Malaysian Journal of Library & ltrformation Science, Vol.4, no.2, Decenrher, 1999: 47-57

KHOO KAY KIM, PROFESSOR OF MALAYSIAN HISTORY: ABIOBIBLIOMETRIC STUDY

Tiew, Wai SinSchool Resource Center Coordinator

Hulu Kelang Secondary School, Km 7, Jalan Ulu Kelang68000 Arnpang, Selangor, Malaysia.

E-mail: wstiew@hotmail.com

ABSTRACT:

Presents an analysis of the publication productivity, authorship pattern, channels ofcommunication, journal preference and language preference of Professor Dato . Khoo

Kay Kim, Professor of Malaysian History in the University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur.The results of this biobibliometric study indicate that he can be a role model for futureMalaysian historians to emulate his various achievements especially in the field ojhistorv education

Keywords: Biobibliometrics, Bibliometrics~ Khoo Kay Kim, Historian, Publication productivityAuthorsrup pattern, Cltannels of communication.

The study of well-known scientis~s' hasbeen conducted bibliometrically since theearly 1980's. Sinha and Bhatnagar in1980 attempted to study the works of aninternationally reputed plant pathologistborn in India but settled in Canada, R. C.Sinha with emphasis on his impact on theworld literature thro~lgh data obtainedfrom the .S'cience Citation Index. Threeyears later, Gupta alld Chandrasekharusing data collected fro~ S'cience Cita-tion Index, conducted a citation analysison S. Chandrasekhar, the winner of the1983 Nobel Prize for physics. A total ofhis 401 works were cited 10, 359 timesduring 1965-1980 of which six wereidentified as citation classics for receiving53% of all the citations. They concludedthat there is a high correlation in quantit)"quality of works, citedness alld receipt ofhonors and awards.

INTRODUCTION

Biobibliometrics broadly refers to thebiographical study of the individual alongwith bibliometric analysis of his publi-cations. It has also been defined as thequantitative and analytical method fordiscovering and establishing functionalrelationships between biodata and biblio-data elements (Sen and Gan, 1990). Thisis different from the 'study of sciento-metric portrait, which often focuses onthe scientistS rather than academicians orresearchers from the arts, humanities mIdsocial sciences. In scientometric studies,much attention is given to the accom-plishments of the scientific researcher intenus of qualitative and quantitative countof Ius published works whether it isbooks, chapter in books, conference pa-pers. journal articles or otl1er documents.

TIew, W:S.

In 1992, Mahapatra measured the degreeof influence of Ranganatban' s works onIndian library and infonnation scienceliterature. He analyzed the references pro-vided in journal articles and found thatafter Ranganathan' s death, he continuesto be cited frequently especially for hisworks on classification and cataloguing.

--

be considered as a role model amongagricultural scientist.

In 1995 Kalyane and Munnolli examinedthe publications of T.S. West, an analyti-cal chemist to find out the research pro-ductivity and patterns of collaboration.They concluded that West is eminentlyqualified to be a role model for theyounger generation to emulate too.Kalyane also in 1995 conducted a studyon P. M. Bhargava in terms of publicationproductivity coefficient, publication den-sity, publication concentration and ave-rage Bradford's multiplier.

Next. Gupta (1993) analyzed the citationsfor all ~ publications of Xavier LePichon-pertaining to sea floor spreading for theperiod 1965-1979. He found that out ofthe 127 cited publications, 13 items wereheavily and consistently cited. However,the most cited article is "Sea-floor spread-ing and continental drift" published inJournal of Geophysical Research «73)1968, 3661-3690) \vhich received a totalof 642 citations at the time of the study.Sinha and Ullah in 1993 attempted a cita-tion analysis to determine the citationcharacteristics of periodical articles andbooks published by Ramachandran in thefield of cement and concrete chemistry.They found that he \\'a5 certainly a highlyquoted scientist and more of his booksratller than articles were cited-

Kalyane and Sen (1996) carried out astudy of 422 articles published between1956 to 1995 by the Nobel Laureate,Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, a French physi-cist. The results indicated that the honorsand awards received by scientists tend toattract more collaborators and increase inproductivity. Kademani and ~yane in1996 analyzed 164 papers by R. Chi-darnbaram, a nuclear physicist, publishedduring 1958-1993 to identify highly' citedpapers as per Science Citation Index. Theresults indicate that self-assessment by ascientist about the significance of hispapers may not always tally with theworld opinion.

