khan rahaman asce write up

8/8/2019 Khan Rahaman ASCE Write Up

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Perceptions of Walkers and Shopkeepers in European Medium-Sized Cities: A study of

Guimares, Portugal

Khan Rubayet Rahaman1

Jlia M. Loureno1

Jos Manuel Viegas

2

1Department of Civil Engineering

University of Minho, Campus de Azurm

4800-058 Guimares, Portugal

Contact Email: [email protected]

2Department of Civil Engineering

Instituto Superior Tcnico; TIS.PT - Transportes,

Inovao e Sistemas, S.A., Portugal

Abstract

Planning pedestrian environments require assumptions about how pedestrians will respond to

characteristics of the walking environment in city centers. European city centers, especially

medieval ones, have been more and more pedestrianised in the last two decades. Shopkeepers

perception is to attract more buyers from walkways and from adjacent places in the city centers.

Walkers perception is to walk on pleasant and peaceful way without confronting other

pedestrians in a chaotic situation at the same time. This paper considers the perceptions of

shopkeepers and pedestrians in a medium sized Portuguese city center. Field survey has

been conducted in January 2010 to summarize different perceptions of using sidewalks

and to know the conflicting issues between shopkeepers and walkers. Both have been

interviewed during the field survey. Results show that there are several conflicting issues such

as short time parking on walkways to buy goods from the adjacent shops or encroachment ofsidewalks due to goods or propaganda display in order to attract more buyers to the shops.These issues need to be considered for planning a better walkway environment in Guimares

city center that has a long tradition of walking since medieval times.

CE database subject headings: Walkways, Portugal, Cities, Perception.

Background

The movement of pedestrians in the urban environment is vital for sustaining the social and

economic relationships essential to the quality of life and is important to maintaining a healthy

life (Al-Azzawi and Raeside, 2007). Shopkeepers at the adjacent areas are interested to attract

more buyers from the sidewalks and the walkers are very much interested to walk on aconvenient walkway in city centers. Perception of same walkways is different for two major

stakeholders: the walkers and the shopkeepers. Even if sidewalks are constructed with the same

design criteria, different pedestrian perceptions may be experienced according to the specific

design elements and component ratios of sidewalks under various environments. Therefore, in

order to develop a pleasant and comfortable walking environment, sidewalks should be

designed according to pedestrians perception and by considering the concept of sensibility

ergonomics that is defined as engineering approach to apply human sensitivity to product (Lee,

Jang, et.al., 2009). Guimares city center is well planned for the walkers from medieval time

period and playing important role for social and economic activities. But the adjacent areas of

sidewalks are occupied by shops. These shops do not have enough spaces for either on street or

off street parking for the shoppers. As a result, some shoppers bring their car and park them on

sidewalks in front of the shop. Central car parking space is almost 20 to 30 minutes walking

distance from the city center and this allows illegal parking in city centers.


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To better the pedestrian connectivity, improvements to the pedestrian network are needed

(Randall, A. T., Baetz, W. B. 2000). In this regard, both planning questions and engineering

questions should be answered (Chu, X. et. al., 2004) properly considering both walkers and

shopkeepers perception. Though walkers complain about problems on sidewalks due to

shopkeepers encroachment, they often feel comfortable to walk and shop from the sidewalks

(Rahaman and Ohmori, 2006). This paper incorporates the perceptions of shopkeepers and

pedestrians on walkways in Guimaraes city center. Analytical Hierarchical Model (AHP) has

been used to see the important aspects both pedestrians and shopkeepers are considering to take

advantages from the walkways in city center. Previous research by Sisiopiku et al., Landis et al.,

and Petritsch et al., identified factors (beyond those currently included in the highway capacity

manual methodologies) that influence pedestrians impression of how well a road facility serves

their need. Pedestrian facility performance measures focusing on space requirements have little

meaning in the environmental setting and the adjacent shopkeepers (Theodore et. al., 2006).

Experiences from other European cities explained that the shopkeepers often lost their

businesses due to pedestrian precinct declaration in central areas as most of the people head

towards the shopping centers as a result, where they can easily park their cars (Jenna, et. al.,

2009). Shopkeepers impressions are not considered in most cases though they are one of the

most important stakeholders of sidewalks. This study incorporates the views of shopkeepersregarding their expectations and considerations in a medium sized city in Europe.

