————————————————————— REFERENCES:

1. H.K. Sherwani, P.M. Joshi eds. History of Medieval Deccan, I (Hyderabad 1973) 17, 27-28; J. Deloche, La circulation en Indeavant la revolution des Transport, I, La Voie de Terre (Paris 1980) 51-52, 69-70; Ibid, II, La Voied’Eau (Paris 1980) 69, 71. 2. G.W.B. Huntingford, The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea (London 1980) 49. 3. M.L. Dames, The Book of Duarte Barbosa (London 1918) (henceforth Barbosa) 163. 4. A.R. Kulkarni, Maharashtra in the Age of Shivaji (Poona 1969) 207-208. 5. For entrepot trade see H. Yule, H. Cordier, The Book of Ser Marco Polo II (Amsterdam 1975) (henceforth Marco Polo) 395; Barbosa, 1590160; A.C. Burnell ed., The Voyage of John Huyghen van Linschoten to the East Indies, I (London 1885) (henceforth Linschoten) 63- 64; H. Carnac Temple, ed., The Travels of Peter Mundy in Europe and Asia, 1608-1667, V (London 1936) (henceforth Peter Mundy) 66. 6. John Jourdain commented ca. 1618 that from Dabhol it took 15 days to reach Golconda and 4 days to reach Bijapur. William Foster, The

Journal of John Jourdain, 1608-1617 (Cambridge 1905) (henceforth Jourdain) 199 n. 1. 7. The exploitation of the gold mines of Zimbabwe had already taken place between the 9th and 11th centuries A.D. The gold was sold on

the coast at centres such as Sofala. Novvelles Centre Art et Archeologie, I (1983) B. Domenichini-Ramiaramanava, J.P. Domenichini, “Madagascar dans I’ Ocean Indienavant le XIII siècle”, 14.

8. Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 5, 2(1964) W. Willetts, “The maritime adventures of the grand eunuch Ho”, 25-42; Far Eastern Quarterly, 14 (1954-55) Jung-Pang Lo, “The emergence of China as a sea power during the late Sung and early Yuan periods”, 449-500.

9. J.V.G. Mills, Ma Huan, Ying-Yai Sheng-Lan, “The Overall Survey of the Ocean’s Shores” (Cambridge 1970) 188, no. 64. Masudi, ca. A.D. 916 referred to Chaul as Saimur, while Alberuni, ca. A.D. 1030 used the word Jaimur. Ca. A.D. 941 Chaul was said to be inhabited by a group of people of mixed Turko-Chinese origin. Barbosa, 159. 10. The name Radanite is traced to Persian rah for roads, the connotation being that of travelers. The ambit of their trade in the Orient is highlighted by Ibn Khurdadbah, ca. A.D. 846. Revve des etudes Juvives, 4th series, 3 (1964), Claude Cahen, “y-a-t-ileu des Rahdanites?”, 499, n. 4; Journal Asiatique (1865), C. Barbier de Maynard, “Le livre des routes et provinces par Ibn Khordadbeh”, 512- 514; The Economic History Review, 13(1943), J. Brutzkus, “Trade with Eastern Europe, 800-1200”, 31-36, 40; L. Robinowitz, Jewish Mer chant Adventurers (London 1948) 92, 187. 11. The term Bene Israel was derived from B’nei Israel, children of Israel. According to community belief, their first progenitors were ship- wrecked at a remote date off navagam, Kolaba district. Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics, II (Edinburgh 1909) s.v. Bene Israel; The Gazetteer of Bombay City and Island, I Bombay (1909) (henceforth Bombay City) 247. 12. Revue de la Faculte des Sciences Economiques de l’ Universite d’ Istabul, 1-4, II (1949-50) B. Lewis, “The Fatimids and the route to India”, 52. 13. S.D. Goitein, A Mediterranean Society, I (Berkeley 1967) 148-149. 14. Cahiers d’ historieEgyptienne, 7(1955) (henceforth Cahiers) A.M.W.J. Fischel, “Les marchandsd’epices sous les sultans Mamlouks”, 89, 113,124. 15. Ibid., 86, 90, 92-93. 16. During the Abbasid period Suhar and Muscat were the most important centres of trade, Arab ships sailing from these port to India and China. Under the Buyids, A.D. 932-1014, Siraf was the most important port. From the second half of the 11th century to the end of the 13th century, the centre shifted to Kish. Hormuz was raising at the same period and it succeeded in out-flanking Kish in 1327. Aden was another important centre of trade. According to Ibn al-Mujawir, in the 14th century, four chests of revenue were sent four times a year from Aden to Ta’izz fort. Each consignment comprised about 150,000 dinars. These were the proceeds from taxes on customs obtained on arrival of the Indian fleet, a tax on madder exported from Aden, the tax on Arab horses taken to India and the tax on voyages of ships to India. Ibid., 100, 102, R.B. Serjeant, Studies in Arabian History and Civilization (London 1981) “The seaports of Aden and Shihr (medieval period)”, 218-219.


