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Kjy; gUtk;

cs;Ns…… capupay;

1. tpyq;Fyfk; 2. nry;fs;

Ntjpapay; 3. ek;ikr; #o;e;Js;s gUg;nghUs;fs;

J}a;ikahditah? 4. mZ mikg;G

,aw;gpay; 5. mstPLfSk; mstpLk; fUtpfSk; 6. ,af;fk; 7. jputq;fs;



capupay;

1. tpyq;Fyfk; gbf;f Ntz;ba Kf;fpa ghlf; Fwpg;Gfs;: 1. tifg;ghl;bay; vd;gJ caphpaypd; xU gphpT MFk;. tifg;ghl;bay; caphpdq;fis

,dq;fz;lwpjy;> tpthpj;jy;> ngahpLjy;> tifg;gLj;Jjy; Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpaJ.

2. tifg;ghl;bay; Mq;fpyj;jpy; “lhf;]hdkp” vdg;gLk;. “lhf;]p];” vd;w fpNuf;f thh;j;ijf;F thpirg;gLj;Jjy; vd;Wk;> “Nehkpah” vd;w nrhy;Yf;F Kiw vd;Wk; nghUs;.

3. tpyq;Ffis mtw;wpd; nghJikj; jd;ik> NtWghL mbg;gilapy; Kjypy; tifg;gLj;jpath; tpyq;fpaypd; je;ijahd “mhp];lhl;by;” Mthh;.

4. fNuhy]; ypd;Nda]; vd;Dk; RtPld; ehl;Lj; jhtutpay; mwpQh; jw;fhy tifg;ghl;baypd; je;ij vd miof;fg;gLfpwhh;.

5. fNuhy]; ypd;Nda]; “rp];nlNkh Ner;RNu” vd;w Gj;jfj;jpy; caphpdq;fisf; FOf;fshf gphpj;J thpirg;gLj;jpdhh;.

6. tifg;ghl;baypd; gbepiyfs;: tifg;ghl;bay; VO gbepiyfis nfhz;lJ.

cyfk; njhFjp tFg;G Jiw FLk;gk; Nghpdk; rpw;wpdk;

7. tifg;ghl;baypd; kpfg;nghpa gbepiy cyfk; kw;Wk; fPo;epiy myF rpw;wpdk; MFk;.

8. tifg;ghl;baypd; mbg;gil myFfs;:

1) mikg;G epiy 2) rkr;rPh; jd;ik 3) fUepiy mLf;Ffs; 4) clw;Fop 5) cly; ntg;gepiy

9. caphpdj;jpd; ika mr;R ,Urkf;$Wfshfg; gphpe;jhy; mjid Mur;rkr;rPh; jd;ik vd;fpNwhk;. v.fh. i`l;uh.

10. caphpdj;jpd; ika mr;R Neh;f;Nfhl;L gpsT Kiwapy; tyJ> ,lJ vd ,Urk ghfq;fshf gphpe;jhy; ,Urkr;rPh; jd;ik MFk;. v.fh. kz;GO> nyhg];lh;.

11. fUepiy tsh;r;rpapd; NghJ cUthFk; nry;fspd; $l;likg;Ng fUepiy mLf;Ffs; vdg;gLk;.

12. Xh; caphpdj;jpy; ntspg;Gw mLf;F> cl;Gw mLf;F vd ,U mLf;Ffs; fhzg;gLkhdhy; mit <uLf;F caphpfs; MFk;.

13. ntspg;Gw mLf;F> cl;Gw mLf;F> eLg;Gw mLf;F vd %d;W mLf;Ffis nfhz;bUe;jhy; mit %tLf;F caphpfs; vdg;gLfpd;wd.

14. clw;Fop: clw;Fopia ,ay;gpd; mbg;gilapy; %d;W tiffshf gpd;tUkhW gphpf;fyhk;.

1. cz;ikahd clw;Fop cilait v.fh. kz;GO 2. clw;Fopaw;wit v.fh. ehlhg;GO

3. Nghyp clw;Fop cilait v.fh. cUisg;GO

15. cly; ntg;gepiy : tpyq;Ffis xOq;Fg;gLj;Jk; jpwd; mbg;gilapy; ,uz;lhf gphpf;fyhk;.

1. Fsph; ,uj;j tpyq;Ffs; : cly; ntg;gepiyiar; Rw;Wg;Gwr; #o;epiyf;Nfw;g khw;wpf; nfhs;Sk; jpwd; cilait. v.fh. kPd;> jtis

2. ntg;g ,uj;j tpyq;Ffs; : epiyahd cly; ntg;gepiyiaf; nfhz;lit. v.fh. gwit> kdpjd;

16. caphpdq;fis gz;Gfspd; mbg;gilapy; #o;epiyapay; mwpQh; Mh;.vr;.tpl;Nlf;fh; Ie;J cyf tifg;ghl;L Kiwapid cUthf;fpdhh;.

Nkhdpuh cyfk; : 1. ghf;Bhpah 2. irNdh ghf;Bhpah (ePy gRk; ghrp)

GNuhl;b];lh cyfk; : 1. xU nry; ghrpfs; 2. GNuhl;NlhNrhth

G+Q;ir cyfk; : 1. G+Q;irfs;

jhtuq;fs; cyfk; : 1. gynry; ghrpfs; 2. gpiuNahigl;lh 3. nlhpNlhigl;lh

4. [pk;Ndh];ngh;k; 5. MQ;[pNah];ngh;k;

tpyq;Fyfk; : 1. JisAlypfs; 2. FopAlypfs; 3. jl;ilg;GOf;fs;

4 . cUisg;GOf;fs; 5. tisjirg;GOf;fs; 6. fZf;fhypfs;

7. nky;Ylypfs; 8. Ks;Njhypfs; 9. KJF ehZs;sit.



17. tpyq;Ffis mtw;wpd; jd;ikfspd; mbg;gilapy; gpd;tUkhW ,uz;L tifahf gphpf;fyhk;.

1. KJF ehzw;wit 2. KJF ehZs;sit

18. JisAlypfs; tz;zkpF cly; fhy;rpak; rpypfhthy; MdJ. v.fh. irfhd;> flw;gQ;R

19. FopAlypfs; vdg;gLk; nkLrh ePhpy;; jdpj;J epiyaw;W kpjf;Fk; jd;ik nfhz;lit. v.fh i`l;uh> fly; mdpNkhd;fs;.

20. tpyq;Ffspd; clypy; xl;b epiyj;J tho;git ghypg;Gfs; vdg;gLk;.

21. FopAlypfspy; nekl;Nlhrp];Lfs; vd;w eQ;Rs;s nfhl;Lk; nry;fs; cs;sd. ,e;j czh;ePl;rpfs; ,iuiag;gpbg;gjw;Fk; jq;fis ghJfhj;Jf; nfhs;sTk; cjTfpd;wd.

22. cyfpNyNa kpf mjpf er;Rjpwd; nfhz;l FopAlyp n[y;yp kPd; vDk; M];jpNuypah flw;Fstp. ,J 60 kdpjh;fisf; nfhy;Yk; mstpw;F er;R nfhz;lJ.

23. jl;ilg;GOf;fs; tpUe;Njhk;gpapd; clypy; epiyj;J ,Uf;f cwpQ;rpfs; cjTfpd;wd. v.fh. gpsNdhpah (jd;dpr;irahdit) ehlhg;GO (xl;Lz;zp)

24. cUisg;GOf;fspd; clyhdJ fz;lq;fsw;w> fpA+l;bfps; vd;Dk; jbj;j jw;fhg;G ciwapdhy; #og;gl;Ls;sJ. v.fh. igNyhpay; GO> nfhf;fpg;GO

25. tisjirg;GOf;fspd; xt;nthU fz;lj;jpYk; cs;s xj;j cWg;Gfs; “nkl;lhnkhprk;” vdg;gLk;. ,it rPl;lh vd;Dk; Ez;Kl;fshy; ,lg;ngah;r;rp nra;fpd;wd. v.fh. kz;GO> ml;il

26. kz;GOtpd; NkYk; fPOkhd efh;tpdhy; kz;Jfs;fspd; ,Wf;fj;ij Fiwj;J fhw;Nwhl;lk; cilajhf khw;Wfpd;wd. ,jdhy; kz;GOit “cotdpd; ez;gd;” vd;W miof;fpNwhk;.

27. tpyq;Fyfj;jpy; kpfg;nghpa njhFjp fZf;fhypfs; MFk;.“Mh;j;NuhNghlh” vd;w nrhy;Yf;F ,izf;fg;gl;l fhy;fs; vd;W nghUs;.

28. fZf;fhypfspd; cly;gFjp ifl;bd; vd;w cWjpahd> fbdkhd Gwr;rl;lfj;jhy; MdJ. NkYk; ,it jpwe;jepiy ,uj;j Xl;lj;ij nfhz;lit.

29. fZf;fhypfSf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L : ez;Lfs;> ,why;fs; (fpu];Nl\ad;fs;) gl;lhk; G+r;rp> fug;ghd;G+r;rp (G+r;rpfs;) rpye;jpfs;> Njs;fs; (muf;fpdpLfs;) G+uhd;fs;> kutl;ilfs; (kphpaNghh;Lfs;) Mfpad MFk;.

30. nky;Ylypfspd; cly;fs; Nkd;by; vd;Dk; fhy;rpak; fhh;gNdl;lhyhd fbdkhd Xl;bidr; Rue;J cliyg; ghJfhf;fpwJ. v.fh ej;ij> fztha;> Mf;Nlhg];(XLs;sit) ];yf; (Xlw;wit)

31. Ks;Njhypfs; Ks;fshy; Md Njhy; kw;Wk; fz;lq;fsw;w clyikg;ig nfhz;lit. ,it clypd; cl;Gwk; ePh; epiwe;j fhy;tha; Nghd;w mikg;ig nfhz;lit.

32. Ks;Njhypfspd; clypdbapy; cs;s E}w;Wf;fzf;fhd ePh; cwpQ;Rk; Foy; fhy;fs; fhw;W ghpkhw;wk;> czTg; ghpkhw;wk;> fopT ntspNaw;Wjy; Nghd;w nray;fSf;F cjTfpd;wd.

33. KJnfYk;Gs;sit : 1. kPd;fs; 2. ,Utho;tpfs; 3. Ch;td 4. gwitfs; 5. ghY}l;bfs;

34. kPd;fs; Fsph; ,uj;jg; gpuhzpfs; MFk;. ,tw;wpy; Rthrk;> nrTs;fs; %yk; eilngWfpwJ.

35. kPdpd; nrTs;fs; vYk;ghyhd %bNghd;w mikg;ghy; %lg;gl;bUg;gjhy; “xg;gh; Fyk;” vdg;gLfpwJ.

36. cyfpNyNa mjpf er;Rj;jd;ikf; nfhz;lit fy;kPd;fs; vdg;gLk; nfhba kPd;fshFk;. ,it rtuf;fj;jp Nghd;w $h;ikahd Kl;fshy; vjphpfis nraypof;f nra;Ak;.

37. ,Utho;tpfs; KjnfYk;gpfspy; kpfr;rpwpa tFg;ghFk;. nrTs;fs;> EiuaPuy; Nghd;wit ,itfspd; Rthr cWg;GfshFk;. v.fh. jtisfs;> Njiufs;> rhykz;lh;fs;

38. Rw;Wg;Gwj;jpy; Vw;gLk; fjphpaf;fk;> Rw;Wr;#oy; khR Nghd;w mwpFwpfis ,Utho;tpfshy; czu KbAk;. v.fh mkpy kio> XNrhd; gly ghjpg;G> Ntjpaf; #o;epiyf;NfL

39. er;R mk;G jtisapypUe;J jahhpf;fg;gLk; kUe;J khh;/gpid xj;j rpwe;jnjhU typePf;fpahfr; nray;gLfpwJ. gf;f tpisTfs; mw;wJ.

40. Njiu: Fl;ilahd gpd;dq;fhy;fisAk;> fuLKulhd>nrhunrhug;ghd fha;e;j NjhiyAk;> elg;gJ Nghd;w rpwpa Js;sy; KiwapYk; nry;Yk;. tpuypilr;rt;T kw;Wk; gw;fs; fpilahJ.

41. jtis: ePz;l gpd;dq;fhy;fisAk;> <ug;gjKila> nkd;ikahd> totog;ghd NjhiyAk;> Nky;jhilapy; gw;fs; kw;Wk; gpd;dq;fhy;fspy; tpuypilr;rt;T fhzg;gLfpwJ.

42. Ch;tdtw;wpd; Njhy; cyh;e;j nrjpy;fshyhdJ NkYk; ePh; Gfhj;jd;ik cilaJ. v.fh. ghk;Gfs;> Mikfs;> Kjiyfs;> gy;ypfs;.



43. gwitfs; rPuhd cly; ntg;gj;ij nfhz;l KJnfYk;Gs;sit MFk;. v.fh. Gwh> fhfk;> FUtp (gwf;Fk; jd;ikAs;s gwitfs;) neUg;Gf;Nfhop> <K> fnrshp (gwf;Fk; jd;ikaw;w gwitfs;)

44. jkpo;ehl;by; fhQ;rpGuk; khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s Ntle;jhq;fy;; gwitfspd; ,dg;ngUf;fj;jpw;F ,e;jpa mstpy; kpfr;rpwe;j ,lkhFk;.

45. ghY}l;bfspd; cly; cNuhkq;fshy; #og;gl;Ls;sJ. ,tw;wpd; Njhypy; tpah;it Rug;gpfSk;> vz;nza; Rug;gpfSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

46. ghY}l;bfspd; khWgl;l gy;yikg;Gf;F “n`l;bNuhld;l;” gy;yikg;G vd;W ngah;. ,jaKk;; EiuaPuy;fSk; kw;w tapw;WgFjpfSk; “cjutpjhdk;” vd;w mikg;ghy; gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

47. ghY}l;bfs; ,sk; caphpfSf;Fg; ghY}l;Ltjw;Fj; Njitahd ghy; cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; ghy; Rug;gpfisf; nfhz;Ls;sd. v.fh. vyp> kdpjd;> ntsthy; (gwf;Fk; ghY}l;b)

48. ntsthy;fs; jhq;fs; tpUk;Gk; ,lj;jpw;F nry;tjw;Fk;> ,iuia KO ,Ul;by; Ntl;ilahlTk; vjpnuhypj;jpwd; vdg;gLk; kPnahypiag; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wd.

49. tpyq;Ffs; ghypyh ,dg;ngUf;fk;> ghy; ,dg;ngUf;fk; vd ,uz;L Kiwfspy; ,dg;ngUf;fk; nra;fpd;wd.

50. ghypyh ,dg;ngUf;fj;jpy; Gjpa caphpfs; xNu caphpapy; ,Ue;J cUthfpd;wd. ,tw;wpy; gy gpsT Kiw> ,Urkg;gpsT Kiw> mUk;Gjy;> n[k;A+y;fs; cUthjy;> ];Nghh;fs; Njhd;Wjy; Nghd;w Kiwfspy; ,dg;ngUf;fk; eilngWfpwJ.

51. ghukPrpak; Nghd;w xUnry; caphpfspy; ,Urkg;gpsT Kiwapy; ,dg;ngUf;fk; eilngWfpwJ. i`l;uhtpy; mUk;Gjy; Kiwapy; ,dg;ngUf;fk; eilngWfpwJ.

52. flw;gQ;Rfs; ,Ughy; caphpahf ,Ug;gjhy; rhjfkw;w #o;epiyapy; n[k;A+y;fs; cUthjy; %yk; ,dg;ngUf;fk; nra;fpd;wd.

53. GNuhl;NlhNrhthf;fshd mkPgh> gpsh];Nkhbak; Nghd;wit jk;ik Rw;wp $L(rp];l;) xd;iw cUthf;fp ];Nghh;fs; %yk; ,dg;ngUf;fk; nra;fpd;wd.

54. GNuhl;Nlhgpshrk; gygpsT Kiwapy; jd;dpr;irahf Nra;nry;fs; cUthf;Fk; Kiwf;F ];Nghh; cUthf;fk; vd;W ngah;.

55. ghypyh ,dg;ngUf;fj;jpd; ed;ikfs; : 1. xNu caphp NghJkhdJ. 2. kpfTk; vspikahdJ. ,dr;nry;fs; Njhd;Wjy;> fUTWjy; Nghd;wit eilngWtjpy;iy.

56. ghypyh ,dg;ngUf;fj;jpd; jPikfs;: 1. ,sk; caphpfs; ngw;Nwhhplk; ,Ue;J mjpfk; NtWgLtjpy;iy. 2. tpUk;gj;jfhj gz;Gfs; jha; caphpfsplkpUe;J> ,sk; caphpfSf;F ve;j tpj khw;wKk; ,y;yhky; flj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

57. ghy; ,dg;ngUf;fk; vd;gJ Mz; caphp my;yJ tpe;Jnry;Yk;;> ngz; caphp my;yJ mz;l nry;Yk; ,ize;J xNu nry;yhy; Md fUKl;ilia Njhw;Wtpf;Fk; epfo;Nt MFk;.

58. Xh; caphp xNu xU ,dg;ngUf;f cWg;ig kl;Lk; nfhz;bUe;jhy; xUghy; caphp vdg;gLk;. ,t;tif caphpapy; Mz;ghypdKk; ngz;ghypdKk; jdpj;jdpahf ,Ue;jhy; “n`h;Nkhg;Nuhill;” vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.

59. ,Ughy; caphpfs; tpe;jfj;ijAk;> mz;lfj;ijAk; jd;dfj;Nj nfhz;Ls;sd. v.fh i`l;uh> ehlhg;GO.

60. xU nry; caphpahd ghukPrpak; ghy; ,dg;ngUf;fk; vdg;gLk; “,izT Kiwapy;” mUfUNf xd;wpize;J kugpay; gz;Gfis ghpkhwpf; nfhs;fpd;wd.

61. fUTWjy;: Mz;> ngz; ,dg;ngUf;f nry;fs; ,iztJ fUTWjy; MFk;. kPd;fs;> ,Utho;tpfs; (ntspf;fUTWjy;) Ch;td> gwitfs;> ghY}l;bfs; ( cl;fUTWjy;)

62. ghY}l;bfs; Fl;bg; NghLk; tpyq;FfshFk;. ,k;Kiwapy; fUKl;ilahdJ jhapd; fUg;igf;Fs; fUthf tsh;e;J Neubahf jhaplkpUe;J Cl;lr;rj;ij ngWfpwJ. v.fh. ML> Fjpiu

63. G+r;rpfs;> gwitfs;> ngUk;ghyhd Ch;td Nghd;witfs; Kl;ilapl;Lf; FQ;R nghwpf;Fk;. ,tw;wpd; Kl;il XL fbd Rz;zhk;gpdhyhdJ .

64. Kl;ilapl;L Fl;b NghLk; tpyq;Ffs; : ,tw;wpy; fU jhapd; tapw;Wf;Fs; ,Uf;Fk; Kl;ilf;Fs; cUthfp> ,sk; caphp ntsptUk; tiu jhapd; tapw;Wf;Fs;isNa ,Uf;fpd;wJ. v.fh. fl;Ltphpad;

65. ,sk; caphp Kjph; caphpahf khWjy; : clyikg;gpYk; clw;nraypYk; gy;NtW khWjy;fSf;F cl;gl;L Kjph; caphpahf khWtjw;F cUkhw;wk; vd;W ngah;. v.fh. ntl;Lf;fpsp> tz;zj;Jg;G+r;rp.



66. KOikaw;w cUkhw;wk;: ,tw;wpd; ,sk; caphp “epk;g;” vdg;gLk;. epk;g; jdJ Nky;Njhypid gy;NtW fl;lq;fshf chpf;Fk; epfo;tpw;F NjhYhpj;jy; vd;W ngah;.

67. G+r;rpfspd; %isapy; fhzg;gLk; euk;Gr; nry;yhd vf;il];Nrhd; my;yJ [Ptidy; `hh;Nkhd; NjhYhpj;jiyf; fl;Lg;gLj;JfpwJ. v.fh. ntl;Lf;fpsp

Kl;il ,sk; caphp Kjph; caphp

68. KOikahd cUkhw;wk;: ,sk; caphpfs; ngw;Nwhiu xj;jpuhj Kw;wpYk; khWgl;l GOtbtk; nfhz;lit. v.fh. tz;zj;Jg;G+r;rp

Kl;il yhh;th $l;Lg;GO Kjph; caphp

gphpT - m 1. fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s m> M> , Mfpa gFjpfisg; nghUj;jp> KOikahd thf;fpaj;jpy; mikj;J

vOJf. xd;Wf;F tpil jug;gl;Ls;sJ: gwitfs; XLila Kl;ilfis ,Lfpd;wd. gFjp m gFjp M gFjp ,

jl;ilg;GOf;fs; Kl;ilfs; ghJfhg;G jtisfs; nfhl;Lk; nry;fs; NjhYhpj;jy; i`l;uh ntl;Lf;fpsp XLila gwitfs; ,U tho;tpfs; nfhf;fpfs;> cwpQ;rpfs; ,sk; caphp xl;Lz;zpfs; nrTs;fs;> EiuaPuy;

1. jl;ilg;GOf;fs;> xl;Lz;zpfs;. nfhf;fpfs;> cwpQ;rpfs; %yk; czit cl;nfhs;fpwJ. 2. jtisfs; ,Utho;tpfshFk;. nrTs;fs;> EiuaPuy; %yk; Rthrpf;fpd;wd. 3. i`l;uhf;fs; jhq;fs; ghJfhg;Gf;fhf nfhl;Lk; nry;fis nfhz;Ls;sd. 4. gwitfs; XLila Kl;ilfis ,Lfpd;wd. 5. ntl;Lf;fpspapd; ,sk; caphpfs; NjhYhpj;jy; %yk; tsh;fpd;wd.

2. fPo;f;fhz; caphpfisf; fhuzk; $wp tifg;gLj;Jf. m) fug;ghd; G+r;rp M) ,why; ,) fhfk; <) Fuq;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L xd;W jug;gl;Ls;sJ Fuq;F:

cyfk; : tpyq;Fyfk; fhuzk; : gRq;fzpfk; ,y;iy njhFjp : KJnfYk;Gs;sit fhuzk; : KJnfYk;G cs;sJ tFg;G : ghY}l;bfs; fhuzk; : cNuhkq;fs; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

m) fug;ghd; G+r;rp cyfk; : tpyq;Fyfk; fhuzk; : gRq;fzpfk; ,y;iy njhFj p : Mh;j;NuhNghlh(fZf;fhypfs;) fhuzk; : KJnfYk;G fpilahJ tFg;G : G+r;rpfs; fhuzk; : ,izg;Gf; fhy;fisg; ngw;Ws;sd.

M) ,why; cyfk; : tpyq;Fyfk; fhuzk; : gr;irak; ,y;iy njhFjp : Mh;j;NuhNghlh(fZf;fhypfs;) fhuzk; : KJnfYk;G fpilahJ tFg;G : fpu];Nl\ad;fs; fhuzk; : ,izg;Gf; fhy;fisg; ngw;Ws;sd.

,) fhfk; cyfk; : tpyq;Fyfk; fhuzk; : gr;irak; ,y;iy njhFjp : KJnfYk;G cs;sit fhuzk; : KJnfYk;G cs;sJ

tFg;G : gwg;gd fhuzk; : Kd;dq;fhy;fs; ,wf;iffshf khwp gwf;ff; $bajhf cs;sJ.

3. ,uz;L caphpdq;fs; xNu FLk;gj;ijr; rhh;e;jpUf;FNkahdhy; mitfs; xNu thpir> tFg;G> njhFjpapy; ,lk; ngWk;. rhpah? jtwh? fhuzk; $Wf.

rhp. nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sit FLk;gj;jpd; Nky; cs;s gbepiyfs;.

4. ePq;fs; xU caphpay; ty;Yeuhf ,Ue;jhy;> fPo;f;fhz; thf;fpaq;fSf;F vd;d gjpy;; nrhy;tPh;fs;? m) caphpdq;fis tifg;gLj;Jk; caphpaypd; xU gphptpw;F vd;d ngah;?

tifg;ghl;bay; (lhf;]hdkp) M) tifg;ghl;bd; myF.

mikg;Gepiy> rkr;rPu;j; jd;ik> fUepiy mLf;Ffs;> clw;Fop> clw;ntg;gepiy.



,) ika mr;ir #o;e;J xNu khjphpahf mikahj cly; cWg;Gfisf; nfhz;l caphp. rkr;rPh; mw;w caphp

<) cz;ikahd clw;Fop cila caphpfs;. tisjir GOf;fs; v.fh. kz;GO

c) Fl;bg;Nghl;L re;jjpfis cUthf;Fk; caphpdq;fs;. ghY}l;bfs;

C) khwhj cly;ntg;gepiyiaf; nfhz;l caphpfs;. ntg;g ,uj;j gpuhzpfs;

v) XL mw;w Kl;ilfs; Njhy; Kl;il

V) xU caphpapd; tho;f;if Row;rpapy; eilngWk; (Gw mikg;gpay;> clw;nraypay;> cs; mikg;gpay;) khw;wq;fs;

cUkhw;wk;

5. fPo;f;fhz; $w;Wfisg; gw;wpr; RUf;fkhf vOJf. m) ghY}l;bfs; khWgl;l gy; mikg;igf; (n`l;bNuhlhd;l;) nfhz;lit.

ntl;Lk; gy;> Nfhiug;gy;> filtha;g;gy;> Nghd;w khWgl;l gy;yikg;ig nfhz;ljhy; ,t;tif ghY}l;bfs; khWgl;l gy; mikg;igf; nfhz;lit (n`l;bNuhlhd;l;) MFk;.

M) mUk;Gjy; vd;gJ ghypyh ,dg;ngUf;f KiwahFk;. nkhl;Lfs; cUthfp ,dg;ngUf;fk; nra;Ak; Kiwf;F mUk;Gjy; vd;W ngah;. ,q;F Mz;> ngz; Nrh;f;if ,y;iy. Mjyhy; mUk;Gjy; vd;gJ ghypyh ,dg;ngUf;f KiwahFk;.

,) i`l;uh xU n`h;Nkhg;Nuhill; caphp MFk;. Xh; caphp xNu xU ,dg;ngUf;f cWg;ig kl;Lk; nfhz;bUe;jhy; mJ xU ghy; caphp vdg;gLk;. (unisexual organism) ,t;tif caphpapy; Mz; ghypdKk;> ngz; ghypdKk; jdpj;jdpahf ,Uf;Fk;. n`h;Nkhg;Nuhill; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

<) NfkPl;Lfs; xw;iw ika epiy nfhz;lit> Mdhy; irNfhl; ,ul;il ika epiy nfhz;lit. NfkPl;Lfs; vd;gJ ,dr;nry;fs; MFk;. ,it fUTWjYf;Fg; gpwF ,Uka FNuhNkhNrhk;fshf khWfpd;wd.

6. fPo;f;fhz; nrhw;fisr; rhpahf thpirg;gLj;Jf. m) fk;gspg;GO> $l;Lg;GO> Kjph;caphp> Kl;il Kl;il> fk;gspg;GO> $l;Lg;GO> Kjph;caphp M) irNfhl;> ,dg;ngUf;f cWg;G> ,dr;nry;fs;> fUTWjy;. ,dg;ngUf;f cWg;G> ,dr;nry;fs;> fUTWjy;> irNfhl; ,) rpw;wpdk;> cyfk;> FLk;gk;> Nghpdk;. cyfk;> FLk;gk;> Nghpdk;> rpw;wpdk; <) gwitfs;> ,Utho;tpfs;> kPd;fs;> ghY}l;bfs;. kPd;fs;> ,Utho;tpfs;> gwitfs;> ghY}l;bfs;.

gphpT - M fPo;f;fhz; tpdhf;fSf;F ,uz;L thpfSf;F kpfhky; tpilaspf;f: 1. ghY}l;bfs;> ntg;g ,uj;jgpuhzpfs;> KJnfYk;Gs;s Fsph;,uj;jg;gpuhzpfspd; tFg;Gfisg; gl;baypLf.

kPd;fs;> ,Utho;tpfs;> Ch;td.

2. ghY}l;bfspy; cl;fUTWjy; eilngWfpwJ. ntspf; fUTWjy; eilngWk; tpyq;Ffspd; tFg;gpidf; Fwpg;gpLf.

kPd;fs;> ,Utho;tpfs;

3. ,sk; caphpfs; (epk;g;) gy khWjy;fSf;F cl;gl;L Kjph;ntl;Lf;fpspahf khWfpd;wd. tpsf;Ff. ,sk; caphp Kl;ilapypUe;J ntspte;jTld; mLj;jLj;j NjhYhpj;jYf;Fg; gpd; Kjph;

caphpahd ntl;Lf;fpspahf khWfpwJ. Kl;il ,sk; caphp Kjph; caphp

4. jtisAk;> NjiuAk; ntt;Ntwhdit. Mdhy; ,uz;LNk ,Utho;tpfs;. nfhRTf;Fk; rpye;jpf;Fk; njhlh;G cz;lh? vt;thW?

njhlh;G cz;L. ,uz;LNk G+r;rpfs; tFg;ig Nrh;e;jJ. ,uz;Lk; fZf;fhypfs; vd;w njhFjpia Nrh;e;jit.

