Diversity of Life: Kingdom Systems

• From Aristotle’s time to middle of the 20th Century, biologist recognized only two kingdoms:

Kingdom Plantae (plants) and Kingdom Animalia (animals)

• After light microscope was perfected in late 1600s, unicellular organisms were discovered not to fit either plant and animal kingdom

The Three-Domain System:1. Bacteria

- prokaryotic, unicellular organisms that reproduce asexually

- bacteria 2. Archaea

- prokaryotic, unicellular organisms that reproduce asexually; live in extreme environments

- bacteria3. Eukarya

- eukaryotic, contains both unicellular and multicellular organisms; some reproduce both asexually & sexually, others reproduce only sexually

- fungi, protists, plants, and animalsThe Five-Kingdom System:

1. Monera2. Fungi3. Protista4. Plantae5. Animalia

-based on:1. type of cell2. number of cells/levels of

organization3. mode of nutrition

• The Eight-Kingdom System:

- it divides the prokaryotes into two kingdoms: Eubacteria & Archaebacteria, a modification based on molecular evidence for an early evolutionary divergence between Bacteria and Archaea, as distinct lineages of prokaryotes

-splits the protists into three kingdoms: Archezoa, Chromista, & Protista

• Eubacteria 4 groups:-photoautotrophic,

chemoautotrophic, -photoheterotrophic, and -chemoheterotrophic bacteria

• Archaebacteria 3 groups:- extreme thermophiles- extreme halophiles- methanogens

Photoautotrophic bacteria 1. Anabaena azolla2. Nostoc sp.

Chemoautotrophic bacteria 1. Nitrosomonas sp. 2. Thiobacillus sp. 3. Nitrobacter sp.

Chemoheterotrophic bacteria 1. Escherichia coli2. Lactobacillus casei3. Streptococcus pneumoniae4. Listeria sp.

Photoheterotrophic bacteria 1. Rhodospirillum sp.2. Chlorobium sp.

Extreme Thermophiles1. Thermus aquaticus2. Sulfolobus sp.

Extreme Halophiles1. Halobacterium sp.2. Dunaliella salina

Methanogens1. Methanococcus sp.

2. Methanosarcina acetivorans

Archezoa

• Ancient• Lack mitochondria• Have flagella, 2 separate nuclei, no

mirochondria, no plastids

e.g . Giardia lamblia

Chromista

• Includes several groups of photosynthetic autotrophs and numerous heterotrophs

• Numerous fine, hair-like projections on the

flagella

• Pigmented plastids

Bacillariophyta-diatoms

Chrysophyta-golden algae

Phaeophyta-Brown algae e.g .Sargassum sp.

Chlorophyta-Green algae

Protista• Eukaryotic organisms

Amoeboid Protozoans Amoeba Foraminiferans radiolarians

Ciliates Paramecium sp. Balantidium coli

Sporozoans Pneumocytis carinii Dinoflagellates

Fungi

Has hyphae and mycelium Heterotrophic Reproductive spores with specialized

dispersal mechanisms Decomposers Parasites

Chitridiomycota

most primitive group, mainly aquatic non-parasitic & parasitic forms the only fungi with flagella

Scientific Name Cladochytrium sp. Location material from freshwater sites in the vicinity of the Universit y of Georgia in Athens, Georgia, USA and from collections of organisms maintained at the University Comments Cladochytrium is a chytrid, in which the cytoplasm develops into a system of fine branching rhizoids which are used to pick up food.

Zygomycota Bread molds Oreina vaga

Ascomycota Neurospora sp. Saccharomyces cerevesiae

Basidiomycota

Lycoperdon perlatum Boletus mirabilis

Deuteromycota Penicillium camemberti Aspergillus sp.

Plantae

• Multicellular organisms• Cellulose in cell wall• Vascular tissues in higher groups: xylem

and phloem• Sperm: pollen

nonvascular plants

Division Hepatophyta Liverworts

Division Bryophyta Mosses

Division Anthocerophyta (hornworts)

Phaeoceros laevis (L.) Prosk. Dendroceros sp.

seedless vascular plants

Division Psilotophyta Psilotum nudum

(whisk fern) Psilotum sp.

Division Lycopodiophyta Lycopodiella alopecuroides (foxtail clubmoss) Lycopodium digitatum (fan clubmoss)

Division Equisetophyta horsetails

Division Pteridophyta Polystichum acrostichoides (Christmas fern) Asplenium nidus (bird’s nest) Botrychium dissectum (cutleaf grapefern)

seed vascular plants(gymnosperms)

Division Pinophyta conifers

Division Cycadophyta cycads

Division Gnetophyta gnetophytes

Division Gingkophyta Maidenhair tree

Seed vascular plants(angiosperms)

Division Magnoliophyta

Animalia

• Multicellular• Heterotrophs• Motile

Cnidarian Platyhelminthes Annelida Nematoda Mollusca Echinodermata Arthropoda Chordata

http://www.powerpoint1.net