17. Cahiers, 100, 102. 18. the Nawaits had sought refuge in India in A.D. 699. There were two subsequent waves in 923-926 and I 1258. The immigrants had initially settled at Ratnagiri, Bankot, Alibag, Panwel, Thana, Kalyan, Bassein and Ghodbandar. In the 14th century they moved into Ma him and in the 17th century to Bombay. Bombay City, 254-255, 255 n. 19. See Bulletin de l’ Association Francaise des amis de l’Orient, 7(1929), S. Levi, “Les marchands de mer et leur role dans de Bouddhisme Primitif”, 26-35. 20. According to Cosmas Indicopleutes, ca. 6th century A.D. Kalyan, an important port, also housed a Christian colony. J.W. McCrindle, The Christian Topography of Cosmas, an Egyptian Monk (London 1897) 119. According to community tradition, the first introduction to Christianity of the East Indian community had been effected by the apostle, Saint Bartholomew. E.W. Baptista, The East Indians, Catholic Community of Bombay, Salsette and Bassein (Bombay 1950) 15. Cosmas may have been making a reference to this early nucleus. 21. S. Maqbul Ahmad, India and the neighbouring territories in the Kitab Nurhat al-Mushtaq fiz, khtiraqal – Afaq of al Sharif al-Idrisi (Leiden 1960) (henceforth Idrisi) 62, Marco Polo, II, 395. 22. Idrisi, 56; Linschoten, 63; Barbosa, 159-163; Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency, I, Part II (Bombay 1896) henceforth B.P. 15, 22, 444. 23. J. Deloche, II, 69; Armando Cortesao, The Suma Oriental of Tome Pires, I (London, 1944) (henceforth Pires, 52-53). 24. Ibid., loc. Cit.; Jourdain, 198:199, 199 n.l.; R.H. Major, India in the 15th century (Delhi 1974) reprint 1857, 30; Deloche, II, 72; Barbosa, 165-166. 25. Peter Mundy, 56, 66, 68; Lady Fawcett, C. Fawcett, R. Burn, The Travels of Abbe Carre in India and the Near East, 1672-1674, I (London 1947) 200-201; W. Crooke, A New Account of East India and Persia being Nine Years Travels, 1672-1681 by John Fryer, I (London 1909) 154 n. l., 175; L. Vardarajan, India of the 17th century, I, Part I (Delhi 1981) 439, n. 39. 26. Huttingford, 49; Idrisi, 36., Marco Polo, 396. 27. Pires, 53. 28. See Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, 88 (1958), W.G.N. Van der Sleen, “Ancient Glass beads with special reference to the beads of East and Central Africa and the Indian Ocean”, 205, 210-212; M.G. Dikshit (History of Indian Glass, Bombay 1959, 67), is of the view that the black beaded mangalsutra came into use in the medieval period. M.C. Joshi (Director, Explorations Archaeological Survey of India, New Delhi : Personal Communication) is of the view that on the basis of oral tradition the introduction of the mangalsu tra to the Kumaon region in Uttar Pradesh cannot have taken place later than the 13th century A.D. 29. Linschoten, p. 63; Marco Polo, p. 395. 30. The Dairy of Streynsham Master, 1675-1680, I (London 1911) 311. 31. Stapel, Peter Van Dam’s Beschryvinge van de OostindischeCompagnie, I (The Hague 1927), s.v. dronggangs; Lindschoten, 63. 32. Marco Polo, 395; R.B. Serjeant, Islamic Textiles: Material for a History upto the Mongol Period (Beirut 1972) (henceforth Islamic Text iles) 18. 33. Hobson – Jobson, s.v. Dungaree; J. Irwin, P.R. Schwartz, Studies in Indo-European Textile History (Ahmedabad 1966) Appendix, A Glossary of Textile Terms (henceforth studies) s.v. dungarees.; B.J. Sandesara, R.N. Mehta, VarnakaSamu-chay, II (Baroda 1959) 44. 34. Islamic Textiles, 152, n. 124. 35. W. Heyd, Historie du Commerce du Levant au Moyen age, II (Leipzig 1886) 702. 36. B.P., 415, n.4 37. Art and Industry through the Ages, Monograph Series on Bombay Presidency (New Delhi 1976), C.G.H. Fawcett, “A monograph on dyes and dyeing in the Bombay Presidency”, 117. 38. Jourdain, 199, n. 1. Jourdian stated that ca. 1608-1617 this indigo which entered trade pipelines was of Golconda origin. 39. E.W. Baptista, 97. 40. See The Journal of Indian Art, 15 (1886), B.A. Gupte, “Thana Silks”, 34. 41. Personal observation based on field experience in Poona, Nagpur and Hubli. 42. Islamic Textile, 217.


