Slide 1

KINESIOLOGY Scientific Basis of Human Motion, 12 th edition Hamilton, Weimar & Luttgens Presentation Created by TK Koesterer, Ph.D., ATC Humboldt State University Revised by Hamilton & Weimar Copyright 2012 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Slide 2 3-2 1. Describe the structure and properties of the whole muscle, fast and slow twitch muscle fibers, and the myofibril. 2. Explain how the relationship of the muscle line of pull to the joint axis affects the movement produced by the muscle. 3. Describe the relationship between skeletal muscle fiber arrangement and function. 4. Define the roles a muscle may play and explain the cooperative action of muscles in controlling joint actions by naming and explaining the muscle roles in a specified movement. 5. Define the types of muscular contraction, name, and demonstrate each type of action. 6. Demonstrate an understanding of the influence of gravity and other external forces on muscular action. 7. Describe various methods of studying muscle action. 8. State force-velocity and length-tension relationship and explain the significance to static & dynamic movements. 9. Identify muscle groups active in a variety of motor skills. Slide 3 3-3 Extensibility and Elasticity: enable the muscle to be stretched and return to normal length. Tendons are continuations of muscles connective tissue and also possess these properties. Contractility: is the ability to shorten and produce tension. Slide 4 3-4 Consists of myofibrils held together by sarcolemma (cell membrane) that can propagate nerve impulses. Fig 3.1 Slide 5 3-5 Are arranged in parallel formation. Made up of alternating dark & light bands that give muscle fiber their striated appearance. Each fiber enclosed by endomysium. Slide 6 3-6 Actin: when stimulated slides over myosin. Cross-bridges: projections (heads) of myosin attach to actin. Fig 3.2 Slide 7 3-7 Myofibril between two Z lines. Functional contractile unit of skeletal muscle. Fig 3.2 Slide 8 3-8 Fasiculus (bundle of fibers) enclosed by perimysium. Group of bundles encased within epimysium. Fig 3.1 Slide 9 3-9 These are the two major categories pertinent for kinesiology. Most limb muscles contain a relatively equal distribution of each fiber type. Postural muscles contain more slow twitch fibers. Fast twitch fibers are large, pale, and have less blood supply than slow twitch fibers. Two primary types are IIa (fast oxidative glycolitic) and IIb (fast glycolitic). Suitable for intense responses over a short period of time Slow twitch fibers are small, red, and have a rich blood supply, and greater myoglobin. Highly efficient, do not fatigue easily. Suitable for long duration, posture and endurance events. Slide 10 3-10 Muscles attach to bone by connective tissue, which continues beyond the muscle belly to form a tendon. Origin: usually more proximal Insertion: usually more distal Contraction produces equal force on the two attachments. Origin usually stabilized by other muscles. Reverse Muscle Action: occurs when the distal bone is stabilized and the proximal bone moves. Slide 11 3-11 Longitudinal: long, strap like muscle with fibers in parallel to its long axis. Sartorius Fig 7.15 Slide 12 3-12 Quadrate or Quadrilateral: four sided and usually flat. Consist of parallel fibers. Rhomboids Fig 3.10b Slide 13 3-13 Triangular: fibers radiate from a narrow attachment at one end to a broad attachment at the other. Pectoralis major Fig 5.11 Slide 14 3-14 Fusiform or Spindle-Shaped: rounded muscle that tapers at either end. Brachioradialis Fig 6.8 Slide 15 3-15 Pennate: a series of short, parallel, feather like fibers extends diagonally from the side of a long tendon. Tibialis posterior Fig 8.25 Slide 16 3-16 Bipennate: A long central tendon with fibers extending diagonally in pairs from either side of the tendon. Rectus femoris Fig 7.15 Slide 17 3-17 Multipennate: Several tendons are present, with fibers running diagonally between them. Middle deltoid Fig 5.11 Slide 18 3-18 Force a muscle can exert is proportional to its physiological cross section (PCS). A broad, thick, longitudinal muscle exerts more force than a thin one. A pennate muscle of the same thickness as a longitudinal muscle can exert greater force. The oblique arrangement of fiber allows for a larger number of fibers than in comparable sizes of other classifications. Slide 19 3-19 Muscle can shorten to approximately half its resting length. Long muscles with fibers longitudinally arranged along the long axis can exert force over a longer distance. Pennate muscles with their oblique fiber arrangement and short fibers, can exert superior force through only a short range. Slide 20 3-20 Movement that the contracting muscle produces is determined by two factors: Type of joint that is spans The relation of the muscles line of pull to the joint Pectoralis major (clavicular) is primarily a flexor, but it also adducts the humerus. When arm is abducted, line of pull moves above axis of rotation and contributes to abduction of humerus. Fig 3.4 Slide 21 3-21 If very shallow, most of the tension will produce a force pulling along the bone. Will tend to stabilize joint. If fairly large, will have a much larger rotary component of force. In many muscles the angle changes throughout ROM. When muscle generates tension at a 90 0 angle to the bone, it is the most efficient at producing joint motion. Slide 22 3-22 Contract literally means to draw together. Muscle contraction occurs whenever muscle fibers generate tension which may occur while the muscle is actually shortening, remaining the same length, or lengthening. Slide 23 3-23 When tension by the muscle is sufficient to overcome a resistance and move the body segment. The muscle shortens. Fig 3.5c When a muscle slowly lengthens as it gives in to an external force that is greater than the contractile force it is exerting. Muscle is acting as a brake. Fig 3.5a Slide 24 3-24 Isometric means equal length. Tension is developed in the muscle without any appreciable change in length. Occurs under two conditions: 1. Antagonistic muscles contract with equal strength. 