kingdom protista - noel ways · web viewsuperclass: actinopoda phylum labyrinthhomorpha phylum...
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Zoology Student Outline – Kingdom Protista
Protozoan Groups
Phylum: SarcomastigophoraSubphylum: Mastigophora
Class: PhytomastigophoreaClass: Zoomastigophorea
Subphylum: SarcodinaSuperclass: Rhizopoda
Class: LoboseaSuperclass: Actinopoda
Phylum LabyrinthhomorphaPhylum Apicomplexa
Class: SporozoeaPhylum MicrosporaPhylum AcetosporaPhylum MyxoozoaPhylum Ciliophora
Text: Zoology, by Miller and Harley – Chapter 8
1. Introduction
A. Origins
i. Endosymbiont
ii. Archaea
iii. Polyphyletic
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Zoology Student Outline – Kingdom Protista
B. General Characteristics of the Protozoa
i. Size
a. Surface to Volume Ratio -
ii. Complexity
iii. Pellicle
a. Ectoplasm
b. Endoplasm
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RetortamonadaAxostylata
Fungi
Split
SecondaryEndosymbiosis
CyanobacteriaChl a
Algal Stock
Secondary Endosymbiosis
Other Non-fungal Phyla
Endosymbiont(Mitochondria)
Euglenozoa(Chloroplasts)
Another proposed mechanismfor chloroplast development isthe evolution of chlorophyl ls inp rokaryotic organisms prior tosymbiogenesis
Alveolates (Chloroplasts)
Alveolates Dinoflagellates
GreenPlants
GreenAlga
Apicomplexans(lost photosynthetic Capabilityand now all parasitic)
Ciliates
Primitive Stock(Eukaryotic)
Primitive Stock(Prokaryotic)
Non-fungalMetazoa
*
*Note: acommon photoshytetic stockforEuglenozoa and Alveolatesis questionable as the two grouphave different chlorophyll types
There are two hypotheses regarding theorigins of eukaryotic cells
1. Bacteria lost cell wal l and acquiredthe vesicle making abi lity. This eventuallylead to a compartmentalization of the cytoplasm including the DNA.
2. An endosymbiogenetic eventoccured resulting in the nucleus.This may have begun as an obligateintracelluar parasi te with the abili tyto divide with the host bacterium, buteventually resulted in the genetic acquisition of all primary metaboliccontrol by the parasi te. Our "parasite"is now the nucleus.
** **Note: divergence may have occurredafter the secondary endosymbiosisresulting in photosynthetic alveolates,but then lost their plastids (not shown)
Chl a,b
Chl a,b
Chl a,c
Chl a,b
GreenPlants
GreenAlga
Chl a,bChl a,bNon-fungal Phyla
Non-fungal Phyla DinoflagellatesChl a,c
Prokaryote withchlorophyll a
Prochloron-like ancestorwith chlorophyll a,b
Heliobacterium-like ancestorwith chlorophyll a,c
Zoology Student Outline – Kingdom Protista
iv. Excretion and Osmoregulation
a. Contractile Vacuoles
H2CO3 H+ HCO3-CO2H2O + +H2O
RemainsIsotonic
H2OHCO3
-H+
RemainsIsotonic
H2OHCO3
-H+
CarbonicAnhydrase
H+ HCO 3-
v. Nutrition and Digestion
a. Autotrophs
• Photosynthesis
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Zoology Student Outline – Kingdom Protista
b. Heterotrophic
• Phagocytosis
1. Pseudopodia form around food
PhagosomePhagolysosome
Exocytosis
Lysosome
• Cytopharynx
• Cytopyge
vi. Locomotion
a. Cilia
b. Flagella
c. Pseudopodia
• Process
vii. Reproduction
a. Asexual
• Binary Fission
• Budding
• Schizogony
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Zoology Student Outline – Kingdom Protista
b. Sexual
viii. Cysts
• Encystment
• Excystment
C. Symbiotic Relationships
i. Parasitic
a. Parasite and Host
b. Multiple Hosts
• Definitive Host
• Intermediate Host
ii. Commensalistic
iii. Mutualistic
2. Protozoan Taxonomy
A. Phylum Sarcomastigophora
i. Subphylum Mastigophora
a. Class Phytomastigophorea
• Dinoflagellates
* Abundance
* Autotrophic
* Mutualistic Relationships
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Zoology Student Outline – Kingdom Protista
* Red Tides
√ Example: Ceratium
√ Example: Pfisteria piscida
• Euglena
* General
* Stigma
* Chloroplasts
* Flagella
* Pyrenoid
• Volvox
* Asexual Reproduction
* Sexual Reproduction
√ Dioecious
√ Monecious
b. Class Zoomastigophorea
• Example: Trypanosoma sp. (Causes African Sleeping
Sickness)
* Vector: Tsetse Fly
* Intermediate host
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Zoology Student Outline – Kingdom Protista
* Definitive Host
ii. Subphylum Sarcodina (The Amebas)
a. Psudopodia
b. Test or Shell
* Calcareous
* Proteinaceous
* Siliceous
* Chitinous
c. SuperClass Rhizopoda
• Class Lobopodia (Lobosea)
• Class Filopodia
• Class Reticulopodia
• Class Axopodia
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Zoology Student Outline – Kingdom Protista
ii. Superclass Actinopoda
a. Foraminiferans
b. Heliozoans
c. Radiolarians
B. Phylum Labyrinthomorpha
C. Phylum Apicomplexa
i. Class Sporozoea
a. Example: Plasmodium
• Life Cycle – see diagram
* Schizogony
• Vector – mention the term vector
• Cryptosporidium
• Toxoplasma
D. Phylum Microspora
E. Phylum Acetospora
F. Phylum Myxozoa
G. Phylum Ciliophora
i. Cilia
ii. Pellicle
iii. Holozoic
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Zoology Student Outline – Kingdom Protista
iv. Nuclei: Dikaryotic
v. Trichocysts
vi. Trichocysts
vii. Nutrition
a. Example: Paramecium
caudatum
* Oral Groove
viii. Osmoregulation
a. Contractile Vacuole
ix. Reproduction
a. Asexual
• Budding
• Fission
b. Sexual: Conjugation
• Macronucleus
• Micronucleus
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