Kademani, Balakrishnan and Kalyane(1994) presented\'a detailed scientometricanalysis of the publication output of~dian nuclear physicist, P. K. Iyengar byyear, research domain, collaboration pat-tern, channel of communication used andfrequency of keywords. It was found thatthe period 1972-1976 when Iyengar was4145 years of age, was his most pro-ductive period with the highest publica-tion activity. On the other hand, Kalyaneand Kalyane also in 1994 ~yzed 254research publications of M.: S. Swami-nathan. The results indicated that he could

In 1997, Kalyane and Kademani conduc-ted a study on Barbara McClintock, . thewinner of Nobel Prize in physiology for1983. They analysed her publications toidentify her peak period of publicationproductivity, collaborating authors andthe extent of collaboration, the scatteringof publications in various sources and thekeywords used for the titles in her papers.

Klroo Kay Kim, Professor of Malaysian History

book chapters published between 1963. to1998 were collected, verified and ana-lyzed. The curriculum vitae which in-cludes the list of publications of Prof.Khoo was obtained. To this list is addedfurther searches made through telnettingthe online public access catalogue of theUniversity of Malaya's Library (telnet202.185.96.1) and the National Library ofMalaysia (teln~t 161.142.132.123) toascertain their holdings of Prof. Khoo' spublications. Apart from that, certainbiographical details which were not clearor lacking in the curriculum vitae - werechecked and verified using annual reportsof the Malaysian Branch of the RoyalAsiatic Society of which he was Presidentbetween 1992-1995 and other relatedsources containing information about thesubject under study. Telephone calls werealso made to the subject to clarify certaindetails. From the collected data, analysisof the publication productivity, authorshippattern, channels of communication, jour-nal preference and language preferenceswere found out. Finally, the subject wasgiven- a copy of the paper to verify theaccuracy of~ data and other infonnation.

The most recent scientometric portraitstudy is on C. R. Bhatia, a geneticist andplant breeder conducted by Kalyane andSen (1998). A total of 129 puplicationspublished between 1961 and 1994 wereanalyzed. Tie study found that CR Bhatiahas indeed established himself as a leaderin the induced mutation breeding pro-grammes of locally important crop plants.

The study of noted and well-known scien-tists has gained ground internationally butthis type of study is yet to take root in thispart of the world. The above literatureindicates that the focus is mostly onscientists especially from India. There isno study on other researchers from thearts, huIruinities and social sciences do-mains. Therefore, this paper is anotherattempt to study biobibliometrically, awell-known Malaysian historian and hiscontributions towards a discipline otherthan science.

OBJECTIVES

Here, it should be noted that this studydid not take into account publicationsedited by' the historian and those pu-blished in newspapers. In addition, misce-llaneous popular historical articles writtenspecially for school students in variouslocal magazines are also not taken intoaccount for the purpose of this study.Translated articles or books from Englishto Bahasa Melavu and vice versa are. .counted as one publication only. Further

to that, conference papers published asjournal articles or book chapters areconsidered once only.

The objectives of the present study are:1. to find out the publication produc-

tivitv ;. .2. to examine the authorship pattern for

publications: -3. to identify the channel of commu-

nications used;4. to ascertain the journal preference;

and5. to detennine the language preference

of the author.

METHODOLOGY.

The list of publications of Prof. Khoonumbering 205 comprising 60 journalarticles, 15 monographs/books, 79 confe-rence paperS, 23 lecwres/talks and 28

Tie.v, W:S.

BI OGRAPIn CAL SKETCH ments in a local unive'rsity to use thenational language as the medium of in-struction. Two years later, he commencedhis lectures on Malaysian history in theMalay language for the first year historystudents (Khoo, 1994), In fact, accordingto the Education Act of 1961, BahasaMelayu became the medium of instruc-tion in the university only in 1983 butKhoo took a pioneering step in thatdirection way back in 1965,-

Khoo Kay Kim was born on 28th March1937 in Karnpar, Perak, Malaysia. Hetook his Bachelor's degree. in 1959 ma-oring in history from the University ofMalaya, Singapore. In 1967 he obtainedhis M. A, (History) and his Ph.D. in 1974with the thesis "The beginnings of poli-tical extremism in Malaya 1915-1935".Both these higher degrees were from theUniversity of Malaya, ~ua1a Lumpur. He\\'as also the first Malaysian to graduatewith a Ph.D. from the Arts Faculty" Uni-versity of Malaya, since the foundation ofthe university in 1949. Khoo Kay Kimhad the privilege to be trained as a his-torian under the noted .Professor K. G.T regonning who held the Raft1es Chair of

