kobe, japan
DESCRIPTION
Kobe, Japan. FOLDS, FAULTS & MOUNTAIN BELTS. TYPES OF FAULTS. DIP-SLIP FAULTS. Exhibit vertical movement. Fault blocks move up or down relative to each other. FOLDS, FAULTS & MOUNTAIN BELTS. TYPES OF FAULTS. DIP-SLIP FAULTS. FOLDS, FAULTS & MOUNTAIN BELTS. TYPES OF FAULTS. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Kobe, Japan
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FOLDS, FAULTS & MOUNTAIN BELTS
TYPES OF FAULTS
DIP-SLIP FAULTS
Exhibit vertical movement.Fault blocks move up or down relative to each other.
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FOLDS, FAULTS & MOUNTAIN BELTS
TYPES OF FAULTS
DIP-SLIP FAULTS
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FOLDS, FAULTS & MOUNTAIN BELTS
TYPES OF FAULTS
NORMAL DIP-SLIP FAULTSIn a NORMAL DIP-SLIP FAULT the hanging wall
moves down relative to the foot wall.Produced by tensional stresses.Found at divergent plate boundaries.Mid-oceanic divergence zone is >60,000 km long.
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FOLDS, FAULTS & MOUNTAIN BELTS
TYPES OF FAULTS
NORMAL DIP-SLIP FAULTSCan produce steps in the landscape.Steps are called FAULT SCARPS.
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FOLDS, FAULTS & MOUNTAIN BELTS
TYPES OF FAULTS
NORMAL DIP-SLIP FAULTSTension can produce sequences of normal faults.Results in production of HORSTS and GRABENS.Such is the East African Rift Valley and Connecticut
River Valley.
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FOLDS, FAULTS & MOUNTAIN BELTS
TYPES OF FAULTS
HORSTS AND GRABENS
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FOLDS, FAULTS & MOUNTAIN BELTS
TYPES OF FAULTS
REVERSE DIP-SLIP FAULTSHanging wall moves up relative to the foot wall.Produced by compressional forces.Found at convergence zones.Carries older rocks up over younger rocks.
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FOLDS, FAULTS & MOUNTAIN BELTS
TYPES OF FAULTS
REVERSE DIP-SLIP FAULTSA low-angle reverse fault (<45) is called a
THRUST FAULT.A very low angle reverse fault (<10) is called an
OVERTHRUST.Large slabs of rock can move horizontally over large
distances.
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FOLDS, FAULTS & MOUNTAIN BELTS
TYPES OF FAULTS
REVERSE DIP-SLIP FAULTS
OVERTHRUST FAULT.Going to the Sun Mtn.Glacier National Park, MT
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FOLDS, FAULTS & MOUNTAIN BELTS
BUILDING MOUNTAINS
MOUNTAIN
Part of the Earth’s crust that stands > 300 m (1000’)above the surrounding landscape.
Has a discernable top or summit.Possesses sloping sides.
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FOLDS, FAULTS & MOUNTAIN BELTS
BUILDING MOUNTAINSEvery continent has mountains.Every ocean basin has mountains.
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FOLDS, FAULTS & MOUNTAIN BELTS
BUILDING MOUNTAINSSome mountains are isolated peaks.Some mountains occur in ranges or systems.
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FOLDS, FAULTS & MOUNTAIN BELTS
BUILDING MOUNTAINSForm in a variety of ways
AlpsSedimentation and
Continental Collision
Catskill Mtns., NYEroded Peaks
Mauna Loa, HIBasaltic Outflowing
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FOLDS, FAULTS & MOUNTAIN BELTS
BUILDING MOUNTAINSMountains are being continuously created.Some are young -- Himalaya and AndesSome are old -- AppalachiansSome are really old -- CONTINENTAL SHIELD
Shield areas generally are so old that they have been eroded flat.
Local example includes the Canadian Shield.Forms the core of North America.
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FOLDS, FAULTS & MOUNTAIN BELTS
BUILDING MOUNTAINSCONTINENTAL SHIELD (Canadian Shield)Composed of highly deformed and metamorphosed rocks.Shield rocks are eroded flat.
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FOLDS, FAULTS & MOUNTAIN BELTSBUILDING MOUNTAINSCONTINENTAL SHIELD (Canadian Shield)
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FOLDS, FAULTS & MOUNTAIN BELTS
OROGENESIS (Mountain Building)
Two main mechanisms1. Volcanism
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FOLDS, FAULTS & MOUNTAIN BELTS
OROGENESIS (Mountain Building)
2. Deformation and UpliftA. Fold and Thrust Mountains
Produced by plate collisions.Results in high mountain systems.Usually marine sediments that become
highly folded and metamorphosed.Commonly have igneous intrusions.Examples include the Alps, the Himalaya,
the Urals and the Canadian Rockies.
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FOLDS, FAULTS & MOUNTAIN BELTS
OROGENESIS (Mountain Building)
2. Deformation and UpliftFold and Thrust Mountains
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FOLDS, FAULTS & MOUNTAIN BELTS
OROGENESIS (Mountain Building)
2. Deformation and UpliftB. Fault Block Mountains
Bounded by high angle normal faults.Produced by tensional forces.Horsts and grabens common.Examples include the Great Basin of the
western United States.
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FOLDS, FAULTS & MOUNTAIN BELTS
TYPES OF FAULTS
HORSTS AND GRABENS
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FOLDS, FAULTS & MOUNTAIN BELTS
OROGENESIS (Mountain Building)
2. Deformation and UpliftC. Upwarped Mountains
Large area of continent is domed up.Very little deformation of rocks.Located far from plate boundaries.Not exactly sure how they form.Example: Adirondack Mountains, NY
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FOLDS, FAULTS & MOUNTAIN BELTS
OROGENESIS (Mountain Building)C. Upwarped Mountains
Adirondack Mountains, NY
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EARTHQUAKES
EARTHQUAKEA sudden release of energy accumulated in deformed
rocks causing the ground to tremble or shake.Causes rupturing or brittle failure of crustal rocks.Energy is released.Movement of fault blocks takes place along a
fault plane.
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EARTHQUAKESAfter energy is released, friction between the adjacent
fault blocks prevents further movement.Stress resumes and builds up again.Friction between the blocks is overcome.Another earthquake occurs.
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EARTHQUAKES
FOCUS orHYPOCENTER --Precise undergroundspot at which rocksbegin to break or move.
EPICENTER --The point on the Earth’ssurface directly above the focus.
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EARTHQUAKES
AFTERSHOCKS are continued shaking of the Earthafter an earthquake that results from the rockstrying to find a new equilibrium in new positions.
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EARTHQUAKES
SEISMIC WAVES
When rocks break in an earthquake, energy is released.The energy released has high velocity and moves rapidly
though the adjacent rocks.Energy is transmitted via SEISMIC WAVES.These waves are generally low frequency sound waves.Generally they are so low that we can’t hear them.