Kokani Language: Past and Present

By Mustafa Bukhari

We all know that Kokan is land of natural beauty and culture. Like its unique beauty, the language of Kokan known as Kokani is also unique. The word unique has been used for Kokani language because even through it is widely spoken in Kokan, each region has a different dialect, pronunciation style, vocabulary, tone and sometimes, significant differences in grammar.

Roots of Kokani Language:

The origins of Konkani language from the historic viewpoint are very interesting. The Aryans who migrated to India familiarized themselves in North India and established several languages based on the local influence. Depending on their geographical dispersion you can categorize two distinct groups. Punjabi, Rajasthani, Gujarati, and Hindi evolved from Prakrit of Magadha, and Sindhi Maithili, Assamese, Bengali originated from Shouraseni Prakrit. Konkani belongs to the second group, and hence some scholars regard Bengali or Assamese as the mother of Konkani lan-guage. However, in reality the three are siblings of the same (now nonexistent) intermediary parent language. The arguments on the matter continue to generate a lot of response among linguists. Some historians argue that it was the language of Aryans who came further South to the Konkan, and hence the name Kokani. The most important point to note here is that Konkani is first seen in the Konkan area. Early adopters used the Brahmi script, but eventually due to the local influence, Nagari (i.e. Devanagari) was used for the benefit of much larger audience.

Also earlier times, Kokanis had business interactions with Arabian countries; therefore some Arabian-Persian words entered in Konkani language. During 11th century Kadamba kings ruled Goa so some Kannada words too found place in Konkani. In the 13th century, Konkani people residing in Kerala accepted some words from Malayalam and Tamil. During 1510, Portuguese came to Goa; they ruled Goa for around 450 years, so some Portuguese words also came in Konkani and are still in use. Konkani has taken some words even from old Marathi. Of late, due to onslaught of English language, many English words and phrases too are seen in this language. The orthography, vocabulary, grammar and overall style of Konkani have an impact of other languages.