5. ej;ij> ];yf;> (Slug) njhlh;Gilait. mtw;wpilNa cs;s xU NtWghl;bidf; $Wf. ej;ij - XL cilaJ ];yf; - XL mw;wJ.



6. gpd;tUk; glj;jpYs;s ghf;Bhpahtpy; xU Fwpg;gpl;l ,dg;ngUf;f KiwahdJ fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. mjpy; kuGg;nghUs;fs; ,izT Foy; %yk; ghpkhw;wk; nra;ag;gLfpwJ.

m) ,dg;ngUf;f Kiwiaf; fz;lwpf. ,izT Kiw

M) ,Nj Kiwapy; ,dg;ngUf;fk; eilngWk; NtnwhU caphpdj;jpd; ngaiuf; $Wf. ghukPrpak;

,) ,t;tif ,izT Kiwapy; Gjpa caphpdk; cz;lhfpwjh? cz;lhfpwJ.

7. el;rj;jpu kPdpd; Foy;fhy;fspd; Ntiyfisg; gl;baypLf. 1) el;rj;jpu kPd;fs; Foy; fhy;fisf; nfhz;L ,lg;ngau;r;rp nra;fpd;wd. 2) czT kw;Wk; fhw;W gupkhw;wj;jpw;F mit cjTfpd;wd. 3) ,jd; %yk; fopTg;nghUl;fisAk; ntspNaw;Wfpd;wd.

8. nghUe;jhj xd;iwj; Njh;e;njLj;J kw;wtw;iw xUq;fpizj;J tifg;gLj;Jf. fPNo xU vLj;Jf;fhl;L nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Me;ij> rpg;gp> flw;gQ;Rfs;> i`l;uh gphpT - KJnfYk;gw;wit nghUe;jhjJ - Me;ij m) $l;Lg;GO> jtis> yhh;th> Kl;il. gphpT - tz;zj;Jg;G+r;rpapd; tho;f;if Row;rp

nghUe;jhjJ- jtis M) Ch;td> gwg;gd> kPd;fs;> ,Utho;tpfs;. gphpT - Fsph; ,uj;j gpuhzpfs;

nghUe;jhjJ - gwg;gd ,) nrjpy;fs;> nrtpkly;> %d;W miwfs; nfhz;l ,jak;> EiuaPuy;.

gphpT - ,Utho;tpfs; nghUe;jhjJ - nrtpkly;

9. fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s Ie;J tpyq;Ffs; xt;nthd;wpw;Fk; mjNdhL njhlh;Gila ehd;F gz;Gfs; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mtw;wpDs; mt;tpyq;fpw;Fg; nghUe;jhj gz;gpid kl;Lk; mbf;NfhbLf:

m) flw; rhke;jp - czh; ePl;rpfs;> ePh;tho;td> xl;Lz;zp> ieNlhgpsh];Lfs;. M) tz;zj;Jg;G+r;rp - KJnfYk;G> G+r;rpfs;> Gwr;rl;lfk;> ,Ugf;f rkr;rPh;j;jd;ik. ,) lhy;gpd; - khWgl;l gy; mikg;G> Fsph; ,uj;jg; gpuhzpfs;> ehd;F miw

nfhz;l ,jak;> ghy;Rug;gpfs;. <) Mf;Nlhg]; - NkYiw> nkd;ikahd clyk;> gf;f cWg;Gfs;> xj;j fz;l mikg;G. c) ml;il - cwpQ;rpfs;> ,Ughy;jd;ik> Gwxl;Lz;zp> clw;Fopaw;wit.

10. gpd;tUk; njhFjpfis mjd; gz;GfNshL nghUj;Jf. m) FopAlypfs; - xl;Lz;zpfs; M) jl;ilg;GOf;fs; - fhw;wiwfs; nfhz;l vYk;Gfs; ,) cUisg;GOf;fs; - nekl;Nlhrp];Lfs; <) tisjirg;GOf;fs; - Nghyp clw;Fop c) gwitfs; - xj;j fz;l mikg;G

m) FopAlypfs; - nekl;Nlhrp];Lfs; M) jl;ilg;GOf;fs; - xl;Lz;zpfs; ,) cUisg;GOf;fs; - Nghyp clw;Fop <) tisjirg;GOf;fs; - xj;j fz;l mikg;G c) gwitfs; - fhw;wiwfs; nfhz;l vYk;Gfs;

gphpT - , 1. Fsph; ,uj;jg;gpuhzpfs; ntg;gepiy khWghLfSf;Fj; jf;fthW jk;ik vt;thW jftikj;Jf;

nfhs;fpd;wd? vLj;Jf;fhl;Lj; jUf. Fsph; ,uj;jg;gpuhzpfs; Rw;Wr;#oy; ntg;gepiy caUk;NghJ ,t;Taphpdq;fSk; jq;fsJ

cly; ntg;gepiyia mjpfhpj;J nfhz;L tpiue;J nray;gLk;. ntg;gepiy FiwAk; NghJ ,tw;wpd; cly; nray;jpwDk; FiwAk;. v.fh. ghk;Gfs;> Mikfs;> Kjiyfs;> gy;ypfs;.



2. tifg;gLj;Jk; mwptpay; gphpTf;F tifg;ghl;bay; vd;W ngah;. cq;fis xU caphpay; ty;Yeuhff; fw;gid nra;J nfhs;f. ePq;fs; Kj;Jr;rpg;gpia vt;thW tifg;gLj;JtPh;fs; vd;gjw;fhd gz;Gfisg; gl;baypLf.

Kj;Jr;rpg;gpapd; njhFjp nky;Ylypfs;. fhuzk;: ,tw;wpd; cly;fs; kpUJthd fz;lq;fsw;W ePl;rpfsw;W nky;ypaj; jirahy; Md

Nkd;by; vd;w mikg;ghy; #og;gl;Ls;sd.

3. ,sk; G+r;rpfs; Kjph;r;rp mila rpy khw;wq;fSf;F cs;shfpd;wd. ,e;j khw;wq;fis tiuaWf;f. ntl;Lf;fpspapd; tho;f;ifr; Row;rpia> tz;zj;Jg; G+r;rpapd; tho;f;ifr; Row;rpNahL xg;gpLf.

cUkhw;wk;: G+r;rpfspd; ,sk; capupfs; ngw;Nwhiu xj;jpUg;gjpy;iy. ,it clyikg;gpYk;> clw;nraypYk; gy;NtW khWjy;fSf;F cl;gl;L Kjpu; capupahf khWtjw;F cUkhw;wk; vd;W ngau;. ntl;Lf;fpspapd; tho;f;ifr; Row;rp tz;zj;Jg; G+r;rpapd; tho;f;ifr; Row;rp 1 KOikaw;w cUkhw;wk; KOikahd cUkhw;wk; 2 ,sk; caphp ngw;Nwhiu xj;jpUf;Fk;. ,sk; caphp ngw;Nwhiu xj;jpUf;fhJ. 3 NjhYhpj;jy; %ykhf gbg;gbahf Kjph;;

caphpahf khw;wkilfpwJ. yhh;th> fk;gspg;GO> $l;Lg;GO> Kjph; caphpahf khw;wkiljy;.

4. glj;jpYs;s tpyq;fpy; ,wf;if Nghd;w mikg;G fhzg;gLtjhy; khztd; mjid gwitfs; tFg;gpy; tifg;gLj;Jfpd;whd;.

m) ,t;tifg;ghL rhpah? jtwh? jtW vdpy; rhpahd tFg;ig je;J ,U fhuzq;fs; jUf.

jtW rupahd tFg;G: ghY}l;b fhuzk;: 1. Fl;bg;Nghl;L ghy; nfhLf;fpwJ.

2. clypy; cNuhkq;fs;> ghy; Rug;gp ,Uf;Fk;. M) mt;tFg;gpw;Fhpa NtW ,uz;L vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs; jUf.

kdpjd;> vyp. ,) NkNy jug;gl;l caphpdk; vjpnuhypj; jpwd; %yk; nghUs;fisf; fz;lwpAk; rpwg;Gg;

gz;gpidg; ngw;Ws;sJ. caphpapd; ,r;nray; vt;thW miof;fg;gLfpwJ? ,r;nray; kPnahypj;jpwd; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

5. nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s gz;Gfspd; mbg;gilapy; mt;TaphpfSf;fhd njhFjpfisf; fz;lwpe;J epug;Gf. KJnfYk;gw;wit njhFjp

fZf;fhy;fs;> fbd Gwr;rl;lfk; cila caphp Xl;bdhy; %lg;gl;l nkd;ikahd caphp nfhf;fpfisAk;> cwpQ;rpfisAk; ngw;w ehlh Nghd;w jl;ilahd caphp clypy; rpwpa Jisfis cila caphp Kl;fs; cila Njhypidf; nfhz;l fly;tho; caphpfs;

KJnfYk;gw;wit njhFjp fZf;fhy;fs;> fbd Gwr;rl;lfk; cila caphp fZf;fhypfs; Xl;bdhy; %lg;gl;l nkd;ikahd caphp nky;Ylypfs; nfhf;fpfisAk;> cwpQ;rpfisAk; ngw;w ehlh Nghd;w jl;ilahd caphp jl;ilg;GOf;fs; clypy; rpwpa Jisfis cila caphp JisAlypfs; Kl;fs; cila Njhypidf; nfhz;l fly;tho; caphpfs; Ks;Njhypfs;



2. nry;fs;

gbf;f Ntz;ba Kf;fpa ghlf; Fwpg;Gfs;:

1. caphpdj;jpd; kpfr;rpwpa> vspikahd mikg;Gila nray;gLk; myF “nry;fs;” MFk;.

2. xUnry; caphpdf; $l;lq;fs; “GNuhNfhpNahl;Lfs;” vdg;gLfpd;wd. GNuhNfhpNahl;lh vd;w fpNuf;f nrhy;ypw;F “Muk;g epiy cl;fU” vd;W nghUs;. v.fh ghf;Bhpaq;fs;> ePyg;gRk;ghrpfs;

3. rpf;fyhd mikg;Gila GNuhNfhpNahl;bf; nry; “A+NfhpNahl;bf; nry;fs;” vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. v.fh GNuhl;NlhNrhth> G+Q;irfs;> jhtuq;fs;> tpyq;Ffs;.

4. epA+f;spa]; ciw my;yJ cl;fU ciw vd;w ,ul;il rt;tpdhy; #og;gl;l cUz;il tbt mikg;G cl;fU vdg;gLfpwJ.

5. GNuhNfhpNahl;bf;> A+NfhpNahl;bf; nry;fSf;fpilNaahd NtWghLfs;:

t.vz; GNuhNfhpNahl;bf; nry;fs; A+NfhpNahl;bf; nry;fs;

1 mstpy; rpwpaJ. (1-10 ikf;uhd;) mstpy; nghpaJ. (5-100 ikf;uhd;)

2. cl;fU nghUs; cl;fU rt;tpdhy; R+og;gl;bUg;gjpy;iy. vdNt njspthd cl;fUitg; ngw;wpUg;gjpy;iy.

cl;fU nghUs; cl;fUrt;tpdhy; R+og;gl;bUg;gjhy;> njspthd cl;fUitg; ngw;Ws;sJ.

3. xU FNuhNkhNrhk; kl;LNk cs;sJ. xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; cs;sd.

4. epA+f;spNahy]; fhzg;gLtjpy;iy. epA+f;spNahy]; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

5. rt;tpdhy; R+og;gl;l nry; Ez;ZWg;Gfisg; ngw;wpUg;gjpy;iy.

rt;tpdhy; R+og;gl;l nry; Ez;ZWg;Gfisg; ngw;Ws;sJ.

6. nry;gFg;G gpsj;jy; my;yJ nkhl;L mUk;Gjy; %yk; eilngWfpwJ.

ikl;lhrp]; kw;Wk; kpahrp]; tifahd nry; gFg;Gfs; eilngWfpwJ.

7. iuNghNrhk;fs; rpwpait. iuNghNrhk;fs; nghpait.

6. jhtu> tpyq;F nry;ypd; NtWghLfs;:

t.vz; jhtu nry; tpyq;F nry;

1 nry;ypd; ntspg;gFjpapy; nry;YNyh]pdhy; Md cWjpahd nry;Rtiu ngw;Ws;sJ.

nry; Rtiu ngw;wpUg;gjpy;iy.

2. mstpy; nghpaJ. mstpy; rpwpaJ.

3. nry;ypd; ngUk;gFjpia nghpa thf;fpNahy;fs; Mf;fpukpj;J nfhz;Ls;sd.

,it nghJthf thf;fpNahy;fis ngw;wpUg;gjpy;iy. mt;thW ngw;wpUe;jhYk; mstpy; kpfr;rpwpadthf cs;sd.

4. Nkk;ghL milahj jhtuq;fspd; nry;fspy; kl;LNk nrd;l;NuhNrhk; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

midj;J tpyq;F nry;fSk; nrd;l;NuhNrhk;fisg; ngw;Ws;sd.

5. A+NfhpNahl;bf; jhtunry;fspy; kl;LNk iyNrhNrhk;fs; fhzg;gLk;.

midj;J tpyq;F nry;fspYk; iyNrhNrhk;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

6. nry; fzpfq;fisg; ngw;Ws;sd. nry; fzpfq;fs; fhzg;gLtjpy;iy.

7. ];lhh;r; Nrkpg;Gg; nghUshFk;. fpisf;Nfh[d; Nrkpg;G nghUshFk;.

7. 1665-y; ,uhgh;l; `Pf; vd;gth; Ez;Nzhf;fpahy; fz;lwpe;j kpfr;rpwpa mikg;gpw;F nry; vdg; ngahpl;lhh;. Mz;ld;thd; Y}td; `hf; ghf;Bhpah> GNuhl;NlhNrhth Kjyhdtw;iw Muha;e;jhh;.

8. midj;J nry;fSk; cl;fUitg; ngw;Ws;sd vd;gij ,uhgh;l; g;nusd; fz;lwpe;jhh;. gh;fpd;[p vd;gth; nry;ypy; cs;s capUs;s nghUs;fSf;F “GNuhl;Nlhgpshrk;” vdg;ngahpl;lhh;.

9. nry;ypDs; fhzg;gLk; xl;Lnkhj;j mikg;G GNuhl;Nlhgpshrk; my;yJ “caphpapd; ,aw;gpay; jsk;” vdg;gLk;. ,jpy; cs;s xt;nthU mikg;Gk; nry; Ez;ZWg;Gfs; vdg;gLk;.



10. nry;ypd; ghfq;fs;: 1. nry;rt;T 2. nry;Rth; 3. irl;Nlhgpshrk; 4. Nfhy;if cWg;Gfs; 5. iyNrhNrhk;fs; 6. thf;fpNahy;fs; 7. ikl;Nlhfhz;l;hpaq;fs; 8. fzpfq;fs; 9. nrd;l;NuhNrhk; 10. cl;fU

11. njhlh;r;rpahd ,ul;il mLf;F gh];Nghypg;gpLfs; kw;Wk; fhh;Nghi`l;Nul; %yf;$Wfshy; nry;iy #o;e;J fhzg;gLfpd;w nky;ypa rt;T “gpsh];kh rt;T” MFk;.

12. nghUs;fs; nry;ypd; cs; EiotJ kw;Wk; ntspNaWjiy gpsh];kh rt;T Kiwg;gLj;JfpwJ. vdNt ,J “Njh;T flj;Jk; rt;T” vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

13. nry;YNyh];> ypf;dpd; vd;w nghUs;fshy; Md nry;Rth; gpsh];kh rt;tpw;F ntspNa fhzg;gLfpwJ.

14. ypf;dpd; ePiu cs;Ns mDkjpf;fhJ. Gjpjhf Njhd;wpa ,sk; nry;fspd; nry;Rth; Kjd;ik nry;Rth; vdg;gLk;.

15. gpsh];kh rt;tpw;Fk; Kjd;ik nry;RtUf;Fk; ,ilNaAs;s jbj;j Gjpa mLf;F “,uz;lhk; epiy nry;Rth;” vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

16. irl;Nlhgpshrk; vd;gJ nry; KOtJk; epuk;gpAs;s Fiothd> xsp CLUtf;$ba nghUshFk;. nry; Ez;ZWg;Gfs; ,af;f epiyapy; cs;sij “irl;Nlhgpshr Xl;lk;” vd;fpNwhk;.

17. nry; rt;tpw;Ff; fPo;f;fhzg;gLk; $o;kg;gFjp “vf;Nlhgpshrk;” vdTk;> vf;Nlhgpshrj;jpw;Fk; cl;fU rt;tpw;Fk; ,ilNaAs;s jputg;gFjp “vz;Nlhgpshrk;” vdg;gLk;.

18. rt;tpdhy; #og;gl;l Ez;Foha;fs;> Giofisf; nfhz;l gpizf;fg;gl;l rpf;fyhd njhFg;G vz;Nlhgpshr tiygpd;dy; vdg;gLk;. nrhunrhug;ghd vz;Nlhgpshrtiy Guj cw;gj;jpapy; Kf;fpag;gq;F tfpf;fpwJ.

19. fhkpy;Nyh fhy;[p vd;gth; jl;LNghd;w Nfhy;if cWg;Gfisg; gw;wp Kjd;Kjypy; tpthpj;jhh;. ,it iyNrhNrhk;fspd; cUthf;fj;jpy; gq;F ngWfpd;wd.

20. ,uj;j nts;isaZf;fspy; cs;s iyNrhNrhk;fs; Neha;f;fpUkpfis mopj;J cliy ghJfhg;gjhy;> jw;nfhiyg;igfs; my;yJ nrhpf;Fk; igfs; vd;wiof;fg;gLfpd;wd.

21. midj;J capUs;s nry;fSf;Fk; Mw;wiy jUtjhy; ikl;Nlhfhz;l;hpaq;fs; “nry;ypd; Mw;wy; epiyaq;fs;” vdg;gLfpd;wd.

22. fphp];Nl vdg;gLk; cl;rt;it ikl;Nlhfhz;l;hpaq;fs; nfhz;Ls;sd. NkYk; ,it Rthr epfo;r;rpapy; Kf;fpag; gq;F tfpf;Fk; Fz;^rp jiyAila F1 Jfs;fs; my;yJ Mf;]pNrhk;fisg; ngw;Ws;sd.

23. ikl;Nlhfhz;l;hpaq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; jsg;nghUspy; nehjpfis cUthf;Fk; ATP%yf;$WfSk;> DNA kw;Wk; iuNghNrhk;fSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

24. jhtu nry;fspy; kl;LNk fhzg;gLgit fzpfk; vdg;gLk; gRq;fzpfk; MFk;. ,tw;wpy; epwkw;wit ntsph;fzpfq;fs; vdTk; tz;zKilait FNuhNkhgpsh];l;fs; vdTk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.

25. gRq;fzpfk; ,ul;ilrt;tpdhy; Md Nynky;yhf;fshf mike;J ehzaq;fs; mLf;fp itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ Nghy; cs;sJ. ,t;tikg;gpw;F “fpuhdhf;fs;” vd;W ngah;.

26. xt;nthU fpuhdhTk; ijyfha;L vdg;gLk; jl;Ltbt nry;yhy; MdJ. ,tw;wpy; cs;s ];l;Nuhkh xspr;Nrh;f;ifapy; gq;FngWk; vz;zw;w nehjpfis ngw;Ws;sJ.

27. tpyq;F nry;fspy; kl;LNk nrd;l;NuhNrhk; vd;W miof;fg;gLk; xU N[hb rpwpa cs;sPlw;w Jfs;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

28. cl;fU nry;gphpjy; %ykhf ngw;NwhhplkpUe;J Nra; nry;fSf;F kuG gz;Gfisf; flj;j cjTfpwJ.

29. epA+f;spNahy]; vd;gJ Gujk;> RNA kw;Wk; iuNghNrhk; cUthFk; ,lkhf cs;sJ. FNuhNkl;bd;> kuGg;nghUshd DNA Gujk; nfhz;l nky;ypa ,ioahyhd tiy Nghd;w mikg;ghFk;.

30. ghuk;ghpa gz;Gfisf; nfhz;l E}y; Nghd;W neUf;fkhf Rw;wpa FNuhNkl;bd;; ,iofs; FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; MFk;. ,it ,izAk; Gs;spf;F nrd;l;Nuhkpah; my;yJ ifdl;NlhNfhh; vd;W ngah;.

31. nkl;lh nrd;l;hpf; V tbt FNuhNkhNrhk; MFk;. rg;nkl;lh nrd;l;hpf; FNuhNkhNrhk; J tbt FNuhNkhNrhk; MFk;. mf;Nuhnrd;l;hpf; kw;Wk; BNyhnrd;l;hpf; FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; Nfhy; tbtkhdit MFk;.

32. FNuhNkhNrhk;fspy; fhzg;gLk; DNA gy kpy;ypad; epA+f;spNahilLfshy; Mdit.



33. iel;u[d; fhuq;fs; gpA+hpd;fs;> gphpkpbd;fs; vd ,U tifg;gLk;. ,tw;wpy; mbidd; Fthidd; gpA+hpd;fshfTk; ijkpd; irl;Nlhrpd; gphpkpbd;fshfTk; cs;sd.

34. DNA Xh; <hpio mikg;ghFk;. ,jd; mikg;G thl;rd; kw;Wk; fphpf; vd;gth;fshy; ntspaplg;gl;lJ. ,it gpA+hpd;fs;> gphpkpbd;fSf;F ,ilNa cs;s i`l;u[d; gpizg;Gfshy; gpizf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

35. cl;fUtpy; ePz;L xU RUf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jp ,uz;L Nra; cl;fUf;fshf gphpf;Fk; epfo;tpw;F Neh;Kf nry; gphpjy; my;yJ Vikl;lhrp]; vd;W ngah;. v.fh. mkPgh> ghf;Bhpah

36. kiwKf nry;gphpjy; clyr; nry;fspy; eilngWk; njhlh;r;rpahd nray; MFk;. nry; gphpjypd; ehd;F epiyfs; GNuhepiy> nkl;lhepiy> mdhepiy> BNyhepiy MFk;.

37. caphpdq;fspd; ,dg;ngUf;fr; nry;fspy; eilngWk; nry; gFg;G kpahrp]; MFk;.

38. ePhpd; nrwpT mjpfkhd ,lj;jpypUe;J Fiwthd ,lj;jpw;F xU rt;tpd; topNa ePh; %yf;$Wfs; flj;jg;gLk; epfo;r;rp rt;T+L guty; vdg;gLk;.

39. nry;Yf;F cs;Ns ePh; %yf;$Wfs; nry;Yk; epfo;r;rp cl;rt;T+L guty; (vz;lh];kh]p];) vdTk;> ntspNa nry;Yk; epfo;r;rp ntspr;rt;T+L guty; (vf;]h];kh]p];) vdTk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

40. irl;Nlhgpshrk; mjd; gpsh];kh rt;Tld; RUq;fp nry;Rtiu tpl;L tpyfpf; fhzg;gLk; epfo;r;rp caph;kr; RUf;fk; (gpsh];Nkhrp];) vdg;gLk;.

41. vz;Nlhirl;Nlh]p]; vd;w epfo;r;rpapd; %yk; iyNrhNrhk;fs; nghUs;fisNah my;yJ Kjph;r;rpaile;j nry; Ez;ZWg;GfisNah vLj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;wd.

42. /NgNfhirl;Nlhrp]; (nry; tpOq;Fjy;) vd;gJ nghUs;fs; nry;ypDs; jpltbtpy; vLj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gLk; epfo;r;rp MFk;. v.fh. ,uj;j nts;isaZf;fs;

43. nghUs;fs; nry;ypDs; jput tbtpy; vLj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gLk; epfo;r;rpf;F gpNdhirl;Nlh]p]; (nry; mUe;Jjy;) vd;W ngah;. ,k;Kiwapy; Ez;Jisfs; %ykhff; njhlh;r;rpahfj; jput %yf;$Wfs; nry;ypdhy; vLj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd.

gphpT - m 1. nry;ypd; Mw;wy; epiyak; (gRq;fzpfk;> epA+f;spa];> ikl;Nlhfhz;l;hpah> iyNrhNrhk;) 2. Nja;e;j nry;fis mopf;Fk; Ez;ZWg;G (nrd;l;NuhNrhk;> thf;FNthy;> iyNrhNrhk;> FNuhNkhNrhk;) 3. NfkPl;Lf;fis Njhw;Wtpf;Fk; nry;gFg;G (ikl;lhrp];> Vikl;lhrp];> kpahrp];> ikl;lhrp];> kpahrp];) 4. nghUs;fs; jput tbtpy; vLj;Jf;nfhs;sg;gLk; epfo;r;rp

(/NgNfhirl;Nlhrp];> vf;Nfhirl;Nlh]p];> Vw;g top vz;Nlhirl;Nlh]p];> gpNdhirl;Nlh]p];) 5. _______ nrhunrhug;ghd vz;Nlhgpshr tiyr;rt;Tld; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

(iuNghNrhk;fs;> iyNrhNrhk;fs;> nrz;l;NuhNrhk;fs;> kPNrhNrhk;fs;) 6. _________ jhtu nry;ypy; fhzg;gLtjpy;iy. (nry;Rth;> thf;fpNahy;> nrd;l;hpNahy;fs;> gRq;fzpfk;) 7. _________xU GNuhNfhpNahl;Lf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L MFk;. (mkPgh> ghf;Bhpah> <];l;> G+Q;ir) 8. __________ nry;ypd; capuw;w gFjpg;nghUs; MFk;.

(iyNrhNrhk;> thf;fpNahy;> cl;fU> Nfhy;if clyq;fs;) 9. kyhpd; my;yp ,jo;fs; ________ I ngw;Ws;sd.

(gRq;fzpfk;> ntsph;fzpfq;fs;> FNuhNkhgpsh];l;> mikNyh gpsh];Lfs;)

gphpT - M 1. nfhLf;fg;gl;l glj;ijg; ghh;f;fTk;.

i) nry; gFg;gpd; epiyia milahsk; fhzTk;. ii) ,e;j epiyiaj; njhlh;e;J> cldbahfr; nry;ypy; vd;d khw;wk; Vw;gLk;?

i) Muk;g BNyh epiy ii) irl;Nlhgpshrk; ,uz;lhf gpsTw;W ,uz;L

Nra;nry;fs; cUthFk;.

2. nfhLf;fg;gl;l glj;ij cw;WNehf;fTk;. „m‟ epiyapypUe;J „M‟ epiy tiu cl;fUtpy; epfOk; khw;wq;fis tpthpf;fTk;.

m) ,ilepiy M) GNuhepiy

Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fs;: 1) FNuhNkhl;bd; tiy cile;J FNuhNkhNrhk;fshf khWfpwJ. 2) epA+f;spNahy]; kw;Wk; epA+f;spa]; ciw kiwaj; njhlq;FfpwJ.



3. xU cl;fUtpy; 24 FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; ,Ue;jhy;> nkl;lh epiyapd;NghJ vj;jid tpuy; Nghd;w mikg;Gfs; fhzg;gLk;. Vd;?

48 FNuhNkhNrhk;fshf ,ul;bg;G milfpwJ. fhuzk;: mLj;jLj;j epiyfspy; nry; mNj 24 vz;zpf;ifAs;s FNuhNkhNrhk;fSld; nry;

,uz;lhf gpupa Ntz;bapUf;fpwJ.

4. nry;RtNuhL cs;s gpsh];kh rt;T caph;kr; RUf;fj;jpdhy; RUq;fpdhy;> vf;N]hirl;Nlh]p]; vd;gJ vd;d?

gpsh];kh rt;T capu;kr;RUf;fj;jhy; RUq;Fk;NghJ Ez;Fkpopapdhy; cl;ftug;gl;l nghUs; nry;Yf;F ntspNaj; js;sg;gLfpwJ. ,JNt vf;N]hirl;Nlh]p]; MFk;.

5. ghuk;ghpaj;jpd; mbg;gil myF [Pd;fs; MFk;. FNuhNkhNrhk;fs;> [Pd;fs; DNA vt;thW njhlh;G nfhz;Ls;sd? tpthpf;f.

,it midj;Jk; kuGg; gz;Gfis re;jjpapdUf;F flj;Jk; Ez;ZWg;Gfs; MFk;. nry; gFg;gpd;NghJ FNuhNkl;bd; tiy MdJ FNuhNkhNrhk;fshf gphpf;fpd;wJ. FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; [Pd;fisf; nfhz;lJ. xU [PDk; xU ghuk;ghpa gz;gpidf; flj;JfpwJ. [Pd;fs; kuG gz;Gfis DNA %yf;$W tbtpy; ngw;Ws;sJ.

