KNOWN METHODS OF DECEPTION DETECTION

Zyra Binalla

“And you shall know the truth,and the truth shall make you free”

John 8:32

WHAT IS THE TRUTH?

THE TRUTH IS… We are all LIARS!

Basis: (Romans 3:10)-As it is written: “there is none righteous, no, not one.”

A world that full of liesBasis: (1 John 2:16)-For all that is in the world-

the lust of the flesh, the lust of the eyes, and the pride of life-is not of the Father but is of the world.

Liars are best actors & actresses Basis: (Matthew 15:19 )-For out of the heart

proceed evil thoughts, murders, adulteries, fornications, thefts, false witness, blasphemies.

DID YOU KNOW THAT…

Studies said that a person starts lying at the of age of 6 months old baby?

LIES…

Lies – as defined by Webster dictionary is a false statement made with intent to deceive.

Deception – an illusion or fraud; a deceiving or being deceived.

KNOWN METHODS…

The ff. are the known methods of deception detection:

A. Ancient MethodB. Observation MethodC. Regular Police MethodD. Hypnotism E. Word- Association TestF. Truth-Serum Test/ IntoxicationG. Polygraph Test Technique

A. ANCIENT METHODOrdeal – a severe test of

character or endurance; a trying course of experience.

Medieval form of judicial trial.

Accused was subject to physical tests.

Result is being considered a divine judgment of guilt or innocence.

Latin “Dei Indicum”- “Miraculous Decision”

1. RED-HOT IRON ORDEAL Done by placing hot

iron onto the tongue of suspects.

Guilt is established when tongue gets burn or blister.

Basis: Salivary Secretion- if tongue is dry, suspect is guilty as dryness is a sign of nervousness.

2. ORDEAL OF THE BALANCE By balancing of stick on

the lever;

Or by balancing through walking on rods or ropes.

Basis: Body incoherence or failure to balance is indicative of guilt due to trembling and fear reaction.

3. BOILING WATER ORDEAL

Done by plunging the suspects feet into a giant pot full of boiling water.

Basis: Sweating of body enhances blisters and burns;

If suspects gets burned, he is guilty, as guilt is indicated due to sweating and nervousness.

4. WATER TEST ORDEAL

Staying in the water for several suns & moons.

Basis: Fear reaction wears down body resistance due to nervousness and guilt therefore is noted.

5. THE SMELL-OUT TECHNIQUE

An African Method Through “smelling-out”

of odors. Basis: Sweating causes

body odor ; And guilt is determined

when foul odor is exhibited due to extreme fear and nervousness.

6. THE SACRED ASS ORDEAL Practiced by Hindus of India A cow or an ass is secretly

placed inside a closed & very dark room,

Suspects are told to enter the said room one at a time to touch the tail of the cow;

If the cow would make a loud sound, then said suspect is deemed guilty.

Basis: Un-blackened hand is a sign of guilt, merely psychological.

7. OTHER KNOWN COMMON PRACTICES:

Palm Reading

Rice Chewing

Card Reading

Spirit of the Glass

AYUR- VEDA•Hindu book of Health and Science

•Earliest known reference of the methods for detecting deception

•Basis of the invention of Polygraph Machine

•Traditional way, not scientific.

DID YOU KNOW THAT…

Rice Chewing was first used in India 2000 years ago?

B. THE OBSERVATION METHODS:Observation method is

divided into three classes.

First is through facial expressions,

Second is through postural reactions;

Last is through cause and effect process.

THROUGH FACIAL EXPRESSIONS…Blushing, pailing, or profuse sweating of

forehead.Dilation of the eyes, protrusion of

eyeballs & elevation of upper eyelids.Squinting of the eyes.Twitching of the lips.Excessive winking of eyes.Failure to look the inquirer “straight .”Excessive activity of the Adam’s apple &

the vein at the temple due to dryness of throat & mouth.

Quivering of nose or nostrils.A peculiar monotone of the voice.A forced laugh.Rolling of eyeballs from one direction to another.

THROUGH POSTURAL REACTIONS: Fidgeting, tapping, or drumming of fingers.

Swinging of legs, or of one leg over the other.

Unnecessary movements of hands & feet.

Pulsation of the carotid artery in the neck.