Objectives

The study has two specific objectives. Those are as follows:

a) To explore the perceptions of walkers and shopkeepers in city center area on sidewalks in

Guimares city center, and

b) To model the perceptions that express more realistic assumptions for decision makers once

they develop and upgrade the services in city center area

Study Area

Guimares, a northern city of Portugal, has a very rich cultural heritage. It will be European

Capital of Culture in 2012. The municipality has a land area consisting almost 241 sq. km with

161,000 inhabitants (Guimares Municipality, 2010). But its head consists of 40.000

inhabitants. Over many years, Guimares city officials pursued a policy of preserving

architectural forms and rededicating spaces to new functions so that old and forgotten areas of

the city center were given a rebirth. Guimares is the focus of greater levels of interest and

recognition, both nationally as the first capital of Portugal and internationally, as a result of the

citys strong commitment to the criteria it adopted and craftsmanship it supported in this area.

The last thirty years have testified the accomplishment of some old projects and ambitions. The

renovation of public spaces and of municipal buildings, dedicating them to new functions and

services, along with the technical and financial support for private initiatives, represent the threemain strategies that have helped in achieving the prime goals for the Historic City Centre of

Guimares. Those goals were basically:

First, the renovation of the landmarks in the Historic City Centre strove for the highest level of

authenticity by using traditional materials and techniques, an ideal which not only maintained

the architectural integrity but also respected the quality of form and function.

Second, the number and type of residents living in the Historic City Centre should be

maintained the living conditions of this population improved and gentrification was not

welcomed.

The historical city center is dedicated for the walkers with pedestrian precinct. But the adjacent

areas have access to cars and motorized vehicles with several shops that attract people to buy

different kinds of goods. The study has identified that there are different types of shops in the

adjacent areas of city center as: Newspaper stands, pharmacies, clothing shops, souvenir shops,

kiosks, restaurants, others. In the central area, there is water fountain and beautiful seating


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arrangements for people who can spend time walking and seating in the sun. Natural landscape

is placed with small trees, bucket of flowers and small gardens. Walkways are well connected

within 1 kilometre radius of city center to integrate football stadium, police station, university of

Minho campus, shopping malls, municipality office, historical monuments, church and the

famous Guimares castle to attract tourists and local people.

Methodology

Several methods have been followed in last couple of decades to analyse pedestrian flow and

speed (Laxman, et. al., 2009), pedestrian activity and planning (Jennifer, 2006), drivers

perception of pedestrians (Sarkar, et. al., 2004), designing the walkable city (Southworth,

2005), pedestrian level of service assessment (Theodore, et. al., 2006), construction of

sidewalks and municipalitys involvement (Ehrenfeucht, 2007) and accessibility and

pedestrians connectivity (Chin, et. al., 2008). This method applied in this study is trying to

incorporate the pedestrians and shopkeepers perception about walkways in a typical medium-

sized city in Europe.

Guimares city center and the adjacent areas within 500 sq. meters have been selected as thestudy area to know the pedestrians and shopkeepers perception about walkways. Five different

criteria have been carefully selected for each group to test the perception of walkers and

shopkeepers who are using the sidewalks frequently. Walkers are using the sidewalks to take

access to different attractions in city centers. At the same time, shopkeepers are offering

varieties of goods for the people who are walking in the city centers.

In the same way, variables have been identified for analyzing the shopkeepers perception.

Accessibility to shops, frontier cleanliness of the shops, surrounding environment, attraction andshades on walkways were being assessed by the shopkeepers to know their perceptions in this

study.

Questionnaire, interview and observation survey have been carried out in January 2010. Fifty

questionnaires have been surveyed including pedestrians and shopkeepers in the city center of

Guimares. Literatures have been collected in the line of data analysis and similar kind of

studies in European and American cities to fix the criteria. Almost sever criteria have been fixed

in the beginning both for shopkeepers and walkers to know their perception. Factor analysis

have been carried out using SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Science) to screen the

importance of those criteria. Insufficient green space and unpleasant walkway in city center

have not been incorporated in the final stage to summarize data analysis.