6. glj;jpy; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s nry; Ez;ZWg;igf; fz;lwpe;J> fPNo cs;s tpdhf;fSf;F tpilaspf;fTk;.

m) glk; tiue;J ghfq;fs; (1-6) Fwpf;fTk;. M) ,e;j nry; Ez;ZWg;gpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; vd;d? ,) ,e;j nry; Ez;ZWg;gpy; fhzg;gLk; xspr;Nrh;f;iff;fhd epwkpg;

nghUs; ahJ?

m)

M) ,J gRq;fzpfk;. ,q;Fjhd; xspr;Nrh;f;if vd;w epfo;r;rp eilngWfpwJ ,) gr;irak;

7. gpd;tUk; glq;fis cw;WNehf;fp tpdhf;fSf;F tpilaspf;f. m) nrd;l;Nuhkpah; mike;Js;s ,lj;ijg; nghUj;J

FNuhNkhNrhk;fis tifg;gLj;Jf. M) glq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; FNuhNkhNrhk;fspd; tbtq;fisf;

Fwpg;gpLf. ,) nry;gFg;gpd; NghJ nrd;l;Nuhkpahpd; gq;F ahJ? m) A – nkl;lhnrd;l;upf; B – rg;nkl;lhnrd;l;upf; C – mf;Nuhnrd;l;upf; D – Bnyhnrd;l;upf;

M) nkl;lhnrd;l;upf; - V tbtk; rg;nkl;lhnrd;l;upf; - J tbtk; mf;Nuhnrd;l;upf; - Nfhy; tbtk; BNyhnrd;l;upf; - Nfhy; tbtk;

,) nrd;l;Nuhkpah; ,uz;lhf gphpe;J FNuhNkhNrhk;fspd; vz;zpf;if ,ul;bg;G MfpwJ.

8. nghUe;jhj xd;iwf; fz;lwpe;J mjw;fhd fhuzk; $Wf. m) epA+f;spa];> epA+f;spNahy];> FNuhNkhNrhk;> iuNghNrhk; nghUe;jhjJ: iuNghNrhk; fhuzk;: ,J cl;fUTf;F ntspNa irl;Nlhgpshrj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpwJ. M) gRq;fzpfk;> nry;Rth;> bf;bNahNrhk;fs;> nrd;l;hpNahy; nghUe;jhjJ: nrd;l;hpNahy; fhuzk;: ,J tpyq;F nry;ypy; kl;Lk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,) fphp];Nl> cl;rt;T> ntspr;rt;T> fpuhdk;

nghUe;jhjJ: fpuhdk; fhuzk;: ,J ikl;Nlhfhz;l;hpahtpy; ,y;iy.



9. glj;ij cw;WNehf;fp mijj; njhlh;e;J tUk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpilaspf;f. m) nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s glj;ij milahsk; fhz;f. M) glj;jpy; fhZk; ehd;F iel;u[d; fhuq;fisg; ngahpLf. ,) b.vd;.V. tpd; ,ul;ilr;RUs; khjphpia ntspapl;lth; ahth;? <) b.vd;.V. tpd; gFjpg;nghUs;fs; ahit? c) b.vd;.V. vd;gjd; tphpthf;fk; jUf.

m) b.vd;.V tpd; %yf;$W mikg;G. M) mbidd;> Fthidd;> ijkpd;> irl;Nlhrpd; ,) thl;rd; fphpf; <) DNA gy kpy;ypad; epA+f;spNahilLfshy; MdJ. xt;nthU epA+f;spNahilLk; xU Ie;J fhh;gd; rh;f;fiu> xU gh];Ngl; njhFjp kw;Wk; xU iel;u[d; fhuj;jhy; MdJ. c) b Mf;]p upNgh epA+f;spf; mkpyk;.

10. nfhLf;fg;gl;l tpsf;fq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; nry; Ez; cWg;igf; fz;lwpf. (irl;Nlhgpshrk;> iyNrhNrhk;> nry;Rth;> nry;rt;T> epA+f;spNahy];)

m) jhtu nry;iyr; Rw;wpf; fhzg;gLk; nry;YNyh]pdhy; Md mikg;G - nry;Rth; M) Fwpg;gpl;l rpy nghUs;fis cs;Ns Eiotij my;yJ nry;ypypUe;J ntspNaWtijf;

fl;Lg;gLj;JfpwJ - nry;rt;T ,) nry; KOtJk; epuk;gpAs;s $o;kk; Nghd;w nghUs; - irl;Nlhgpshrk; <) ,J iuNghNrhk; cw;gj;jpapy; Kf;fpag;gq;F tfpf;fpwJ - epA+f;spNahy]; c) ,J nry;Yf;Fs; nrhpj;jypy; gq;F tfpf;fpwJ - iyNrhNrhk;

gphpT - , 1. glj;ij cw;WNehf;fTk;.

m) nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s glj;ij milahsk; fhz;f. M) glk; tiue;J> ghfq;fs; 1> 2If; Fwpf;fTk;. ,) ,e;j nry; Ez;ZWg;igf; fz;lwpe;jth; ahh;? <) ,jd; gzpfisf; Fwpg;gpLf.

m) Nfhy;if cWg;G M)

1. rp];nlh;Nd 2. Fkpo;fs;

,) fhkpy;Nyh fhy;[p <) Nfhy;if cWg;G iyNrhNrhk;fspd;

cUthf;fj;jpy; gq;F ngWfpd;wJ. nry;Rth; nry; rt;tpd; cw;gj;jpf;Fk; ,J fhuzkhf cs;sJ.

2. gpd;tUk; glj;jpidf; ftdkhf cw;WNehf;fp tpilaspf;f.

m) ,J ve;j tiff; flj;Jjy; vdf;$Wf. M) ,e;epfo;tpid tiuaWf;f.

m) ,J xU vspa guty; epfo;r;rp M) Mf;]p[d;> fhu;gd;ilMf;irL Nghd;w thA

%yf;$Wfs; gpsh];kh rt;tpd; topNa Guj %yf;$Wfspd; cjtpNahL flj;jg;gLk; epfo;r;rp vspa guty; epfo;r;rpahFk;.

3. glj;jpidf; ftdkhf cw;WNehf;fp tpdhf;fSf;F tpilaspf;f. m) fhw;Ws;s Rthrk; ,lk;ngWk; nry;Ez;ZWg;G vJ? M) nry;ypd; gzpfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; nry;Ez;ZWg;G vJ? ,) iyNrhNrhk;fspd; cUthf;fj;jpy; gq;FngWk;

nry;Ez;ZWg;G vJ? <) Guj cw;gj;jpapy; gq;FngWk; nry;Ez;ZWg;G vJ? c) czT Nrkpj;jypy; gq;FngWk; nry; Ez;ZWg;G vJ?

m) ikl;Nlhfhz;l;hpah M) epA+f;spNahy]; ,) Nfhy;if cWg;G <) iuNghNrhk; c) thf;fpNahy;



Ntjpapay;

3. ek;ikr; #o;e;Js;s gUg;nghUs;fs; J}a;ikahditah? gbf;f Ntz;ba Kf;fpa ghlf; Fwpg;Gfs;: 1. gUg;nghUs;fs; Fwpg;gpl;l epiwiaAk; fd msitAk; ngw;Ws;sd. xU nghUspYs;s

gUg;nghUspd; msNt mjd; epiwahFk;.

2. gUg;nghUs;fis ,aw;gpay; mbg;gilapy; jpz;kk;> jputk;> thA vdTk;> ,iaG mbg;gilapy; jdpkk;> Nrh;kk;> fyit vdTk; tifg;gLj;jyhk;.

3. jpz;k epiyapy; %yf;$Wfs; xOq;fhd fl;likg;Gld; ,Wf;fkhf gpizf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ePh;kq;fs; itf;fg;gl;Ls;s fydpd; tbtj;ijNa ngWfpd;wd.

4. J}a epiyapy; cs;s xU nghUs;> midj;J epiyfspYk; xNu tpjkhd ,aw;gpay;> Ntjpapay; gz;Gfisg; ngw;wpUf;Fk;.

5. Ntjptpid %ykhf NkYk; gFg;Gf;Fl;glhj nghUs; “jdpkk;” vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ. thAf;fs; ,uz;L my;yJ %d;W mZf;fs; mlq;fpa njhFg;gZf;fshf cs;sd. v.fh i`l;u[d;>

6. ,uz;L my;yJ %d;W jdpkq;fs; Fwpg;gpl;l tpfpjhr;rhuj;jpy; Ntjpg;gpizg;G %yk; ,ize;J Nrh;kq;fis cUthf;Ffpd;wd. ePh; xU Ntjpr;Nrh;kk; MFk;.

7. ,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l nghUs;fs; mtw;wpd; jdpj;jd;ik khwhky; xd;Nwhnlhd;W fye;J cUthtNj fyit MFk;. v.fh. ePUk; kzYk; fye;j fyit

8. xU fyitia cUthf;ff; fhuzkhf cs;s nghUs;fs;> mf;fyitapd; gFjpnghUs;fs; my;yJ $Wfs; MFk;.

9. tspkz;ly mOj;jj;jpy; nfhjpepiy 1000C> ciwepiy 00C> mlh;j;jp 1.0 fp/nr.kP3 nfhz;l epwkw;w> kzkw;w> Ritaw;w ePh;kk; vd;gJ J}aePh; MFk;.

10. ePh;kf; fhw;iwg; gpd;df; fha;r;rp tbj;jy; Nghd;w ,aw;gpay; Kiwf;F cl;gLj;jpf; fhw;wpy; cs;s $Wfisj; jdpj;jdpNa gphpf;f ,aYk;.

11. ePh;kf;fhw;W Fwpg;gpl;l nfhjpepiyiag; ngw;wpUg;gjpy;iy. ePh;kf; fhw;W -1960C Kjy; -1830C ntg;gepiy tiuAs;s vy;iyf;Fs; nfhjpf;fpwJ.

12. gy;NtW tifahd fyitfSf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs;:

fyitapd; tiffs; vLj;Jf;fhl;L jpz;kj;jpy; jpz;kk; ehzaq;fs;> cNyhff; fyitfs; ePh;kj;jpy; jpz;kk; fly; ePh; thAtpy; jpz;kk; Gif (fhw;wpYs;s fhh;gd; Jfs;fs;) jpz;kj;jpy; ePh;kk; ,urf;fyit (cNyhfk;+ghjurk;) ePh;kj;jpy; ePh;kk; ePUld; My;f`hy; fye;j fyit thAtpy; ePh;kk; Nkfk;> %Lgdp jpz;kj;jpy; thA thAthy; gug;G ftug;gl;l fhp ePh;kj;jpy; thA Nrhlh ghdq;fs; thAtpy; thA fhw;W

13. ePh; xUgbj;jhd ,ay;GilaJ. ePh; xU Fwpg;gpl;l khwh epiw tpfpjj;ijg; ngw;Ws;sJ.

14. fhw;wpy; thAtpd; ,iaG rjtPjk; : fhw;wpy; iel;u[d; 75.50%, Mf;]p[d; 23.20%, Mh;fhd; 1.0%,

fhh;gd; il Mf;i]L 0.046%, epahd; kw;Wk; `Pypak; kpff; Fiwthf fhzg;gLfpwJ. 15. J}a xU Nrh;kk;> vk;Kiwapy; jahhpf;fg;gl;lhYk;> xU Fwpg;gpl;l khwh epiw tpfpjj;jpy;jhd;

$bapUf;Fk;. ngd;rpypd; Kid fhh;gDk; fspkz;Zk; fye;j fyit MFk;.

16. M];gphpd; vd;gJ jiytypiaf; Fzkhf;f cjTk; xU kUe;J. ,tw;wpy; 60% fhh;gd;> 4.5% i`l;u[d;> 35.5% Mf;]p[d; vd;w epiwrjtPjj;jpy; ngw;wpUf;Fk;.

17. xU gbj;jhd fyitapy; cs;s gFjpg;nghUs;fs; midj;Jk; xNu ,aw;gpay; epiyapy; cs;sd. ,it fiury;fs; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.

18. gygbj;jhd fyitapd; gFjpg;nghUs;fs; thA> ePh;kk; my;yJ jpz;kk; vd;w xNu epiyapy; ,Ug;gjpy;iy.



19. jdpkq;fs; xNu tifahd mZf;fisg; ngw;wit. v.fh. cNyhfq;fs; (Na,Ca), mNyhfq;fs; (O2,Cl2), cNyhfg; Nghypfs; (Sb,As), ke;j thAf;fs; (He,Ne)

20. Nrh;kq;fspy; ,uz;L my;yJ Nkw;gl;l jdpkq;fs; Fwpg;gpl;l epiw tpfpjj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

21. gygbj;jhd fyitapd; gFjpg; nghUs;fisg; gphpj;jypd; tiffs;: 1. njspa itj;J ,Wj;jy; 2. tbfl;Ljy; 3. gjq;fkhjy; 4. gphpGdy;

22. xd;Wld; xd;W fythj ePh;kq;fisg; gphpGdy; cjtpahy; jdpj;jdpNa gphpf;fyhk;. v.fh kz;nzz;nza;Ak; ePUk; fye;j fyitia gphpGdy; cjtpAld; gphpf;fyhk;

23. fyitapy; ,iaG khWgLk;. ,aw;gpay; Kiwapy; vspjpy; gphpj;njLf;f ,aYk;. ,aw;gpay; khwpypfs; ,y;iy.

24. J}ag;nghUspy; ,iaG khWglhJ. ,aw;gpay; Kiwapy; vspjpy; gphpj;njLf;f ,ayhJ. Fwpg;gpl;l ,aw;gpay; khwpypfs; ,y;iy.

25. xU gbj;jhd fyitapy; fyit KOtJk; khwhj ,iaGfis ngw;wpUf;Fk;. gFjpg; nghUs;fisg; gphpj;jwpa ,ayhJ.

26. jpz;k epiyapy; ,Ue;J xU nghUs; Neubahf thAepiyf;F khWtJ gjq;fkhjy; vdg;gLk;. v.fh. fw;G+uk;> ehg;jyPd;> ngd;rhapf; mkpyk;> mNahbd;> mk;Nkhdpak; FNshiuL.

27. xUgbj;jhd fyitapd; gFjpg;nghUs;fis thiy tbj;jy;> gpd;d thiy tbj;jy;> tz;zg; gphpif Kiw Nghd;w Kiwfspy; gphpf;fyhk;.

28. tz;zg;gphpif Kiwapy; ,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l fiuAk; jd;ikAs;s jpz;kq;fisj; jdpj;jdpNa gphpf;fyhk;.

29. igf;Nfh fpuhk; (10-12 fp) mstpyhd kpfkpf Ez;zpaj; Jfs;fs; Kjy; cUtstpy; nghpa madpfs; tiu ,k;Kiwapy; gphpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

30. gpd;d thiy tbj;jy; Kiwapd; mbg;gil jj;Jtk; “,U ePh;kq;fspd; nfhjpepiyfs; Fiwe;jJ 25K ntg;gepiyapyhtJ NtWgl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;”.

31. fhh;gd; tbfl;bfis ,uhZtj;jpdUk;> jPaizg;G tPuh;fSk; thAGfhf; ftrq;fspy; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdh;.

32. ePhpy; fye;Js;s khRf;fs; kzw;gug;G my;yJ Ez;Jisg; ghz;lj;jpd; CNl nrYj;Jtjd; %yk; ePf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

gphpT - m rhpahd tpiliaj; Njh;e;njLj;J vOJf. 1. ehk; gad;gLj;Jk; ngd;rpypy; vOj cjTk; gFjp fpuhigl; vd;Dk; nghUshy; MdJ. fpuhigl;

___________ Nrh;e;j fyitahFk;. (fhh;gDk; fspkz;Zk;> fspkz;Zk; iel;u[Dk;)

2. J}a ePh; vd;gJ xU Nrh;kk;. ,jpy; i`l;u[d; 11.19%> Mf;]p[d; _________ vd;w epiw tpfpjj;jpy; cs;sJ. (88.81%> 31.81%)

3. ehzak; vd;gJ jpz;kj;jpy; jpz;kk; Nrh;e;j fyit@ Gif vd;gJ _________ Nrh;e;j fyitahFk;. (thAtpy; jpz;kk;> jpz;kj;jpy; thA)

4. fPo;f;fhz;gdtw;Ws; nghUe;jhj ,izia vLj;J vOJf. m) fhw;W - thAtpy; thA M) fly; ePh; - ePh;kj;jpy; jpz;kk;. ,) Fsph;ghdk; - ePh;kj;jpy; thA <) ,urf;fyit - ePh;kj;jpy; ePh;kk;

nghUe;jhj ,iz: <) ,urf;fyit - ePh;kj;jpy; ePh;kk; (ghjurKk; cNyhfKk; Nru;e;jJ ,urf;fyit. vdNt ePu;kj;jpy; ePu;kk; vd;gJ jtW jpz;kj;jpy; ePu;kk; vd;gNj rup)

5. gUg;nghUs;fspYs;s gFjpg;nghUs;fs; gy;NtW tifahd Kiwfspy; J}a;ikg; gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. ePh;kf; fhw;iw ___________ vd;w ,aw;gpay; Kiwf;F cl;gLj;jpg; gphpf;f KbAk;.

(gpd;d thiy tbj;jy;> thiy tbj;jy;> gjq;fkhjy;)

6. gpd;tUtdtw;wpw;Fg; ngahpLf: m) tiuaWf;fg;gl;l tbtj;ijg; ngw;wpuhj> Fwpg;gplj;jf;f fd msTila gUg;nghUs;. - ePh;kk; M) Fwpg;gplj;jf;f epiwAila> Mdhy; Fwpg;gpl;l fd msT ,y;yhj gUg;nghUs;. - thA ,) ePh;kq;fis ntg;gg;gLj;Jk; NghJ fpilf;Fk; gUg;nghUs;. - thA <) %yf;$WfSf;fpilNa Fiwe;j ,ilntspia ngw;Ws;s gUg;nghUs;. – jpz;kk;



7. gpd;tUk; $w;Wfs; rhpah? jtwh? vdf; fz;lwpf. jtwhd $w;Wfis milg;Gf; Fwpf;Fs; nfhLf;fg;gl;l nrhw;fis nfhz;L jpUj;Jf. m) ntg;gg;gLj;Jk; NghJ> ePh;kq;fs; thAf;fis tpl mjpfsT tphptilfpd;wd. (Fiwe;jsT) M) rpwpjsT mOj;jj;jhy; thAf;fs; vspjpy; RUq;f ,ayhj; jd;ikiag; ngw;Ws;sd. (jpz;kq;fs;) ,) jpz;kq;fs; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l tbtj;ijg; ngw;wpUg;gjpy;iy. (thAf;fs;> ePh;kq;fs;) <) ePh;kq;fspd; mlh;j;jp> thAf;fis tplf; FiwT (jpz;kq;fs;) c) jpz;kq;fs; kpff; Fiwe;j mlh;j;jpiag; ngw;Ws;sd (mjpf)

m) ntg;gg;gLj;Jk; NghJ> ePh;kq;fs; thAf;fis tpl Fiwe;jsT tphptilfpd;wd. M) rpwpjsT mOj;jj;jhy;; jpz;kq;fs; vspjpy; RUq;f ,ayhj; jd;ikiag; ngw;Ws;sd. ,); thAf;fs;> ePh;kq;fs; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l tbtj;ijg; ngw;wpUg;gjpy;iy. <) ePh;kq;fspd; mlh;j;jp> jpz;kq;fis tplf; FiwT c) jpz;kq;fs; kpff; mjpf mlh;j;jpiag; ngw;Ws;sd

8. gUg;nghUspd; ,iaigg; nghWj;J gpd;tUtdtw;wpw;Fg; ngahpLf. m) Ntjptpid %ykhf NkYk; gFg;Gf;Fl;glhj nghUs; ___ M) ,uz;L my;yJ %d;W jdpkq;fs;> Fwpg;gpl;l tpfpjhr;rhuj;jpy; Ntjpg;gpizg;G %yk; ,ize;J cUthf;Fk; nghUs; __ ,) ,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l nghUs;fs; mtw;wpd; jdpj;jd;ik khwhky; xd;NwhL xd;W fye;J cUthtJ __________ <) ,uz;L jpz;kq;fspd; (cNyhfq;fs;) fyit ____________

m) Ntjptpid %ykhf NkYk; gFg;Gf;Fl;glhj nghUs; jdpkk; M) ,uz;L my;yJ %d;W jdpkq;fs;> Fwpg;gpl;l tpfpjhr;rhuj;jpy; Ntjpg;gpizg;G %yk;

,ize;J cUthf;Fk; nghUs; Nrh;kk; ,) ,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l nghUs;fs; mtw;wpd; jdpj;jd;ik khwhky; xd;NwhL xd;W

fye;J cUthtJ fyit <) ,uz;L jpz;kq;fspd; (cNyhfq;fs;) fyit cNyhff;fyit

9. Nfhbl;l ,lq;fis epug;Gf. m) xU nghUspd; J}aj; jd;ik mjd; ________ gz;Gfisf; nfhz;L fz;lwpag;gLfpwJ. M) ePh; xU _________, __________ kw;Wk; __________ ePh;kk;. tspkz;ly mOj;jj;jpy; mjd;

nfhjpepiy ____, ciwepiy ____ kw;Wk; mlh;j;jp _____. vdNt ePh; xU ___ nghUs;.

m) xU nghUspd; J}aj; jd;ik mjd; Ntjpapay;> ,aw;gpay; gz;Gfisf; nfhz;L fz;lwpag;gLfpwJ.

M) ePh; xU epwkw;w> kzkw;w kw;Wk; Ritaw;w ePh;kk;. tspkz;ly mOj;jj;jpy; mjd; nfhjpepiy 1000 ciwepiy 00C kw;Wk; mlh;j;jp 1.0 fp/nr.kP 3 vdNt ePh; xU J}a Nru;kg; nghUs;.

10. nghUj;Jf. tpilfs; jdpkj;jpd; kpfr;rpwpa myF - Nrh;kk; - mZf;fs; ,uz;L my;yJ %d;W mZf;fs; mlq;fpa njhFg;G - mZf;fs; - %yf;$Wfs; i`l;u[d; - fyit - jdpkk; ,Uk;G ry;igL - %yf;$Wfs; - Nru;kk; ngd;rpypy; cs;s vOJk; gFjp - jdpkk; - fyit

11. gpd;tUk; fyitapd; tiffisf; fz;lwpf. m) [pq;f; ,urf;fyit ([pq;f; + ghjurk;) _____ jpz;kj;jpy; ePh;kk;. M) fly; ePh; ______ ,) Nrhlh ghdq;fs; _____ <) fhw;W ______ c) fhw;wpYs;s fhh;gd; Jfs;fs; (Gif) ______. C) gpj;jis (Cu + Zn cNyhff;fyit) ______ v) My;f`hy; + ePh; ______

m) [pq;f; ,urf;fyit ([pq;f; + ghjurk;) ,urf;fyit jpz;kj;jpy; ePh;kk;. M) fly; ePh; - ePh;kj;jpy; jpz;kk; ,) Nrhlh ghdq;fs; - ePh;kj;jpy; thA <) fhw;W - thAtpy; thA c) fhw;wpYs;s fhh;gd; Jfs;fs; (Gif) - thAtpy; jpz;kk; C) gpj;jis (Cu + Zn cNyhff;fyit) - jpz;kj;jpy; jpz;kk; v) My;f`hy; + ePh; - ePh;kj;jpy; ePh;kk;

12. ePh;> mjpy; mlq;fpAs;s gFjpg;nghUs;fshd i`l;u[d;> Mf;]p[dpd; gz;GfspypUe;J NtWgLtjhy; mJ xU Nrh;kk;. ,jid tpsf;Fk; ePhpd; gz;Gfisj; jUf. m) ePhpy; mlq;fpAs;s jdpkq;fspd; gz;Gfs;. epiy ________

1. i`l;u[d; thA – vhpAk; jd;ik 2. Mf;]p[d; thA – vhpAk; jd;ik



M) ePhpd; gz;Gfs; 1. ePhpd; epiy - ePh;kk; 2. vhpAk; jd;ik - (jPia mizf;ff; $baJ> vhpjYf;Fj; JizGhpahJ)

ePupy; mlq;fpAs;s jdpkq;fspd; epiy thA epiy i`l;u[d; - vupAk; thA Mf;]p[d; - vupjYf;Fj; JizGupAk; thA Mdhy; ,uz;Lk; Nru;e;J ,Uf;Fk; Nru;kkhd ePu; jPia mizf;fg;gad;gLk; ePu;kkhFk;. vupjYf;F mJ xUNghJk; JizGuptjpy;iy. ePupy; cs;s gFjpg;nghUl;fspd; gz;GfspypUe;J

Kw;wpYk; khWgLtjhy; ePu; xU Nru;kkhFk;.

13. ,Uk;Gj;J}is> ry;/gh; J}Sld; fyf;Fk; NghJ fyit cUthfpwJ. mtw;iw ed;F #Nlw;Wk; NghJ Nrh;kk; cUthfpwJ. mit fyit> Nrh;kk; vd vt;thW fz;lwpag;gLfpwJ? m) fhe;jj;jhy; ftug;gLk; jd;ik M) ,aw;gpay; Kiwapy; gFjpg;nghUs;fisg; gphpj;njLj;jy;.

gz;Gfs; fyit (ntg;gg;gLj;Jk; Kd;)

Nru;kk; (ntg;gg;gLj;jpa gpd;)

m) fhe;jj;jhy; ftug;gLk; jd;ik cz;L ,y;iy M) ,aw;gpay; Kiwapy; gFjpg;nghUl;fisg; gpupj;jy; gpupf;f KbAk; gpupf;f KbahJ

14. vLj;Jf;fhl;L xd;W jUf. m) jpz;k xUgbj;jhd fyit ___ M) ePh;k xUgbj;jhd fyit ___ ,) thA xU gbj;jhd fyit ____

m) jpz;k xUgbj;jhd fyit - ntz;fyk; M) ePh;k xUgbj;jhd fyit - My;f`hYk; ePUk; fye;j fyit ,) thA xU gbj;jhd fyit - fhw;W

15. rhpah? jtwh? vdf; fz;lwpe;J jtwhd $w;Wfisj; jpUj;Jf. m) fyit epiyahd cUFepiy> nfhjpepiyiag; ngw;Ws;sd. M) Nrh;kq;fs; gygbj;jhd epiy ,ay;ig kl;Lk; ngw;Ws;sd. ,) fhh;gd; ilMf;irby;> fhh;gd;> i`l;u[d; Fwpg;gpl;l tpfpjj;jpy; Nrh;e;Js;sd. <) fyit xUgbj;jhd epiyapNyh> gygbj;jhd epiyapNyh ,Uf;fyhk;. c) ,aw;gpay; Kiw %yk; xU Nrh;kj;jpYs;s jdpkq;fisj; jdpj;jdpNa gphpf;fyhk;.

m) jtW - fyit epiyahd cUFepiy> nfhjpepiyiag; ngw;wpUf;fhJ. M) jtW - Nrh;kq;fs; xU gbj;jhd epiy ,ay;ig kl;Lk; ngw;Ws;sd. ,) jtW - fhh;gd; ilMf;irby;> fhh;gd;> Mf;]p[d; Fwpg;gpl;l tpfpjj;jpy; Nrh;e;Js;sd. <) rhp - fyit xUgbj;jhd epiyapNyh> gygbj;jhd epiyapNyh ,Uf;fyhk;. c) jtW - ,aw;gpay; Kiw %yk; xU Nrh;kj;jpYs;s jdpkq;fisj; jdpj;jdpNa gphpf;f KbahJ

16. rhpahd tpiliaj; Njh;e;njLj;J vOJf. 1. xd;Wld; xd;W fythj ePh;kq;fisg; gphpj;njLf;Fk; Kiw ___________

m) tbfl;Ljy; M) gphpGdy; ,) thiy tbj;jy; 2. My;f`hy;> ngd;rPd; fyitiag; gphpj;njLf;Fk; Kiw __________

m) thiy tbj;jy; M) Mtpahf;Fjy; ,) gpd;d thiy tbj;jy; 3. mNahbd;> kzy; fye;j fyitiag; gphpj;njLf;Fk; Kiw ___________

m) tbfl;Ljy; M) gjq;fkhjy; ,) njspa itj;J ,Wj;jy; 4. tspkz;lyf; fhw;wpYs;s iel;u[dpd; rjtPjk; ___________

m) 23.20% M) 75.50% ,) kpff; FiwT 5. fly;ePh; vd;gJ ________ fyit.

m) ePh;kj;jpy; jpz;kk; M) ePh;kj;jpy; ePh;kk; ,) thAtpy; ePh;kk;.