Incoherence, trembling & swearing of the whole body.

THROUGH CAUSE & EFFECT PROCESS:

Stimulus Reaction Test

Stimulus Response Test

C. REGULAR POLICE METHODS The “five wives & one husband” 3 I’s

Information Gathering Investigation Instrumentation (Criminalistics or Police Science )

Medico-LegalForensic Chemistry & ToxicologyForensic PhotographyForensic BallisticsQuestioned Document ExaminationDactyloscopy Police CommunicationPolygraphy

INTERVIEW VS. INTERROGATION

ADMISSION VS. CONFESSION

DID YOU KNOW THAT…

A very good liar & a habitual liar is

called Pathological Liar?

D. HYPNOTISM METHOD (1778) Franz Anton Mesmer- an

Austrian Mystic & Physician.

Born on May 23, 1974 at Iznang.

First to introduce hypnotism as a method of deception detection.

Believed in animal magnetism.

In this case, conscious cooperation by the subject is a must.

HYPNOTISM…The basis of

hypnotism is through the recovered memory by the use of increased dissociated functions, hyper-amnesia, & at times regressive and par regressive experiences.

DID YOU KNOW THAT…

Franz Anton Mesmer left Vienna for

Paris because of suspicions and jealousy?

E. WORD-ASSOCIATION TEST METHOD (1879)

Sir Francis Galton (1822-1911)

An English Scientist Explorer & Anthropometries

Born on Feb. 16,1822 at Spark brook Birmingham, London.

Dr. Carl Gustav Jung (1875-1961)

A Swiss Psychologist, Psychiatrist & Founder of the Analytical Psychology.

Born on July 26, 1875 at Basel, Switzerland.

Developed Galton’s works & experiments.

Subject is given a long list of stimulus words, objects & pictures mixed with irrelevant words, pictures & objects.

Respond to the very first word that may come to subject’s mind.

Dr. Jung observed that thinking reactions were linked into emotional habit of the subject.

Theory behind- one word or idea is reflective of another word or idea and the expression of their association forms a meaningful picture.

DID YOU KNOW THAT…

Researchers says that a person lies

approximately 25 times a day

or up to 200 times?

F. TRUTH SERUM TEST / INTOXICATION METHOD

Introduced by Dr. Edward Mandel House (1858-1938)

A U.S. Physicist & Diplomat

Serving as Confidential Adviser to former Pres. Woodrow Wilson

Born on July 26,1958 at Ferris Texas, USA

Involved the intravenous injection or oral-taking of various drugs (hyocine bromide, morphine, ether, chloroform, sodium amytal & scopolamine.)

They are all capable of producing anesthesia.

Based on the theory, that intervention through interrogation is made possible after the dosage of these drugs has been appropriately applied.

Upon depresses of the cerebral activity to a point of unconsciousness.

This influence is called as the “House Receptive Stage” or “Twilight Zone.”

Objective- extract from the subconscious mind, as the subject is half-asleep, the stored contents of the mind called “Memory”

Considered to be most effective.

Effectiveness is upset by several objections.

Statement made is not admissible to court.

But very useful to criminal investigation.

INTOXICATION

Employs alcoholic beverages as stimuli to obtain truth.

When under the influence of alcohol, the power to control the body is diminished & the investigator begins propounding questions.

It is admissible if he is able to recollect the facts and state them truly and exactly, even after the influence of alcohol.

DID YOU KNOW THAT…

Pathological liars are not

good in critical thinking?

G. POLYGRAPH TEST TECHNIQUE Based on theory

that, once a lie has been made, or that an emotion-evoking stimulus has been given, a conscious mental effort on the part of a normally conditioned person will cause physical & psychological changes in the body.

Changes are capable of being recorded, diagnosed & interpreted.

Polygraph, Deceptograph & Pneumo- Galvo Sphygmocardiograph.

Subject found to have lied:He has to be

confronted.Re-run of questioning

must be done to check or counter-check specific responses recorded.

Any admission or confession should be given consideration.

Subject is telling the Truth:

Examiner must submit official report to the requesting party.

DID YOU KNOW THAT…

William Mouton Marston, creator of Polygraph machine

became famous not because of his

machine but because of Wonder

Woman?