Identificationof variables

Safety

Connectivity

Identity

Hindrances

Illegal occupancy

Judgment

matrix

Symmetric

matrix

Calculation of

Eigen value

Normalized

matrix

LEVEL OF

INFLUENCE

Fig. 1. Analysis method in brief for pedestrians Perception


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In the beginning, four major factors have been assessed to know the existing problems

of sidewalks and walkways in the study area. Those are:I. Functional Problems: Functional features in this framework relates to the physical

attributes of the street and path that reflect the fundamental structural aspects of the

local environment.

II.

Safety: This feature reflects the need to provide safe physical environments for peopleconsidering crossing aids, lighting at night etc.

III. Aesthetic: It includes the cleanliness, street maintenance and architectural propositionsof the walkways in the existing set up.

IV. Destination: this feature relate to the availability of local facilities and connection of thewalkways with different urban services.

After careful consideration of the existing problems, pedestrians experiences and shopkeepers

attitudes, five criteria have been incorporated to assess the perception in this study. Analytical

Hierarchy Processing (AHP) model has been introduced to know the importance of each

criterion from pedestrians and shopkeepers. Coefficient values from the model for each criterion

have been normalized at the end to show the importance given by the respondents. This

scientific method shows that the decision makers can easily take decision considering the givencriteria for necessary improvements of city centres revitalization or upgradation projects.

Pedestrians and Shopkeepers Interests of Walkways

Walkways are not provided only for the pedestrians, rather it offers a public space

where people can meet and can enjoy the environment. Many studies have documented

social, political, and economic functions of streets and sidewalks (Ehrenfeucht, et. al.,

2007). Public sidewalks and streets are functionally necessary for various groups, and

they are spaces where people interact. Often urban denizens established their social

differences through their public actions on sidewalks. At the same time, adjacent

shopkeepers are doing businesses in the city center areas to attract more people in theirshops to buy their goods. To attract more people, shopkeepers utilize the sidewalks in

different manners like: putting small bill boards, coloring the pavement, encroaching

little part of sidewalks to place goods and above all placing some chairs and tables so

that people can seat outside. Guimares city center is not an exceptional case like other

European cities. Walkways are well connected with the city centers and for this; the

shopkeepers also take benefit of doing business in both sides of the roads and sidewalks.

Pedestrians interest is to find a comfortable, safer and convenient walkway where they

can also watch some nice shops to buy goods. Whereas the shopkeepers expectation is

to have a very good shop just adjacent to the sidewalks with lots of pedestrians so that

they can do good business. To take the advantage of different kinds of shops in the city

center, some drivers park their cars on sidewalks to buy goods from the nearest shops. Itcreates hindrances of smooth pedestrian flow. Pedestrians do not feel comfortable once

they notice cars of sidewalks. Shopkeepers on the other side do not complain about this

illegal parking as the customers visit their shops stopping the cars. But the opposite

situation can be seen when the driver parks car in front of a shop and goes to buy

something from other shop. Within a minute, shopkeeper complains against the car

driver to remove it in front of their shops. This perception is very much interesting to

experience during the field survey in Guimares city center. Field survey reveals the

result that drivers park their cars at least for 10 minutes and at best 30 minutes on

walkways to do some shopping from the adjacent shops of the streets in city center.


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0

5

10

15

20

25Pharmacy

Newspaper

Restaurants

Souvenir

Kiosk

Clothings

Minutes Spent by Cars

Fig. 2. Average car parking in front of shops in city center

The figure above shows that the drivers park their cars at an average 8 minutes in frontof the newspaper stand at the sidewalks and almost 25 minutes in front of restaurants or

small cafeterias. Activities of the drivers were not followed inside the shops but it was

assumed that they had parked the car to buy something from the nearest or adjacent

shops beside the sidewalks. Frequency of illegal car parking in front of the pharmacy

and kiosks were significantly higher than parking in front of other shops during the

surveyed period in city center of Guimares. It has also been observed the drivers put

the emergency light on when they parked the cars on walkways to go to the nearest

shops. Almost forty two percent (42%) drivers put the emergency light on when they

parked the cars on sidewalks in city center.

Purposes of Sidewalk use in Guimares City Center

Guimares city center comprises with nice sidewalks. People walks on walkways in city

center for different reasons. The figure below shows that most of the walkers use

sidewalks for going to the workplaces especially in the surveyed time.

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Work

School

Shopping

Commute

Visit

Exercise

Others

%

Fig. 3. Purpose of walking in city center


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Almost 58% walkers using walkways related to workplace trip. Shopping purpose

comprises almost 17% walkers on sidewalks. Daily commuters are walking regularly on

sidewalks that show almost 8% in Guimares city center.