17. ml;ltizia epug;Gf. t.vz; fyitapd; tiffs; vLj;Jf;fhl;L gphpj;njLf;Fk; Kiw 1. ,U jpz;kq;fspd; fyit - fhe;jj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp 2. ePhpy; fiuah ,ay;Gila nghpa

Jfs;fs; mlq;fpa jpz;kf;fyit - -

3. fw;G+uk;> cg;G - 4. xd;NwhL xd;W fyf;Fk; ,U

ePh;kq;fs; - -

5. - ePhpy; cyh;e;j ,iy - 6. - - gphpGdy;



t.vz; fyitapd; tiffs; vLj;Jf;fhl;L gphpj;njLf;Fk; Kiw

1. ,U jpz;kq;fspd; fyit fe;jfk;> ,Uk;Gj; J}s; fye;j fyit

fhe;jj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp

2. ePhpy; fiuah ,ay;Gila nghpa Jfs;fs; mlq;fpa jpz;kf;fyit

kz; fye;j ePh; tbfl;Ljy;

3. gjq;fkhFk; jd;ikAila cg;Gf;fyit

fw;G+uk;> cg;G gjq;fkhjy;

4. xd;NwhL xd;W fyf;Fk; ,U ePh;kq;fs;

My;f`hy; ePUk; fye;j fyit

thiy tbj;jy;

5. ePUk; ePhpy; fiuahj nghUSk; fye;j fyit

ePhpy; cyh;e;j ,iy tbfl;Ljy;

6. xd;Wld; xd;W fyf;fhj ,U ePh;kq;fs;

ePh;> kz;nzz;nza; fye;j fyit

gphpGdy;

18. Nfhbl;l ,lq;fis epug;Gf. m) Nrh;kq;fspd; gz;Gfs; mtw;wpy; mlq;fpAs;s gFjpg;nghUs;fshd ……… ypUe;J khWgLfpwJ. M) fyitfs; ………….. nghUs;fs; MfhJ. ,) ngd;rPd; - nlhYtpd; fyitiag; gphpj;njLf;Fk; Kiw ………. <) ,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l fiuAk; jd;ik nfhz;l jpz;kq;fisg; gphpj;njLf;Fk; Kiw

……….. ,k;Kiwapy; ……….. kw;Wk; ………. epiyikfSf;F ,ilNa fiunghUs; Jfs;fs; gfph;khdj;Jf;F cl;gl;L gphpj;njLf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

m) jdpkq;fspd; gz;GfspypUe;J M) J}a epiy ,) gpd;d thiy tbj;jy; <) tz;zg;gphpif Kiw> mirAk;> mirah

19. fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;ltw;wpypUe;J> fyitapypUe;J gFjpg;nghUs;fisg; gphpj;njLf;Fk; rhpahd Kiwiaj; Njh;e;njLj;J vOJf. (thiy tbj;jy;> gpd;d thiy tbj;jy;> gjq;fkhjy;> tz;zg;gphpif Kiw> gphpGdy;> tbfl;Ljy;) m) ikapy; ,Ue;J ePh; ______ M) mNahbd;> kzy; fye;j fyitapypUe;J mNahbd; _______ ,) kz;nzz;nza;> ngl;Nuhy; fyitapy; ,Ue;J ngl;Nuhy; ___________

<) My;f`hy;> ePh; fyitapypUe;J ePh; __________

c) ngd;rPd;> nlhYtPd; fyitapy; ,Ue;J ngd;rPd; ____________.

C) kzy;> ePh; fyitapypUe;J kzy; __________ v) cg;Gf; fiurypypUe;J rhjhuz cg;G __________.

m) ikapy; ,Ue;J ePh; - tz;zg;gphpif Kiw M) mNahbd;> kzy; fye;j fyitapypUe;J mNahbd; - gjq;fkhjy; ,) kz;nzz;nza;> ngl;Nuhy; fyitapy; ,Ue;J ngl;Nuhy; - gpd;dthiy tbj;jy; <) My;f`hy;> ePh; fyitapypUe;J ePh; - thiy tbj;jy; c) ngd;rPd;> nlhYtpd; fyitapy; ,Ue;J ngd;rPd; - gpd;dthiy tbj;jy; C) kzy;> ePh; fyitapypUe;J kzy; - tbfl;Ljy; v) cg;Gf; fiurypypUe;J rhjhuz cg;G - thiy tbj;jy; / Mtpahf;fy; Kiw

gphpT - M 1. J}a nghUs; xNu khjphpahd Jfs;fisg; ngw;wpUf;Fk;. fly; ePh; vd;gJ J}a nghUsh? ,y;iyah?

fhuzk; $Wf. ,y;iy. fly; ePhpy; cg;G fye;jpUf;Fk;.

2. Nrh;kk; vd;gJ ,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l jdpkq;fs; khwhj epiw tpfpjj;jpy; fye;Js;s nghUs; MFk;. Nrh;kj;jpd; gz;Gfs; ,uz;lidf; $Wf.

1) Nrh;kq;fs; epiyahd cUFepiy> nfhjpepiy mlh;j;jpiag; ngw;Ws;sd. 2) Nrh;kq;fs; xU gbj;jhd ,ay;ig kl;Lk; ngw;Ws;sd.

3. xNu epiyiag; ngw;w fyit xU gbj;jhd fyitahFk;. xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l epiyikiag; ngw;Ws;sJ gygbj;jhd fyit MFk;. Nkw;fz;l $w;Wfis ed;F rpe;jpj;J tiff;F Xh; vLj;Jf;fhl;L vOJf.

xU gbj;jhd fyit – cg;G fiury; gygbj;jhd fyit – ePUk;> Rz;zhk;Gk; fye;j fyit



4. jplepiyapy; cs;s fw;G+uj;ijf; fhw;WgLk;gb itj;jhy;> mJ thA epiyf;F khwptpLfpwJ. ,J Xh; ,aw;gpay; khw;wk;. ,k;khw;wj;jpd; ngaiuf; $Wf. cq;fSf;Fj; njhpe;j vLj;Jf;fhl;L xd;W $Wf.

gjq;fkhjy; (v.fh.) ehg;jypd;> mNahbd;

5. m) kz;nzz;nzAk; ePUk; fye;j fyitiag; gphpf;f _______ Kiw cjTfpwJ. (thiy tbj;jy;> gphpGdy;)

M) rhjhuz cg;Gk; mk;Nkhdpak; FNshiuLk; fye;j fyitiag; gphpf;f _________ Kiw cjTfpwJ. (gjq;fkhjy;> tz;zg;gphpif)

6. A vd;w ePh;kj;jpd; nfhjpepiy 353K. B vd;w ePh;kj;jpd; nfhjpepiy 384K. ,it ,uz;Lk; xd;Wld; xd;W fyf;Fk; jd;ik cilait. ,it ,uz;ilAk; “gpd;d thiy tbj;jy;” Kiwapy; gphpf;fyhk;. ePh;kq;fisg; gphpf;f ,k;Kiwiaf; ifahsf; fhuzk; $Wf.

,U ePh;kq;fspd; nfhjpepiyfspd; tpj;jpahrk; 25K f;F mjpfkhf ,Ug;gjhy; ,k;Kiwapy; gphpf;fKbfpwJ.

7. gpd;tUk; $w;WfSf;F mwptpay; fhuzk; jUf. jpz;kq;fs;: m) fhw;W Vd; fyitahff; fUjg;gLfpwJ?

fhw;wpy; iel;u[d;> Mf;]p[d;> fhh;gd;il Mf;i]L kw;Wk; gy thAf;fs; fye;J ,Ug;gjhy; fhw;W xU fyitahFk;.

M) xyp> ntg;gk;> fhe;jj;jd;ik gUg;nghUshff; fUjg;gLtjpy;iy. Vd;? gUg;nghUs;fSf;F Fwpg;gpl;l epiwAk;> fdmsTk; cz;L. Mdhy; xsp> ntg;gk;> fhe;jjd;ik Mfpatw;wpw;F ,g;gz;Gfs; fpilahJ. vdNt gUg;nghUshf fUj KbahJ.

,) jpz;kq;fs;> jplj;jd;ikAk;> mjpf mOj;j epiyapy; RUq;f ,ayhj; jd;ikiaAk; ngw;Ws;sd. Vd;? jpz;kg;nghUl;fspy; mZf;fs; Vw;fdNt kpfTk; neUf;fkhf cs;sd. fbdj;jd;ikAk; ngw;Ws;sd. vdNt ,tw;iw RUf;f ,ayhJ.

<) jpz;kq;fs; mjpf mlh;j;jpiag; ngw;Ws;sd. Vd;? mZf;fs; kpfTk; neUf;fkhf mike;Js;sd.

c) jpz;kq;fs;> ntg;gj;jhy; rpwpjsNt tphptilAk; gz;igg; ngw;Ws;sd. Vd;? jpz;knghUl;fspy; mZf;fSf;F ,ilNa cs;s fth;r;rp tpir kpfTk; mjpfk; vdNt ntg;gj;jhy; rpwpjsNt tphptilAk;.

ePh;kq;fs;: m) ePh;kq;fs; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l tbtj;ijg; ngw;wpUg;gjpy;iy. Vd;?

,it ghAk; jd;ikf; nfhz;lit. mZf;fspd; mlh;j;jp FiwT. M) ePh;kq;fs; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l tbtj;ijAk;> fd msitAk; ngw;Ws;sdth?

tbtj;ij ngwtpy;iy. Fwpg;gpl;l fd msit ngw;Ws;sJ. ,) ePh;kq;fs;> ntg;gg;gLj;Jk; NghJ jpz;kq;fis tpl mjpfstpy; tphptiltJ Vd;?

%yf;$WfSf;F ,ilNa cs;s fth;r;rp tpir rw;W FiwT. ntg;gg;gLj;Jk; NghJ %yf;$Wfspd; mjph;T Ntfk; mjpfk;.

<) ePh;kq;fspd; mlh;j;jp> jpz;kq;fis tplf; FiwT. Vd;? (mlh;j;jp vd;gJ XuyF gUkdpd; epiw) %yf;$Wfs; rw;W tpyfp cs;sd. vdNt mlh;j;jp FiwT.

c) ePh;kq;fs;> mit itf;fg;gl;Ls;s fydpd; tbtj;ijg; ngw;Ws;sd. Vd;? mtw;wpw;F Fwpg;gpl;l tbtk; ,y;iy. ghAk; jd;ik nfhz;lJ. vdNt fydpd; tbtj;ij ngWfpwJ.

thAf;fs;;: m) thAf;fs;> mit ,Uf;Fk; KO ,lj;ijAk; epug;Gk; gz;igg; ngw;Ws;sd. Vd;?

thAf;fs; tpuTk; jd;ik nfhz;lJ. vdNt KO ,lj;ijAk; epug;gp tpLk;. M) thAf;fs;> rpwpjsT mOj;jj;jhYk;> mjpfsT RUq;f ,aYk; jd;ik cilaJ. Vd;?

%yf;$WfSf;F ,ilNa cs;s ,ilntsp kpfTk; mjpfk; vd;gjhy; mtw;iw vspjhf RUf;f ,aYk;. ,) ntg;gg;gLj;Jk; nghOJ ePh;kq;fistpl thAf;fs; mjpf msT tphptiltJ Vd;?

thA %yf;$Wfspd; mjph;T Ntfk; ntg;gj;jhy; mjpfhpg;gjhy; mit tphptilfpwJ. <) ehk; gY}dpy; fhw;iw epug;Gk; NghJ> mJ tphptiltJ Vd;?

thAf;fSk; gUg;nghUs; vd;gjhy; gY}Df;Fs; nry;Yk; thA gY}id tphptila nra;fpwJ.

8. gUg;nghUs;fs;> jpz;kk;> ePh;kk;> thAf;fshf ,Ug;gjw;Ff; fhuzkhd mbg;gilg; gz;Gfs; ahit?

jpz;kk;:- midj;J jpz;kq;fSk; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l tbtj;ijAk; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l fd msitAk;

ngw;Ws;sd. jpz;kj;jpd; tbtj;ij khw;w ngUkstpy; Mw;wy; Njitg;gLfpwJ. mJ jplj;jd;ikAld; mjpf mOj;j epiyapYk; RUq;f ,ayhj;jd;ikiaAk; ngw;Ws;sd. nghJthf



mjpf mlh;j;jpiaAk;> ntg;gj;ijAk; rpwpjsNt tphptilAk; gz;igAk; ngw;Ws;sd. jpz;kepiyapy; %yf;$Wfs; xOq;fhd fl;likg;Gld; ,Wf;fkhfg; gpizf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

ePh;kk;:- ePh;kq;fs; tiuaWf;;fg;gl;l tbtj;ijg; ngw;wpUg;gjpy;iy. mit itf;fg;gl;Ls;s fydpd;

tbtj;ijNa ngWfpd;wd. ,it Fwpg;gplj;jf;f fdmsT cilait. kpjkhd mOj;jj;jhy; RUq;f ,ayhj; jd;ik cilait. ntg;gg;gLj;Jk;NghJ jpz;kq;fis tpl mjpf msT tphptile;J thA epiyf;F khw;wkilfpwJ. ,tw;wpd; mlh;j;jp jpz;kq;fis tplf; FiwT.

thA:- thAf;fSf;Ff; Fwpg;gpl;l tbtk; fpilahJ. mit ,Uf;fpd;w fydpd; tbtj;ijg; ngWfpd;wd.

thAf;fSf;F Fwpg;gpl;l fd msT fpilahJ. mit ,Uf;Fk; KO ,lj;ijAk; epug;Gk; gz;igg; ngw;Ws;sd. NkYk; rpwpjsT mOj;jj;ijr; nrYj;jpdhYk; ,it mjpf msT RUq;f ,aYk; jd;ik cilad. ntg;gg;gLj;Jk; NghJ ePh;kq;fistp;l mjpf msT tphptilfpwJ. nghJthf ,tw;wpd; mlh;j;jp kpfkpff; FiwT.

gphpT -,

1. fyitapy; jdpkq;fs; VNjDk; xU tpfpj mbg;gilapy; fye;Js;sd. m) fyit> Nrh;kj;jpypUe;J vt;thW NtWgLfpwJ? M) fyitapd; tiffs; ahit? ,) xt;nthU tiff;Fk; Xh; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lj; jUf.

m) fyit Nrh;kk; 1 jdpkq;fs; VNjDk; xU tpfpjj;jpy;

,ay;ghff; fye;Js;sNj fyit. jdpkq;fs; xU Fwpg;gpl;l tpfpjj;jpy; Ntjpapay; Kiwapy; ,ize;J cUthFk; GjpanghUs; Nrh;kk;.

2 ,aw;gpay; Kiwapy; gFjpg; nghUl;fis gpupf;fyhk;.

,aw;gpay; Kiwapy; gFjpg;nghUl;fis gpupf;f ,ayhJ

3 fyitapd; gz;Gfs; mjpy; mlq;fpAs;s gFjpg;nghUs;fspd; gz;Gfis xj;Js;sd.

Nrh;kj;jpd; gz;Gfs; mjpy; mlq;fpAs;s gFjpg; nghUs;fshfpa jdpkq;fspd; gz;GfspypUe;J Kw;wpYk; NtWgLfpd;wd.

4 xUgbj;jhd epiyapNyh gygbj;jhd epiyapNyh ,Uf;fyhk;.

Nru;kk; xUgbj;jhd epiyapy; kl;LNk ,Uf;Fk;.

5 fyit epiyahd cUFepiy> nfhjpepiy mlh;j;jp Mfpa gz;Gfisg; ngw;wpUg;gjpy;iy.

Nrh;kq;fs;> epiyahd cUFepiy> nfhjpepiy mlh;j;jpia ngw;Ws;sd.

M) xU gbj;jhd fyit gy gbj;jhd fyit

,) xU gbj;jhd fyit – cg;Gf;fiury; gy gbj;jhd fyit – rh;f;fiuAld; cg;G fye;j fyit

2. mz;lj;jpy; cs;s midj;Jg; nghUs;fSk; %d;W epiyfspy; cs;sd. mit jpz;kk;> ePh;kk;> thA MFk;. m) jpz;kg; nghUs; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l tbtj;ijg; ngw;wpUf;f fhuzk; $Wf.

%yf;$Wfs; neUf;fkhf mike;Js;sd. mlh;j;jp mjpfk; cWjp jd;ik cz;L. vdNt Fwpg;gpl;l tbtj;ijg; ngw;Ws;sd.

M) jpz;kg; nghUspd; gz;Gfs; ,uz;lidf; $Wf. midj;J jpz;kq;fSk; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l tbtj;ijAk; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l fdmsitAk; ngw;Ws;sd. jpz;kj;jpd; tbtj;ij khw;w ngUkstpy; Mw;wy; Njitg;gLfpwJ. mJ jplj; jd;ikAld; mjpf mOj;j epiyapYk; RUq;f ,ayhj; jd;ikiaAk; ngw;Ws;sd. nghJthf mjpf mlh;j;jpiaAk;> ntg;gj;ijAk; rpwpjsNt tphptilAk; gz;igAk; ngw;Ws;sd.

,) xU jpz;kg; nghUisr; #Nlw;wpdhy; tphptilAkh? Vd;? jpz;kg; nghUis #Nlw;wpdhy; rpwpjsNt tphptilAk;. #Nlw;Wk;NghJ %yf;$Wfspd; mjph;T tPr;R mjpfhpg;gjhy; rw;W tphptilfpd;wd.

3. njspaitj;J ,Wj;jy; %yk; gygbj;jhd fyitapd; $Wfs; gphpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. njspa itj;J ,Wj;jy; vd;why; vd;d? ePh;kj;jpy; fiuahj ,ay;Gila nghpa Jfs;fs; mlq;fpa jpz;kj;ij me;ePh;kj;jpypUe;J gphpj;njLf;f ,k;Kiw gad;gLfpwJ. rw;W Neuk; fiuriy mirahky; itj;jpUe;jhy; fdkhd Jfs;fs; mbapy; jq;fptpLk;. mg;NghJ ePiu kl;Lk; tbj;JtplNtz;Lk;.



4. jdpkk;> Nrh;kj;jpypUe;J vt;thW NtWgLfpwJ? jdpkk; Nru;kk; 1 xNu tif mZf;fshy; MdJ ,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l tif

mZf;fshy; MdJ 2 Ntjptpid %yk; NkYk; gFg;Gf;F cl;glhJ. Ntjptpid %yk; gFf;f KbAk;. 3 xNu ,aw;gpay; Ntjpapay; gz;Gfisg;

ngw;wpUf;Fk;. gFjpg;nghUl;fspd; gz;GfspypUe;J Kw;wpYk; khWgl;ljhf ,Uf;Fk;.

5. tz;zg;gphpif gw;wp rpW Fwpg;G vOJf. ,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l fiuAk; jd;ik nfhz;l jpz;kq;fisj; jdpj;jdpNa gphpj;jy; MFk;. (10-12fp) igf;Nfh fpuhk; mstpyhd kpfkpf Ez;zpaj; Jfs;fs; Kjy; cUtstpy; nghpa madpfs; tiu ,k;Kiwapy; gphpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. mirAk;> mirah epiyikfSf;fpilNa fiunghUs; Jfs;fs; gfph;khdj;jpw;Fl;gl;L gphpj;njLf;fg;gLfpwJ.

6. gygbj;jhd fyit vd;why; vd;d? mjd; tiffis vLj;Jf;fhl;LfSld; tpsf;Ff. xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l epiyikfspy; fhzg;gLk; fyitfs; gygbj;jhd fyitfs;

1) jpz;kk;-jpz;kk; - cg;G ru;f;fiu fye;j fyit 2) ePu;kk;-jpz;kk; - kz;fye;j ePu; 3) thA-jpz;kk; - Gif 4) ePu;kk;-ePu;kk; - ePUk; kz;nzz;nzAk; fye;j fyit 5) thA-ePu;kk; - Nkfk;> %Lgdp

tpsf;fk;: cg;G ru;f;fiu fye;j fyit> kz;fye;j ePu;> Gif> ePu; kz;nzz;nza; fye;j fyit> Nkfk; %Lgdp Nghd;wtw;wpy; ,UNtW epiyikfs; fzg;gLk;.

7. gpd;tUtdtw;iw fiury;> gygbj;jhd fyit> Nrh;kk; my;yJ jdpkk; vdg; gphpj;jpLf. i) Nrhbak; - jdpkk; ii) FSf;Nfh]; - Nrh;kk; iii) vYkpr;rk; rhW - fiury; iv) kzYld; fhpj;J}s; fye;j fyit - gy gbj;jhd fyit v) rhjhuz cg;G - Nrh;kk;

8. My;f`hy; ePUld; Nrh;f;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,t;tpU gFjpg;nghUs;fisAk; gphpf;Fk; Kiwia RUf;fkhf vOJf. My;f`hYk; ePUk; fye;j fyitia jdpj;jdpNa gphpj;njLf;fg; nghUj;jkhd Kiw gpd;d thiy tbj;jy; MFk;. My;f`hypd; nfhjpepiy ePiutpl FiwT vd;gjhy; ,k;Kiw rpwe;jJ. 1) thiytbfydpy; My;f`hYld; ePu; fye;j fyitia vLj;Jf;nfhs;f. 2) fydpd; tha;g;gFjpia xUJis milg;ghdhy; %b ntg;gepiykhdpiag; nghUj;Jf. 3) gf;ff;FohAld; xU Fspu;tpg;ghid ,izf;fTk;. 4) fyitia nkJthf R+Nlw;Wf. My;f`hy; Kjypy; Mtpahfp ntspNawp Fspu;tpg;ghdpy;

Fspu;tpf;fg;gl;L ePu;kkhf NrfukhFk;. 5) ,Wjpapy; fydpy; ePu; kl;LNk NrfukhFk;.

9. njspa itj;J ,Wj;jy;> tbfl;LjypypUe;J vt;thW NtWgLfpwJ?

1. njspa itj;J ,Wj;jy;:- ePh;kj;jpy; fiuahj ,ay;G nfhz;l nghpa Jfs;fs; mlq;fpa jpz;kj;ij fiuriy rpwpJ Neuk; mirahky; itj;jpUe;J fdkhd Jfs;fs; mbapy; nrd;wTld; njspe;j ePu;kj;ij kl;Lk; tbj;njLj;jy; njspa itj;J ,Wj;jy; MFk;.

2. tbfl;Ljy;:- ePh;kj;jpy; fiuahj ,ay;G nfhz;l kpfr;rpwpa Jfs;fs; mlq;fpa jpz;kj;ij me;ePh;kj;jpypUe;J tbjhspy; tbj;njLj;Jg; gphpj;jy; tbfl;Ljy; MFk;.

10. xd;Wld; xd;W fythj ePh;kq;fis vt;thW gphpf;fyhk;? xd;Wld; xd;W fythj ePh;kq;fisg; gphpGdy; cjtpahy; jdpj;jdpNa gphpf;fyhk;. kz;nzz;nzAk; ePUk; fye;j fyitiaf; fUJNthk;. ,it ,uz;Lk; xd;Wld; kw;nwhd;W fythj ePh;kq;fs;. vdNt gphpGdy; cjtpahy; me;ePh;kq;fisg; gphpf;f ,aYk;. mlh;j;jp Fiwe;j ePh;kk; Nky; mLf;fpYk; mlh;j;jp mjpfkhd ePh;kk; fPo; mLf;fpYkhfg; gphpfpwJ. Kjypy; milg;ghid nkJthfj; jpwe;J fPo; mLf;fpy; cs;s ePiu Nrfupf;f Ntz;Lk;. rupahf kz;nzz;nza; tUk;NghJ milg;ghid %b kz;nzz;nzia kl;Lk; jdpNa vLj;Jf;nfhs;syhk;.



11. fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s glj;ij cw;WNehf;Ff. ,tw;iwg; gad;gLj;Jk; Kiw ahJ? mk;Gf; Fwpapl;l ghfq;fisf; Fwpf;fTk;.

12. gpd;tUtdtw;wpw;Ff; fhuzk; jUf. m) ePh; xU Nrh;kk; M) fhw;W xU fyit

m) ePh; xU Nrh;kk; fPNo Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s fhuzq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; ePh; xU Nrh;kkhFk;. 1) ePh; nfhjpepiy> ciwepiy mlh;j;jp Nghd;w ,aw;gz;Gfs; Fwpg;gpl;l khwh kjpg;Gfisg;

ngw;Ws;sd. 2) ePh; xU gbj;jhd ,ay;GilaJ. 3) ePhpd; gz;Gfs; mjpy; mlq;fpAs;s gFjpg; nghUs;fshd i`l;u[d;> Mf;]p[d;

gz;GfspypUe;J NtWgLfpwJ. 4) ePh; xU Fwpg;gpl;l khwh epiw tpfpjj;ijg; ngw;Ws;sJ. ePhpy; cs;s jdpkq;fshd H, O

Mfpatw;wpd; epiw tpfpjk; 1:8 MFk;. M) fhw;W xU fyit

fPNo Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s fhuzq;fshy; fhw;W xU fyitahFk;. 1) fhw;W khwh ,iagpidg; ngw;wpUg;gjpy;iy. 2) ,lj;jpw;F ,lk; mjd; ,iaG khw;wkilfpwJ. 3) Fwpg;gpl;l ,lj;jpy; cs;s fhw;wpd; ,iaigg; Nghy; mjpy; mlq;fpAs;s $Wfis mNj

tpfpjj;jpy; fye;J nraw;ifahff; fhw;iwAk; cUthf;f ,aYk;. ,t;thW cUthf;Fk; NghJ Mw;wy; khw;wk; vJTk; epfo;tjpy;iy.

4) ePh;kf;fhw;iwg; gpd;df; fha;r;rp tbj;jy; Nghd;w ,aw;gpay; Kiwf;F cl;gLj;jpf; fhw;wpy; cs;s $Wfisj; jdpj;jdpNa gphpf;f ,aYk;.

13. gjq;fkhjy; - Fwpg;G tiuf.

jpz;kepiyapy; ,Ue;J xU nghUs; Neubahf thA epiyf;F khWtJ gjq;fkhjy; vdg;gLk;.

gjq;fkhjy; Kiwapy; nghUl;fis J}a;ikahf;Fjy;: gjq;fkhFk; ,ay;Gila nghUl;fs; xU fyitapy;

,Ue;jhy; mtw;iw gjq;fkhjy; Kiwapy; vspjhf gpupj;Jtplyhk;. rhjhuz cg;G> fw;G+uk; Mfpaitf; fye;j fyitia xU gPq;fhd; fpz;zj;jpy; vLj;Jf;nfhz;Nlhk;. gPq;fhd; fpz;zj;jpd; Nky;gFjpapy; xU Gdiyj; jiyfPohf ftpo;j;J itj;Njhk;. Gdypd; jz;Lg; ghfj;jpd; Edpg;gFjpiag; gQ;rpdhy; milj;J gpd;dh; gPq;fhd; fpz;zj;ijr; #lhf;fpNdhk;. fw;G+ukhdJ gjq;fkhfp Gdypd; Xuq;fspy; jpz;kkhfg; gbfpwJ. mtw;iw Ruz;b vLg;gjd; %ykhf J}a fw;G+uk; fpilf;fpwJ.



4. mZ mikg;G gbf;f Ntz;ba Kf;fpa ghlf; Fwpg;Gfs;: 1. xU nghUspy; mlq;fpAs;s kpfkpfr; rpwpa Ez;zpa Jfis mZ vd;fpNwhk;.

2. [hd; lhy;ld; thAf;fspd; Jfs;fs; rhh;e;j Ma;TfisNa ngUkstpy; Nkw;nfhz;lhh;. 3. jdpkq;fs; xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l Nrh;kq;fis Fwpg;gpl;l epiw tpfpj mbg;gilapy; ,ize;J

cUthf;Ffpd;wd.

4. J.J jhk;rdpd; mZf;nfhs;if mZf;fspd; eLepiyj;jd;ikia tpsf;FfpwJ. 5. 1909Mk; Mz;L vh;d];l; &jh;Nghh;L mZf;fU gw;wpa Gjpa nfhs;ifia ntspapl;lhh;.

6. &jh;Nghh;L nky;ypa cNyhfj; jfl;bd;kPJ My;/gh fjph;fis tpor;nra;Ak; NghJ Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fis Ma;T nra;jhh;.

7. “mZf;fU ,aw;gpaypd; je;ij” vd &jh;Nghh;L miof;fg;gLfpwhh;. ,th; mZ mikg;G Muha;r;rpf;fhf 1908 Mk; Mz;L Nehgy; ghprpidg; ngw;whh;.

8. &jh;Nghh;L jdJ Ma;tpy; jq;f jfl;bd; CNl> My;ghj; Jfs; fw;iwia nrYj;jpdhh;. 20000 Jfs;fspy;; tpyf;fkile;j cl;fUit Neh;kpd; RikAila cl;fU vd fz;lwpe;jhh;.

9. My;/ghj; Jfs;fs; `Pypak; madpfs; MFk;. mtw;wpd; jpirNtfk; Vwf;Fiwa 2x107kP / nehb. 10. cl;fUitr; Rw;wpAs;s ntw;wplj;jpy; vyf;l;uhd;fs; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd. ,it tl;l tbt

ghijapy; cl;fUitr; Rw;wp tUfpd;wd.

11. ePy;];Nghh; nfhs;if> etPd ,aw;gpayhd Fthz;lk; nfhs;iff;F mbg;gilahf mike;jJ. ,th; 1922y;; ,aw;gpaYf;fhd Nehgy; ghpirg; ngw;whh;.

12. Xh; mZtpy; vyf;l;uhd;fs; epiyahd tl;lg;ghijapy; mZf;fUitr; Rw;wp tUfpd;wd. Mh;gpl; vd;gJ vyf;l;uhd;fs; cl;fUitr; Rw;wp tUk; tl;lg;ghij MFk;.

