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TRANSCRIPT
KINGDOM PLANTAE
Oxygen Ozone Food Fibers Wood & paper
Fossil fuels Medicine Latex Essential Oils Decoration Jobs
WHY STUDY PLANTS?
What is a Plant? Multicellular Eukaryotes Cell wall made of cellulose Develop from multicellular embryos Carry out photosynthesis using
chlorophyll a and b Most are autotrophs, but some are
parasitic or saprobes
Plant Life Cycle – You Draw It!
Haploid: Spores (N) produce a Gametophyte plant (N) which produces gametes; either sperm or eggs (reproductive cells)
The sperm and egg join to create the Sporophyte plant (2N), which is diploid.
Diploid: The Sporophyte Plant creates spores (N) by meiosis.
Plant Life Cycle
What Plants Need to Survive
Sunlight Water and minerals Gas exchange Movement of water and nutrients
throughout the plant body
Early Plants The first plants evolved from green
algae Size, color, and appearance of plants Similar reproductive cycles Cell walls and photosynthetic pigments
are identical to those of plants
Evolution Relationships
Overview of Plant Kingdom
Plants are divided into 4 groups based upon:
1. water-conducting tissues
2. seeds
3. flowers
Evolution Relationships
Project: Deep Green Since 1994 scientists have provided
strong evidence that plants evolved from green algae living in fresh water—not from the sea as previously thought.
12 Phyla of Plant Kingdom
BRYOPHYTES byro=moss phyte=plant Examples are:
Mosses, Liverworts, Hornworts Life cycles depend on water No vascular tissue: depends on
osmosis Very small & compact
Mosses
Human Uses for Moss Sphagnum moss (aka peat moss)
thrives in acidic water Dried sphagnum absorbs many times
its weight in water: natural sponge Alive is used in gardening: to acidify
the soil When compacted (peat) is used for
fuel.
Liverworts
Hornworts
Vascular Plants Tracheids are
specialized cells that can conduct fluids:– Xylem (water
upward)– Phloem (nutrients
and carbohydrates throughout the plant
Seedless Vascular Plants Both xylem and phloem can move
fluids against gravity The thick walls of xylem and LIGNIN
(substance that makes cell walls rigid) enables vascular plants to grow
upright and reach great heights Examples are: club mosses,
horsetails, and ferns
Lycophyta: Club Mosses
Once grew as huge (35 m) trees
One of the main components of coal
True leaves, stems, and roots
Need moist woodlands
Example: Lycopodium
Arthrophyta: Horsetail Only one genus is still
living Grows to about 1 m True leaves, stems,
and roots Stems contain silica
and were used for scouring pots
Example: Equisetum
Pterophyta: Ferns Leaves are called
FRONDS Stem is an
underground rhizome with roots
Found in moist, shaded forest areas
Sporangia form on underside of frond
Seed Plants: Freedom from Water!
Two main types:– Gymnosperms– Angiosperms
Dominant group of photosynthetic organisms on land
Gymnosperms: Cone Bearers
Means “naked seed”
Adapted so that seed can survive in dry and extreme temperatures
Gnetophyta Just 3 genera Produces only 2
large,leathery leaves
Cones are formed at the base of the 2 leaves
Example: Welwitschia
Cycadophyta: Cycads Palm-like Date back to 225
million years ago Only 9 genera Example:
– Sego palm
Ginkophyta: Ginkoes Only one species
extant, Ginko biloba Looks like the fossil
remains of its ancestors, so true “living fossil”
Resistant to pollution so used in cities for shade
Coniferophyta: Conifers Most common gymnosperm Includes pines, spruces, firs,
cedars, sequoias, redwoods, junipers, and yews
Bristlecones can live 4 000+ years
Shed needles (leaves) throughout year so stay green (evergreens)
Needles adapted for dry, cool conditions with waxy coating, reduced surface area, cavities below leaf for gas exchange
Anthophyta: Angiosperms Appeared about 135
million years ago About 90% of all plants
are Angiosperms Developed reproductive
organs: flowers– Ovaries which protect the
seeds– Attract animals which help
with pollination
Two class of Angiosperms Monocotyledonae or Monocots Dicotyledonae orDicots
Monocotyledons Grasses Corn Wheat Lilies Gladiolus Palms
Monocot Characteristics
Dicotylendons
Roses Clover Tomatoes Oaks Daisies
DICOTS
Monocots vs. Dicots
Other Ways of Grouping Plants: Stems
Woody: Thick cell walls that support the plant Trees, shrubs, and vines
Herbaceous: Stems are smooth, supported by hydrostatic
pressure (turgor) Dandilions, zinnias, petunias
Other Ways of Grouping Plants: Lifespans
Annuals Complete life cycle in one year
Biennials Life cycle takes 2 years
– Year one: germinate and grow roots, maybe leaves– Year two: grow new stems, leaves,and flowers
Perennials Live through many years
– May die back in winter,but re-grow in the spring (asparagus, peonies, many grasses)
– Most have woody stems (palms,trees, honeysuckle)
Plant Kingdom Phyla