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ii

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@)^& j}zfv !^ b]lv #! ;Dd ljleGg Ohnf;x¿af6 ;Dkfbg zfvfdf k|fKt lg0f{o ÷ cfb]zx¿

lljjzz]]iiff OOhhnnff;; %% kk""00ff {{ OOhhnnff;; !! ;;++oo''QQmm OOhhnnff;; !!)) OOhhnnff;; gg++== !! !!## OOhhnnff;; gg++== @@ @@ OOhhnnff;; gg++== ## $$ OOhhnnff;; gg++== $$ !! OOhhnnff;; gg++== %% $$ OOhhnnff;; gg==== ^̂ && OOhhnnff;; gg++== && @@@@

iii

OOhhnnff;; gg++== (( ^̂ OOhhnnff;; gg++ ++ !!)) !!## PPssnn OOhhnnff;; @@

hhDDddff (()) ooff ]] ;;ddffrrff// aa''nn]] ll66gg xxff ]] .. llgg00ff {{oo ;;++IIff ]]kkLLss//00ff uubbff {{ OOhhnnff;;nn]] gg}} kk||ooff ]]uu uu//]]ssff zzAAbb ooxxff FF ggkk//]]ssff kkllgg xx''gg ;;SSbb55gg\\ .. ooxxff FF ppllNNnnllvvtt llgg00ff {{ooxx¿¿ssff ]] ggSSssnn llnngg ;;llssgg]]55 ..

iv

@)^& ;fn j}zfv !^ b]lv #! ut];Dd d'2fsf] nut km5\of}{6 ljj/0f

nut qm=;+ laifout d'2f lhDd]jf

/L ;/]sf]

o; jif{ k/]sf] hDdf

km5\of}{6 ;+Vof af+sL

1= b]jfgL k'g/fj]bg 3652 952 4604 1559 3045 2= kmf}hbf/L k'g/fj]bg 2368 683 3051 920 2131 3= b]jfgL k")f{ Ohnf; 67 18 85 69 16 4=

k'g/fj]bgkq

kmf}hbf/L k")f{ Ohnf; 36 7 43 40 3 5= jGbLk|ToIfLs/)f 3 58 61 53 8 6= ;fwf/)f l/^ 2601 1079 3680 1187 2493 7= k")f{ l/^ 10 8 18 9 9 8=

l/^ lgj]bg

ljz]if l/^ 64 48 112 66 46 9= ;fws ;fws 87 72 159 71 88 10= bf]xf]¥ofO{ kfpFm b]jfgL 1094 737 1831 1058 773 11=

bf]xf]/\ofO{ kfpFm

bf]xf]¥ofO{ kfpFm kmf}hbf/L 364 283 647 379 268 12= k'g/fjnf]sg k'g/fjnf]sgsf] lgj]bg 327 374 701 216 485 13= cg'dlt k'g/fa]bgsf] cg'dlt lgj]bg 105 28 133 43 90 14= ljljw ljljw 72 19 91 30 61 15= lgj]bg 10 279 289 179 110 16=

lgj]bg k|ltj]bg k|ltj]bg 14 143 157 93 64

hDdf 10874 4788 15662 5972 9690

@)^& ;fn j}zfv !^ b]lv #! ut];Ddsf] d'2ftkm{sf] ;+VofTds ljj/0f

-s_ sfo{lbg !# -ª_ cfb]z ;+Vof !*) -v_ k]zL r9]sf d'2f ;+Vof @)!& -r_ km5\of]{6 ;+Vof @$* -u_ sfg"g Joj;foLåf/f :ylut ePsf d'2f ;+Vof &(% -5_ x]g{ gEofPsf ^*@ -3_ x]g{ gldNg] d'2f ;+Vof !)% -h_ lg=;'= ;+Vof &