13. Xh; Mw;wy; kl;lj;jpy; ,lq;nfhs;Sk; vyf;l;uhd;fspd; mjpfgl;r vz;zpf;if 2n2 MFk;. 14. 1932y; N[k;]; rhl;tpf; vd;Dk; mwptpayhh; nghpy;ypak; cl;fUit My;ghf;fjpuhy; jhf;fpdhh;.

,e;epfo;tpy; ntspNawpa kpd;Rikaw;w Jfs;fs; “epA+l;uhd;fs;” vdg;gl;ld.

15. epA+l;uhd;fs; vz;zpf;ifapy; NtWgLk; xNu jdpkj;jpd; mZf;fs; INrhNlhg;Gfs; vdg;gLk;. i`l;u[d; mZitj; jtpu Vida mZf;fspd; cl;fUtpy; epA+l;uhd;fs; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd.

16. Xh; mZtpd; mbg;gilj; Jfs;fshtd> GNuhl;lhd;fs; (Neh;kpd;Rik)> vyf;l;uhd;fs; (vjph;kpd;Rik)> epA+l;uhd;fs; (kpd;Rikaw;wit) MFk;.

17. cl;fUtpd; epiw GNuhl;lhd;fs; kw;Wk; epA+l;uhd;fs; vd;w ,U$Wfis rhh;e;Nj cs;sJ.

18. nkrhd;fs;> ghrpl;uhd;fs;> epA+l;hpNdhf;fs;> Fthh;f;];> gpahd;fs;> FSthd;fs; Mfpad mZtpd; gpw mbg;gilj; Jfs;fshFk;.

19. mZtpd; mbg;gilj; Jfs;fspd; gz;Gfs;:

vyf;l;uhd; GNuhl;lhd; epA+l;uhd;

fz;Lgpbj;j mwptpayhsh; J. J jhk;]d;

H.A.Nyhud;];

E. Nfhy;L];Bd; N[k;]; rhl;tpf;

epiw 9.1 X 10-23 fp 1.672 X 10-24 fp 1.674 X 10-24

kpd;Rik -1 +1 0

20. mZtpd; mbg;gilj;Jfs;fshd GNuhl;lhd;fSk;> epA+l;uhd;fSk; ,ize;J epA+f;spahd;fs; vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.

21. Xh; mZtpd; epiw vz; kjpg;gpypUe;J mZ vz; vz; kjpg;igf; fopg;gjd; %yk; epA+l;uhd;fspd; vz;zpf;ifiaf; fzf;fplyhk;.

22. Xh; cl;fUtpd; epiyg;Gj;jd;ikf;F epA+l;uhd; - GNuhl;lhd; tpfpjNk mbg;gilf; fhuzkhf mikfpwJ.

23. FNshhpd; gpd;d mZepiw kjpg;GilaJ. vdNt> FNshhpd; mZtpd; ruhrhp mZepiw 35.5 MFk;.

24. xj;j mZ vz; kjpg;igAk; NtWgl;l epiw vz; kjpg;GfisAk; nfhz;l xNu jdpkj;jpd; mZf;fs;> INrhNlhg;Gfs; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.



25. i`l;u[d; vd;w jdpkj;jpy; GNuhl;bak;> bA+l;hpak;> bhpl;bak; Nghd;w INrhNlhg;Gfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

26. INrhNlhg;Gfspd; gad;fs;: 1. ,uj;jNrhif Neha;rpfpr;ir - ,Uk;G-59 2. Kd;fOj;JfoiyNeha; - mNahbd;-131 3. Gw;WNeha; rpfpr;ir- Nfhghy;l;-60 4. %is Ez;zha;Tr; rpfpr;ir- fhh;gd; -11

27. cl;fUtpw;F mUfhikapy; cs;s tl;lg; ghijapy; cs;s vyf;l;uhd;fs; 1> 2> 3> 4 my;yJ K,

L, M, N vd ePy;];Nghhpd; mZkhjphpapd;gb ngahplg;gLfpd;wd.

28. Fthz;lk; vz;fs; nfhs;if> “%d;whtJ tl;lg;ghij KOikahf epuk;Gk; Kd;dNu ehd;fhtJ tl;lg;ghijapy; vyf;l;uhd;fs; epuk;gj; njhlq;Ffpd;wd” vd;gij tpsf;FfpwJ.

29. Kjd;ikf; Fthz;lk; vz; vd;gJ Xh; mZtpy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s nkhj;j tl;lg;ghij my;yJ Mh;gpl;Lfspd; vz;zpf;ifiaf; Fwpg;gjhFk;. v.fh Nrhbaj;jpy; cs;s nkhj;j vyf;l;uhd;fs; 11

30. Xh; mZtpd; ntsptl;lg; ghijapy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s vyf;l;uhd;fs; Ntjpg;gpizg;Gfspy; gq;F tfpf;fpwJ. ,e;j vyf;l;uhd;fs; ,izjpw vyf;l;uhd;fs; vdg;gLk;.

31. jdpkq;fspd; vyf;l;uhd; mikg;gpw;Fr; rhd;whfg; gad;gLtJ mZ epwkhiy Ma;T MFk;.

32. Xh; mZtpy; cs;s ntsptl;lg;ghij my;yJ Mh;gpl;> mt;tZtpd; ,izjpw tl;lg;ghij my;yJ ,izjpw Mh;gpl; vdg;gLk;.

gphpT - m rhpahd tpiliaj; Njh;e;njLj;J vOJf. 1. Xh; Mw;wy; kl;lj;jpy; cs;s vyf;l;uhd;fspd; mjpfgl;r vz;zpf;ifiaf; fzf;fpl cjTk; tha;ghL

2n2 (n=1,2,3 …….) vdpy;> Kjy; Mw;wy; kl;lj;jpy; cs;s vyf;l;uhd;fspd; vz;zpf;if ____ MFk;. (8> 2> 18)

2. GNuhl;lhidf; fz;lwpe;jth; Nfhy;L];Bd;. ,J mZtpd; cl;fUtpy; cs;sJ. ,J ____ jd;ik cilaJ. (vjph;kpd;> Neh;kpd;> eLepiy)

3. ,J Xh; mbg;gilj; Jfs;. ,J mZtpd; cl;fUit tl;lg;ghijapy; Rw;wp tUfpwJ. ,J vjph;kpd; Rik cilaJ. ,jidf; fz;lwpe;jth; ngah; J.J. jhk;rd;. ,e;jj; Jfspd; ngah; _____ (vyf;l;uhd;> GNuhl;lhd;> epA+l;uhd;)

4. Li37 vd;w jdpkj;jpy; cs;s epA+l;uhd;fspd; vz;zpf;if 4 vdpy; O8

16 vd;w jdpkj;jpy; cs;s epA+l;uhd;fspd; vz;zpf;if ________ (8, 7, 6)

5. Xh; mZtpd; cl;fU vd;gJ ,uz;L $Wfis cilaJ. xd;W GNuhl;lhd; kw;nwhd;W ______ (epA+l;uhd;> vyf;l;uhd;> ghrpl;uhd;)

6. Xh; mZtpd; cl;fUtpy; cs;s GNuhl;lhd;fs;> epA+l;uhd;fspd; vz;zpf;ifNa epiw vz; vdg;gLk;. gpd;tUk; jdpkj;jpd; GNuhl;lhd;fspd; vz;zpf;ifiaf; fzf;fpLf. (11> 23> 12)

jdpkk; epiw vz; GNuhl;lhd;fs; vz;zpf;if epA+l;uhd;fs; vz;zpf;if Nrhbak; (Na) 23 11 12

7. Cl1735 vd;w jdpkj;jpd; mZ vz; 17. epiw vz; 35 vdpy;> ,j;jdpkj;jpy; cs;s GNuhl;lhd;fspd; vz;zpf;if __________ (17> 35> 18)

8. Kd;fOj;Jf;foiy Nehiaf; Fzg;gLj;j cjTk; INrhNlhg;G _________ (mNahbd;-131> gh];gu];-32> ,Uk;G-59)

9. GShpd; jdpkj;jpd; vyf;l;uhd; gfph;T 2> 7 vdpy;> ,jd; ,izjpwd; kjpg;G _________ (7> 2> 1)

10. Nrhbaj;jpd; vyf;l;uhd; gfph;T 2>8>1 vdpy;> ,jDila ,izjpwd; kjpg;G _______ (2> 8> 1)

11. Xh; mZtpy; GNuhl;lhd;fSk; vyf;l;uhd;fSk; vz;zpf;ifapy; rkk;. Mdhy;> ,it vjpnujph; kpd;Rik cilait. epA+l;uhd;fs; kpd;Rik mw;wit. ,jdhy;> mZtpd; jd;ik ____ (vjph;kpd;> Neh;kpd;> eLepiy)

12. rhpah> jtwh? vdf; fz;lwpf. jtwhd $w;iwj; jpUj;Jf. m) jdpkq;fs;> mtw;wpd; Nrh;kq;fspd; ngUk;ghd;ikahd gz;Gfs; mtw;wpd; epiw vz;izr;

rhh;e;Js;sd. jtW jpUj;jk;: jdpkq;fs; mtw;wpd; Nrh;kq;fspd; ngUk;ghd;ikahd gz;Gfs; mtw;wpd; mZ

vz;izr; rhh;e;Js;sd. M) Cl17

35 d; ,izjpwd; 7 jtW rupahd ,izjpwd; - 1



,) L - Mh;gpl;bYs;s nkhj;j vyf;l;uhd;fspd; vz;zpf;if 8. rhp <) xU jdpkj;jpd; INrhNlhg;Gfs; xj;j Ntjpg;gz;Gfisg; ngw;Ws;sd. rhp c) vyf;l;uhd;fs; Neh;kpd;Ndw;wk; ngw;w GNuhl;lhd; Jfs;fSf;F ,ilNa epyTk; tpyf;F

tpiriaf; Fiwf;fpd;wd. jtW jpUj;jk;: epA+l;uhd;fs; Neh;kpd;Ndw;wk; ngw;w GNuhl;lhd; Jfs;fSf;F ,ilNa epyTk; tpyf;F

tpiriaf; Fiwf;fpd;wd. C) Xh; cl;fUtpd; epiyg;Gj;jd;ikf;F epA+l;uhd; - GNuhl;lhd; tpfpjNk mbg;gilf; fhuzkhf

mikfpwJ. rhp v) cah; Mw;wy; kl;lj;jpypUe;J> Fiwe;j Mw;wy; kl;lj;jpw;F vyf;l;uhd; ,lk;ngaUk;NghJ

Mw;wiy cwpQ;RfpwJ. jtW jpUj;jk;: cah; Mw;wy; kl;lj;jpypUe;J Fiwe;j Mw;wy; kl;lj;jpw;F vyf;l;uhd; ,lk; ngaUk;

NghJ Mw;wiy ntsptpLfpwJ. V) Mh;gpl; cUtsT rpwpajhf ,Uf;Fk;NghJ> mjd; Mw;wYk; FiwthfNt ,Uf;Fk;. rhp I) ePy;];Nghhpd; nfhs;if> mZtpd; epiyg;Gj; jd;ikia tpsf;f ,aytpy;iy. jtW

jpUj;jk;: ePy;];Nghhpd; nfhs;if mZtpd; epiyg;G jd;ikia tpsf;FfpwJ. x) Nghh; nfhs;if> etPd ,aw;gpayhd Fthz;lk; nfhs;iff;F mbg;gilahf mike;Js;sJ. rhp

gphpT - M

1. mZtpy; cs;s vyf;l;uhd;fs; epiyahd tl;lg;ghijapy; Rw;wp tUfpd;wd. m) Nkw;fhz; $w;iwf; $wpathpd; ngaiu vOJf. M) ,e;j tl;lg;ghijapd; ngaiuf; $Wf.

m) ePy;];Nghh; M) Mh;gpl;Lfs;

2. N714 vd;w jdpkj;jpd; vyf;l;uhd; gfph;tpy; K =2 vdpy;> L - $l;by; ,Uf;f Ntz;ba vyf;l;uhd;fspd; vz;zpf;ifiaf; $Wf.

L = 5

3. X1735 vd;w jdpkk; xU thA. ,jd; mZ vz; 17. epiw vz; 35. ,jpy; cs;s vyf;l;uhd;fs;> GNuhl;lhd;fs;> epA+l;uhd;fspd; vz;zpf;ifiaf; $Wf.

vyf;l;uhd;fs; = 17 GNuhl;lhd;fs; = 17 epA+l;uhd;fs; = 18

4. kUj;Jtj;Jiwapy; gy INrhNlhg;Gfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. m) ,uj;jr;Nrhif Nehiaf; Fzg;gLj;Jk; INrhNlhg;G vJ? M) fz; kUj;Jtj;jpy; gad;gLk; INrhNlhg;G vJ?

m) ,Uk;G-59 M) gh];gu];-32

5. fPOs;s jdpkq;fspd; vyf;l;uhd; gfph;Tfisf; $Wf. jdpkk; mZ vz; vyf;l;uhd; gfph;T

K L M Nghuhd; 5 2 - - nkf;dPrpak; 12 - 8 -

jdpkk; mZ vz; vyf;l;uhd; gfph;T K L M

Nghuhd; 5 2 3 0 nkf;dPrpak; 12 2 8 2

6. fPOs;s ml;ltizapypUe;J> ,izjpw vyf;;l;uhd;fisAk; ,izjpwidAk; vOJf. jdpkk; mZ vz; ,izjpw vyf;l;uhd;fs; ,izjpwd; fhh;gd; 6 (2>4) mYkpdpak; 13 (2>8>3)

jdpkk; mZ vz; ,izjpw vyf;l;uhd;fs; ,izjpwd; fhh;gd; 6 (2>4) 4 4 mYkpdpak; 13 (2>8>3) 3 3



7. nfhLf;fg;gl;l jdpkq;fspd; i) epiw vz; ii) mZ vz; iii) GNuhl;lhd;fspd; vz;zpf;if iv) vyf;l;uhd;fspd; vz;zpf;if v) epA+l;uhd;fspd; vz;zpf;if Mfpatw;iwf; fhz;f.

He24 , Li3

7, B5

11 , X612 , Al3

27 He24

i) epiw vz; = 4 ii) mZ vz; = 2 iii) GNuhl;lhd;fspd; vz;zpf;if = 2 iv) vyf;l;uhd;fspd; vz;zpf;if = 2 v) epA+l;uhd;fspd; vz;zpf;if = 4-2 = 2

Li37


B511


X612


Al327

i) epiw vz; = 27 ii) mZ vz; = 13 iii) GNuhl;lhd;fspd; vz;zpf;if = 13 iv) vyf;l;uhd;fspd; vz;zpf;if=13 v) epA+l;uhd;fspd; vz;zpf;if = 27-13 = 14

8. ANudpak; INrhNlhg;G gw;wpa tpLgl;l jfty;fisr; Nrh;j;J ml;ltizia epug;Gf. INrhNlhg;G FwpaPL GNuhl;lhd;fspd;

vz;zpf;if epA+l;uhd;fspd; vz;zpf;if

vyf;l;uhd;fspd; vz;zpf;if

ANudpak; - 235 U92235 92 143 92

ANudpak; - 238 92

INrhNlhg;G FwpaPL GNuhl;lhd;fspd; vz;zpf;if

epA+l;uhd;fspd; vz;zpf;if

vyf;l;uhd;fspd; vz;zpf;if

ANudpak; - 235 U92235 92 143 92

ANudpak; - 238 U92238 92 146 92

9. ml;ltizia epug;Gf. gz;Gfs; GNuhl;lhd;fs; vyf;l;uhd;fs; epA+l;uhd;fs;

epiw kpd;Rik mZtpy; ,lk; fz;Lgpbj;jth;

gz;Gfs; GNuhl;lhd;fs; vyf;l;uhd;fs; epA+l;uhd;fs; epiw 1.672x10-24 fp 9.1x10-28 fp 1.67x10-24 fp kpd;Rik +1 -1 0 mZtpy; ,lk; cl;fU tl;lg;ghij cl;fU fz;Lgpbj;jth; E. Nfhy;L ];Bd; J.J. jhk;rd; N[k;]; rhl;tpf;

10. ml;ltizia epug;Gf. t.vz; Mh;gpl; vz; mjpfgl;r vyf;l;uhd;fspd; vz;zpf;if 1. 1(K-Mh;gpl;) 2. 2(L-Mh;gpl;) 3. 3(M-Mh;gpl;) 4. 4(N-Mh;gpl;)

t.vz; Mh;gpl; vz; mjpfgl;r vyf;l;uhd;fspd; vz;zpf;if 1. 1(K-Mh;gpl;) 2n2 = 2x12 = 2

2. 2(L-Mh;gpl;) 2n2 = 2x2

2 = 8

3. 3(M-Mh;gpl;) 2n2 = 2x32 = 18 4. 4(N-Mh;gpl;) 2n2 = 2x42 = 32



11. i`l;u[dpd; INrhNlhg;Gf;fspd; glq;fis tiuf (vyf;l;uhd;fs;> epA+l;uhd;fs;> GNuhl;lhd;fSld;)

12. gpd;tUk; INrhNlhg;GfspYs;s epA+l;uhd;fspd; vz;zpf;ifiaf; fzf;fpLf. m) Li3

7 M) Cl1737

,) U92238 <) C6

14 c) Br3581

m) Li37 - 7 - 3 = 4

M) Cl1737 - 37 - 17 = 20

,) U92238 - 238 - 92 = 146

<) C614

- 14 - 6 = 8

c) Br3581 - 81 - 35 = 46

13. gpd;tUtdtw;wpd; vyf;l;uhd; mikg;ig tiuf. m) Al13

27 M) Al816 ,) Cl17

35

m) Al1327

jdpkk; = mYkpdpak; mZ vz; = 13 vyf;l;uhd; gfph;T = 2>8>3

M) Al816

jdpkk; = Mf;]p[d; mZ vz; = 8 vyf;l;uhd; gfph;T = 2>6

,) Cl1735

jdpkk; = FNshhpd; mZ vz; = 17 vyf;l;uhd; gfph;T = 2>8>7

14. X,Y vd ,U mZf;fspd; cl;fU mikg;Gfs; fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. X,Y Mfpatw;wpd; epiw vz;izf; fzf;fpLf. ,U mZf;fSf;fpilNa cs;s njhlh;G ahJ? mj;jdpkq;fs; ahit? X Y GNuhl;lhd;fs;: 6 6 epA+l;uhd;fs; : 6 8 mZ vz; : 6 6 epiw vz; : 12 14

nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sit ,uz;L mZf;fSf;Fk; mZvz; 6 vd;gjhy; ,uz;Lk; fhu;gdpd; INrhNlhg;Gfs;

vdNt X = C1612 (fhu;gd;-12) Y= C6

14 (fhu;gd;-14)

15. Na1123 vd;w FwpaPl;bw;Fg; gpd;tUtdtw;iw vOJf.

m) Nrhbaj;jpd; epiw vz; ___________. M) Nrhbaj;jpd; mZ vz; ___________. ,) vyf;l;uhd; mikg;G __________. <) GNuhl;lhd;fspd; vz;zpf;if __________. c) epA+l;uhd;fspd; vz;zpf;if _____________.

m) Nrhbaj;jpd; epiw vz; 23 M) Nrhbaj;jpd; mZ vz; 11 ,) vyf;l;uhd; mikg;G 2>8>1 <) GNuhl;lhd;fspd; vz;zpf;if 11 c) epA+l;uhd;fspd; vz;zpf;if 12



gphpT - , 1. KOikahf epuk;gpAs;s tl;lg;ghijfisg; ngahpLf.

jdpkk; mZ vz; vyf;l;uhd; mikg;G iel;u[d; 7 epahd; 10 nkf;dPrpak; 12 ry;gh; 16 Mh;fhd; 18

jdpkk; mZ vz; vyf;l;uhd; mikg;G KOikahf epuk;gpAs;s tl;lg;ghij iel;u[d; 7 2>5 K

epahd; 10 2>8 K, L

nkf;dPrpak; 12 2>8>2 K, L

ry;gh; 16 2>8>6 K, L

Mh;fhd; 18 2>8>8 K, L, M

KOikahf epuk;gpAs;s tl;lg;ghijfs; nfhz;l jdpkq;fs; epahd;> Mh;fhd;.

2. nghUj;Jf. i) Neh;kpd; mlh;j;jp mjpfKs;s gFjp ,izjpwd; ii) eLepiyj;Jfs; mZ vz; iii) ntsptl;lg;ghij cl;fU iv) ntsptl;lg;ghijapy; cs;s vyf;l;uhd;fs; ,izjpw Mh;gpl; v) GNuhl;lhd;fspd; vz;zpf;if epA+l;uhd; GNuhl;lhd;

i) Neh;kpd; mlh;j;jp mjpfKs;s gFjp cl;fU ii) eLepiyj;Jfs; epA+l;uhd; iii) ntsptl;lg;ghij ,izjpw Mh;gpl; iv) ntsptl;lg;ghijapy; cs;s vyf;l;uhd;fs; ,izjpwd; v) GNuhl;lhd;fspd; vz;zpf;if mZ vz;

3. K,L,M Mw;wy; kl;lq;fspy; ,lq;nfhs;Sk; vyf;l;uhd;fspd; vz;zpf;ifiaf; fzf;fpLf. 1 K - Mh;gpl; = 2n

2 = 2x1

2 = 2

2 L - Mh;gpl; = 2n2

= 2x22 = 8 3 M - Mh;gpl; = 2n2 = 2x32 = 18

4. Xh; mZtpd; mbg;gilj; Jfs;fs; vd;why; vd;d? midj;J Jizj;Jfs;fspd; ngah;fisAk; vOJf. mZtpd; mbg;gilj; Jfs;fs;:

GNuhl;lhd;> vyf;l;uhd;> epA+l;uhd; Mfpa %d;Wk; xU mZtpd; mbg;gil Jfs;fs; MFk;. mZtpd; Jizj;Jfs;fs;: nkrhd;fs;> ghrpl;uhd;fs;> epA+l;hpNdhf;fs;> Fthh;f;];> gpahd;fs;> FSthd;fs;

5. INrhNlhg;Gfs; vd;why; vd;d? i`l;u[dpd; INrhNlhg;Gfis tiuf. xj;j mZ vz; kjpg;igAk; NtWgl;l epiw vz; kjpg;GfisAk; nfhz;l xNu jdpkj;jpd; mZf;fs; INrhNlhg;Gfs; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. v.fh: i`l;u[dpd; INrhNlhg;Gfs; - GNuhl;bak;> bA+l;bupak;> bhpl;bak; (gpupT M.11 tpdhTf;fhd tpilia gbj;Jf;nfhs;f)

6. My;/ghj; Jfs;fs; vd;git ahit? Xh; mZtpd; cl;fUitf; fz;Lgpbf;f mit vt;thW gad;gLfpd;wd? My;/gh Jfs;fs; vd;git `Pypak; madpfs; (He

2+)

kpf nky;ypa jq;fj; jfbd; kPJ My;/gh Jfs;fis Nkhj nra;Ak; NghJ ngUk;ghyhdit CLUtpr; nry;fpwJ. rpy My;/gh Jfs; kl;Lk; tpyf;fk; milfpwJ. vdNt mZtpy; ngUk;gFjp ,lk; ntw;wplk; vd;gijAk; cl;fU kpfr;rpwpajhf ,Uf;fpwJ vd;gijAk; mwpa KbfpwJ.

7. &jh;Nghh;L mZf;Nfhl;ghLfisr; RUf;fkhff; Fwpg;gpLf. 1) mZtpd; ikag;gFjpapy; kpfkpfr; rpwpa cl;fU ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ. 2) cl;fUitr; Rw;wpAs;s ngUk;gFjp ntw;wplkhf cs;sJ. 3) mZtpd; epiw mjd; cl;fUtpd; epiwiag; nghWj;Js;sJ. 4) cl;fUitr; Rw;wpAs;s ntw;wplj;jpy; vyf;l;uhd;fs; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd. 5) vyf;l;uhd;fs; cl;fUit tl;l tbtg; ghijapy; Rw;wp tUfpd;wd.



8. &jh;Nghh;L mZkhjphpapd; tuk;Gfs; ahit? 1) kpd;fhe;jf; nfhs;ifg;gb Ntfkhf ,aq;fpf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; vyf;l;uhd; njhlh;e;J Mw;wiy

,of;f Ntz;Lk;. 2) ,t;thW Mw;wiy ,og;gjhy; vyf;l;uhd; mZf;fUitr; Rw;wptUk; ghij RUq;fp ,Wjpapy;

mZf;fUtpDs; tpo Ntz;Lk;. 3) ,t;thW epfo;e;jhy; mZ mjd; epiyg;Gj; jd;ikia ,of;f NehpLk;. 4) Mdhy; mZ epiyg;Gj; jd;ik cilaJ. 5) &jh;Nghh;L nfhs;if mZtpd; ,e;j epiyg;Gj; jd;ikia tpsf;f ,aytpy;iy.

9. Nghhpd; mZf; Nfhl;ghLfisf; Fwpg;gpLf. 1) Xh; mZtpy; vyf;l;uhd;fs; epiyahd tl;lg;ghijapy; mZf;fUitr; Rw;wp tUfpd;wd.

,t;tl;lg;ghijfs; Mh;gpl;Lfs; my;yJ $Lfs; my;yJ Mw;wy; kl;lq;fs; vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ. 2) xNu tl;lg;ghijapy; vyf;l;uhd;fs; Rw;wp tUifapy; Mw;wiy ,og;gNjh my;yJ Vw;gNjh ,y;iy. 3) ,t;tl;lg;ghijfs; 1.2.3.4 my;yJ K .L. M. N $Lfs; vdg; ngahplg;gLfpd;wd. 4) Mh;gpl; cUtsT rpwpajhf ,Uf;Fk; cl;fUtpypUe;J njhiyT mjpfhpf;Fk; NghJ Mh;gpl;bd;

Mw;wYk; ,izahf cah;fpwJ. 5) Xh; Mw;wy; kl;lj;jpy; (n) ,lq;nfhs;Sk; vyf;l;uhd;fspd; mjpfgl;r vz;zpf;if 2n

2 MFk;. 6) vyf;l;uhd; Mw;wiy cwpQ;Rk; NghJ Fiwe;j Mw;wy; kl;lj;jpypUe;J cah; Mw;wy; kl;lj;jpw;Fj;

jhTfpwJ. 7) cah; Mw;wy; kl;lj;jpy; ,Ue;J Fiwe;j Mw;wy; kl;lj;jpw;F vyf;l;uhd; ,lk;ngaUk;NghJ

Mw;wiy ntsptpLfpwJ.