Scripts:

Kokani does not have a unique script. It is written in a number of scripts. Devanagari is the official script for Konkani in Goa, whereas Ro-man script is also popular in Goa. Amongst the Konkani population of Karnataka, the Kannada script is used. Malayalam script is used by the Kon-kani community in Kerala state, centered on the cities of Cochin and Kozhikode. Urdu script is used by Konkani Muslims in coastal Maharashtra and Bhatkal taluka of Karnataka to write Konkani.

Dialects:

Despite having a small population, Konkani language shows varieties of dialects. The dialect of Konkani can easily be classified according to the region, religion, caste and local tongue influence. Different researchers have classified the dialects differently. N. G. Kalelkar’s classification is based on the historical events and cultural ties of the speakers and he has broadly classified the dialects into three main groups :

Northern Konkani: These are the dialects mainly spoken in the Ratnagiri district of Maharashtra with strong cultural ties to Marathi. Central Konkani: It is the dialects spoken in Goa, where Konkani came in close contact with Portuguese language and culture. Southern Konkani: The dialects which are spoken in the Canara region of Karnataka which came in close contact with Tulu and Kannada.

Kokani Language Today: Language is identity of every community. If you want to save our community, first we have to save our own language. One should realize

a fact that our language is dying and it is our responsibility to save it. How many Kokanis speak their mother tongue Kokani? Many of us don’t know the fact that we are the real enemies of our language be-

cause we left our language and adopted other domestic or foreign languages such as Marathi, Urdu, English … etc. It is not our mistakes, the mod-ern era has put us in foreign / domestic languages and we adopt those languages and culture and put end to our culture.

In Maharashtra Marathi community believe that Kokani is a dialect of Marathi and did not recognize as a language. The Kokani language is not receiving the respect or status as it deserved and thus it resulted in lack of literature or patronage of the language. But, history has established that even when Konkani language had reached maturity, the Marathi language was not even born.

If one has to see the diversity of today’s Kokani language, one should travel the Indian west coast. In Mumbai, they speak in Marathi ac-cent whereas in Kokan, they stretch the words so that no outsider can understand. The Hindus of Goa liberally use the Portuguese words whereas the Christians use it as if it’s a Portuguese dialect.

A very large number of Kokanis live outside India, either as expatriates or citizens of other countries (NRIs). A significant number of Kokani speakers are found in African continent, Persian Gulf, UK, USA, Canada, Australia … etc. Many families still continue to speak different dialects that their ancestors spoke, which are now highly influenced by the native languages.

Kokani is dying because Kokanis are changing their mother tongue like Catholics have started speaking English, Muslims are adopting Urdu and Hindus are using Marathi. This should be stopped as early as possible otherwise in few years Kokani language will remain as history.

The Kokani language will only be saved when an individual understand the importance to remain with its culture and heritage. To save our language, all Kokanis should speak in their mother language and even teach the language to their children, it may be any dialects try to understand and try to avoid marrying out of Konkani caste.

It is not that we are against any languages; we should respect other languages but should not forget our mother language. Knowing differ-ent languages is good practice and nowadays it is not hard to learn any languages, as the media contributes highly. So don’t worry our kids will auto-matically learn other languages. Remember Kokani is beautiful language lets conserve it, develop it and proudly call it as our mother tongue.


