kingdoms of ancient egypt
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Kingdoms of Ancient Egypt. Unification Originally two kingdoms developed along the Nile River Lower Egypt Located along the northern Nile Good farmland Upper Egypt Located along the southern Nile 1 st Ruler named Menes He established first dynasty Built capital at Memphis. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Kingdoms of Ancient Egypt
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• Unification• Originally two kingdoms developed along the Nile
River
• Lower Egypt– Located along the northern Nile– Good farmland
• Upper Egypt– Located along the southern Nile– 1st Ruler named Menes– He established first dynasty– Built capital at Memphis
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• River–Flows north–Ends in the Mediterranean Sea–Longest river in the world at 4,160 miles
Geography of the Nile Region
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The Nile• Floods
–Until recently, flooded annually in July
–Floods predictable–Added moisture to the soil–Deposited silt, replenishing the
soil with nutrients–Caused delta to form at the
mouth of the river
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Nile River and delta from space
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Influence of Geography on Civilization
• Natural barriers provide obstacles to potential invaders–Mediterranean Sea to the North–Libyan Desert to the West–Nubian Desert to the Southeast–Red Sea to the East
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Effect of Barriers• Limited invasions from many directions• Limited farming to a narrow region on either
side of the river• Caused river villages to be crowded
– As population grew, villages needed to expand– Irrigation helped to create more fertile land for
farming
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Benefits of the Nile• The river served as a highway
– United villages along the river– Travel was relatively easy on the river– Currents carried barges downstream (North) to the
delta– Sails used to catch winds to return upstream (South)
• Additional benefits– River attracted wildlife and provided fish for hunting
& sport– Papyrus grew along river
• Used to make paper
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Religion in Ancient Egypt• Beliefs
– Nature important-gods control forces of nature– Polytheistic (many gods)– Gods control forces of nature– Gods controlled all life and death– Gods frequently identified with certain animals
• Egyptian Gods– Aman Re
• Most important god• Sun god• East represented birth (sunrise)• West represented death (sunset)
• Burial temples built on the West bank of the Nile
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Religion – Osiris
• God of the underworld -periodically dies and is reborn
• Judges the dead• Rise & fall of the Nile believed to be
the death & rebirth of Osiris– Isis
• Wife of Osiris• Brought him back to life• Nile floods and brings renewed life
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Religion• The Afterlife
– Egyptians believed in a life after death– Believed the good lived in happiness– Believed the dead needed to take with
them things they would need in death– Believed the earthly body would be
needed as a home for the soul– Preserved the bodies of the dead through
mummification• Originally reserved for rulers and nobles
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Tutankhamen (aka King Tut)
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Howard Carter discovers King Tut Tomb in 1922
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System of Writing• Record keeping of religious rituals prompted
writing• ~3,100 BC
– pictograms- picture of object– Ideograms added to convey ideas– Added symbols for sounds– No symbols for vowel sounds
• Symbols evolved into hieroglyphics• Writings carved in wood or stone• Later, symbols painted in ink on papyrus
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Hieroglyphics
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The Rosetta Stone• Slab of black rock carved in three
languages– Hieroglyphics– Demotic (shorthand hieroglyphics)– Greek
• Found in 1799• 1822- French scholar Jean Chapollion
cracked the code of hieroglyphics because he could read Greek
• Enabled scholars to decipher papyrus scrolls of hieroglyphics
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What Characterized Civilization in Ancient Egypt?
• Civilizations developed when people could stay put and not have to wander after their food supply.
• When people began to grow food, they became more organized
• Divisions in labor developed to decide who did what– Farmers, herders, artisans, government
• Cities grew with this organization• Civilization & cities often thought to go hand
in hand
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The Old Kingdom2700-2200 BC
• Strong monarchs• Tasks delegated to many gov’t officials• Built pyramids and Sphinx
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The Middle Kingdom~2050-1800 BC
• New capital Thebes in upper (southern) Egypt
• ~1900 BC ruler becomes known as the pharaoh
• Hyksos-people from Asia who brought the chariot and compound bow.
• Through trade and conquest, Egyptians learn other ideas and blend cultures (movement)
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New Kingdom~1570- 1090 BC
Pharaohs had absolute control over the government and established an empire.
• Early female ruler Hatshepsut• 1370 BC Amenhotep rises to power
– makes many unsettling changes– Makes Egyptians monotheistic
• Aton the sun god
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New Kingdom• 1200’s BC rule of Ramses II
–Long rule–Many children (52 sons, plus
daughters…)–Had temples and tombs built by
Hebrew slaves
Mummy of Ramses II
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Pharaohs organized centralized state
Built enormous tombs, the pyramids
Power struggles, crop failures and cost of pyramids caused collapse
Corrupt government suffered frequent rebellions
Land drained for farming
Hittites invaded and conquered
Pharaohs created a large empire
Traded with lands along eastern Mediterranean and Red Sea
Nubians, then others invaded
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Egyptian Society• Social Class
– A person’s social position and occupation determined at birth
• Social Structure– Top = Pharaoh
• Ruling class of priests & nobles• Middle class of merchants, artisans, doctors
– Bottom = Slaves
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Egyptian Society• Status of Women
– Relatively high status for that time in history– Could buy and sell property– Could seek divorce (although rare)– Property inherited through female line
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Education• Original purpose of schools was to
train priests• Subjects taught
–Reading & writing–Math–Religious ceremonies & rituals
• Eventually temple schools provided more general education
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Scribes• Scribes were very important• Kept records, recorded history• Could possibly become rich• About the only social mobility of the
era
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Scientific Accomplishments• In areas of math and science• Developed system of surveying land
– Important due to annual floods• Surveying land led to Geometry
–Area & volume helped to build – the pyramids
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Scientific Accomplishments• Development of astronomy
– To predict floods, eclipses– Led to development of calendar
• 365 days, 12 months• 3 seasons, 30 days for 11 months, 35 for
the 12th
• No leap year• Development of building techniques
– engineering
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Scientific Accomplishments• Medical discoveries
–Magic heavily used–Developed surgery–Greeks & Romans based much of
their medical knowledge on that of the Egyptians