'History (Tregonning, 1990; Cheah, 1997)..-\fter graduating from ilie university, hestarted his career as a history teacher in.J\nglo-Chinese Secondary School, TelukIntan, Perak. In 1967, after obtaining hisM, A., he was offered the post of alecturer in the History Department of theUniversity of Malaya, his alma mater.Befo~t that, he was a tutor (1964-1966)and temporary assiStant lecturer (1966-1967). Here,'it should be noted that Khoo,with his Chinese origin, also held the- distinction of being the first tutor and

lecturer of the History Department,University of Malaya, who used BahasaMelayu (Malay language), the nationallanguage of the country, as the medium ofinstruction. He started conducting histutorials for the Malay medium studentsfrom the Alam Shah School totally in theMalay' language from the 1965/1966session. This historical achievement of anon-Malay academician made the HistoryDepartment, one of the pioneering depart-

In 1974, he was promoted to the post ofAssociate Professor and in the very nextyear, he was offered Professorship of thenew Chair of Malaysian History. Apartfrom teaching responsibilities, he alsoplayed an active role in administrativework, being the head of the HistoryDepartment for several years, 1973-1974and 1982-1984. He was also appointed asthe Dean, Faculty of Arts and SocialScience for the years 1984-1986. He heldthe post of Professor of MalaysianHistory until 1992 when he reached 55,the mandatory retirement age for Malay-sian government servants. However, ashis service was still very much needed, hewas put on contractual basis in theprofessorial scale from March 1992-1994and" 1996 to November 1998. During1994-1996, he was attached to the SportsCenter of University of Malaya as itsDirector, as he was also an ardent sportsfan, player and official especially ofsoccer and athletics. As the Director ofthe Sports Center, University of Malaya,he launched the first sports degree acade-mic programme in the country during the1995/1996 academic session. At present,Prof. Khoo is attached to the NanyangTechnological University in Singapore"asa research fellow.

50

Khoo Kay Kim, Professor of Malaysian History

As a university academician, he playedsupervisory roles in numerous M. A andPh.D. theses, as external examiner as wellas academic assessor for various local andforeign universities. The foreign univers-ities among others include Monash Uni-versity, Australia; University of Adelaide,New Zealand; National University ofSingapore, and University of Brunei.Apart from that, Prof. Khoo was alsoinvolved in the university curriculumdevelopment. For example during 1990-1995, he was a member of the MalayStudies Academic Planning Committee,University of Malaya and in 1995 he wasa member of the Review Committee,History Pepartment, Univer-sity ofAdelaide. New Zealand.

Review. Prof. Khoo once held the officeof President, Malaysian Branch of theRoyal Asiatic Society for three years,1992-1995.

Above all, Prof. Khoo is a prolific con-tributor of articles, books and mono-graphs on academic subjects and sports.For his outstanding contributions to thestudy of Malaysian history, the King ofMalaysia decorated him with a federalaward, Johan Setia'Mahkota (Compa-nion of the Most Esteemed Order of theCrown of Malaysia, 3rd Class) in 1982. In1987, His Royal Highness, the Sultan ofPerak bestowed on him the state award.Dato' Paduka Mahkota PeTak (Com-mander of the Order of the Crown ofPerak, 2nd Class) which entitled him touse the title Dato' before his name In1998, the Perak Government in recog-nition of his being a reno\\-ned Per:lkhistorian and his manv contributions to-

, .wards the understanding of Perak Histor:-'made him a 'lokoh Penulis Perak" orPerak Prolific Writer (Khoo. 1999),

Apart from' being a distinguishedProfessor of Malaysian History, he alsotook interest in cultural and literary fields.He was a member of the National LiteraryAward Panel (1972-1976); National Ad-visory Council on Culture (1974-1976,1990-); Board of Control, Literary andLanguage Agency; History TerminologyCommittee, Literary and LanguageAgency (1968-i977).

The illustrious career of Prof. Khooprovides a virgin field for biobibliometricstudy. MGreover, biobibliometric stUd~'from fields other than science has not ~'etbeen attempted as can be seen from theliterature revie\'.'. Hence, tl1is stUd)' isgoing to be a trailblazer in the area ofbiobibliometric studies conducted fromMalaysia.