;d"xs[t -cleofg_ d'2fx¿sf] @)^& j}zfv #! ut];Ddsf] l:ylt

km};nf ;d"x

s"n d'2f cl3Nnf]

cjlw;Dd o;

cjlw;Dd hDdf

x]bf{x]b}{ lg=;'=d]nldnfkdf

uPsf] jfFsL

kmf}hbf/L #^% !(! @ !(# !#$ $ #$ !&@ b]jfgL !!*! ()) $* ($* ! ^ @#%

l/6÷jfl0fHo ##^ @*% ^ @(! @ $%

p4/0fM ;c a'n]l6g @)^=== === ! jf @ k"0ff{ÍÍ ==== , k[i7 ====

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pbfx/0ffy{M ;c a'n]l6g, @)^&, j}zfv – @, k"0ff{Í $@*, k[i7 !!

vi

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vii

dd''bb||ssMM ;jf]{Rr cbfnt, 5fkfvfgf, /fdzfxky, sf7df8f}+ .

viii

öljifoö;"rLö

;jf]{Rr cbfnt a'n]l6g @)^&, j}zfv – @, k"0ff{° $@*

9

qm=;+ ljifo kIf ÷ ljkIf k[i7 ljz]if Ohnf; !–#

1= pTk|]if0f e/ts'df/ k|;fO{ lj= dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no

2= pTk|]if0f cRo"tk|;fb v/]n lj= dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no

3= pTk|]if0f g/]zs'df/ k|wfg lj= dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no

4= pTk|]if0f uf]jb{gnfn gsdL{ lj= dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no

5= pTk|]if0f nIdLk|;fb kf]v/]n lj= g]kfn sfg"g Joj;foL kl/ifb\ ;d]t

k"0f{ Ohnf; # 6= df]xL sfod

lji0f'b]j /fpt s'dL{ lj= u'7L ;+:yfg sfof{no hgsk'/

;+o'Qm Ohnf; $–^ 7= c+z rng z'snIdL nfdf ;d]t lj=

;f]daxfb'/ nfdf 8= e|i6frf/ ;gts'df/ /]UdL lj= g]kfn ;/sf/9= 7uL 5qdfg >]i7 lj=bLks df:s] ;d]t10= hLp df:g]

a]Rg] sdnL ofbj lj= g]kfn ;/sf/ ;d]t

11= e|i6frf/

g]kfn ;/sf/ lj= a;Gts'df/ s'Fj/ ;d]t

12= 8fFsf g]kfn ;/sf/ lj= kbd dfgGw/ ;d]t

13= st{Jo Hofg If]qaxfb'/ zfxL lj= g]kfn ;/sf/ 14= nfu" cf}ifw

k|bLks'df/ zfx lj= g]kfn ;/sf/ ;d]t

15= pTk|]if0fo'Qm k/dfb]z

s]zj cof{n lj= sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfnt

Ohnf; g+= ! ^–( 16= ;jf/L Hofg v'daxfb'/ 9'Ëfgf lj=g]kfn ;/sf/17= oftgf tyf

Ifltk"lt{ lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no afUn'Ë lj= /fh]Gb|axfb'/ s]=;L

18= c+z btf{ /fdk|;fb dxtf] rfO{ ;d]t lj= /fdnvg dxtf] rfO{

19= df]n lauf] e/fO{ kfpFm

kbdaxfb'/ dxt lj= e}/jgfy u'7L Joj:yfkg ;ldlt h'Dnf

20= afnL ljuf] dun' a/} lj= hudf]xg a/} 21= lnvt ab/ nfn dxdb w'lgof lj= /fdb]j

kl08t s'Dxf/ 22= pTk|]if0f

k/dfb]z k|bLk lzNksf/ ;d]t lj= k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6g ;d]t

23= hfn;fhL hf]u]Gb| ofbj ;d]t lj= dg?kLofb]jL ofbj ;d]t

24= c+z hf]u]Gb| ofbj ;d]t lj= dg?kLofb]jL ofbj ;d]t

25= pTk]|if0f k/dfb]z

/fh]Gb| vgfn lj= k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] ;lrjfno ;d]t

