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Khaled Daoud Wind Energy Division National Energy Research Center 1 Jordan Engineers AssociationMarch 29, 2012

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The Worlds Energy Resources Are Limited! Conventional Energy Resources o Oil o Coal o Natural Gas ENERGY RESOURCES 2 Jordan Engineers AssociationMarch 29, 2012

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3 Renewable Energy Sources WindSolar Water Biogas Geothermal Biomass Jordan Engineers AssociationMarch 29, 2012

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4 Renewable Energy Sources SOLAR T Transformer Your Home Distribution Lines Biogas Wind Biomass Geothermal Water G Generator All renewable energy, ultimately come from the sun. Jordan Engineers AssociationMarch 29, 2012

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5 Why Renewable Energy? The growth of energy demandFast depletion of fossil fuel. Global environmental problems. 5 Jordan Engineers AssociationMarch 29, 2012

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6 Renewable energy resources may be used directly Or indirectly to create other more convenient forms of energy. Examples of direct use are solar ovens, geothermal heating, and water heating and water pumping by windmills. Examples of indirect use which require energy harvesting are electricity generation through wind turbines or photovoltaic cells, or production of fuels RENEWABLE ENERGY Jordan Engineers AssociationMarch 29, 2012

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7 Wind energy is a sub-product of solar energy Earth receives 1.74 x 10 17 W of solar energy - 2% of it is transformed to winds Wind energy is the kinetic energy of the moving winds Wind Energy Resource March 29, 2012Jordan Engineers Association

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Wind Energy Resource Reason: unevenly radiation of earth surface by the sun The regions around equator, at 0 latitude, are heated more by the sun than the rest of the globe 8 Jordan Engineers AssociationMarch 29, 2012

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Wind Energy Resource Hot air is lighter than cold and will rise into the sky until it reaches approximately 10 km altitude and will spread to the North and the South. If the globe did not rotate, the air would simply arrive at the North Pole and the South Pole, sink down, and return to the equator 9 Jordan Engineers AssociationMarch 29, 2012

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Wind Energy Resource The Coriolis force Due to the earth rotation, any movement on the Northern hemisphere is diverted to the right (left in the southern) if we look at it from our own position on the ground. Named after the French mathematician Gustave Gaspard Coriolis 1792-1843 10 Jordan Engineers AssociationMarch 29, 2012

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Wind Energy Resource Global winds and Coriolis force The wind rises from the equator and moves north and south in the higher layers of the atmosphere. Around 30 latitude in both hemispheres the Coriolis force prevents the air from moving much further. At this latitude there is a high pressure area, as the air begins sinking down again. As the wind rises from the equator there will be a low pressure area close to ground level attracting winds from the north and south. At the poles, there will be high pressure due to the cooling of the air. 11 Jordan Engineers AssociationMarch 29, 2012

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Wind Energy Resource The geostrophic wind The global winds are the geostrophic winds. They are largely driven by temperature (pressure) differences and are not very much influenced by the surface of the earth. Geostrophic winds are found at altitudes above 1 km above ground level. Surface winds Winds are very much influenced by the ground surface at altitudes up to 100 metres. The wind will be slowed down by the earth's surface roughness and obstacles. Wind directions near the surface will be different from the direction of the geostrophic wind because of the earth's rotation (i.e. Coriolis force). When dealing with wind energy, we are concerned with surface winds, and how to calculate the usable energy content of the wind. 12 Jordan Engineers AssociationMarch 29, 2012

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Wind Energy Resource Surface Winds: Sea Breeze Land masses are heated by the sun more quickly than the sea during daytime. The air rises, flows out to the sea, and creates a low pressure at ground level which attracts the cool air from the sea. At nightfall there is often a period of calm when land and sea temperatures are equal. 13 Monsoon Jordan Engineers AssociationMarch 29, 2012

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Wind Energy Resource Surface Winds: Land Breeze At night the wind blows in the opposite direction. The land breeze at night generally has lower wind speeds, because the temperature difference between land and sea is smaller at night. 14 The monsoon known from South-East Asia is in reality a large-scale form of the sea breeze and land breeze, varying in its direction between seasons Jordan Engineers AssociationMarch 29, 2012

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Wind Energy Resource Surface Winds: Mountain Winds They originate on south-facing slopes (north-facing in the southern hemisphere). When the slopes and the neighbouring air are heated the air ascends towards the top following the surface of the slope. At night the wind direction is reversed. 15 Foehn in the Alps in Europe, Chinook in the Rocky Mountains Zonda in the Andes. Jordan Engineers AssociationMarch 29, 2012

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Wind Energy Resource Local winds: Mistral flowing down the Rhone valley into the Mediterranean Sea, Scirocco, a southerly wind from Sahara blowing into the Mediterranean sea. 16 Jordan Engineers AssociationMarch 29, 2012

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Wind Energy Resource 17 Wind systems in the Mediterranean sea region Jordan Engineers AssociationMarch 29, 2012

