Kinetic Particle Theory

Recap• Physical Properties of Ionic and Covalent

compounds

-Melting and Boiling Point

-Electrical Conductivity

-Solubility in waterMp and bp Electrical

conductivitySolubility in water

Ionic Compound

High Yes. Only in molten and aqueous state.

Yes.

Covalent Compound

Low Not for all states.

No.

Recap• Questions:

• What is/are the states that ionic compounds usually exist as at r.t.p (room temperature and pressure)? What about covalent molecules?

• Can ionic compound exist as other states? What do you need to do to change state? How does it happen?

Lesson Lesson ObjectivesObjectives

DescribeDescribe the solid, liquid and the solid, liquid and gaseous states of matter gaseous states of matter

At the end of this lesson, you should be At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:able to:

WHAT IS A MATTER?(a)Matter is anything that has mass

and occupies space.

(b)All matter is made up of tiny particles (atoms, molecules or ions). Use of the general term 'particle' means the precise nature of the particles does not have to be specified.

(c)Matters can exist in 3 states: Solid, Liquid and gas.

• These three forms of matter are called the states of matter.

• As shown here, water (liquid) can exist as ice (solid) or water vapour (gas).

MAKE OBSERVATIONS

Look at the purple spot and orange spot…..

• What do you see? Why do you think it behave that way?

Food for thought…..

• Why do you smell a hamburger from a distance away? What about perfumes? How are the bees attracted to the flowers?

• When you place a small piece of food into boiling water, what do you observe to it?

KINETIC THEORY OF MATTERThe kinetic particle theory is a model

used to explain the properties of matter.

Kinetic Theory of Matter states that:

(i) All matter is made up of tiny particles and they exist as atoms, molecules or ions. (The particles are attracted to each other by attractive forces)

KINETIC THEORY OF MATTER(ii) The particles are always in

continuous random motion and hence possess kinetic energy.

**(The kinetic energy of a particle increases with temperature and pressure, the higher the temperature and pressure, the faster the particles move. At fixed temperature, lighter particles move faster than heavier particles.)

KINETIC THEORY OF MATTERThe particles in a substance are of the same

type, in solid, liquid or gaseous state. The differ only in• their arrangement• how strongly the particles are held

together and• the amount of kinetic energies that they

possess.

Kinetic theory can be used to explain how solids, liquids and gases differ in movement and arrangement.

Group Work(5mins for discussion)

Get into groups of 4. Discuss about

• How do molecules of matter behave?

• How do the behaviour of particles account for the property of solid, liquid and gas?(Each group’ll be allocated 1 state)

• Selected groups will role play on the movement of the particles in the particular state allocated.

3 states of matter (Difference)

Property Solid Liquid Gas

Volume Fixed Fixed Not Fixed

Shape Fixed Not Fixed Not Fixed

Compressibility

Not compressib

le

Not compressi

ble

compressible

Density Very Dense Dense Not dense

Packing and arrangement

between particles

Closely packed in an orderly arrangeme

nt

Closely packed in

an disorderly arrangem

ent

Far apart in random

arrangement.

3 states of matter (Difference)

Property Solid Liquid Gas

Forces of Attractio

n between particles

Very strong forces of attraction between particles

Strong forces of attraction between particles

Negligible forces of attraction between particles

Motion of particles

Vibrate about a

fixed position

Slide and roll pass each

other

Move about randomly at high speed

Energy of particles

Least energy Most energy

3 states of matter (Difference)

Property Solid Liquid Gas

Diagrammatic

Representation

solid

liquid

gas

http://www.harcourtschool.com/activity/states_of_matter/

http://www.educationusingpowerpoint.org.uk/index.html?ks3science.html~mainFrame

The Solid State

Arrangement of particles

(In a solid)Arrangement and

movement of particlesProperties of solids

The particles are closely packed together, with little empty space between them.

Solids have and.

The particles are in an orderly arrangement.

Solid crystals have flat faces,

and sharp points

high densities cannot be

compressed

straight edges

The particles are held together by strong forces of attraction between them, in fixed positions.

Solids have shapes and be compressed.

The particles can only vibrate about their fixed positions.

Arrangement of particles

(In a solid)Arrangement and movement of particles

Properties of solids

fixedcannot

The Liquid State

Arrangement of particles

(In a Liquid)Arrangement and movement of particles

Properties of Liquids

The particles are closely packed together (but slightly further apart than those in solid), with little empty space between them.

Liquids have densities and be compressed.

The particles are in a disorderly arrangement.

Liquids have fixed shapes.

moderately high cannot

no

Arrangement of particles

(In a Liquid)Arrangement and

movement of particles

Properties of Liquids

The particles are held together by strong forces of attraction between them (but slightly weaker than the forces in a solid)

Liquids be compressed.

The particles can move past one another and throughout the liquid.

Liquids can and take the of their containers.

cannot

flow

shape

The Gaseous State

Arrangement of particles (In a Gas)

Arrangement and movement of particles

Properties of Gas

The particles are far apart, with a lot of empty space between them.

Gases have densities and can be compressed.

The particles are in a random arrangement.

Gases have shapes.

loweasily

no

Arrangement of particles (In a Gas)

Arrangement and movement of particles

Properties of Gas

There are no (negligible) forces of attraction between the particles.

Gases can be compressed, hence

volume.

The particles are free to move randomly in all directions, at high speed.

Gases have no shapes and take the

of their containers.

easily

no definite definite shape

What we covered for today:Kinetic Particle Theory

• Says that all matter consists of many, very small particles.

• The particles are constantly moving or in a continual state of motion.

• The particles might be atoms, molecules or ions.

Solids…

• Particles close together

• In an orderly arrangement

Solids….

• Particles vibrate only about fixed positions.• These vibrations increase as temperature increases.• The degree to which the particles move is determined by

the amount of energy they have and their relationship to other particles.

• The particles have less energy than particles in liquids and gases.

• Strong forces between particles.

Liquids….

• Particles close together

• In a disorderly arrangement

Liquids…

• Particles vibrate and move throughout the liquid.• Particles in liquids have more energy than solids

but less energy than gases.• Strong forces between particles.

Gas….

• Particles are arranged far apart and in random movement.• Particles vibrate and move anywhere.• Particles in gases have more energy than solids and liquids.• No forces between particles.

Solids… Liquids… Gas…SOLID LIQUID GAS

• Particles close together

• In an orderly arrangement

• Particles close together

• In a disorderly arrangement

• Particles far apart

• In a random arrangement

Particles arrangement

Particles vibration

About fixed positions

Vibrate about and move through liquid

Vibrate about and move anywhere

Solids… Liquids… Gas…SOLID LIQUID GAS

Forces between particles

Strong forces

Strong forcesNo forces

Energy in particles

Least energy Energy

Most energy

Solid? Liquid? Gas?

What determines the state of matter?

SOLID LIQUID GAS

Solid? Liquid? Gas?

States of the matter can be inter-converted without changing its composition.

SOLID LIQUID GAS

Next LessonNext Lesson

ExplainExplain their inter-conversion of their inter-conversion of states in terms of the kinetic states in terms of the kinetic particle theory.particle theory.

ExplainExplain the inter-conversion of the inter-conversion of states in terms of the energy states in terms of the energy changes involved.changes involved.

In the next lesson, you will be learning on:In the next lesson, you will be learning on:

Change of State

Melting

Boiling & Evaporation

Condensation

Freezing

Sublimation

condensation

Changes of State and the Kinetic Particle Theory

Melting, freezing, boiling and condensation are examples of changes of state.