0 20 40 60 80 100

Placard

Coloring

Soliciting Sale

Lighting

Furnishing

Encroachment

Others

%

Fig. 4. Purpose of using sidewalks by shopkeepers

Shopkeepers use walkways for different purposes as stated in the above figure. Most of

the shopkeepers like to put placards on sidewalks so that the walkers can notice about

their shops. Almost 38% shops put placards in city center to attract more shoppers and

almost 29% shopkeepers encroach in to sidewalks to put their items on it. Many shops

put lighting at night time on sidewalks and put flower buckets on sidewalks to attract

more customers into their shops. Soliciting sale advertisements are also placed of

walkways during special events like Christmas, Grand carnival, Easter holidays and etc.

Figure 5: Encroachment of sidewalks and Colored access to the shops on sidewalk.

Figure above shows that the shop takes effective width of sidewalks to show the fruits

to the walkers and at the same time the other shop puts different pavement color on

walkways to make distinction of the shop. Similarly, placards and advertising bill

boards can very often be seen on sidewalks in the city center areas where more people

are travelling for shopping in compare to other areas in the city. Many pedestrian did

not complain about this illegal invasion to the walkways as it offers them to see the

goods on walkways. But once the passerby stands in front of the food product shown in

figure 5, other walkers need to go through the carriage way. During the field

investigation, it has been observed that the average speed of vehicles on carriage ways


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were 30 to 40 kilometre per hour. It offers very uncomfortable walkway environment

for the pedestrians and safety remains at its bottom line.

Assessing Pedestrians and Shopkeepers Perceptions

Pedestrians and shopkeepers have been surveyed separately to know about theirperceptions of walkways in Guimares city center. According the fig. 1, five different

criteria have been fixed both for pedestrians and shopkeepers to receive their perception

and to build a model for each of the stakeholder.

Pedestrians Perception

Pedestrians perception about sidewalks in the city center has been assessed based on

five criteria. Personal identity of the walkers, Connectivity of major attractions in city

centers, Major hindrances on sidewalks, Illegal occupancy on walkways and safety were

most important criteria that have been assessed in this study. A pair wise comparison

matrix has been supplied to the walkers to fill it according to their own preference ofperceptions and expectations. The walkers were asked to rate the situation considering

their own perception. After receiving the answers, a five * five matrix has been plotted

to summarize the data.Table 1. Raw matrix from field data

K1 K2 K3 K4 K5 i=5Ki

Identity 1 2 2 2 2 9 K1

Connectivity 0 1 2 2 2 7 K2

Hindrances 0 0 1 2 0 3 K3

Illegal Occupancy 0 0 0 1 0 1 K4

Safety 0 0 2 2 1 5 K5

After plotting the raw data into the matrix, the judgement matrix has been formulated to see the

relation of the variables and the pedestrian response.

Table 2. Judgement matrix

rjri

Identity Connectivity Hindrances Illegal occupancy Safety

Identity 1 3.25 7.75 10 5.5

Connectivity 0.3076 1 5.5 7.75 3.25

Hindrances 0.3076 0.1818 1 3.25 0.3076

Illegal occupancy 0.1000 0.1290 0.3076 1 0.3076

Safety 0.1818 0.3076 3.25 3.25 1

Judgment matrix shows the relationships among the variables and the status of their standing

according to the pedestrians response. Once the relationship normalized into simplistic form, it

is easily understandable to know which criterion is the most important to be considered in

Guimaraes city center once the decision makers want to put their policy into effect. To build this

judgement matrix, the following mathematical equation has been followed:

rij= [(Ki Kj) / (Kmax - Kmin)] * (bm - 1) + 1 --------------------------(i) when, Ki>=Kj

rij= 1 / {[(Ki- Kj) / (Kmax - Kmin)] * (bm - 1) + 1} --------------------(ii) when Ki


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Note: i and j of rij are the correspondent to the i and j from Ki and Kj. i and j

respectively represent the coding of row and volume in the judgment matrix from the table 1. K i

and Kj mean the cumulative value of every row of table 2(i=5Ki). is being considered as theEigen value co-efficient of each variable.