Ohnf; g+= @ (–!) 26= pTk]|if0f ;'lht d'Gb'n lj= >d cbfnt 27= pTk]|if0f

k|ltif]w dfwjk|;fb e08f/L lj= hn>f]t dGqfno ;d]t

28= pTk]|if0f uugaxfb'/ sfsL{ lj= u[x dGqfno ;d]t

29= afnL ljuf] e/fOkfpFm

u+ufbQ hf]zL lj= zflGtb]jL vqL ;d]t

30= st{Jo Hofg

g]kfn ;/sf/ lj= afns[i0f 9'ª]n ;d]t

31= hUuf btf{ b]jL a/} lj= /fdfgGb /fpt a/} ;d]t

Ohnf; g+= $ !! 32= pTk]|if0f

b]jLr/0fk|;fb s]j6 lj= lhNnf lzIff sfof{no ?kGb]xL ;d]t

Ohnf; g+= % !!–!@33= aGbL

k|ToIfLs/0f/lj bfxfn lj= /fh' clwsf/L ;d]t


v]dh+u kf08] lj= g]kfn jfo';]jf lgud ;d]t

35= rf]/L z]if /O{; cfnd lj= g]kfn ;/sf/36= pTk]|if0f dx]zs'df/ yklnof lj= g]kfn

;/sf/ Ohnf; g+= ^ !#–!$

37= pTk]|if0f ;'zLn dxh{g lj= ;fg'd}of dxh{g ;d]t


uh]Gb| ljqmd /f0ff lj= If]qLo k|x/L sfof{no ;'v]{t ;d]t


10

39= pTk]|if0fo'Qm k/dfb]z

k|Nxfb -rf}w/L_ yf? lj= lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no l;/xf ;d]t

40= pTk]|if0f vu/fh cfrfo{ lj= k'g/fj]bg cbfnt a'6jn ;d]t


;f]gfd tfdfË ;d]t lj= sf7df8f}+ pkTosf gu/ ljsf; ;ldlt ;d]t


cfgGbk|;fb >]i7 lj= k'g/fj]bg cbfnt x]6f}+8f ;d]t


cfgGbk|;fb >]i7 lj= k'g/fj]bg cbfnt x]6f}F8f ;d]t

Ohnf; g+= & !%–!(44= af6f] xs

sfod hns[i0f >]i7 ;d]t lj= tLy{dfof >]i7

45= lgif]wf1f k|]ds'df/ >]i7 lj= lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no ;Kt/L


k|]ds'df/ >]i7 lj= dfnkf]t sfof{no ;Kt/L ;d]t

47= bfloTj k"/f u/fO{ kfpFm

/tgnfn cu|jfn lj= g]kfn la6'ldg tyf Jof/]n pBf]u

48= btf{ ab/ xl/gf/fo0f ld> lj=/fd;f]let d08n

49= hUuf lvrf]nf

dxfjL/ ;fx lj= u'bL b]jL ;/bfgL{

50= xs sfod dfnkf]t sfof{no wgs'6f lj= k|]daxfb'/ s'Fj/

51= df]xL nut s6[f

;'/]zs'df/ rf}w/L lj= zlgnfn dfemL

52= km};nf ab/

/fd v]nfjg vTj] lj=s[i0fsnf v+u

53= c+z bkf]6 /fd v]nfjg vTj] lj= /fdhLjg v+u ;d]t

54= ;|]:tf ab/ btf{ ab/

/fd:j?k rf}w/L lj= s]jn dxtf]

55= lg0f{o ab/ ;"o{s'df/ ljdnL lj= u'7L ;+:yfg s]=sf= ;d]t

56= 5"6 hUuf btf{

dfnkf]t sfof{no sfe|]knf~rf]s lj= s0f{axfb'/ >]i7

57= pTk|]if0f /fdfgGb l5kL lj= k'g/fj]bg cbfnt j'6jn ;d]t

58= k/dfb]z uLtfb]jL d/f]l8of lj= /fli6«o

jfl0fHo a}+s s]=sf= ;d]t 59= pTk|]if0f sfG5fefO{ ;'jfn lj= s[i0faxfb'/

;'jfn ;d]t Ohnf; g+= ( !(–@)


hutaxfb'/ 8+uf]n lj= lzIfs ;]jf cfof]u eQmk'/ ;d]t


sfhLdfg nfdf lj= k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf]v/f ;d]t