10. epA+l;uhd; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l Ma;it vOJf. 1932 ,y; N[k;]; rhl;tpf; vd;Dk; mwptpayhsh; nghpy;ypak; cl;fUit My;/gh fjpuhy; jhf;fpdhh;. GNuhl;lhd;fSf;F ,izahd epiw cs;s Jfs;fs; ntspNawpd. ,j;Jfs;fSf;F kpd;Rik VJk; ,y;iy. ,it epA+l;uhd;fs; vd;W miof;fg;gl;ld.

nghpypak; + My;/gh fjph; fhh;gd; + epA+l;uhd;

11. Mw;wy; kl;l mbg;gilapy;> vyf;l;uhd; mikg;igf; Fwpg;gpLf. m) fhh;gd; (mZ vz; 6) = 2>4 M) GShpd; (mZ vz; 9) = 2>7 ,) nkf;dPrpak; (mZ vz; 12) = 2>8>2 <) gh];gu]; (mZ vz; 15) = 2>8>5 c) Mh;fhd; (mZ vz; 18) = 2>8>8

12. mwptpayhshpd; ngaiuj; jUf. m) xU nghUspy; mlq;fpAs;s kpfkpfr; rpwpa JfisNa mZ vd;W fUjpath; - [hd; lhy;ld; M) xU jq;f mZ kPJ My;/ghj; Jfs;fs; NkhJk; Ma;tpypUe;J mZtpd; ikag;gFjpapy; rpwpa

cUtstpy; mjpf Neh;kpd;RikAila cl;fU ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ vdf; fz;lwpe;jth; -&jh;Nghh;L ,) GNuhl;lhd;fisf; fz;lwpe;jth; - E.Nfhy;L ];Bd; <) Xu; mZtpd; epA+l;uhd;fisf; fz;lwpe;jth; - N[k;]; rhl;tpf; c) Xh; mZtpy; vyf;l;uhd;fs; epiyahd tl;lg;ghijapy; mZf;fUitr;Rw;wp tUfpd;wd vd;W

mZ khjphpia khw;wp mikj;jth; - ePy;];Nghh;

13. gpd;tUtdtw;wpw;Fg; ngahpLf: m) cl;fUtpYs;s GNuhl;lhd;fspd; vz;zpf;if mZ vz; M) Xh; mZtpd; cl;fUtpy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;s GNuhl;lhd;fs;> epA+l;uhd;fspd; $Ljy; epiw vz; ,) xj;j mZ vz;izAk;> NtWgl;l epiw vz;izAk; nfhz;l xNu jdpkj;jpd; mZf;fs;

INrhNlhg;Gfs; <) 18 vyf;l;uhd;fisj; jd;Ds; nfhz;bUf;Fk; Mh;gpl; M Mh;gpl; c) Xh; mZtpy; ntsptl;lg;ghijapy; cs;s vyf;l;uhd;fs; ,izjpw vyf;l;uhd;fs;

14. ml;ltizia epug;Gf. t.vz; epiw vz; (A) mZ vz; (Z) GNuhl;lhd; vyf;l;uhd; epA+l;uhd; vyf;l;uhd; mikg;G 1. 7 3 - - - - 2. 14 - - 7 7 - 3. - 8 - - 8 - 4. - - 11 - 12 - 5. 19 9 - 9 - -



t.vz; epiw vz; (A) mZ vz; (Z) GNuhl;lhd; vyf;l;uhd; epA+l;uhd; vyf;l;uhd; mikg;G 1. 7 3 3 3 4 2>1 2. 14 7 7 7 7 2>5 3. 16 8 8 8 8 2>6 4. 23 11 11 11 12 2>8>1 5. 19 9 9 9 10 2>7

15. gpd;tUtdtw;wpy; gad;gLk; INrhNlhg;igf; Fwpg;gpLf. m) ,uj;jr;Nrhif Neha;f;fhd rpfpr;ir _________. M) Gw;WNeha; rpfpr;ir __________. ,) fz; kUj;Jtk; ________ <) %is Ez;zha;T rpfpr;ir ___________. c) Kd; fOj;Jf; foiy Neha;f;fhd rpfpr;ir ___________.

m) ,Uk;G-59 M) Nfhghy;l;-60 ,) gh];gu];-32 <) fhh;gd;-11 c) mNahbd;-131

16. vyf;l;uhd; mikg;ig tiuf. Li3

7 , C,612 O8

16 , N714

Li37

C612

O816

N714

17. &jh;Nghh;L Ma;tpw;Fg; nghUe;jhj $w;Wfisj; Njh;e;njLf;f. m) nky;ypa jq;fj;jfl;bd; CNl> My;/gh Jfs; fw;iw nrYj;jg;gl;lJ. M) ngUk;ghyhd My;/ghj;Jfs;fs; jfl;bDs; Neh;Nfhl;Lg; ghijapy; CLUtpr; nry;fpd;wd. ,) jq;f mZf;fspd; ngUk;gFjp ntw;wplkhfNth my;yJ rpy ,Nyrhd Jfs;fshy; epug;gg;gl;Nlh

cs;sJ. <) rpy My;/gh Jfs;fs; ruhrhpahf 900 Nfhzj;jpy; tpyf;fk; mile;jd. c) kpfr;rpy Jfs;fs; mZf;fU kPJ gl;L 1800 Nfhzj;jpy; tpyf;fk; mile;jd.

nghUe;jhj $w;W: jq;f mZf;fspd; ngUk;gFjp ntw;wplkhfNth my;yJ rpy ,Nyrhd Jfs;fshy; epug;gg;gl;Nlh cs;sJ.

18. &jh;Nghh;L mZf; nfhs;ifapd; mbg;gilapy; gpd;tUtdtw;iw epug;Gf. m) Xh; mZtpy; GNuhl;lhd;fSk;> epA+l;uhd;fSk; mjd; _________ y; nrwpe;Js;sd. M) mZtpd; ________ gFjpapy; __________ cl;fU ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ. ,) mZtpd; __________ mjd; cl;fUtpd; epiwiag; nghWj;Js;sJ. <) ______ vz;zpf;iff;Fr; rkkhd _______ cl;fUit tl;lg;ghijapy; Rw;wp tUfpd;wd. c) cl;fUtpd; Neh;kpd; Rikf;Ff; fhuzk; mjpYs;s ____ mit ___ kpd;Rik cila Jfs;fs;.

m) Xh; mZtpy; GNuhl;lhd;fSk;> epA+l;uhd;fSk; mjd; cl;fUtpy; nrwpe;Js;sd. M) mZtpd; ikag; gFjpapy; kpfr;rpwpa cl;fU ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ. ,) mZtpd; epiw mjd; cl;fUtpd; epiwiag; nghUj;Js;sJ. <) GNuhl;lhd;fspd; vz;zpf;iff;Fr; rkkhd vyf;l;uhd; cl;fUit tl;lg;ghijapy; Rw;wp

tUfpd;wd. c) cl;fUtpd; Neh;kpd; Rikf;Ff; fhuzk; mjpYs;s GNuhl;lhd;fs;. mit Neh; kpd;Rik

cila Jfs;fs;.



,aw;gpay;

5. mstPLfSk; mstpLk; fUtpfSk; gbf;f Ntz;ba Kf;fpa ghlf; Fwpg;Gfs;: 1. mstpLk; fUtpfspd; %d;W Kf;fpa gz;Gfs; kPr;rpw;wsT> tPr;R> Ropg;gpio MFk;.

2. ve;j xU mstpLk; fUtpahYk; mstplf;$ba kpff;Fiwe;j msT mf;fUtpapd; kPr;rpw;wsT vdg;gLk;.

3. Xh; mstpLk; fUtpapdhy; mstplg;glf;$ba cah; kjpg;gpw;Fk; Fiwe;j kjpg;gpw;Fk; cs;s NtWghL tPr;R vdg;gLk;.

4. ePsk;> epiw> Neuk;> kpd;Ndhl;lk; Nghd;wtw;wpw;F KiwNa kPl;lh;> fpuhk;> tpdhb> Mk;gpah; Nghd;wit mbg;gil myFfshFk;.

5. mstPLfisg; gjpTnra;Ak;NghJ kjpg;Gfisr; rhpahd jrk ,lj;jpUj;jkhf vOj Ntz;Lk;.

6. gpahp nth;dpah; “yh fd;];l;uf;\d;” vd;w jdJ gjpg;gpy; nth;dpah; msTNfhypd; gad;ghl;il gw;wp tpsf;fpAs;shh;.

7. nth;dpah; mstpahdJ nghwpahsh;fshYk;> nghUs;fs; cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; ,lq;fspYk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. ,J kpfr;rpwpa ePsj;ijAk; Jy;ypakhf mstpLk; fUtpahFk;.

8. nghUspd; ePsk; = Kjd;ikf;Nfhy; msT + (nth;dpah; xd;wpg;G X kPr;rpw;wsT) 9. Kjd;ik msTNfhy; vd;gJ nr.kP> kp.kPl;lh; mstPLfs; Fwpf;fg;gl;l nky;ypa cNyhfg;

gl;ilahFk;.

10. Kjd;ikNfhYf;F nrq;Fj;jhf nghUj;jg;gl;Ls;s Nky;Nehf;fpa kw;Wk; fPo;Nehf;fpa jhilfs; epiyahd jhilfs; vdg;gLk;.

11. nth;dpah; msTNfhYld; tyJGwj;jpy; ,izf;fg;gl;l nky;ypag;gl;il cs;sPlw;w nghUs;fspd; Moj;ij mstplg; gad;gLfpwJ.

12. ,aw;gpay; juhR mjpf Ez;Zzh;T ngw;wjhy; nghUs;fspd; epiwfis kpy;ypfpuhk; tiu Jy;ypakhf msf;fyhk;.

13. fdkhd cNyhff; Fz;L xd;wpid nky;ypa E}ypidf; nfhz;L fl;bj; njhq;ftplg;gl;l mikg;G jdpCry; vdg;gLk;.

14. ikag;Gs;spapypUe;J Cry; Fz;L VNjDk; xU jpirapy; milAk; ngUk ,lg;ngah;r;rpNa tPr;R vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

15. Crypd; xU KO miytpw;fhd fhyk; miyTf;fhyk; vdg;gLfpwJ.

16. #hpa fbfhuj;jpy; cs;s Nfhypd; epoy; khw;wj;ij nfhz;L Neuk; fzf;fplg;gLfpwJ.

17. ePh;f;fbfhuj;jpy; fydpy; ePh; nrhl;Lk; tPjj;ij nfhz;L Neuk; fzf;fplg;gLfpwJ.

18. kpff; FWfpa msTfis msf;Fk; tifapy; kzy; fbfhuk; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

19. mZf;fbfhuj;jpy; rPrpak; mZtpy; Vw;gLk; rPuhd mjph;Tfspd; mbg;gilapy; Neuk; fzf;fplg;gLfpwJ.

20. xU tpdhb kPr;rpw;wsT cila fbfhuk; Nghd;Nwh my;yJ xU kpy;yptpdhb kPr;rpw;wsT nfhz;l mwptpay; fbfhuk; Nghd;Nwh mZf;fbfhuk; tbtikf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

21. ,e;jpahtpd; jpl;l NeukhdJ> GJjpy;ypapy; cs;s Njrpa ,aw;gpay; Ma;tfj;jpy; itf;fg;gl;Ls;s mZf;fbfhuk; %yk; fzf;fplg;gLfpwJ.

gpupT - m 1. 5x107µs –f;F rkkhd kjpg;G i) 0.5s ii) 5s iii) 50s ii) 500s

2. ntu;dpau; mstpiaf; nfhz;L cUis tbtf; Foha; xd;wpd; cl;Gw tpl;lj;jpid mstpLtjw;Fg; gad;gLk; ntu;dpau; mstpapd; ghfj;jpidf; fPo; cs;stw;wpypUe;J njupT nra;f.

(Mok; fzpg;ghd;> epiyepWj;jp> fPo;j; jhilfs;> Nky;j;jhilfs;)

3. glj;jpy; cs;s ntu;dpau; msTNfhypy; cs;s Ropg;gpioia fz;L vOJf.

Ropg;gpio = 0.5kp.kP Neh;gpio



4. cq;fs; iffbfhuj;jpd; kPr;rpw;wsit vd;d? midj;J tifahd fbfhuq;fSf;Fk; ,J xNu msthf ,Uf;Fkh?

kPr;rpw;wsT = 1 tpdhb midj;J fbfhuq;fSf;Fk; ,t;thW xNu kPr;rpw;wsthf ,Uf;fhJ mZ fbfhuq;fs; Nghd;w fbfhuq;fspy; kpy;yp nrfz;l; ikf;Nuh nrfz;l; Nghd;w

Jy;ypakhd Neuq;fisAk; fzf;fpl KbAk;.

5. FWfpa Neu ,ilntspfisj; Jy;ypakhf mstplg; gad;gLk; fbfhuj;jpd; ngaiuf; Fwpg;gpLf. mZf;fbfhuk;

6. xw;iw epw xspapd; miyePsk; 6000 A0 . ,k;kjpg;ig nm (ehNdh kPl;lu;)y; vOJf. 600 ehNdh kPl;lh;

gpupT - M 1. nghUj;Jf.

t.vz;. fUtp gad;gLk; ,lk; tpilfs; 1. rhjhuzj; juhR eiff;fil mq;fhb 2. kUj;Jt vil mstp Ma;tfk; kUj;Jtkidfs; 3. ,aw;gpay; juhR kUj;Jtkidfs; Ma;tfk; 4. vz;zpyf;fj; juhR mq;fhb eiff;fil

2. xU ntu;dpau; mstpapy;> xU Kjd;ikf;Nfhy; gpuptpw;Fk;> xU ntu;dpau; Nfhy; gpuptpw;Fk; cs;s NtWghL 0.1 kp.kP ,J vjidf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ?

ntu;dpau; mstpapd; kPr;rpw;wsitf; (0.1 kp.kP) Fwpf;fpwJ.

3. ntu;dpau; mstpiaf; nfhz;L 250 jhs;fs; nfhz;l xU mwptpay; Gj;jfj;jpy; cs;s xU jhspd; jbkidf; fz;lwpa ftpjh tpiofpwhs;. mts; ,jid vt;thW jf;f Kiwapy; nra;jpUg;ghs; vd;gjid tpsf;Ff.

1) nth;dpah; mstpapd; kPr;rpw;wsitAk; (LC)> Ropg;gpioAk; (ZC) fzf;fplNtz;Lk;. 2) mts; Kjypy; 250 jhs;fspd; nkhj;j jbkid fzf;fpl Ntz;Lk;. 3) mjw;F mts; mwptpay; Gj;jfj;jpd; ml;ilia tpl;Ltpl;L kPjpg; gf;fq;fis xz;wpizj;J

mjid fPo;jhilfSf;F ,ilapy; itj;J Kjd;ik Nfhypd; msitAk; (MSR) nth;dpah; Nfhypd; xd;wpg;igAk; (VC) Fwpj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

4) 250 jhs;fspd; nkhj;j jbkd; = MSR + (VC x LC) ± ZC ,e;j rkd;ghl;ilf;nfhz;L 250 jhs;fspd; nkhj;j jbkid fzf;fplNtz;Lk;. 5) ,Nj Nghy; 3 my;yJ 4 ,lq;fspy; jbkidf; fzf;fpl Ntz;Lk;. 6) me;j msTfspd; ruhrup fzf;fpl Ntz;Lk;. 7) ruhrup mstpid 250 My; tFf;f xU jhspd; jbkd; fpilf;Fk;.

4. khztu; xUtu; vz;zpyf;f ntu;dpau; mstpiaf; nfhz;L Fz;L xd;wpd; tpl;lj;ij mstpLifapy; mstpapy; mstPL 4.27 nr.kP vdf; fhl;LfpwJ. ,k; Kbtpidr; Ropg;gpioaw;w rhjhuz ntu;dpau; mstpiaf; nfhz;L msf;f Kw;gLfpwhh; vdpy;>

i) ntu;dpau; Ropg;gpupT> Kjd;ik msTNfhypy; vq;F mikAk;? ii) ntu;dpau; Nfhy; mstpapd; vg;gpupT> Kjd;ik msTNfhypd; VNjDk; xU gpupTld; xd;wpapUf;Fk;?

i) 4.2 nr.kP ii) 7 gphptpy; xd;wpapUf;Fk;.

5. nfhLf;fg;gl;l ml;ltizapd; ntu;dpau; mstPLfisf; nfhz;L cupa mstPl;ilf; fzf;fpLf. kPr;rpw;wsT = 0.01 nr.kP RopjpUj;jk; = ,y;iy

t.vz; MSR VC fzf;fplg;gl;l msT = MSR + (VC x LC) nr.kP

cupa msT OR ± ZC nr.kP

1. 3.0 4 2. 3.0 7

t.vz; MSR nrkP

VC fzf;fplg;gl;l msT = MSR + (VC x LC) nr.kP

cupa msT OR ± ZC nr.kP

1. 3.0 4 3.04 3.04 2. 3.0 7 3.07 3.07



6. milg;Gf;Fwpf;Fs; jug;gl;Ls;s gl;baypUe;J nghUj;jkhdtw;iwj; Nju;e;njLj;J ml;ltizia epug;Gf (109> d, ikf;Nuh> 10-9> kpy;yp> m, M)

fhuzp Kd;dp FwpaPL 10-1 nlrp 10-6 µ [pfh G 106 nkfh

7. mstPLfspd; mtrpak; ahJ? tpsf;Ff. 1. nghUl;fspd; gz;Gfis Jy;ypakhf mwpe;Jnfhs;s KbAk;. 2. mwptpay; fUtpfspd; tbtikj;jypy; mstPLfs; Kf;fpa ,lk; ngWtjhy;> mstpLjy;

mtrpakhfpwJ. 3. mwptpay; fUj;Jfis ep&gpf;f mstpLjy; Kf;fpakhfpwJ.

8. ml;ltizapy; tpLgl;litfis epuTf. msit myF FwpaPL ePsk; fpNyhfpuhk; tp

9. fPo;f;fhz; ntu;dpau; mstpia cw;WNehf;Ff. m) glj;jpy; A,B,C,D,E,F vdf;Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s

ghfq;fspd; ngau;fis vOJf. M) A,B,C,F ghfq;fspd; nray;ghl;ilf; $Wf.

m) A - fPo;Nehf;Fj; jhilfs; B - Nky;Nehf;Fj; jhilfs; C - jpUF kiu D - Kjd;ik msTNfhy; E - nth;dpah; msTNfhy; F - Mok; fzpg;ghd;

M) A - fPo;Nehf;F jhilfs; - nghUspd; ntspg;Gw msit msf;fg; gad;gLfpwJ. B - Nky;Nehf;fpa jhilfs; - nghUspd; cl;Gw msit msf;fg;gad;gLfpwJ. C - jpUF - eOtpia efh;j;jTk;> epiyahf Xhplj;jpy; nghUj;jTk; gad;gLfpwJ. F - nky;ypa gl;il - nth;dpah; msTNfhYld; tyg;Gwj;jpy; ,izf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. ,J

cs;sPlw;w nghUs;fspd; Moj;ij mstplg; gad;gLfpwJ.

10. fPo;f;fhz; nth;dpah; mstpapy; cs;s Kjd;ik msTf;Nfhy;> nth;dpah; msTf;Nfhiyf; nfhz;L fUtpapdhy; fzf;fplg;gLk; ePsk; vd;d?

Kjd;ikf; Nfhypd; msT MSR (nr.kP)

nth;dpah;Nfhypd; msT = VC x LC

fzf;fplg;gl;l msT MSR + (VC x LC) ± ZC

3.6 3 x 0.01 = 0.03 3.6 + 0.03 = 3.63 nr.kP fzf;fplg;gl;l ePsk; = 3.639 nr.kP

11. xU ntu;dpah; msTNfhypd; Ropg;gpio + 0.06 nr.kP vdpy;> ,jw;fhd msTf;FwpaPL nra;ag;gl;l njspthd glk; tiuf.

fhuzp Kd;dp FwpaPL 10-1 nlrp d

10-6 ikf;Nuh µ 109 [pfh G 106 nkfh M

msit myF FwpaPL ePsk; kPl;lh; kP m

epiw fpNyhfpuhk; fp.fp kg

Neuk; tpdhb tp s



12. xU khzth;> kPl;lh; msTf;Nfhiyg; gad;gLj;jp xU nghUspd; ePsj;ij 4.20 nr.kP vd mstpLfpwhh; vdpy;> mth; ,e;j ePsj;jpd; kjpg;G Jy;ypakhdJ vd epahag;gLj;j KbAkh vd tpsf;Ff?

KbahJ. kPl;lu; msTNfhypd; kPr;rpw;wsT kpy;ypkPl;lu; MFk;. 4.2 nr.kP vd;Nw mstpl KbAk;. ,jid ntu;dpau; msTNfhypy; ,d;Dk; rw;W Jy;ypakhf mstpl KbAk;.

4.21> 4.22> 4.23> 4.24 …… Nghd;w msTfis ntu;dpau; msTNfhypy; ngw KbAk;. ,JNghd;w msTfis rhjhuz msTNfhypy; mstpl KbahJ.

13. mjpf Jy;ypak; nfhz;lJ vJ? xU epWj;J if fbfhuk; (my;yJ) xU epWj;Jf; fbfhuk; cq;fsJ tpilf;fhd fhuzk; jUf.

xU epWj;J if fbfhuk;. fhuzk;: epWj;J if fbfhuk; mstpy; rpwpaJ. Mdhy; epWj;J fbfhuk; rw;W ngupajhf ,Uf;Fk;.

xU kpy;yp tpdhb msTfisf;$l epWj;Jfbfhuj;jpy; mstpl KbAk;.

14. ePsj;ij mstpLk; myFfspy; kPl;liuf; fhl;bYk; nghpa myFfs; ,uz;L jUf. mit kPl;lUld; vt;thW njhlh;G nfhz;Ls;sJ vd vOJf.

kPl;liu tpl nghpa myFfs; nlfh kPl;lu;> n`f;lh kPl;lu;> fpNyh kPl;lu; 1 nlfh kPl;lu; = 10 kPl;lu; 1 n`f;lh kPl;lu; = 100 kPl;lu; 1 fpNyh kPl;lu; = 1000 kPl;lu;

gpupT - , 1. i) fUtpapd; kPr;rpw;wsT - tiuaWf;f. ii) ntu;dpau; mstpapd; Ropg;gpioapd; tiffis tpsf;Ff.

iii) ntu;dpau; mstpapidf; nfhz;L nghUspd; ve;j xU gupkhzj;ijAk; mstpLk; topKiwfis tpsf;Ff.

i) xU fUtpia nfhz;L mstplf;$ba kpfr;rpwpa msT mf;fUtpapd; kPr;rpw;wsT MFk;.

ii) Neh;g;gpio:- jhilfs; xd;wpapUf;Fk; NghJ nth;dpah; msTNfhypd; Ropg;gphpT Kjd;ik msTNfhypd; Ropg;gphptpw;F tyJ gf;fkhf mike;jhy; Neh;g;gpio

vjph;g;gpio:- jhilfs; xd;wpapUf;Fk; NghJ nth;dpah; msTNfhypd; Ropg;gphpT Kjd;ik Nfhypd; Ropg;gphptpw;F ,lg;gf;fkhf mike;jhy; vjph;g;gpio.

iii) 1. Kjypy; nth;dpah; mstpapd; Ropg;gpioia fzf;fpL. 2. nfhLf;fg;gl;l nghUis ,uz;L jhilfSf;F ,ilNa cWjpahfg; gpbj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. 3. nth;dpah; Ropg;gphptpw;F Kd; cs;s Kjd;ik msTNfhypid (MSR) Fwpj;Jf;nfhs;. 4. Kjd;ik msT Nfhypd; msT nth;dpah; msT NfhYld; xd;wpapUf;Fk; msit

Fwpj;Jf;nfhs;. (VC)

5. fzf;fplg;gl;l msT OR = MSR + (VC x LC) 6. rhpahd msT = MSR + (VC x LC ) ± ZA

nghUspd; ntt;NtW epiyfspy; ,t;thW fzf;fpl;L ruhrhp fz;Lgpbj;J nghUspd; ghpkhzj;ij fzf;fplyhk;.

tpil Njlyhkh? 1. #hpaf;fbfhuj;jpid ,utpy; gad;gLj;j Kbahjjpd; fhuzk; ahJ?

nghUspd; kPJ #hpa xsp gLtij itj;J #hpa fbfhuk; nray;gLfpwJ. ,utpy; #hpa ntspr;rk; ,y;yhjjhy; ,jidg; gad;gLj;j KbahJ.

2. fPo;tUtdtw;iwg; nghUj;Jf. ,e;jpahtpd; jpl;l Neuk; Fthh;l;]; fbfhuk; vz;zpyf;fj; juhR RUs;tpy; juhR jphpG mstp vil jput gbff;fhl;rp fphPd;tpr; ruhrhp Neuk;

,e;jpahtpd; jpl;l Neuk; Fthh;l;]; fbfhuk; vz;zpyf;fj; juhR RUs;tpy; juhR fphPd;tpr; ruhrhp Neuk; jput gbff;fhl;rp jphpG mstp vil



3. xU fphpf;nfl; ge;J my;yJ mNj msTs;s ,Uk;ghy; nra;ag;gl;l ge;J ,tw;wpy; vjd; gUg;nghUs; msT mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk;. Vd;? 1. ,Uk;G ge;jpy; gUg;nghUs; mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk;. 2. ,Uk;gpd; %yf;$Wfs; ,Wf;fkhfg; gpizf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. vdNt mjpf jplj; jd;ikAk;>

mlh;j;jpAk; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.

4. epug;Gf.

NkypUe;J fPo; 1. ePsj;ij msf;fg; gad;gLk; myF 2. tFg;giwapy; khzth; gad;gLj;Jk; mstPl;Lf; fUtp tykpUe;J ,lk; m. xU fUtpahy; mstplf; $ba kpff; Fiwe;j msT M. 2.54 nr.kP.f;F rkkhd msT ,. ge;jpd; tbtk;

NkypUe;J fPo; 1) mq;Fyk;. 2) msT Nfhy;

tykpUe;J ,lk;: m) kPr;rpw;wsT M) mq;Fyk; ,) Nfhsk;

5. xU fUtp rPrpak; mZtpy; Vw;gLk; rPuhd mjph;Tfspd; mbg;gilapy; nray;gLfpwJ. ,f;fUtpapd;

rpwg;gk;rk; vd;d? 1. ,f;fUtp mZf;fbfhuk; 2. ,J rPrpak; mZtpy; Vw;gLk; rPuhd mjpu;Tfspd; mbg;gilapy; nray;gLfpwJ. 3. kpy;yp tpdhbfisAk; Jy;ypakhf mstplf;$baJ. 4. ,jpy; gpio 109 ehl;fSf;F xU tpdhb vd;w mstpy; kl;LNk cs;sJ. gy jiyKiwfSf;F

mf;fbfhuj;jpy; khw;wk; VJk; nra;a Ntz;bajpy;iy. 5. gd;dhl;L fhyk; fhl;Lk; fUtpfspy; Kjd;ikahdjhf cs;sJ.

6. ,af;fk; gbf;f Ntz;ba Kf;fpa ghlf; Fwpg;Gfs;: 1. Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpy; nghUspd; epiyapy; khw;wk; Vw;gl;lhy; mjid ,af;fk; vd;fpNwhk;. 2. nghUspd; epiy khwhky; ,Ue;jhy; Xa;T vdg;gLk;. Xa;T vd;gJk; ,af;fk; vd;gJk;

xd;Wf;nfhd;W rhh;Gilait MFk;. 3. Neh;f;Nfhl;L ,af;fk;> tl;l ,af;fk;> miy ,af;fk;> xOq;fw;w ,af;fk; Mfpad ,af;fj;jpd;

tiffs; MFk;. 4. njhiyT vd;gJ xU Gs;spapypUe;J kWGs;spf;Fg; nghUs; efh;e;j ghijapd; ePskhFk;. ,J

];Nfyhh; msthFk;. 5. ,UGs;spfSf;F ,ilNa cs;s kpfr;rpwpa njhiyNt ,lg;ngah;r;rp MFk;. ,J ntf;lh; msT

vd;gjhy; “jpir” Kf;fpakhd xd;whFk;. 6. Ntfk; vd;gJ njhiyT khWghl;L tPjkhFk;. Ntfj;jpd; myF kPl;lh;/tpdhb. ,J xU ];Nfyhh;

msthFk;. 7. jpirNtfk; vd;gJ ,lg;ngah;r;rp khWghl;L tPjkhFk;. jpirNtfj;jpd; myF kPl;lh;/tpdhb. ,J

xU ntf;lh; msthFk;. 8. KLf;fk; vd;gJ jpirNtf khWgl;L tPjkhFk;. SI Kiwapy; KLf;fj;jpd; myF kP/tp2 ,J xU

ntf;lh; msthFk;. KLf;fk; = jpirNtf khw;wk; / fhyk; 9. ,af;fr; rkd;ghL = v

2 – u

2 = 2as

10. Gtp<h;g;gpdhy; cz;lhFk; khwh KLf;fNk Gtp<h;g;G KLf;fk; vd;fpNwhk;. Gtp<h;g;G KLf;fk; xU khwpyp MFk;.

m q; F y k; kP r; rp w; w s T l; T L Nfh s k; H y;



11. tl;lg;ghijapy; ,aq;Fk; nghUspd; ,af;fk; tl;l ,af;fk; MFk;. v.fh. Fil ,uhl;bdk; 12. rPuhd Ntfj;jpy; nry;Yk; xU nghUspd; jpir rPuhf khWgLk; rPuhd KLf;fNk ikaNehf;F

KLf;fk; vdg;gLk;. 13. nghUis tl;lg;ghijapy; njhlh;e;J nrYj;Jk; tpir ikaNehf;F tpir vdg;gLk;. v.fh.

Nfhs;fSf;Fk; #hpaDf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l <h;g;gpay; tpir.

gpupT - m

1. gpd;tUk; Ntfq;fis VWthpirapy; vOjTk;. (7kP/tp> 15 fpkP/kzp> 2fp.kP/ep> 0.1kP/kpy;yptpdhb)

midj;ijAk; kP/tp vd;w myfpw;F khw;w fpilg;gJ (7 kP/tp> 15000/3600 kP/tp> 2000/60 kP/tp> 0.1x1000kP/tpdhb) (7 kP/tp> 4.1 kP/tp> 33.33 kP/tp> 100kP/tpdhb) VWtupir 4.1 kP/tp> 7 kP/tp> 33.33 kP/tp> 100kP/tpdhb my;yJ 15 fpkP/kzp> 7kP/tp> 2fp.kP/ep> 0.1kP/kpy;yptpdhb

2. nghUs; xd;W Xa;T epiyapypUe;J ,aq;f njhlq;FfpwJ. ,uz;L tpdhbfSf;Fg; gpd;dh;> nghUs; milAk; KLf;fkhdJ> mjd; ,lg;ngah;r;rpiag; Nghy _____ klq;F MFk;.