After following the data analysis methods, the value has been normalized in to a roundshape of 1 and has been distributed against each criterion.Table 3. Normalized value of findings

Proposed criteria Normalized value

Identity 0.031018107

Connectivity 0.095016976

Hindrances 0.293847927

Illegal occupancy 0.392105485

Safety 0.188011503

Total 1.00

From the above table, it can be seen that pedestrians are concerned about the illegaloccupancy and hindrances in the Guimares city center. Observation survey has also

revealed the same impression that sidewalks are most of the time occupied by illegal

parking and with signboards, utility service companys pillars and switch boxes,

dustbins and shopkeepers staffs.

Knowing this preference, a practical information sheet has been given to put the value

on a 1 to 5 scale to the pedestrians. Following figure shows the responses.

0

0,5

1

1,5

2

2,5

3

3,5

4

4,5

5

Safety

Connectivity

Identity

Hind

rances

IllegalO

ccupan

cies

Impression of walkers

Fig. 6. Pedestrians response to different criteria

In this evaluation, five means the worst case and 1 means the best situation in the

surveyed areas. Most of the pedestrians have replied that obstacles and hindrances are

the major problems on walkways and this perception should be well understood by the

planners and engineers to create better walkway environment. Connectivity gets the best

evaluation in the study area as the city center is well connected with major urban

attractions within 1 to 2 kilometres radius.

Shopkeepers Perception

Shopkeepers perception is to profit from their business and to attract more people intheir shops. Their expectation is always a crowded sidewalk so that more people come


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and visit in their shops. In this study, five criteria have been fixed to know the

expectations of the shopkeepers and to rate them. Besides, expectations of the

shopkeepers have been modelled as like the one for the pedestrians expectation. This

will help the policy makers and other researchers to understand well about the

shopkeepers perception about sidewalks in a medium sized city center in Europe.

Table 4. Normalized value of shopkeepers perception

Proposed Criteria Normalized Value

Shades 0,392414

Attracting Shoppers 0,203175

Environment 0,125121

Accessibility 0,141661

Frontier Cleanliness 0,137628

From the above table, it has been seen that shopkeepers are inclined to put shades in

front of their shopping doors on walkways. This is because the pedestrians then can stay

more time during sun and rain. It also encourages the pedestrians to buy something formthe nearest shop of the shade. Shopkeepers also put high value with some ideas of

attracting more shoppers in their shops from the sidewalks. To do this, they place

placards, festoons, banners and small bill boards to let the pedestrians know about sale,

special new items in their shops and so forth. Accessibility did not get higher value as

the study focused mostly in the heart of the city. Usually the city centers are well

connected with surrounding place of interests. Guimares city center is not an

exceptional case considering the connectivity and accessibility to other surrounding

areas. Environment is being considered as the surrounding landscape and attractions for

shopping in the central area. Certainly the city centres shopping environment and

landscape is very nice and it attracts lots of walkers to enjoy their time especially during

weekends. For instance, shopkeepers didnt expect much from the shoppingenvironments improvement in their evaluation. Frontier cleanliness is another aspect

that has been considered in this study to survey the shopkeepers. Shopkeepers claimed

that there was lack of sidewalks maintenance especially in the weekends. This offered

unpleasant and dirty sidewalks in Guimares city center. But shopkeepers try to clean

their front side of shops everyday when they close their businesses in the evening.

Everyday, shopkeepers clean the sidewalks twice in front of their shops in the morning

and evening. Policy makers and planners now can think more about the opportunities of

shades in the city center sidewalks. Shopkeepers had mentioned that during the sun and

rain, many walkers take shelter under the bus stops. They take cigarettes and drink

canned soft drinks while taking rest and waiting for the rain to be stopped. For instance,

shopkeepers are interested to place shades one sidewalks so that it can increase their selland can give place for the walkers to take rest during sun and rain.

Shopkeepers have also been asked to evaluate the existing situation with the criteria

they explained as important for their business and interests. Following figure shows the

summary of results received from the shopkeepers. A same scale of impression (1 = best

case, 3 = acceptable case and 5 = worst case) of existing situation in Guimares city

center like the pedestrians impression have been developed to ask the shopkeepers.


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0

0,5

1

1,5

2

2,5

3

3,5

4

4,5

5

Accessibilit

y

FrontierClea

nliness

Envir

onment

Attra

cting

Sho

ppers

Shades

Impression of Shopkeepers

Fig. 7. Shopkeepers response to existing facilities about sidewalks.