Ramadan Karim By Ms Aisha Siraj Bijle, Mumbai, India

Sawm (مXY) is an Arabic word for fasting regulated by Islamic jurisprudence. In the terminology of Islamic law, Sawm means "to abstain

from eating, drinking or seeing what is against Islam, the saying of rude language". The observance of sawm during the Islamic holy month of

Ramadan is one of the Five Pillars of Islam. Ṣawm is derived from Syriac: Sawmā. Literally, it means "to abstain". Muslims are prohibited from eat-

ing, drinking, smoking, and engaging in other evils from dawn (Fajr) to sunset (Maghrib). Fasting is essentially an attempt to seek nearness to Allah

and increase one's piety. One of the remote aims of fasting is to sympathize with those less fortunate ones who do not always have food and drink

readily available. Also one must try to avoid cursing and thinking evil thoughts. Fasting is also viewed as a means of controlling one's desires (of

hunger, thirst, anger) and focusing more on devoting oneself to Allah. Sawm also carries a significant spiritual meaning. It teaches one the princi-

ple of love: because when one observes Fasting, it is done out of deep love for Allah.

Muslims from across the world stay ordained to the Quran and fast for the whole of Ramadan month. Fasting is a part of pleasing Allah. Though the primary aim of fasting by Muslims is to conform to religious norms, fasting brings in several health benefits too. While considering health benefits, there are also a few problems to consider and precautions to take while fasting.

Those who suffer from medical conditions like coronary artery disease, kidney stones, etc are exempt from fasting. The negative effects of total fasting include hypokalemia (drastic drop of blood potassium levels), cardiac arrhythmia (abnormal heart beat), etc. Lowering of blood sugar levels, cholesterol and blood pressure are the first notable physiological changes. Diabetes patients need to take extra care while fasting. Hypoglycaemia, a condition characterized by abnormal drop of blood sugar levels can cause health problems. Diabetic patients should reduce intake of medicines or insulin injection during fasting. Monitoring of blood sugar levels is also desirable. Conditions like tiredness, sweating, headaches, unconsciousness, etc are the symptoms of abnormally low levels of blood sugar levels. Increase in blood sugar levels can cause problems to kidney and eyes.

Healthy individuals have considerable health benefits from Ramadan fasting. It is an effective detoxification therapy. Toxins accumulated in the body break down and pass out of the body. Fasting is ideal for both overweight and underweight persons. It is commonsense how fasting works to reduce weight. During fasting, deposited fat gets used and burns down and facilitates weight loss. Fasting also normalizes the digestive system of underweight persons, and equips body to digest and assimilate nutrients from the food they eat. Fasting can also clear many skin problems. This is because of the elimination of toxic materials from the body and generally cleansing the blood. Fasting has advantages in getting rid of addictions and unhealthy habits like smoking.

Ramadan fasting improves the health condition of healthy people. But for people who suffer from any medical condition should monitor their body and physiology more closely. Pregnant and feeding women are exempted from fasting and they shall not attempt fasting, as it can deprive nutrition to both mother and child. It is noteworthy that the month of Ramadan is a blessed month and an opportunity for every Muslim to draw near to Allah, increase his morality and spirituality and to gain abundant reward. The month of Ramadan is that in which was sent down the Qur’an, as a guide to mankind, with clear signs for guidance.

The blessed month of Ramadan is a great time and a beautiful time as well. We thank Allah that He is giving us another occasion to witness this blessed time in our life. May He help us to benefit from this season of virtues and blessings and may He grant us His love, mercy and forgiveness now and forever, Ameen.

Ramadan is a great month. This is the month of the Qur’an, and in this month is the Night of Qadr, which is better than one thousand months. Allah chose this month and a particular night in this month to grace humanity with His Final Testament, His Last Message, the Qur’an. The moment of this revelation became a sacred moment, and that time and month became an eternal time for us. Allah chose this time, and He has filled it with His countless blessings. In this month we have a greater urge and desire to do good deeds. This month becomes the month of virtues and blessings for us.

Ramadan is meant for our moral and spiritual training and for the purification of our bodies, minds and souls. This is an annual training program for all believers. It is a special time to get closer to Allah and to seek His blessings and bounties. It is a time to learn Taqwa (God-fearing), piety, self-discipline and patience. It is a time to give more charity and become more generous. It is a time to seek Allah’s forgiveness and to forgive each other. It is a time to be thankful to Allah for His gifts and bounties and especially His gift of iman.