(miu> ,uz;L> ehd;F> fhy;gFjp) fhuzk;: s = ut + ½ at2 njhlf;f jpirNtfk; 0 vd;gjhy; s = 0 + ½ at2

,uz;L tpdhbfSf;Fg; gpwF s = ½ a x 22 = ½ a x 2 x2 = 2 a

2a = s vdNt a = ½ s MfNt KLf;fkhdJ ,lg;ngau;r;rpapy; ½ klq;F

3. njhiyT - fhy tiuglj;jpd; vg;Gs;spapYk; rhpT my;yJ rha;tpypUe;J ngwg;gLtJ ________ (KLf;fk;> ,lg;ngah;r;rp> Ntfk;> fhyk;) fhuzk;: Ntfk; = njhiyT / fhyk;

4. jpirNtfk;-fhy tiuglj;jpd; tistiuahy; milgLk; gug;G Fwpg;gJ> xU ,aq;Fk; nghUspd;______ (jpirNtfk;> fle;j ,lg;ngah;r;rp> KLf;fk;> Ntfk;)

5. xU 100kP Xl;lg;ge;jaj; J}uj;ij ntw;wpahsh; 10 tpdhbapy; flf;fpwhh; vdpy;> mtuJ ruhrhp Ntfk; ______ (5 kP/tpdhb> 10 kP/tpdhb> 20 kP/tpdhb> 40 kP/tpdhb)

6. ,lg;ngah;r;rp RopahfTk;> fle;j njhiyT Ropaw;wjhfTk; cs;s nghUspd; ,af;fj;jpw;F xU vLj;Jf;fhl;L jUf.

tl;lg;ghijapy; ,aq;Fk; nghUs;

7. KLf;fk; xU ];Nfyhh; mstPlh my;yJ ntf;lh; mstPlh? ntf;lh;

8. xU nghUspd; ,af;fj;jpd; jpiria eph;zapg;gJ mjd; jpirNtfkh? my;yJ KLf;fkh? jpirNtfk;

9. khwhj KLf;fj;jpy; ,aq;Fk; xU nghUspd; ,lg;ngah;r;rp - fhy tiuglj;jpd; jd;ik vd;d? ,lg;ngau;r;rp-fhy tiuglk; Neu;Nfhlhf mikAk;.

gpupT - M 1. ml;ltizia epug;Gf.

t.vz; ,aw;gpay; msT myF 1. jpirNtfk; 2. KLf;fk; 3. Nfhz ,lg;ngah;r;rp 4. Nfhzj; jpirNtfk;

t.vz; ,aw;gpay; msT myF 1. jpirNtfk; kP/tp 2. KLf;fk; kP/tp2 3. Nfhz ,lg;ngah;r;rp Nubad; 4. Nfhzj; jpirNtfk; Nubad; / tpdhb



2. i) jug;gl;Ls;s tiuglq;fis> mit Fwpg;gpLk; ,af;fj;Jld; nghUj;Jf.

,af;fk; m) KLf;fkw;w ,af;fk; M) rPuw;w Kiwapy; KLf;fg;gl;l ,af;fk;

,) rPuhd Kiwapy; KLf;fg;gl;l ,af;fk;

tiuglk;

,af;fk; m) KLf;fkw;w ,af;fk; M) rPuw;w Kiwapy; KLf;fg;gl;l ,af;fk;

,) rPuhd Kiwapy; KLf;fg;gl;l ,af;fk;

tiuglk;

ii) tiuglk; B-apy; nghUspd; KLf;fk; vd;d? tiuglk; B-apy; nghUspd; KLf;fk; G+r;rpak; MFk;

3. 20m/s jpirNtfj;jpy; ,aq;Fk; ,Urf;fu Nkhl;lhh;tz;b 4ms-2 KLf;fkilfpwJ. ,jpypUe;J Nkhl;lhh; tz;bapd; jpirNtfj;ijg; gw;wp ePtPh; mwptJ ahJ?

Nkhl;lhh; tz;bapd; jpirNtfk; mjpfhpf;fpwJ.

4. NgUe;J xd;W nrd;id nrd;l;uypypUe;J 20 fp.kP njhiytpYs;s kPdk;ghf;fk; tpkhd epiyaj;ij 45 epkplq;fspy; nrd;wilfpwJ. vdpy;> i) NgUe;jpd; ruhrhp Ntfk; vd;d? ii) NgUe;jpd; ruhrhp Ntfk; Vd; mjd; cz;ikahd Ntfj;jpypUe;J khWgLfpwJ?

i) NgUe;jpd; ruhrup Ntfk; = fle;j njhiyT / fhyk; = 20 fpkP / ¾ kzp

ii) NgUe;jpd; ,af;fk; rPuhdJ my;y. NgUe;J Xl;Leu; thfdj;jpd; Ntfj;ij mt;tg;NghJ $l;lNth

Fiwf;fNth nra;a Ntz;Lk;. vdNt NgUe;jpd; ruhrhp Ntfk; epr;rakhf mjd; cz;ikahd Ntfj;jpypUe;J khWgLk;.

5. $w;W : rPuhd tl;l ,af;fj;jpy;> jpirNtfj;jpd; vz;kjpg;Gk;> s jpirAk; ntt;NtW Gs;spfspy; khwhjpUf;Fk;. Nkw;fz;l $w;W rhpah> jtwh? fhuzk; $Wf.

jtW. rPuhd tl;l ,af;fj;jpy; jpirNtfj;jpy; vz;kjpg;G khwhJ ,Uf;Fk;. Mdhy; jpir njhlu;e;J khwpf;nfhz;Nl ,Uf;Fk;.

6. Neh;f;Nfhl;Lg; ghijapy; ,aq;Fk; Xh; kfpOe;J 100 tpdhbfspy; 1 fp.kP njhiyitf; fpof;Fj; jpirapy; flf;fpwJ vdpy;> gpd;tUtdtw;iwf; fzf;fpLf.

m) kfpOe;jpd; Ntfk; M) kfpOe;jpd; jpirNtfk;

m) kfpOe;jpd; Ntfk; = fle;jnjhiyT

vLj;Jf;nfhz;l Neuk;

= 1 fp.kP

100 tp; =

1000 kP

100 tp;

= 10 kP/tp

M) kfpOe;jpd; jpirNtfk; = ,lg;ngau;r;rp

fhyk;

= 1 fp.kP

100 tp; =

1000 kP

100 tp; = 10 kP/tp fpof;F

vdNt jpirNrfk; = + 10 kP/tp

,q;F kfpOe;jpd; Ntfk; vd;gJ vz;kjpg;G. Mdhy; jpirNtfk; vd;gJ jpirNahL$ba msT. jpirNtfj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLk;NghJ fpof;F vd;w jpiriaf; Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;. my;yJ vz;kjpg;NghL Neu;f;Fwpapl Ntz;Lk;.

7. xU khztd; mtdJ tPl;bypUe;J 5 fp.kP/kzp vd;w rPuhd Ntfj;jpy; 15 epkplj;jpy; gazpf;fpd;whd;. vdpy;> mtdJ gs;spf;Fk; tPl;bw;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s njhiyT ahJ?

Ntfk; = J}uk; / fhyk; J}uk; = Ntfk; x fhyk; = 5 x ¼ = 5/4 = 1.25 fp.kP mtdJ gs;spf;Fk; tPl;bw;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s njhiyT 1.25 fpkP.



8. Jfspd; Ntfk; khwpypahf cs;sJ vdpy; JfshdJ KLf;fk; ngw KbAkh vd;gij vLj;Jf;fhl;L je;J tpsf;Ff. Jfspd; Ntfk; khwpypahf ,Uf;Fk;NghJ Jfs; KLf;fk; ngw ,ayhJ. tpirnahd;W nray;gl;lhy; kl;LNk KLf;fk; ngw KbAk;. v.fh. nraw;iff;Nfhs;

9. glj;jpy; fhl;bAs;sthW ABCD vd;w ghijapy; xU khztd; nry;fpwhd;. me;j khztdhy; fle;j nkhj;jj; njhiyT vd;d?

mtdJ epfu ,lg;ngah;r;rp vd;d?

fle;j nkhj;j njhiyT = 50 + 40 + 20 = 110 kP

glj;jpy; DC 20m vdpy; BE 20m NkYk; BC 40m vdpy; ED 40 m vdNt AD vd;gNj khztdpd; nkhj;j ,lg;ngau;r;rpahFk;. ADE –ia xU nrq;Nfhz Kf;Nfhzkhf fUjpdhy; gpjhfu]; Njw;wg;gb AD

2 = DE

2 + AE

2

= 402 + 30

2

= 1600 + 900 = 2500

AD = = 50 m

khztd; mile;j ,lg;ngau;r;rp = 50 kP

10. gpd;tUk; $w;Wfs; rhpah? jtwh? m) <h;g;G tpirapdhy; NkypUe;J jhdhff; fPNotpOk; xU nghUspd; jpirNtf – fhy tiuglk;

Neh;f;Nfhlhf> mr;rpw;F ,izahf cs;sJ. M) xU nghUspd; jpirNtf–fhy tiuglj;jpd; Neh;f;NfhlhdJ> fhy mr;rpw;Fk; rha;thf

,Ue;jhy;> mjd; ,lg;ngah;r;rp–fhy tiuglk; Neh;f;Nfhlhf ,Uf;Fkh?

m) jtW (fhuzk;: GtpaPu;g;G KLf;fj;jhy; njhlu;e;J Ntfk; mjpfupg;gjhy; ,izNfhlhf tu tha;g;gpy;iy) M) ,lg;ngau;r;rp fhy tiuglk; Neu;NfhlhfNt ,Uf;Fk;

11. jpirNtf-fhy tiuglj;jpd; rpy gad;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf. 1) S = ut + ½ at

2 vd;w ,lg;ngau;r;rpf;fhd rkd;ghl;ilj; jUfpwJ. 2) nghUspd; KLf;fk;> nkhj;j njhiyT> ,lg;ngah;r;rp> jpirNtfk; Mfpatw;iwAk; fzf;fplyhk;.

12. “cldb epWj;jj;jpw;F vq;fs; kfpOe;jpd; epWj;jj;jilNa (brake) kpfr;rpwe;jJ” vd xU fhh; cw;gj;jpahsh; tpsk;guk; nra;fpwhh;. ,f;$w;wpw;fhd cq;fs; tpsf;fj;ijj; jUf.

1) cldb epWj;jk; vd;gJ ,ayhj xd;W. 2) kfpOe;J cldbahf epWj;jg;gl Ntz;Lnkdpy; ngUk; mstpw;F vjph; KLf;fk; nfhLf;fg;gl

Ntz;Lk;. mg;NghJ tz;b ftpo;e;J tpgj;J Vw;gl mjpf tha;g;G cs;sJ. 3) epWj;Jtjw;F Njitahd fhy msit Fiwf;Fk; NghJ Mgj;J fhyq;fspy; ngUk;

tpgj;jpidj; jLf;fyhk;.

13. xU nghUspd; Ntfk; vjpu;f;Fwp ngWkh? fle;j njhiyT vd;gJ xU NghJk; vjph;f;Fwp ngwhJ. vdNt Ntfk; vjph;f;Fwp ngwhJ.

Mdhy; jpirNtfk; vjpu;f;Fwp ngWk;.

14. Gtp Nkw;gug;gpy; midj;J ,lq;fspYk; „g‟ apd; kjpg;G khwpypahf mikfpwJ. ,f;$w;W rhpah? jtW.

„g‟ apd; kjpg;G epyeLf;Nfhl;Lg; gFjpapy; rpWkkhfTk; JUtg;gFjpapy; ngUkkhfTk; ,Uf;Fk;.



15. Xa;T epiyapypUe;J Gwg;gLk; kfpOe;J xd;W 0.05 kzpapy; 180 kP/tp jpirNtfj;ijg; ngWfpwJ vdpy; mjd; KLf;fj;ijf; fhz;f. Muk;g jpirNtk; (u) = 0 kP/tp ,Wjp jpirNtfk; (v) = 180 kP/tp fhyk; (t) = 0.05kzp =0.05x60x60 =180 tp

KLf;fk; = ,Wjp jpirNtfk; - Muk;g jpirNtfk;

fhyk; =

𝒗 − 𝒖

𝒕

KLf;fk; =𝟏𝟖𝟎 − 𝟎

𝟏𝟖𝟎=

𝟏𝟖𝟎

𝟏𝟖𝟎 = 𝟏kP/tp2

KLf;fk; = 1kP/tp2

gpupT - ,

1. ehzak; xd;W 3m/s jpirNtfj;Jld; A vd;w Gs;spapypUe;J Rz;lg;gLfpwJ. a) AB, DE kw;Wk; C-y; mjd; jpirNtfk; vd;d? b) AC kw;Wk; CE jpirapy; ehzaj;jpd; KLf;fk; vd;d? c) A kw;Wk; E Gs;spfSf;F ,ilapy; ehzak; fle;j njhiyT kw;Wk; nrq;Fj;J ,lg;ngah;r;rp ahJ?

a) AB-apy; Ntfk; gbg;gbahf FiwAk; DE-apy; Ntfk; GtpaPu;g;G KLf;fj;jhy; mjpfupf;Fk;. C-apy; mjd; Ntfk; Rop MFk;. b) AC-apy; ehzaj;jpd; KLf;fk; vjpu; KLf;fkhFk;. CE-apy; ehzaj;jpd; KLf;fk; Neu; KLf;fkhFk;. c) ehzak; fle;j njhiyT AC + CE = 2 m ehzaj;jpd; nrq;Fj;J ,lg;ngau;r;rp Rop MFk;.

2. rha;jsj;jpd;kPJ cUz;L nry;Yk; ge;jpd; epiyfis tiuglk; Fwpf;fpwJ. ge;J xU epiyapypUe;J kw;nwhU epiyf;Fr; nry;y 0.5 tpdhb vLj;Jf;nfhs;fpwJ.

a) ge;jpd; ,af;fk; rPuhdjh my;yJ rPuw;w ,af;fkh? vdf; $Wf. b) 2.5 tpdhb Neuj;jpy; ge;J fle;j njhiyT ahJ? c) A apypUe;J F epiy tiuapy; ge;jpd; ruhrhp jpirNtfj;ijf; fzf;fpLf.

a) ge;jpd; ,af;fk; rPuw;w ,af;fk; (fhuzk; GtpaPu;g;G tpirahy; ge;jpd; ,af;fk; njhlu;e;J mjpfupf;fpwJ) b) 2.5 tpdhb Neuj;jpy; ge;J fle;j njhiyT 20 nr.kP c) A apypUe;J F epiytiuapy; ge;jpd; ruhrhp jpirNtfk; = J}uk; / fhyk; = 20 nrkP / 2.5 = 8 nr.kP/tp

3. gpd;tUk; Neh;Tfspy; ,af;fq;fisf; fUJf. i) ,aq;Fk; kfpOe;J

ii) Nky;jsj;jpw;F Vwp> fPNo ,wq;fpa kdpjh;

iii) xU KOr; Rw;wpid Nkw;nfhs;Sk; ge;J

a) Nkw;fz;l ve;j Neh;Tfspy;> nghUspd; ,lg;ngah;r;rp Ropahf mikAk;? b) cq;fsJ tpilf;fhd fhuzk; jUf. a) ,uz;lhk;> %d;whk; epfo;Tfspy; ,lg;ngau;r;rp Ropahf mikAk;. b) ,uz;L epfo;TfspYk; njhlf;f epiyf;Nf kPz;Lk; te;JtpLtjhy; ,lg;ngau;r;rp RopahFk;.



4. gpd;tUk; tiuglk; kfpOe;J xd;wpd; ,af;fj;jpidf; Fwpf;fpwJ vd;f. i) tiuglj;jpy; OA kw;Wk; AB gFjpfspypUe;J ePtPh; mwptJ ahJ? ii) OA kw;Wk; AB gFjpfspy; kfpOe;jpd; Ntfk; ahJ?

i) OA gFjpapy; kfpOe;jhdJ rPuhd KLf;fj;Jld; ,aq;FfpwJ. (mjhtJ Ntfk; mjpfupj;Jf;nfhz;Nl ,Uf;fpwJ) AB gFjpapy; KLf;fk; RopahFk;. xNu jpirNtfj;jpy; ,aq;FfpwJ. ii) OA-,y; Ntfk; 0-ypUe;J 68 fpkP/kzp. AB gFjpapy; kfpOe;jpd; Ntfk; 68 fpkP/kzp vd;w khwh jpirNtfk;.

5. tiugl Kiwapy; %d;W ,af;fr; rkd;ghLfisj; jUtpf;fTk;.

rPuhd KLf;fj;Jld; nry;Yk; nghUspd; tiuglk; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. tiuglj;jpy; A kw;Wk; B Gs;spfis fUJNthk; KLf;fk; = Nfhl;bd; rha;T = BG / AG

= jpirNtf khWghL / fhyk; = ,Wjp jpirNtfk; - njhlf;f jpirNtfk; / fhyk; a = v – u / t

at = v – u my;yJ v – u = at

v = u + at -------------- rkd;ghL-1

,lg;ngau;r;rp s MdJ ABf;F fPo; cs;s gug;gpw;F rkk;. ABEC-d; gug;G = gug;G ACEG + gug;G AGB

= ut + ½ x t x at

s = ut + ½ at2 ------------- rkd;ghL-2 Nky;Nehf;fp vwpag;gLk; nghUis fUj;jpy; nfhs;Sk;NghJ s = ½ x (u+v) t

2s = (v+u) (v-u)/a (v=u+at vdpy; t= (v-u) /a vd;gjhy;) 2as = v2- u2

v2- u2 = 2as -------------------> rkd;ghL-3

,af;f rkd;ghLfs;: 1) v = u + at 2) s = ut + ½ at2 3) v2 – u2 = 2as

6. fPo;f;fhz; tiuglj;jpy; xU nghUspd; jpirNtf – fhyj;ijf; Fwpf;fpwJ.

m) ve;jf;fhy ,ilntspapy; nghUspd; ,af;fk; KLf;fkilfpwJ? M) gFjp (a) -y; cs;s fhy ,ilntspapd; KLf;fj;ijf; fhz;f. ,) gFjp (a) -y; cs;s fhy ,ilntspapy; nghUs; fle;jj;

njhiyT ahJ?

m) Kjy; 4 epkplq;fspy; mjhtJ AB-apy; nghUs; KLf;fk; milfpwJ. M) KLf;fk; = jpirNtf khWghL / fhyk; = (30-0) / 4 = 30/4 = 7.5 kP/tp2 ,) njhiyT s = ut + ½ at2 = 0 + ½ x 7.5 x 4 x 4 = 60 kP

7. fPNo jug;gl;Ls;s thf;fpaq;fis epug;Gf. m) 1000 kP/tp jpirNtfj;jpy; xU nghUshdJ Nky;Nehf;fp vwpag;gLfpwJ. mg;nghUs; NkypUe;J

fPNotUk; nghOJ> vwpe;j Gs;spapy; mjd; jpirNtkhdJ ________.

M) rPuhd jpirNtfj;jpy; ,aq;Fk; xU nghUspd; KLf;fk; _________. ,) xU njhlh;tz;b A vd;w uapy; epiyaj;jpypUe;J B vd;w uapy; epiyaj;jpw;F 100 fp.kP/kzp

vd;w jpirNtfj;jpy; gazpj;J> kPz;Lk; B uapy; epiyaj;jpypUe;J A uapy; epiyaj;jpw;F 80 fp.kP/kzp vd;w jpirNtfj;jpy; jpUk;GfpwJ vdpy; mjd; gazk; KOikf;Fkhd ruhrhp jpirNtfj;jpidAk;> ruhrhp Ntfj;jpidAk; fzf;fpLf.

m) 1000 kP/tp M) Rop ,) ruhrup Ntfk; = (100+80)/2 = 90 fpkP/kzp ruhrup jpir Ntfk; = Rop (mNj ,lj;jpw;F jpUk;gptpl;ljhy; ,lg;ngau;r;rp Rop vdNt jpirNtfk; Rop)

tpilj; Njlyhkh? 1. xU khztd; ikaj;jpy; xU Nubad; Nfhzj;ij cUthf;Fk; tl;lf; Nfhzg;gFjpapd; Rw;wsit

%d;W klq;F Muj;jpd; kjpg;gpw;F rkk; vd;W mse;J vOJfpwhh;. mtuJ tpil rhpah? jtwh? tpsf;Ff.



tpil rup. Nubad; cUthf;Fk; tl;lf;Nfhzg;gFjp ntspg;Gwj;jpy; ,uz;L Muq;fSk; Muj;jpd; ePsj;jpw;F rkkhd tl;lj;jpd; gFjpAk; ,Uf;fpwJ. vdNt Rw;wsT r + r + r = 3r

2. ez;L xd;wpd; ,af;fj;ij khztp xUth; cw;WNehf;Fk; NghJ> mJ xt;nthU KiwAk; 2nr.kP Kd;Ndwpr; nry;Yk; NghJk; 1nr.kP gpd;Ndhf;fp efh;e;J kPz;Lk; Kd;Ndhf;fp efh;fpwJ. 1nrkP efu fhy ,ilntsp 1 nehb vdpy; 5 nrkP njhiyit vl;l vj;jid nehbfs; MFk; vd;gij tiuglk; %yk; tiue;J fhz;f.

fhyk; 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 J}uk; 0 1 2 1 2 3 2 3 4 3 4 5

11 tpdhbfspy; 5 nrkP njhiyit vl;Lk;

3. Jfs; xd;W tl;lg;ghijapy; khwhj Ntfj;jpy; ,aq;FfpwJ. mj;Jfs; KLf;fkilfpwjh? cq;fsJ tpilf;Ff; fhuzk; jUf.

,y;iy KLf;fkilatpy;iy. fhuzk;: khwhj Ntfj;jpy; ,aq;Ftjhy; KLf;fk; Vw;gltpy;iy.

4. gpd;tUk; ml;ltizapypUe;J ,af;f tiuglk; vt;thW mikfpwJ?

v (m/s) 0 20 40 40 40 20 0

t (s) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12

5. khztp xUth; 70kP MuKila tl;lg;G+q;fh xd;wpd; tl;leilg;ghijapy; Xhplj;jpy; njhlq;fp ele;J kPz;Lk; mNj ,lj;ij te;jilfpwhh;. mtuJ ,lg;ngah;r;rpAk; fle;j njhiyTk; xNu msthFkh? epahag;gLj;Jf.

xNu msthfhJ.

mtu; fle;j njhiyT = 2 r = 2 x 22

7 x 70

10 = 440 kP

mtuJ ,lg;ngau;r;rp = 0 (kPz;Lk; mNj ,lj;Jf;F te;Jtpl;ljhy;)

6. gpd;tUk; ,af;fq;fis cw;WNehf;fp mtw;iw rPuhd ,af;fk;> rPuw;w ,af;fk;> tl;l ,af;fk; vd;w jiyg;Gfspy; tifg;gLj;Jf. fhy;ge;jhl;l tPuhpd; ,af;fk;> kpd;tprpwpapd; ,af;fk;> vWk;gpd; ,af;fk;> efug;NgUe;jpd; ,af;fk;> epytpd; ,af;fk;> fiyauq;fj;jpypUe;J ntspNaWk; ghh;itahsh;fspd; ,af;fk;> fbfhuKs;spd; ,af;fk;.

rPuhd ,af;fk; rPuw;w ,af;fk; tl;l ,af;fk; - fhy;ge;jhl;l tPuhpd; ,af;fk;

vWk;gpd; ,af;fk; efug;NgUe;jpd; ,af;fk; fiyauq;fj;jpypUe;J ntspNaWk; ghh;itahsh;fspd; ,af;fk;

kpd;tprpwpapd; ,af;fk; epytpd; ,af;fk; fbfhuKs;spd; ,af;fk;

7. kfpOe;J xd;W jdJ Ntfj;ij 20 kP/tpapypUe;J 80 kP/tpf;F 12 tpdhbfspy; mjpfhpf;Fk; NghJ milAk; ,lg;ngah;r;rpia fzf;fpLf.

KLf;fk; a = 𝑣−𝑢

𝑡 =

80−20

12 =

60

12 = 5 kP/tp2

,lg;ngau;r;rp s = ut + ½ at2

= 20x12 + ½ x 5 x 122

= 240 + ½ x 5 x 144

= 240 + 360 = 500 kP kfpOe;J mile;j ,lg;ngau;r;rp = 500 kP



7. jputq;fs; gbf;f Ntz;ba Kf;fpa ghlf; Fwpg;Gfs;: 1. jputj;jpy; Mok; mjpfhpf;f mjpfhpf;f mOj;jk; mjpfhpf;Fk;.

2. nfhs;fydpd; tbtk;> msT> gug;gsitg; nghWj;J mOj;jk; khWglhJ. 3. jputj;jpd; mlh;j;jpiag; nghWj;J mOj;jkhdJ khWgLk;.

4. xU jputj;jpy; rk Moj;jpy; mike;j Gs;spapy; mOj;jkhdJ Gtp<h;g;G KLf;fj;jpw;F Neh;j;jftpy; mikAk;.

5. xU nghUspd; mlh;j;jp vd;gJ XuyF gUkDf;fhd epiw MFk;. mlh;j;jp = epiw / gUkd; 6. nghUspd; xg;glh;j;jp vd;gJ nghUspd; mlh;j;jpf;Fk; ePhpd; mlh;j;jpf;Fk; cs;s jfT MFk;.

xg;glh;j;jp = nghUspd; mlh;j;jp / ePhpd; mlh;j;jp 7. xU nghUs; jputk; my;yJ thAtpd; cs;Ns %o;fpapUf;Fk; NghJ nray;gLk; tpir kpjg;G

tpir my;yJ Nky;Nehf;F tpir vdg;gLk;.

8. xU nghUspd; kPJ nray;gLk; <h;g;gpay; tpirNa vil vdg;gLk;.

9. Mh;f;fpkpb]; jj;Jtj;jpd; gb xU nghUs; jputk; my;yJ thAtpy; %o;fpapUf;Fk; NghJ mJ ,og;gjhf Njhd;Wk; vil> ntspNaw;wg;gLk; gha;kj;jpd; vilf;F rkkhf ,Uf;Fk;.

10. Mh;f;fpkpb]; jj;Jtk; xOq;fw;w tbtKila jplg;nghUspd; gUkd; mlh;j;jpiaf; fhzTk;> jputj;jpd; mlh;j;jp kw;Wk; xg;glh;j;jp fhzTk; gad;gLfpwJ.

11. jputj;jpd; xg;glh;j;jpia ePhpd; mlh;j;jpAld; ngUf;fpdhy; fpilg;gJ jputj;jpd; mlh;j;jp MFk;.

12. xg;glh;j;jp = nghUspd; mlh;j;jp / ePhpd; mlh;j;jp

nghUspd; mlh;j;jp = xg;glh;j;jp x ePhpd; mlh;j;jp 13. kpjg;G tpir mjpfkhdhy; nghUs; Nky;Nehf;fpAk;> vil mjpfkhdhy; nghUs; fPo;Nehf;fpAk;

efUk;. ,t;tpU tpirfSk; rkepiyapy; ,Uf;Fk; NghJ nghUs; rkepiyia milAk;.

14. nghUspd; epiwAk; ,J ,lg;ngah;r;rp nra;Ak; jputj;jpd; epiwAk; rkkhFk; NghJ nghUshdJ kpjf;Fk;.

15. Mh;f;fpkpb]; jj;Jtj;jpd; gb nray;gLk; nghJ jputkhdpahdJ jputj;jpd; xg;glh;j;jp fhz gad;gLfpwJ.

16. ghypd; J}a;ikj; jd;ikiar; Nrhjidapl gad;gLk; jputkhdp ghy;khdp vdg;gLfpwJ.

17. ePh; %o;fpf; fg;gy;fs; Mh;f;fpkpb]; jj;Jtj;jpd; mbg;gilapNyNa nray;gLfpd;wd.

gphpT - m rhpahd tpiliaj; Njh;e;njLf;f: 1. jputj;jpd; gz;Gfspd; mbg;gilapy; gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; nghUe;jhj xd;iwj; Njh;e;njLf;fTk;.

m. jputq;fs; xU Fwpg;gpl;l gUkidg; ngw;Ws;sd. M. jputq;fs; mKf;f ,ayhjit. ,. jputq;fs; jdf;nfd;W xU tbtj;ijg; ngw;Ws;sd. <. jputq;fs; Fwpg;gpl;l epiwiag; ngw;wpUf;Fk;.

2. xU nghUshdJ jputj;jpy; %o;Fk; NghJ mg;nghUspd; kPJ nray;gLk; Nky;Nehf;F tpir ___ vdg;gLk;. m. Gtp <h;g;G tpir M. kpjg;G tpir ,. ,ae;jpu tpir <. fhe;jtpay; tpir

3. Nky;Nehf;F mKf;F tpir __________ f;F rkk;. m. hg M. mg ,. pu <. Hp

4. jputq;fspd; mlh;j;jp mjpfhpf;Fk; NghJ Nky;Nehf;F tpir ___________ m. mjpfhpf;Fk; M. FiwAk; ,. mjpfhpf;Fk; my;yJ FiwAk; <. kjpg;G khwhJ

5. nghUspd; kPJ nray;gLk; kpjg;G tpirahdJ _________f;F rkk;. m. jplg;nghUspd; epiw M. jplg;nghUspd; vil ,. jplg;nghUshy; ntspNaw;wg;gLk; jputj;jpd; vil <. jplg;nghUshy; ntspNaw;wg;gLk; jputj;jpd; epiw



gphpT - M 1. Mh;f;fpkpb]; jj;Jtj;ijf; $Wf.