.In addition, he also found time to serve ashonorary editor for numerous historicaljournals published by various learned andscholarly societies such as MalaysianHistorical Society (1979-1987), MalaysianMuseum Society (1982 -), and MalaysianBranch of the Royal Asiatic Society(1994-1998). He is also a member, Boardof Directors, Institute of Strategic andInternational StlxiifS, corresponding mem-ber, Journal of Southeast Asian Studies,Department of History, National' Uni-versity of Singapore and me.mber, Edi-torial Advisory Board. American Asian

FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

Publication ProductivityTable 1 reveals the public:ltion producti-vity of Prof. Khoo touling 205 itemspublished between 1963-1998. In all, histotal productive age is 36 ye:1.rS as his first

Tiew, W:S.

Table Publication Produc.tivity ofKhoo Kay Kim 1963-1998-Year

-.T

-B

-DC

-c -LT Total CumuJative

TotalProductive

Ave

-Age

---1963196419651966196719681969197019711972197319741975197619771978197919801981198219831984

1-1

-262728293031323334353637383940414243444546474849505152535455565758596061

-3223123333

-I - IrT"-

,I 1 I

I

m

-1

1

4

6

9

12

14

19

23

26

32

37

38

44

52

58

63

68

74

77

82

89

95

100

103

111

119-128

144

156

169

172-183

198

205

1.0'5

-1

-1

r-T-

--I

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

:>2-

33

34

35

36

-1 2

112532

-1

-22

-2111

-1

-1-

24

-11

1

2

3H-

-1 1

12

-111

1985-3 ~- .1.I . ~~/

i 19861987

L..!~ll2!?-.-, 1990

[J2~1992

. 1993

rT994!l9'9S-I 1996

[~~1998

I--~TAL

-4.-

12--2

31

-13

-12 -

51

-.146

-323

3

2

5

4

3

6

5

1

6

8

6

5

5

6

3

5

7

6

5

3

8

8

9

16

12

13

3

11

15

7

205

]

1-21

-33

-4

-i 23

-3321111-1

60-15

-28

-2-3 -,

-

47-5 l

51-5 I

6-6 I

"79i

.. ..=. --J = Journal/Serial Publication, B = Book/Monograph. BC = Book Chapters,C = Conference Papers, L T = LecturrJTalk, :l:» A = Productive age, Age = Actual age

52

Khoo Kay Kim, Professor of Malaysian History

publication was pub1ished in 1963 whenhe was 26. Fifty percentile age (the num-ber of years during which 50% of thepapers were published starting from theyear of publication of the first paper,Kalyane and Sen, 1998) is found to be 27years when he is 52 and was alreadyholding the post of Professor of Malay-sian History in the History Department,University of Malaya, the pinnacle of hisuniversity teaching Career. It was at thisperiod that he was often chosen as theexternal examiner in history for variousM. A. and Ph.D. thesis for both foreignand local institutions. In other words, bythis time, Prof. Khoo has attained interna-tional recognition and status as a scholaron Malaysian history .

Authorship of PatternIn all, only 2 out of 205 publications arethe result. of collaborative research. Ofthese, one book entitled Masalah sosialand politik di Malaysia was written withAlias Mohamed, while one paper pre-sented in an international conference waswritten with two others (Atan Long andM. Puthucheary). Therefore, it substan-tiates the findings by Stevens (1956),Stone (1982), Goi (1997) and Tiew(1998) that Arts, Humanities and SocialScience scholars tend to work on theirown in their research life and does notnonnally collaborate with others.

Channel of InformationTable 3 reveals the distribution of publi-cations according to various channels ofcommunication. The most popular avenueof communication is the conferences,seminars etc. Prof. Kboo presented a totalof 79 papers in various seminars, confe-rences, workshops, symposia, colloquia,etc. held both in Malaysia and overseas.This makes up 38.5% of the total publi-:cation productivity. The next preferredchannel of communication is found to bescholarly journals accounting for 60 or29.3%. Chapters in various books editedby other authors ranks third with 28contributions (13.7%), The other channelsof communication in descendin~ order of

The average publication" productivity peryear is 5.7, the highest productive yearbeing 1992, when he produced a total of16 papers at the age of 55. It is to benoted that in 1992, Prof. Khoo reachedthe mandatory retirem.ent age but surpri-singly it was the year when his produc-tivity level was found to b~ the highest.Apart from that, from 1992, hisproductivity almost double compared tothe pre-1992 years probably due tolesser administration burden and dailychores allowing him to- spend more timeon research and writings (Khoo, 1999).This result is comparable to the finding ofKalyane and Sen (1998) which indicatesthat C. R. Bhatia's most productive periodalso was when he reached his early andmid-50s of his life. Apart from that,Kalyane and Kademani (1997) alsoreported that one of the peak' period ofproductivity of Barbara McClintock, theNobel laureate in physioiogy for 1983 iswhen she reached the age of 52.;56.