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Wind Energy Resource Atmospheric boundary layer At 1 km above ground level, the wind is not influenced by the surface of the earth at all (geostrophic winds). In the lower layers of the atmosphere, however, wind speeds are affected by the friction against the surface of the earth. 18 Jordan Engineers AssociationMarch 29, 2012

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Wind Energy Resource Friction is created due to the roughness of the terrain and the influence of obstacles Forests and large cities slow the wind down considerably Concrete runways in airports slow the wind down a little. Long grass and shrubs and bushes slow the wind down considerably. Water surfaces are even smoother have even less influence on the wind 19 Jordan Engineers AssociationMarch 29, 2012

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Wind Energy Resource 20 Effect of Obstacles Jordan Engineers AssociationMarch 29, 2012

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Wind Energy Resource Effect of Obstacles 21 Jordan Engineers AssociationMarch 29, 2012

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Wind Energy Resource sea beach grass trees hills woods buildings cities valleys & mountains 22 wind from sea Meteorology Affecting the wind: Temperature Roughness Obstacles Orography Thermals Jordan Engineers AssociationMarch 29, 2012

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Wind Resource Assessment 23 1.The Power in the wind is proportional to Cube of the wind speed (10% difference in wind speed makes about 33% change in wind power). This is the primary reason for wind resource assessment. 2.Wind speed, wind shear*, turbulence** and gust intensity all need to be specified when procuring a wind turbine and designing its foundation.etc. 3.Turbine manufacturers concerns max. turbulence intensity (16%), max. wind shear acting on blade area (0.2) and max. one second gust used for foundation design Jordan Engineers AssociationMarch 29, 2012

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Wind Resource Assessment 24 * Wind shears (large differences in the mean wind speed over the rotor) give large fluctuating loads and consequently fatigue on the wind turbine blades, because the blades move through areas of varying wind speed. ** Turbulence causes dynamic loads on wind turbines. The strength of the turbulence varies from place to place. Over land the turbulence is more intense than over the sea Jordan Engineers AssociationMarch 29, 2012

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Wind Resource Assessment 25 Wind Resources assessments are the cornerstone of identifying and mitigating risks and for realizing the potential rewards from a project. Without wind resource, no wind project will even be viable. Jordan Engineers AssociationMarch 29, 2012

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Wind Resource Assessment 26 Site Visits and Evaluations The evaluator should use the following:- The site topographical map A Global Positioning System (GPS) A Camera A compass Visits should be conducted to all suitable areas with the main goals of verifying site conditions. Jordan Engineers AssociationMarch 29, 2012

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Wind Resource Assessment 27 Preliminary Area Identification based on information such as : previous wind data, Topography, Flagged trees..etc. A new wind measurement sites can be selected. Jordan Engineers AssociationMarch 29, 2012

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Wind Resource Assessment 28 Prevailing Wind Direction Important to check direction when setting up instrument Jordan Engineers AssociationMarch 29, 2012

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Wind Resource Assessment 29 Griggs Putman Wind Index This index is based on the permanent tree deformation caused by wind and is useful for estimating the average wind speed in an area. Jordan Engineers AssociationMarch 29, 2012

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Wind Resource Assessment 30 Information in the resource assessment will include :- Daily average wind speeds Monthly average wind speeds Annual Average wind speeds Frequency distribution Wind Rose Wind power density Turbulence intensity Jordan Engineers AssociationMarch 29, 2012

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Wind Resource Assessment 31 The basic tool for estimating energy production. It shows the % of time that the wind blowing at certain speed. The wind speed are binned, meaning that wind speed between 0 - 1 m/s are binned as 1 m/s, 1 - 2 m/s are binned as 2 m/s, and so on. Frequency Distribution Jordan Engineers AssociationMarch 29, 2012

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Wind Resource Assessment 32 To assess a sites wind power production potential, the wind speed frequency distribution must be multiplied by a representative wind turbine power curve. X Jordan Engineers AssociationMarch 29, 2012 Frequency Distribution Power Curve Energy Production X

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Wind Resource Assessment 33 Wind rose is a useful tool to know the wind direction. It is a valuable tool for project layout and micro-siting Jordan Engineers AssociationMarch 29, 2012

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Wind Resource Assessment 34 Wind Power density (W/m) It is defined as the wind power available per unit area swept by the turbine blades. It is a true indication of wind energy potential in the site than wind speed alone. Its value combines wind speed distribution and air density. Jordan Engineers AssociationMarch 29, 2012

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Wind Resource Assessment 35 Wind Power Class Table Wind Class Resource Potential Wind Power Density W/m Wind Speed W/S 1Poor< 200< 5.6 2Marginal200 - 3005.6 - 6.4 3Moderate300 - 4006.7 7.0 4Good400 5007.0 - 7.5 5Very Good500 - 6007.5 8.0 6Excellent600 - 8008.0 - 8.8 7Outstanding> 800> 8.8 Jordan Engineers AssociationMarch 29, 2012

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Wind Resource Assessment 36 Once this assessment is completed, an accurate picture of wind resource at the site should be clear Jordan Engineers AssociationMarch 29, 2012

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37 Thank You Jordan Engineers AssociationMarch 29, 2012