2. Muscle is held against another force. Isotonic means equal tension - the tension remains constant while muscle shortens or lengthens. Isokinetic means equal or same motion. Maximum muscle effort at the same speed. Accommodating resistance. Slide 25 3-25 Movements may be in the direction as gravitational forces (downward), opposing gravity (upward), or perpendicular to gravity (horizontal). Horizontal motion is not affected by gravity. Lifting against gravity requires a concentric contraction of the agonist. Slowly lowering with gravity requires an eccentric contraction of the same muscle. A forceful downward motion uses agonist muscles in a concentric contraction, since gravitational pull is being exceeded. Fig 3.6 Slide 26 3-26 Optimum length is the length at which a muscle can exert maximum tension. Slightly greater than resting length. 1. Passively stretched 2. Total tension 3. Developed tension Fig 3.7 1 2 3 Slide 27 3-27 As the speed of contraction increases, the force it is able to exert decreases. At maximum velocity of contraction the load is zero. Fig 3.8 Slide 28 3-28 Both muscle and tendon possess elastic properties. When concentric contraction is preceded by a phase of active stretching, elastic energy stored in the stretch phase is available for use in the contractile phase. This enhanced potential for work is attributed to a combination of the series elastic components (tendon) and the parallel elastic components (cross bridge and fascicle elasticity; stretch reflex). Slide 29 3-29 Movements of the body use considerable activity in muscles in addition to those directly responsible for the movement. Muscles causing the movement must have a stable base. Bones not engaged in the movement must be stabilized by other muscles. Slide 30 3-30 Movers, or Agonists: directly responsible for producing a movement. Prime movers: large impact on movement Assistant movers: only help when needed This distinction between the various muscles that contribute to a movement is not always clearly defined. Slide 31 3-31 Synergists: cooperative muscle function Stabilizing, Fixator, & Support Muscles Neutralizers prevent undesired action The rhomboids stabilize the scapula against the pull of the teres major. Fig 3.9 Fig 3.10 Slide 32 3-32 Antagonists: have an effect opposite to that of movers, or agonists. Check ballistic movements First: Antagonists must relax to permit movement. Second: Acts as a brake at completion of movement. Slide 33 3-33 The simultaneous contraction of movers and antagonists. Neutralizers and stabilizers may need to cocontract to counteract the additional function of a mover. Slide 34 3-34 Muscles that pass over and act on two joints Whether muscles flex joints in the same direction or opposite directions, they are not long enough to permit complete movement in both joints at the same time. Resulting tension in one muscle is transmitted to the other. Bi-articular muscles can continue to exert tension without shortening. Slide 35 3-35 Concurrent Actions: Simultaneous flexion or extension of the hip and knee joints. No net change in length of either muscle. Fig. 3.11a Fig. 3.11b Countercurrent Action: one muscle shortens at both joints as the antagonist lengthens correspondingly and thereby gains tension at both ends. Slide 36 3-36 Passive: no effort on the part of the subject involved, motion due to outside force. Active: movement is produced by the subjects own muscular activity. In slow movements muscular tension is maintained throughout ROM. In rapid movements, tension could be maintained throughout ROM, but this is an inefficient way of performing. Slide 37 3-37 Movements that are initiated by vigorous contraction and completed by momentum. Throwing, striking, & kicking In the early stages of learning concentrate on form rather that accuracy. Termination of ballistic action: 1. By contracting antagonist muscles. Forehand drive in tennis 2. By passive resistance of ligaments or other tissues at limits of motion. Throwing motion 3. By the interference of an obstacle Chopping wood Slide 38 3-38 Conjecture & Reasoning: Using knowledge of location and attachments, and nature of joints, one can deduce a muscles action. Muscle attachments & line of pull determine possible movements. Fig 3.12 Dissection: meaningful basis for the visualization of muscles potential movements. Inspection & Palpation: valuable method for superficial muscles. Models: used for demonstration. Muscle Stimulation: contraction of individual muscles. Slide 39 3-39 Electromyography (EMG): based on the fact that contracting muscles generate electrical impulses. Reveals both intensity & duration of muscle activity. Cannot indicate nature of contraction or muscle action. Fig. 3.13 Slide 40 3-40 Description of muscular involvement is added to previously completed analysis of joint and segment involvement. Muscular action is identified for each joint movement and recorded next to the joint action on the chart (Table 1.2). Main Muscle Groups Active Kind of Contraction Slide 41 3-41 JointJoint Action Segment moved Plane & Axis ForceContraction type Prime movers AnkleDorsi- flexion ShankSag/bilatGravityEccentricGastrocnemius, soleus, peroneus longus KneeFlexionThighSag/bilatGravityEccentricQuadriceps femoris HipFlexionTrunkSag/bilatGravityEccentrichamstrings ShoulderHyper- Extension Upper armSag/bilatMuscleConcentricLatissimus dorsi, teres major, post.deltoid ElbowExtensionLower armSag/bilatMuscleConcentricTriceps brachii, anconeus Slide 42 3-42 JointJoint Action Segment moved Plane & Axis ForceContraction type Prime movers AnklePlantar- Flexion ShankSag/bilatMuscleConcentricGastrocnemius, soleus, peroneus longus KneeExtensionThighSag/bilatMuscleConcentricQuadriceps femoris HipExtensionTrunkSag/bilatMuscleConcentricHamstrings ShoulderFlexionUpper arm Sag/bilatMuscleConcentricPectoralis major, anterior deltoid ElbowExtensionLower arm Sag/bilatMuscleConcentricTriceps brachii, anconeus