Mh;f;fpkpb]; jj;Jtj;jpd; gb> xU nghUs; gha;kj;jpy; (jputk; my;yJ thA) %o;fpapUf;Fk; NghJ> mJ ,og;gjhfj; Njhd;Wk; vil> ntspNaw;wg;gLk; gha;kj;jpd; vilf;Fr; rkkhf ,Uf;Fk;.

2. fhw;wpy; xU nghUspd; vil 20 fpuhk;> mg;nghUs; ePhpy; KOikahf %o;Fk;NghJ> mjd; vil 18 fpuhk; vdpy; mjd; xg;glh;j;jpiaf; fhz;f. fhw;wpy; nghUspd; vil W1 = 20fp ePhpy; nghUspd; vil W2 = 18 fp

nghUspd; xg;glh;j;jp = 𝑾𝟏

𝑾𝟏−𝑾𝟐 =

𝟐𝟎

𝟐𝟎−𝟏𝟖 =

𝟐𝟎

𝟐 = 10

nghUspd; xg;glh;j;jp = 10 (myF ,y;iy)

3. nghUs;fs; jputj;jpy; %o;Fk;nghOJ mjd; vil Fiwtjhfj; Njhd;Wtjd; fhuzj;ij tpthpf;f. kpjg;G tpirNa vil Fiwtjw;F fhuzkhFk;.

4. jputj;jpy; %o;fpAs;s nghUspd; xg;glh;j;jp vd;gJ vd;d? nghUspd; mlh;j;jpf;Fk;> ePhpd; mlh;j;jpf;Fk; cs;s jfT nghUspd; xg;glh;j;jp vdg;gLk;.

ePupy; %o;fpAs;s nghUspd; xg;glu;j;jp = nghUspd; vil / ePupy; mJ ,oe;j vil

5. Mh;f;fpkpb]; jj;Jtj;ijr; rhpghh;f;Fk; Nrhjidia tpthpf;f. Nky;topAk; [hb xd;iw ePuhy; epug;g Ntz;Lk; fy; xd;wpd; epiwia fzf;fpl;Lf;nfhz;L tpy; juhR xd;wpy; fl;b ePUf;Fs; %o;fr; nra;aNtz;Lk;. ,g;NghJ topAk; ePiu gpbj;J mjd; epiwiaf; fzf;fpl;Lf;nfhs;sNtz;Lk;. ePupy; %o;fpapUf;Fk;NghJ fy;ypd; vilia Fwpj;Jf;nfhz;L mJ ePupy; ,oe;j vilia fzf;fpl;Lf;nfhs;sNtz;Lk;. fy; ePupy; ,oe;j vilAk; mjdhy; ntspNaw;wg;gl;l ePupd; vilAk; rkkhf ,Ug;gij mwpayhk;. ,jd; %yk; Mu;f;fpkpb]; jj;Jtk; rupghu;f;fg;gLfpwJ.

6. Mw;W ePhpy; ePe;Jtij tpl fly; ePhpy; ePe;JtJ vspJ. Vd;? fly; ePhpd; mlh;j;jp 1030 fpfp kP-3 Mw;W ePhpd; mlh;j;jp 1000 fpfp kP-3 vdNt fly;ePhpd; mlu;j;jp mjpfkhjyhy; mjpf kpjg;G tpir Vw;gLk;. me;j kpjg;Gtpirahy; ePe;Jgthpd; cly; FiwthfNt %o;Fk;. vdNt fly;ePhpy; ePe;JtJ vspJ.

7. gpd;tUk; fzf;fPLfSf;Fj; jPh;T fhz;f. m. fhw;wpy; jplg;nghUspd; vil 80 N. mg;nghUs; ePhpy; %o;Fk; NghJ> mjd; vil 60 N. vdpy;

gpd;tUtdtw;iwf; fzf;fpLf. m. Nky;Nehf;F tpir M. jplg;nghUs; gUkd;

,. jplg;nghUs; xg;glh;j;jp <. jplg;nghUs; mlh;j;jp

M. fhw;wpy; xU nghUspd; vil 40 N jputj;jpy; mg;nghUspd; vil 36.4N. ePhpy; mg;nghUspd; vil 36 N vdpy; gpd;tUtdtw;iwf; fzf;fpLf:

m. nghUspd; xg;glh;j;jp M. jputj;jpd; xg;glh;j;jp ,. jplg;nghUspd; gUkd;

m. nfhLf;fg;gl;lit: fhw;wpy; jplg;nghUspd; vilW1 = 80N

ePhpy; jplg;nghUspd; vil W2 = 60 N

m) Nky;Nehf;F ce;J tpir = Njhw;w vil ,og;G = W1 - W2

= 80 – 60 = 20N M) jplg;nghUspd; gUkd; = ntspNaw;wg;gl;l ePupd; gUkd;

vdNt jplg;nghUspd; gUkd; = 20 cm3

,) jplg;nghUspd; xg;glu;j;jp = 𝑾𝟏

𝑾𝟏−𝑾𝟐 =

𝟖𝟎

𝟖𝟎−𝟔𝟎 =

𝟖𝟎

𝟐𝟎 = 4

<) jplg;nghUspd; mlu;j;jp = nghUspd; xg;glu;j;jp x ePupd; mlu;j;jp = 4 x 1000 = 4000 kg/m

3

M. nfhLf;fg;gl;lit: fhw;wpy; nghUspd; vil w1 = 40 N

ePupy; nghUspd; vil W2 = 36 N jputj;jpy; nghUspd; vil W3 = 36.4 N

m) nghUspd; xg;glu;j;jp = 𝑾𝟏

𝑾𝟏−𝑾𝟐 =

𝟒𝟎

𝟒𝟎−𝟑𝟔 =

𝟒𝟎

𝟒 = 10



M) jputj;jpd; xg;glh;j;jp = 𝑾𝟏−𝑾𝟑

𝑾𝟏−𝑾𝟐 =

𝟒𝟎−𝟑𝟔.𝟒

𝟒𝟎−𝟑𝟔 =

𝟑.𝟔

𝟒 = 0.9

,) jplg;nghUspd; gUkd; = W1-W2 = 40-36 = 4N = 4 cm3

8. xU Kfitapy; cs;s jputj;jpd; mlh;j;jp ‘ρ’ cauk; „h’ vdTk; ‘PA’ vd;gJ tspkz;ly mOj;jk; kw;Wk; g vd;gJ Gtp <h;g;G KLf;fk; vdpy; gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpilaspf;fTk;. m) jput Nkw;gug;gpy; mOj;jk; vd;d? M) Kfitapd; mbg;gug;gpy; mOj;jk; vd;d? ,) Kfitapd; mbg;ghfj;jpy; cl;Gw Rtw;wpd; kPJ gf;fthl;L mOj;jk; vd;d?

ρ = mlh;j;jp h = cauk; PA = tspkz;ly mOj;jk; g = GtpaPh;g;G KLf;fk;

m. jput Nkw;gug;gpy; mOj;jk; = tspkz;ly mOj;jk; = PA M. mbg;gug;gpy; mOj;jk; = PA+ hρg

,. cl;Gw Rthpd; gf;fthl;L mOj;jk; = PA+ hρg (Vnddpy; xU Fwpg;gpl;l cauj;jpy; vy;yh jpirfspYk; mOj;jk; rkkhf cs;sJ.)

9. cUis tbt nfhs;fydpd; mbg;gug;G 300 nr.kP2. mjpy; 6 nr.kP. cauj;jpw;F ePh; epug;Gk; NghJ mbg;gug;gpy; mOj;jj;ijf; fzf;fpLf. (g=10kP/tp2> ePhpd; mlh;j;jp = 1000fp.fp/kP3)

nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sit mbg;gug;G (A) = 300 nr.kP2 = 0.03 kP2

cauk; (h) = 6 nr.kP = 0.06kP g = 10kP/tp2 ρ = 1000 fpfp/kP3 mbg;gug;gpy; mOj;jk; PA = hρg = 0.06 x 1000 x 10 = 600 N/m

2

10. ePh;j; Njf;fj; njhl;bahdJ fl;blj;jpd; Nky; jsj;jpd; Nky; mikf;fg;gl;bUg;gJ Vd;;? fl;blj;jpd; Nky; jsj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; Nky;epiyj; njhl;bapy; cs;s ePUf;F epiyahw;wy;

mjpfk;. MfNt FohapypUe;J mjpf Ntfj;Jld; ePu; ghAk;.

11. jplg;nghUs; xd;W A - vd;w jputj;jpy; kpjf;fpwJ. mNj nghUs; B- vd;w jputj;jpYk; kpjf;ftplg;gLfpwJ. glj;ij cw;WNehf;fp fPo;f;fz;l tpdhf;fSf;F tpilaspf;fTk;.

m) A- mlh;j;jp kpF jputkh? B- mlh;j;jp kpF jputkh? M) vj;jputj;jpy; jplg;nghUs; mjpf Nky;Nehf;F mKf;F

tpiriag; ngWfpwJ? tpilf;fhd fhuzk; jUf. ,) ,U epiyfspYk; jplg;nghUspd; vilahdJ vt;thW Nky;Nehf;F> mKf;F tpirAld; njhlh;G

nfhz;Ls;sJ?

m) B - mlh;kpF jputk; M) „B‟apy; Nky;Nehf;F mKf;F tpir mjpfk;. fhuzk;: jputk; Bapy; nghUspd; vilia tpl Nky;Nehf;F mKf;f tpir mjpfkhf

,Ug;gjhy;jhd; mJ ePUf;F Nky; kpjf;fpwJ. ,) ,U epiyfspYk; jplg;nghUspd; vilia tpl jputj;jpd; Nky;Nehf;F mKf;F tpir

mjpfkhf cs;sJ. vdNtjhd; ,uz;bYk; nghUs; kpjf;fpwJ. B jputj;jpd; mlu;j;jp mjpfkhf cs;sjhy; Nky;Nehf;F mKf;F tpir ,d;Dk; rw;W mjpfkhf cs;sjhy; jplg;nghUs; Nkw;gug;gpNyNa kpjf;fpwJ.

12. ,Uk;gpdhy; nra;ag;gl;l nghpa fg;gy; ePhpy; kpjf;fpwJ@ rpwpa ,Uk;G Mzp %o;fptpLfpwJ. ,jw;fhd fhuzk; vd;d? fg;gypd; mbg;gug;G> cl;Gwk; cs;sPlw;w jd;ik Mfpa tbtj;jpd; fhuzkhf fg;gypdhy; ,lg;ngah;r;rp nra;ag;gLk; jputj;jpd; vil fg;gypd; nkhj;j vilf;F rkkhfptpLtjhy; fg;gy; kpjf;fpwJ. ,Uk;G Mzpahy; me;j msTf;F ePiu ,lg;ngau;r;rp nra;a ,ayhjjhy; %o;FfpwJ.

13. fy;iy fhw;wpy; cah;j;Jtij tpl ePUf;fbapy; ,Ue;J cah;j;JtJ vspjhf ,Ug;gJ Vd;? tpsf;Ff. fy; ePhpy; cs;s NghJ> Mh;f;fpkpb]; jj;Jtj;jpd;gb> vil ,og;gjhfj; Njhd;Wk;. mJ ,lg;ngau;r;rp nra;Ak; ePupd; msTf;Nfw;Ng Nky;Nehf;F tpir xd;W nray;gLfpwJ. mt;tpir ekf;F Mjuthf ,Ug;gjhy; ePUf;Fs; fy;iy cau;j;JtJ vspJ.



14. nghUspd; xg;glh;j;jpAk;> mlh;j;jpAk; vt;thW njhlh;GgLj;jg;gLfpwJ? xg;glh;j;jpapd; myF vd;d?

nghUspd; xg;glu;j;jp =nghUspd; mlh;j;jp

ePhpd; mlh;j;jp

nghUspd; xg;glh;j;jp vd;gJ nghUspd; mlh;j;jpf;Fk; ePhpd; mlh;j;jpf;Fk; cs;s jfthFk;. xg;glh;j;jp vd;gJ xNu mstPl;bd; jfthf miktjdhy; mjw;F myF ,y;iy.

15. m epiwAs;s nghUnshd;W d-mlh;j;jpAs;s jputj;jpy; kpjf;fpwJ. m. nghUspd; Njhw;w vil vd;d? M. nghUs; ,oe;j vil vd;d?

m. nghUspd; Njhw;w vil = m g M. nghUs; ,oe;j vil = nghUspdhy; ntspNaw;wg;gl;l jputj;jpd; vil

= jputj;jpd; epiw x g

= jputj;jpd; gUkd; x mlh;j;jp x g

= Vdg

nghUs; kpjf;Fk; NghJ Vdg = mg

16. nghJthfj; jq;fj;ij RUs; tpy; juhirf; fhl;bYk; rhjhuzj; juhrpy; mstpLtJ Vd;? tpsf;Ff. RUs;tpy; juhrpdhy; msf;fg;gLk; vil ,lj;jpw;F ,lk; khwf;$baJ. xNu msthf ,Uf;fhJ. NkYk; RUs;tpy; juhrpdhy; kpy;yp fpuhk; msTf;F Jy;ypakhf mstpl ,ayhJ.

17. 1fp.fp. ,Uk;Gk;> 1fp.fp. gQ;Rk; fl;blj;jpd; cr;rpapy; ,Ue;J xNu rkaj;jpy; jhdhf tpor;nra;Ak; NghJ jiuia Kjypy; njhLtJ vJ? tpilf;fhd fhuzk; jUf. 1fpfp ,Uk;G Kjypy; jiuiaj; njhLk;. fhw;W Vw;gLj;Jk; jil (fhw;W Vw;gLj;Jk; Nky;Nehf;F mKf;F tpir) ,Uk;gpy; FiwthfTk;> gQ;rpy; mjpfkhfTk; cs;sJ. vdNt ,Uk;G Kjypy; jiuiaj; njhLk;.

18. 3000 fp.fp.kP-3 mlh;j;jp nfhz;l fy;nyhd;W 1000 fp.fp.kP-3 mlh;j;jp nfhz;l ePhpy; %o;FfpwJ. fhw;wpy; fy;;ypd; epiw 150 fp.fp. vdpy;> fy;iy cah;j;jj; Njitahd tpiriaf; fzf;fpLf. (g=10 kP nr-2).

fy;ypd; fPo;Nehf;F tpir = Vρ g

V – fy;ypd; fd msT ρ - fy;ypd; mlu;j;jp g - GtpaPu;g;G KLf;fk;

fy;ypd; Nky;Nehf;F tpir = Vσ g

V – fy; ,lg;ngau;r;rp nra;j ePupd; fdmsT. σ - ePupd; mlu;j;jp g - GtpaPu;g;G KLf;fk;

epfu fPo;Nehf;F tpir = Vρ g - Vσ g

= Vg (ρ - σ )

= V x 10 x (3000-1000)

= V x 20000

= 𝑚

𝑝 x 20000

= 150

3000 x 20000 = 1000 N

vdNt fy;iy J}f;f Njitahd tpir 1000 N

19. miw ntg;gepiyapy; cs;s nghUnshd;W ePhpy; kpjf;fpwJ. gpd;tUk; nray;fspy; cq;fs; cw;WNehf;fy;fis tpsf;fTk;. m) ePiu ntg;gg;gLj;Jk; nghOJ M) 40 ntg;gepiyf;F ePiu Fsph;tpf;Fk; NghJ m) ePiu ntg;gg;gLj;Jk;NghJ mJ ntg;gj;jhy; tpuptiltjhy; mlh;j;jp FiwAk;. vdNt nghUs;

ePhpy; rw;W fPopwq;Fk;. mjhtJ ePUf;F Nky; cs;s cauk; FiwAk; M) ePiu 40C f;F Fsph;tpf;Fk; NghJ gUkd; FiwAk;. mlh;j;jp mjpfkhFk;. vdNt> nghUs; ePhpy;

ed;F kpjf;Fk;. mjhtJ ePUf;F Nky; mjd; cauk; mjpfkhFk;.

Fwpg;G: ePh; 40C y; ngUk mlh;j;jpiag; ngw;wpUf;Fk;. mjw;Ff;fPo; Fspur;nra;Ak;NghJ ePupd; mlu;j;jp mjpfkhtjw;F gjpyhf FiwAk;. 00 C y; gdpf;fl;bahf ciwAk;NghJ ePiutpl mlu;j;jp Fiwe;jjhf ,Uf;Fk;. vdNtjhd; gdpf;fl;b ePupy; kpjf;fpwJ.

20. fly; ePhpy; cs;s kPd;gpbg;glF mjd; ngUk nfhs;sstpw;F epug;gg;gl;lepiyapy; mg;gbNa Mw;WePUf;F ,lk;ngaUk; NghJ vd;d epfOk;? tpsf;Ff. kPd; glF Mw;WePhpy; %o;Fk;. Vnddpy; Mw;WePhpd; mlh;j;jp fly;ePhpd; mlh;j;jpia tplf; FiwT. ,q;F glfpdhy; ,lg;ngah;r;rp nra;ag;gl;l ePhpd; vil glfpd; vilia tplf; FiwT.



21. ntg;gf;fhw;W gY}d; fhw;wpy; NknyOk;Gk;. Mdhy; Fsph; fhw;wpy; gY}d; Nky; vOk;ghjJ Vd;? ntg;gf;fhw;W ntg;gj;jhy; tpuptile;Js;sjhy; gUkd; mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk;. ,jdhy; mjd; mlh;j;jp Fiwthf ,Uf;Fk;. vdNt mJ NknyOk;Gk;. Mdhy; Fsph;fhw;wpd; gUkd; FiwT. vdNt mlh;j;jp mjpfk;. vdNt NknyOk;ghJ.

22. ePiu tpl mlh;j;jp Fiwthd jputj;jpd; xg;glh;j;jpiaf; fhZk; fUtpapy; vt;tpj khw;wq;fs; nra;jhy; ePiu tpl mlh;j;jp mjpfkhd jputj;jpd; xg;glh;j;jpia mstpl gad;gLj;j KbAk;? jputkhdp xg;glh;j;jp fhZk; fUtpahFk;. jputkhdpapd; mbg;gFjpapy; cs;s <af;Fz;Lfspd; vz;zpf;ifia Fiwj;jhy; mlh;j;jp mjpfkhd jputq;fspd; xg;glh;j;jpia msf;fyhk;.

23. xOq;fw;w cUtKila nghUspd; fd msT vspa fzf;fPl;by; fzf;fpl ,ayhJ. m) mjd; fd msT fhZk; Kiwiaf; $Wf. M) Nkw;fhz; nraYf;fhd jj;Jtj;jpid $wp vOJf.

m) xOq;fw;w cUtKila nghUspd; fd msit Nky;tbAk; [hb nfhz;L mstplyhk;. Nky;tbAk; [hbia ePuhy; epug;gp mjpy; fdmsT fhzNtz;ba nghUis E}ypy; fl;b ePUf;Fs; %o;fr;nra;a Ntz;Lk;. ,g;NghJ tbAk; ePiu msT [hbapy; gpbj;J mjd; fdmsit fz;Lgpbf;fyhk;. mJNt mg;nghUspd; fd msthFk;.

M) Mh;f;fpkpb]; jj;Jtj;jpd; gb> xU nghUs; gha;kj;jpy; (jputk; my;yJ thA) %o;fpapUf;Fk; NghJ> mJ ,og;gjhfj; Njhd;Wk; vil> ntspNaw;wg;gLk; gha;kj;jpd; vilf;Fr; rkkhf ,Uf;Fk;. ,j;Njhw;w vil ,og;Gf;Ff; fhuzk; ehk; mwpe;j kpjg;G tpirNa MFk;.

gphpT -,

1. gpd;tUk; glj;jpid Ma;T nra;J kpjf;Fk; nghUs;fspd; xg;glh;j;jpapidf; fzf;fpl;L rhpahd myfpy; vOJf. (m) kuk; (M) gdpf;fl;b (,) Mg;gps; (<) jf;if (c) nkOF

ePhpd; mlh;j;jp = 1 ePhpd; xg;glh;j;jpf;Ff; Fiwthd nghUl;fs; ePhpy; kpjf;Fk;. mtw;wpd; mlu;j;jpfs; tUkhW. 1. 5/10 gFjp ePhpy; %o;fpAs;s kuk; = 5/10 = 0.5 2. 9/10 gFjp ePhpy; %o;fpAs;s gdpf;fl;b = 9/10 = 0.9 3. 3/5 gFjp ePhpy; %o;fpAs;s Mg;gps; = 3/5 = 0.6 4. ¼ gFjp ePhpy; %o;fpAs;s jf;if = ¼ = 0.25 5. 7/10 gFjp ePhpy; %o;fpAs;s nkOF = 7/10 = 0.7

2. xU nghw;nfhy;yh; jhd; nra;j mzpfyd;fs; J}a jq;fj;jpdhy; nra;ag;gl;lJ (xg;glh;j;jp 19.3) vd cWjp mspf;fpwhh;. mth; jdJ thbf;ifahsh;fSf;F fhw;wpy; 34.75 fpuhk; vilAs;s mzpfyid tpw;fpwhh;. thq;fpath; mjid ePhpDs; KOtJk; %o;fr; nra;Ak; NghJ mjd; mil 31.890 fpuhk; vdf; fz;lwpfpwhh;. rhpahd Nrhjidfs;> fzf;fPLfs; nfhz;L nghw;nfhy;yh; tpw;w mzpfyd; J}a jq;fj;jpy; nra;ag;gl;ljh? ,y;iyah? vdf; fz;lwpf.

fhw;wpy; mzpfydpd; vil W1 = 34.75 fp ePupy; mzpfydpd; vil W2 = 31.89 fp

mzpfydpd; xg;glh;j;jp = 𝑾𝟏

𝑾𝟏−𝑾𝟐 =

𝟑𝟒.𝟕𝟓

𝟑𝟒.𝟕𝟓−𝟑𝟏.𝟖𝟗 =

𝟑𝟒.𝟕𝟓

𝟐.𝟖𝟔 = 12.15

Mdhy; J}a jq;fj;jpd; xg;glu;j;jp 19.3

mzpfydpd; xg;glu;j;jp J}a jq;fj;jpd; xg;glu;j;jpia tpl Fiwthf ,Ug;gjhy; mzpfyd; J}a jq;fj;jpy; nra;ag;gl;lJ my;y.



3. gpd;tUk; glj;ij Muha;e;J tpdhf;fSf;F tpilaspf;fTk;. i) jpz;kg; nghUs; ePUf;Fs; ,og;gjhfj; Njhd;Wk; Njhw;w vil vd;d? ii) glj;jpypUe;J ePq;fs; mwpe;J nfhs;tJ ahJ? i) fhw;wpy; nghUspd; vil W1 = 3kg

ePupy; nghUspd; vil W2 = 1.5Kg

Njhw;w vil ,og;G = W1 – W2 = 3 - 1.5 = 1.5 fpfp

ii) nghUshy; ,lg;ngau;r;rp nra;j ePupd; vil nghUs; ePupy; ,oe;j vilf;Fr; (1.5 fpfp) rkkhf ,Uf;Fk;. ,J Mh;f;fpkpb]; jj;Jtj;ij ep&gpf;fpwJ.

4. ePhpd; xg;glh;j;jpapidf; fhZk; fUtpapd; mbg;gilapy; gpd;tUk; Nfs;tpfSf;F gjpyspf;f. m. fUtpapd; jz;L ePskhfTk; FWfyhfTk; ,Ug;gJ Vd;? M. fPNoAs;s FkpohdJ fhhPak; fye;j ghjurj;jhy; epug;gg;gl;Ls;sJ Vd;? ,. mstpLfs; NkypUe;J fPohfj; jug;gl;Ls;sJ Vd;?

m. mlu;j;jp Fiwe;j my;yJ mlu;j;jp mjpfkhd jputj;jpYk; kpjg;gjw;fhf M. Fohapd; fPo;g;gFjpapy; vilia mjpfkhf;Ftjhy; fUtp jputq;fspy; nrq;Fj;jhf kpjf;Fk;. ,. mlh;j;jp Fiwe;j jputj;jpy; mf;fUtp mjpf Mok; nry;Yk;. vdNt Fiwe;j mlu;j;jp vz;

NkNy jug;glNtz;Lk;. mlh;j;jp kpFe;j jputj;jpy; Fiwe;j Mok; %o;Fk;. vdNt mjpf mlu;j;jp vz; fPo;g;gFjpapy; Fwpg;gplg;gl Ntz;Lk;. MfNt mstPLfs; NkypUe;J fPohf jug;gl;Ls;sJ.

5. 15kP3 gUkDs;s thdpiy Kd; mwptpg;G gY}dhdJ 0.09 fp.fp kP-3 mlh;j;jpAs;s i`l;u[dhy; epug;gg;gl;Ls;sJ. gY}dpd; gUkDld; xg;gpLk;NghJ mjpy; cs;s fUtpapd; gUkd; Gwf;fzpf;fj; jf;fJ. fhypahd gY}dpd; epiw 7.15 fp.fp. ,J 1.3 fp.fpkP-3 mlu;j;jpAs;s fhw;wpy; kpjf;fpwJ.

m. gY}dpy; cs;s i`l;u[dpd; epiwiaf; fzf;fpLf. M. gY}dhy; ,lk;ngau;e;j fhw;wpd; epiwiaf; fzf;fpLf. ,. fUtpapd; epiwiaf; fzf;fpLf.

fhyp gY}dpd; epiw = 4.15fpfp thA epug;gg;gl;l gY}dpd; gUkd; = 15 kP3 H2 thAtpd; mlh;j;jp = 0.09 fpfp/kP3 g = 10kP/tp2

m) i`l;u[dpd; epiw = mlh;j;jp x gUkd; = 0.09 x 15 (H2 epug;gg;gl;ljhy;) = 1.35 fpfp

M) gY}dhy; ,lk;ngau;e;j fhw;wpd; epiw = gY}dpd; gUkd; x ntspf; fhw;wpd; mlu;j;jp = 15 x 1.3 = 19.5 fp.fp ,) fhypahd gY}dpd; epiw 7.15 fpfp fhw;wpd; epiw 1.35 fpfp nkhj;jk; 8.5 fpfp. Mdhy; ,lk;ngau;e;j fhw;wpd; epiw 19.5 fpfp Mf ,Ug;gjhy; fUtpapd; vil 11 fpfp –f;Fs;

,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. mt;thW ,Ue;jhy;jhd; gY}d; gwf;Fk;.

6. xU jpz;kg; nghUspd; vil fhw;wpy; 50 gf kw;Wk; ePupy; 30 gf. m. jpz;k nghUspd; kPJ nray;gLk; Nky;Nehf;F mKf;F tpiriaf; fhz;f. M. jpz;k nghUspd; gUkd;> mlu;j;jpiaf; fhz;f.

,. ePUf;F gjpyhf xg;glu;j;jp 2.5 cila jputj;jpidg; gad;gLj;Jk;NghJ Njhw;w viliaf; fhz;f. NkYk; mj;jplg;nghUs; mj;jputj;jpy; %o;Fkh? my;yJ kpjf;Fkh? cq;fsJ tpilf;Ff; fhuzk; jUf. m) W1 = 50 gf W2 = 30 gf

Nky;Nehf;F tpir = Njhw;w vil ,og;G = W1- W2

= 50 -30

= 20gf

M) jpz;kg;nghUspd; gUkd; = ntspNaw;wg;gl;l ePupd; vil = 20 nrkP3 jpz;kg;nghUspd; mlu;j;jp = epiw / gUkd; = 50 / 20 = 2.5 g cm

-3

,) jputj;jpd; xg;glu;j;jp = jputj;jpy; nghUs; ,oe;j vil / ePupy; nghUs; ,oe;j vil jputj;jpy; ,oe;j vil = jputj;jpd; xg;glu;j;jp x nghUs; ePupy; ,oe;j vil



= 2.5 x (50-30)

= 2.5 x 20 = 50 gf nghUspd; vilAk; mg;nghUshy; ,lg;ngau;r;rp nra;ag;gl;l ePupd; vilAk; rkkhf

,Ug;gjhy; mg;nghUs; mj;jputj;jpy; kpjf;Fk;. 7. cUis tbt nfhs;fydpy; ePuhdJ epug;gg;gl;Ls;sJ. mjpy; glj;jpy;

fhl;bathW A,B,C vd;w Jisfs; mike;Js;sJ. m) glj;ij tiue;J xt;nthU Jisapy; ,Ue;J ntspNaWk;

ePNuhl;lj;ijf; Fwpf;fTk;. M) vj;Jisapy; ePNuhl;lk; mjpfj; J}uj;jpw;Fr; nry;fpwJ Vd;? m)

M) Jis C apy; ePNuhl;lk; mjpf J}uj;jpw;F nry;fpwJ. Vnddpy; Mok; mjpfupf;f

mjpfupf;f ePupd; mOj;jKk; mjpfupf;Fk;. C-apy; MoKk; mOj;jKk; mjpfk; vd;gjhy; mjpf J}uk; nry;fpwJ.

kjy; gutk; - way to success tfg;g mwptpay; kjy; gutk; ntw;wpf;f top [email protected] - 3 - 17....

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