Kingdom AnimaliaMrs. GeistBiology, Fall 2010-2011Swansboro High School

NC SCOS 4.01:•Analyze the classification of organisms

according to their evolutionary relationships: ▫The historical development and changing

nature of classification systems. ▫Similarities and differences between

eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms. ▫Similarities and differences among the

eukaryotic kingdoms: Protists, Fungi, Plants, and animals.

▫Classify organisms.

NC SCOS 4.02:

•Analyze the processes by which organisms representative of the following groups accomplish essential life functions including:▫unicellular protists, annelid worms, insects,

amphibians, mammals, non-vascular plants, gymnosperms, and angiosperms

▫transport, excretion, respiration, regulation, nutrition, synthesis, reproduction, and growth and development.

Comparisons of 6 kingdomsEukaryotic Lacks Cell

WallsMulticellular

Heterotrophic

Archaea

Bacteria

Protists

Fungi

Plants

Animals

Comparisons of 6 kingdomsEukaryotic Lacks Cell

WallsMulticellular

Heterotrophic

Archaea No no

Bacteria No no some

Protists All some some some

Fungi All few most all

Plants All none all few

Animals All all all all

What is an animal?

•Four key characteristics:▫Eukaryotic▫Lack cell walls▫Multicellular▫Heterotrophs that ingest food.

Invertebrates vs. Vertebrates

•Invertebrates: animals without backbones▫95% of animals▫Most live in aquatic or moist terrestrial

habitats▫i.e. sea stars, jellyfish, snails, clams,

insects, and worms•Vertebrates: animals with backbones

▫Mainly terrestrial, but also live in marine and freshwater habitats

▫i.e. fishes, frogs, snakes, dogs, humans

Animal Life Cycle

•Adult male and female animals produce haploid gametes by meiosis

•Fertilization: an egg and a sperm fuse to form a diploid zygote

•Zygote undergoes mitosis•Zygote embryo fetus

Animal Life Cycle (continued)

•Many animals then develop directly into adults

•Others (i.e. sea star) go through 1+ larval stages▫Larva: immature form of an animal that

looks different from the adult forms and usually eats different food

▫Larva undergoes metamorphosis to become an adult

Invertebrate AnimalsFocusing on select Phyla.

Important Terminology

•Closed Circulatory System: blood remains contained within vessels

•Open Circulatory System: blood vessels open into chambers where the organs are bathed directly in blood

Phylum Annelids

•Round body•Segmented worms

•Closed circulatory system

Phylum Arthropoda (Arthropods)• Segmented bodies• Jointed appendages• Exoskeleton- hard

external skeleton made of protein and chitin▫ As it grows, it sheds its

exoskeleton and secretes a new one (molting)

• Open circulatory system• i.e. insects, crustaceans,

spiders

Vertebrate Animals—Phylum Chordata* Focusing on select classes

Fishes—3 classes:

•Class Agnatha- jawless fishes ▫i.e. hagfish, lamprey▫Cartilage skeleton▫No paired fins▫No scales

•Class Chondricthyes- sharks, skates, and rays

•Class Osteichthyes- bony fishes▫Swim bladder- control depth, 2nd

respiratory organ

General Characteristics of Fishes• Aquatic• Sexual reproduction• 2-chambered heart• Gills• Ectotherm: cold-

blooded• External fertilization

Class Amphibia• Metamorphosis:

tadpole frog▫ Larval stage

(tadpoles) lives in water, while adult stage lives on land

• Respiration: Gills as larva, lungs & moist skin in adults

• Sexual reproduction• 3-chambered heart• i.e. frogs, salamander,

caecilians (legless & blind)

Class Reptilia• amniotic egg (waterproof

egg with a shell), internal fertilization, and water-tight skin

• Most lay eggs, though some give birth to live young

• Ectotherms: main source of body heat is external environment

• Scaly skin• i.e. turtles, lizards, snakes,

crocodiles, alligators

Class Aves Birds

• Hollow bones• Feathers • Endotherms: warm-

blooded• Gizzards: muscular organ

that grinds seeds and other foods

• 4-chambered heart• Sexual reproduction• Evolved from Theropod

dinosaur

Class Mammalia• Endotherms• Mammary glands:

produce milk in female mammals

• Hair or fur• Lungs• Sexual reproduction• 4-chambered heart• i.e. deer, wolves,

elephants, giraffes, tigers, dogs, cats, humans