62= c+z rng ;'/]Gb| rf}w/L lj= levd bf; rf}w/L ;d]t

Ohnf; g+= !) @!–@$

63= s/f/ e+u Ifltk"lt{

dx]z xdfn lj= hLjgs'df/ ;d]t

64= xs sfod gfgL5f]/L skfnL ;d]t lj= dbg]Zj/fgGb a}B ;d]t

65= c+z rng ;jd'l2g ldof ;d]t lj= ;lkmb /xdfg ldof ;d]t

66= af6f] sfod ;L/s'df/L u'?ª lj= dLgaxfb'/ vqL ;d]t


/fh]z uf}td lj= k|zf;sLo cbfnt ;d]t


dgf]h kf}8]n lj= lzIff tyf v]ns'b dGqfno ;d]t

69= pTk]|if0f lzjd+unk|;fb zfx t]nL lj= k'g/fj]bg cbfnt x]6f}+8f ;d]t

70= pTk]|if0f 8f= xl/ZrGb| pk]|tL lj= lrlsT;f lj1fg /fli6«o k|lti7fg aL/ c:ktfn ;d]t

71= pTk]if0f lbns[i0f >]i7 lj=:jf:Yo tyf hg;+Vof dGqfno ;d]t

72= e|i6frf/ clDasfk|;fb pkfWofo lj= g]kfn ;/sf/ ;d]t

Psn Ohnf; @$ 73= pTk]|if0f

k/dfb]z ;'GtnL tfdfª lj= cfk"lt{ dGqfno ;d]t

74= pTk]|if0f a;Gtaxfb'/ >]i7 ;d]t lj= k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6g ;d]t


11

ljz]if Ohnf; !

;+=k|=Gof= >L /fdk|;fb >]i7, df=Gof= >L tflx/ cnL cG;f/L / df=Gof=>L s[i0fk|;fb pkfWofo, l/6 g+= @)^^–WS–))@(, pTk|]if0f ;d]t, e/ts'df/ k|;fO{ lj= k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t

h'g sfg"gn] clwsf/ lbPsf] xf] ;f] sfg"gcGtu{t ag]sf] / ;f] sfg"g;Fu afwf lj/f]w ePsf] eGg] klg bfjL g/x]sf] cj:yfdf pQm ljlgodnfO{ pQm P]g, lgodsf] cg's"n g} /x]sf] egL dfGg' kg]{ . cfkm\gf] cfGtl/s Joj:yfkgsf nflu cfjZos ljlgodx¿ agfpg ;Sg] ;+:yfgsf] clwsf/df k|Zg ug{ g;lsg] .

kbfalwsf cfwf/df cjsfz lbg] ljlgodfjnLsf] Joj:yf oL lgj]bsnfO{ dfq cfslif{t x'g] ge} ;+:yfgsf] ;]jfdf /xL bzf}+ / P3f/f}+ txdf sfo{/t ;a} sd{rf/Ldf cfslif{t x'g] .

;+:yfgdf ;dfg txdf sfo{/t\ ;a}nfO{ ;dfg ?kdf nfu" x'g] sfg"gL Joj:yfn] sf]xL JolQm ljz]ifnfO{ k|efljt t'NofPsf] eGg] dfq cfwf/df c;dfg Jojxf/ ePsf] eGg] bfjL ug{ ;lsg] x'Fb}g . s'g} JolQm ljz]ifnfO{ nlIft gul/Psf] sfg"gL Joj:yfnfO{ lagfcfwf/ z+sfsf] 3]/fdf /fvL ;dfgtfsf] xs;Fu hf]8\g' JofVofTds b[li6n] klg plrt gx'g] .