The figure above shows that shopkeepers put almost 3.5 average rating to the existing

situation of shades on sidewalks. At the same time, the shopkeepers put an average of1.25 while rating the accessibility. This study focuses pedestrian and shopkeepers

perception in city center and inevitably the center is very well connected with other

parts of the city.

Major Findings

In Portugal, the two largest cities, Lisbon and Porto, experienced some revitalization

attempts of their riverfronts and city centers during the second half of the 1990s

(Carlos, 2007). These revitalizations waved to other small cities in the country to

renovate the historic district and to connect theme well with city centers. Guimares city

center has also got major renovation plans during 1998. This included the Pedestrianization inthe city center area with special emphasis on construction materials. This study finds that both

the shopkeepers and the pedestrians are important stakeholders of sidewalks. Both of them are

using sidewalks in city center according to their need.

Table 5. Comparing pedestrians and shopkeepers Perception

Pedestrians Perceptions Shopkeepers Perception

Safety on Walkways More Walkers on street

Less hindrances on walkways More placards and bill boards on

sidewalks to promote business

Well connected walkways with other

major attractions

Well connected walkways with major

tourist placesComfortable walking environment and

even surface

Shades on sidewalks in the city center so

that people can take rest

No traffic on walkways to park even for

short time

On street parking facilities so that people

can stay for shorter time

Smooth and clean walkways Clean sidewalks in front of the shops

The above table summarizes both pedestrians and shopkeepers perceptions which are

obviously unique in character in medium-sized city centers in Europe. Same

experiences have been experienced in other European cities like: Heidelberg in

Germany, Leuven in Belgium, Eindhoven in the Netherlands and Karlstad in Sweden.


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Fig. 8. Shopkeepers and Pedestrians Perception of Problems

The figure above shows on street parking facility in the city center of Guimares that is

praised by the shopkeepers but not encouraged by the walkers. The other picture in the

same figure shows that people are parking cars on sidewalks close to the city center area

for short purpose. It almost took all the effective width of sidewalks for 10 to 15

minutes time and forced pedestrians to walk on carriage way.

Conclusion

Pedestrians expectation and shopkeepers need have been analyzed in Guimares city

center in January 2010. Results were analyzed and found that both shopkeepers and

pedestrians were enjoying the sidewalks according to their needs. Pedestrian plans are

yet to be introduced in Guimares citys transport plan in detail. But the road master

plan introduced the design and landscape in the city center pedestrian precincts. In this

study, pedestrians were very much concerned about their safety and problems with the

illegal parking and unwanted hindrances on the walkways. Most of the walkers are

taking walkways to go to the workplaces or for shopping. As a result, the walkers do not

feel comfortable if there are difficulties on walkways. Shopkeepers have also found the

sidewalks are very important for their businesses. If the local plan considers the

opinions of shopkeepers, their business can run better and the city can be livelier.

Shopkeepers also asked for central parking areas for the people who would like to visit

the city centre that has long history being the first national capital of Portugal.

Nowadays, shopping centers offer parking spaces for the shoppers and for this; many

people do not come to shop and visit city centers. Result from analysis also shows that

special elements like shades can play important role both for pedestrians and

shopkeepers in Guimares city center.

Albeit there has been a significant policy shift in which local governments are taking upincreased responsibility in ensuring a safe pedestrian environment, much remains to be

implemented. Representations of safer and convenient city walkways thus encourage

more people to walk for shorter trips which certainly leads to healthy and carbon neutral

city. At the same time, policy makers should focus the expectations of the shopkeepers

who make the city center lively for tourists, local people and for shoppers. This study is

an attempt to propose a methodology for quick assessment of walking environment and

shopkeepers expectation in a medium-sized city center in Portugal. More empirical

research is in demand to further develop this methodology to approach different

stakeholders in city center planning. Importance of this approach is that less time is

needed to apprehend the problems, to list and classify them. Likewise, more time can be

devoted to problem discussion and finding of solutions within a public participatoryatmosphere.


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Acknowledgement

The authors would like to acknowledge support by the FCT under grant no.

SFRH/BPD/45762/2008. Authors are also thankful to undergraduate civil engineering 1st

year

students for extending their cooperation for field and observation survey.

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