This is a very precious time and Allah will give us many benefits if we use it in the proper way. Let us keep the following things in our mind when we observe this month: 1. Intention; 2. Sunnah; 3.Wara`(makruh); 4. Qur’an; 5. Prayer or Salah; 6. Zakah,Sadaqah and Generosity; 7. Family 8. Good Conduct; 9.Tafakkur (reflection); 10. Be cheerful and happy). We invoke Almighty Allah to enable us to reap the fruits of the blessed month, accept our acts of worship, and grant us forgiveness and immunity against the punishment of Hellfire.

Allaah has blessed Ramadaan with Laylat al-Qadr. Explaining the great status of this blessed night, Surat al-Qadr was revealed, and there are many Ahaadith which also speak of that, such as the Hadith of Abu Hurayrah (may Allah be pleased with him) who said: The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said: “There has come to you Ramadan, a blessed month which Allah has enjoined you to fast, during which the gates of heaven are opened and the gates of Hell are closed, and the rebellious devils are chained up. In it there is a night which is better than a thousand months, and whoever is deprived of its goodness is indeed deprived.


Source: www.pudhari.com


Source: Inquilab, Mumbai. 18-07-2012

Source: Pudhari.com


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Qur’an By Ms Nawal Nisar Hunerkar

Std. X, International Indian School, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Iqra ‘Read in the Name of your Lord’. This is the first word of the Qur’an revealed to Prophet Muhammad

(PBUH). The revelation came to him during a period of retreat and meditation in a cave outside Mecca in 610 CE. He was already forty years old when he received revelation, of being approached by an angel who commanded him: “Read”. When he explained that he could not read, the Angel Jibriel squeezed him strongly, repeating the request twice, and then recited to him the first two lines of the Qur’an in which the concepts of ‘reading’, ‘learning/knowing’ and the ‘pen’ occur six time (96:1-5).

The word Qur’an lexically means ‘reading’ and came to refer to ‘the text which is read’. The Muslim scripture often calls itself ‘Kitab’: lexically this means ‘writing’ and came to refer to ‘the written book’. Thus the significance of uttering and writing the revealed scripture is emphasized from the very beginning of Islam, and is locked in the very nouns that designate the Qur’an.

The collected written text of the Qur’an was the first book in the Arabic language. It was also the starting point around which, and for the service of which, the various branches of Arabic studies were initiated and developed. This, it was in order to ensure accurate reading of the Qur’an that Arabic grammar was first developed and written down, especially when Islam began to spread outside the Arab region. The same is true of Arabic phonetics, rhetoric, modes of recitation, calligraphy, and so on.

The first sura of the Qur’an, Al-Fatiha, which is essential part of the ritual prayers, is learned and read in Ara-bic by Muslims in all parts of the world.

The Fatiha is the first sura in the Qur’an and the centerpiece of Muslim daily prayer this concise passage plays a much wider role in Muslim life. It is the first part of the Qur’an that children learn – and it opens their education.

Its meaning is:

In the name of God, the Lord of Mercy, the Giver of the Mercy! Praise belongs to God, Lord of the Worlds, The Lord of Mercy, the Giver of Mercy, Master of the Day of Judgment. It is You we worship; it is You we ask for help. Guide us to the straight path: The path of those You have blessed, those who incur no anger and who have not gone astray.

The Qur’an is the supreme authority in Islam. It is the fundamental and paramount source of creed, rituals, ethics and laws of Islam. The Sunna (or hadith – sayings and actions of the Prophet) comes second to it. The Sunna derives its authority from such Qur’anic commands as ‘Obey God and obey the Messenger’ (3:32). To Muslims, the Qur’an is the speech of God, revealed in word and meaning, and entirely authentic in its divine authority. It is read in acts of worship: the Sunna is not like that. The relationship between the two, however, is well-defined.


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kokan new, vol. 4, no.3, 2012

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