Tiew,. ~S.

Table 3: Distribution of publications in various channels--Rank

- - - -

Channel of cnmmunication Number- --

Percent %-12345

-79602823,15

205

-38.529.313.711.27.3100.

i Conferences, etc.i Journals/Serial PublicationI Book chaoters-, Lectur~ alksi Books/Monograohs

preference are lectures and talks 2'3(112%)followed by books or monographs total-ing 15 (7.3%). One interesting finding isthat conferences is the most preferredchannel of communication of the scholar..~ to whether it is the same \vith otherhistorians or AHSS scholars' needs to be

explored.

Journal Preference

Table 4 shows the journal preference ofProf. Khoo. Journal of the MalaysianBranch of the Royal Asiatic Society ranksfirst with a taliy of 16 articles. It is to benoted that of the total 21 journals whereinProf. Khoo's articles were published, 15

Table 4: Journal Preference of Prof. Khoo

Rank Title of Journal-No. Cumulative

TotalPeriod

FYP-L yP-1 Journal of the Malaysian Branch afthe Royal

Asiatic SocietY 16 16 1966-1998-2 Jernal Sejarah (Journal of the Historical

SocietY. Universiti Malava) 9 25 1966-1978Pemnjau Sejarah (Journal of the HistoryTeachers' Association) 5 30 1966:1969i.\1alaysia in History (Journal of theMalaysian Historical Societv) 5 35 1972-1982-

5 Kekal Abadi (published by the University ofMalava's Librarv) 4 39 1985-199]

6 Jebat (Journal of the History Department,National UniversitY of Malavsia) "-Journal of Southeast Asia Studies

I (Journal of the History Department. National; ~niv~rsity of Singapore)

\ Sejarah (Journal of the History Depanment.UniversitY of Mala va) -.,-

9-21 r Thirteen other iournals~-~ ~-FYP = First Year Publication. L yP = Last Year Publication

Khoo Kay Kim, Professor of Malaysian Hhtory

are local, and the rest foreign namelySingapore, Philippines, India and UnitedStates of America. The top five journalspreferred by Prof. Khoo are local journalspublished by various historical societiesor associations indicating the availabilityof channels for historians to place theirarticles in Malaysia. Nevertheless, thenumber of journals is still small consider-ing the fact that Prof. Khoo publishedonly 60 articles over a period of 36 yearsfrom 1963-1998. However, it is clear that

scholarly journals publishing historyarticles are not lacking in Malaysia.

CONCLUSION

Prof. Khoo has indeed established himselfas a renowned Malaysian history scholarand intellectual. The results of this biobi-bliometric study on him indicate that hecan be a role model for future Malaysianhistorians to emulate his vario~ achieve-ments especially in the fi.eld of liistorj'education. He was the first Professor onMalaysian History, \':lhich was created in1975 in the History Department, Univer-sity of Malaya. Not only has he contri-buted significantly to local scholarly jour-nals in the dissemination of historicalknowledge pertaining to this part of theworld especially Malaysian history, healso presented numerous conference pa-pers in the intematioIial arena too, Inaddition, he was among the first to use theBahasa Melayu as the medium of instruc-tion in the university, and he also encou-raged the \vriting of Malaysian hist°r:'from the Malaysian point of view and theusing of analytical tools to study history'.Till this very moment, he is active andcontributing prolifically to the scholarlyendeavor of history education for theyounger generation as mentor and teacherin Malavsia. -

Language PreferenceTable 5 shows the lang1!ages used byProf. Khoo for his publications. In all,124 (60.5%) publications are in Englishwhile the rest are in Bahasa Melavu. This" .indicates that even though Bahasa Melayuis the medium of communication in Ma-laysia, English is still widely - used inscholarly writings in the field of history.However, it is to be noted that the numberof articles in Bahasa Melayu is not toolow, i.e. 81 (39.5%).

Table?: Language used in variouschannels of communication

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I wish to thank Professor Dato' Khoo KayKim for providing his curriculum vitaeand his list of publications to facilitate thestudy. Also, ~o Puan Kiran Kaur of theUniversity of Malaya's Library for ob-taining certain bibliographic details need-ed for this study. Finally, to Professor B.K. Sen af~ Faculty of Computer Science

Tiew, w:S~

cant publications of R. Chidarnbaram,a nuclear physicist; Malaysian Jour-nal of Library and Information

Science, \Oll,ID.l:21-36.

and Infonnation Technology, Universityof Malaya for comments and guidancewhen preparing this paper.

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57