kingdom plantae autotrophs (photosynthesis) eukaryotic multicellular by diana l. duckworth rustburg...
TRANSCRIPT
Kingdom Plantae
Autotrophs (photosynthesis)Eukaryotic
MulticellularBy Diana L. Duckworth
Rustburg High School, Campbell County
Plants were first life to invade land some 400 million years ago
• Three major problems to solve:• (1) How to get nutrients out of bare rock
– Partnership with fungi - mycorrhizae
• (2) How to keep from drying out– Developed watertight covering – cuticle– Also kept out gases – developed stomata (singular –
stoma)
• (3) How to reproduce without water medium– Sperm enclosed in pollen – wind or insect dispersal;
prevents drying out
cuticle
Stomata
http://www.agr.gc.ca/nlwis-snite/index_e.cfm?s1=pub&s2=ha_sa&page=73
http://www.learner.org/jnorth/spring2001/species/tulip/Update051801.html
Demands of land environment led to cell differentiation & thus different tissues and enabled
larger sized plants• Stems – provide support; contain vascular tissue to carry
nutrients & water to leaves from roots• Roots – anchor plant in soil; take up nutrients and water• Vascular tissue
– Xylem – carries water & minerals from roots– Phloem – carries food made in leaves by photosynthesis to rest
of plant• Seeds – multicellular; contain embryo of plant
– Protection – seed coat prevents injury & dessication of embryo– Nourishment – food for plant embryo as it starts to grow– Dispersal – by animals or wind or water– Delayed growth – can remain dormant until conditions are right
to germinate• Leaves – structures specialized to carryout
photosynthesis• Flowers – specialized structures to make reproduction
more efficient
http://arnica.csustan.edu/photos/800/Cucurbita_vascular_tissue_LS_100x.jpg
http://www.karencarr.com/gallery_stem_diagram.html
http://grandpacliff.com/Plants/Glossary-Plants.htm
Kinds of Plants - Nonvascular
• Small – no specialized structures for taking up nutrients or water; each cell for itself
• Gametophyte generation is larger & photosynthetic; sporophyte non photosynthetic & grows on gametophyte
• Need water for sexual reproduction – sperm swim to eggs
Nonvascular Examples
• Mosses – leaves arranged in spiral around stem– Have cuticle, stomata,
water conducting cells
• Liverworts – lack conducting cells, cuticle & stomata
• Hornworts – lack conducting cells, cuticle, stomata http://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/interesting/lichens/whatnot.shtml
Seedless Vascular Plants
• Have a vascular system
• Sporophyte is larger & photosynthetic
• Do need water to reproduce
• Have drought-resistant spores
• Example: Ferns
http://eclipsetheatrecompany.wordpress.com/2008/02/29/can-you-see-the-light-part-iii/
http://www.pbase.com/rak_929/image/41482294
Gymnosperms – naked seed• Produces seeds not
enclosed in fruit• Gametophytes are male
& female; greatly reduced– Male are grains of pollen– Female form within
structures that become seeds
– Have male & female cones
• Wind pollination• Example - conifers
http://countrysidecreek.typepad.com/photos/pictures/p1000246.html
Angiosperms – Flowering Plants
• Male & Female gametophytes develop within a flower – promotes pollination
• Seeds are enclosed in a fruit – promotes dispersal
• Seeds contain supply of food called endosperm
Two kinds of angiosperms: monocots & dicots
• Monocots– One seed leaf– Flowers have parts in
multiples of 3– Long narrow leaves
with parallel veins– Examples – grass;
corn; lilies
• Dicots– Two seed leaves– Flower parts in
multiples of 2, 4, 5– Leaves with branching
veins– Examples: roses– Daisies; fruits such as
apples, peaches, etc.
Comparison of Monocots & Dicotshttp://encarta.msn.com/media_461549076_761558348_-1_1/monocot_and_dicot_seeds.html