ki 13-3 why do inner cities face distinctive challenges? inner-city physical issues? most...
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KI 13-3 Why Do Inner Cities Face Distinctive Challenges?
Inner-city physical issues?Most significant = deteriorating
housing (built prior to 1940)○ Filtering – Large houses split
into smaller dwellings for low income families
○ Redlining – Bank policy of refusing to grant loans in certain areas (historically a racist policy)
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Urban Renewal Cities identify blighted
neighborhoods, relocate residents and “fix it up”Public housing – residents pay
30% of income for rent○ 1% in US vs. 14% in UK
Renovated housing○ Gentrification – renovation of older
neighborhoods by middle class people
Who would oppose gentrification? Why?
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Inner-city social issues The underclass
People trapped in an unending cycle of social and economic issues
Culture of poverty? Why?Single parent households
(to work or to parent?)DrugsGangs
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Inner-city economic issues
Eroding tax base – What can cities do?Reduce servicesRaise taxes
Impact of the recessionHousing market collapse
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Urban expansion Annexation – Land area
added to a cityUsed to happen a lotNot so much any more
Why did it happen?
Why don’t residents want to be added to cities?
What problems could this create?
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Defining urban settlements
The city – the city limits (the actual city)
Urbanized areas – the central city and surrounding suburbs
Metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs)Area surrounding a city
that is influenced by the city (television stations, newspapers, sports teams, etc.)
St Louis
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Why Do Suburbs Face Distinctive Challenges? Urban expansion leads to issues
Lack of annexation leads to Local government fragmentation – various decisions when one is better
Some Solutions?○ Council of government – cooperation between
city and surrounding governments○ Consolidations/Federations of city and county
governments – Combined the two into 1
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Confused further by overlapping metropolitan areasWhy area overlapping metropolitan areas problematic?
Where does this issue occur most?
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Peripheral Model
Edge cities – Spring up as consumer/business service hubs for the suburban residents that work in the central cityMore specialized: Ex. airport
or theme park focused economy
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Density Gradient Most dense area
of housing is city center
In recent years, how has that changed?Fewer in centerFewer
differences in density
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Solutions to (sub)urban sprawl?
Greenbelts (Europe) – higher home prices
Smart growth – States only fund “smart” development
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Suburban Segregation Social class
segregationDifferent classes in
different neighborhoods Land use segregation
Zoning ordinances limit residential, commercial, industrial to certain areas (healthier!?)
Suburbanization of businessesBig box storesShopping mall
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Schools – one of the big losers
Why do students/schools lose with the fragmentation of metropolitan areas?
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Public transit• More than 95 percent of all trips = made by
car• Advantages of public transit
– Transit travelers take up less space– Cheaper, less pollutant, and more
energy efficient than an automobile– Suited to rapidly transport large number
of people to small area• Public transit in the United States
– Used primarily for rush-hour community for workers into and out of CBD
– Small cities-minimal use– Most Americans prefer car commutes
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The End.