zt{ jf of]Uotf tf]Sbf s'g} JolQm ljz]ifnfO{ dfq al~rt ug]{ lgot /flvPsf] cj:yfdf To:tf] zt{ / of]Uotf tf]lsPsf] lqmofdfly k|Zg p7fpg ;lsg] x'G5 . t/ ;dfg cj:yfsf ;a}nfO{ ;dfg ?kdf cfslif{t x'g] u/L tf]lsPsf] zt{nfO{ cGoyf eGg g;lsg] .

nfdf] ;do;Dd ;+:yfgsf] ;]jfdf ;]jf/t\ /xL kbfalwsf sf/0fn] ;]jf lgj[Q

x'g'kg]{ ljifo /f]huf/Lsf] xs;Fu ;DalGwt ljifo x'g g;Sg] .

ljlgodfjnLdf x'Fb} cfPsf ;+zf]wgdWo] bzf}+ ;+zf]wgaf6 lgj]bs sfo{/t\ kbsf] kbfalw lglZrt ul/Psf] sf/0fn] ubf{ lgj]bsnfO{ clgjfo{ casfz lbOPsf] s'/f :ki6 g} 5 . pQm ;+zf]lwt Joj:yf lgj]bssf] xsdf dfq cfslif{t x'g] Joj:yf ge} lgj]bs ;/xsf cGo sd{rf/Ldf klg cfslif{t x'g] x'Fbf To;nfO{ lje]bk"0f{ jf lgj]bssf] k]zf, /f]huf/Lsf] xsdf cf3ft k'¥ofpg] u/L ul/Psf] Joj:yfsf] ;+1f lbg g;lsg] . Ohnf; clws[t M pd]z sf]O/fnf Olt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn j}zfv @ ut] /f]h % z'ed\

@ df=Gof=>L lvn/fh /]UdL, df=Gof= >L lu/LzrGb| nfn / df=Gof=>L e/t/fh pk|]tL, l/6 g+= @)^^–WS–))!@, pTk|]if0f, cRo"tk|;fb v/]n lj= k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t lghfdtL sd{rf/L / ;]gf jf k|x/Lsf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ g} km/s km/s x'G5 . To;}n] Pp6} sfg"gåf/f ;j} k|s[ltsf] ;]jfsf] ;~rfng / Joj:yfkg ;Dej x'Fb}g . ;]gf tyf k|x/L ;+u7g eg]sf] s7f]/ c'gzf;gdf /xg' kg]{ ;+u7g xf], To;sf] ;+u7gfTds :j?k, kbf;f]kg, To;leq /xg' kg]{ Chain of command / ToxfF sfo{/t\ hgzlQmsf] sfo{ k|s[lt ;d]tnfO{ b[li6ut ubf{ To;nfO{ lghfdtL ;]jf jf cGo s'g} klg ;/sf/L ;]jf;Fu t'ngf ug{ ;lsb}g / t'ngf ug{ klg gx'g] . ;]gf / k|x/L ;+u7gsf] ;+j]bgzLntf / pgLx¿n] lgjf{x ug'{kg]{ e"ldsf ;d]tnfO{ Vofn g/fvL cGo ;/sf/L ;]jfcGtu{tsf hgzlQmsf nflu lglZrt ul/Psf] ;]jfsf zt{x¿;Fu t'ngf ug'{ k|f;f+lus, ;fGble{s / cf}lrTok"0f{ x'Fb}g . t;y{ lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, lgod;Fu t'ngf ub}{ ;]jf, k|x/L / ;z:q k|x/Lsf] ;]jfdf sfod


12

/x]sf] bhf{ jf kb 36fpg] k|fjwfg ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] d"No / dfGotf lj?4 /x]sf] eGg] lgj]bg lhsL/;Fu ;xdt x'g g;lsg] . Ohnf; clws[tM pd]z sf]O/fnf Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn r}t @^ ut] /f]h % z'ed\

# df=Gof=>L lvn/fh /]UdL, df=Gof= >L ;'zLnf sfsL{ / df=Gof=>L e/t/fh pk|]tL, l/6 g+= @)^$–WS–))#!, pTk|]if0f, g/]zs'df/ k|wfg lj= k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t cfkm" cg's"n g/x]sf] cd's lgodsf] Joj:yf ;+ljwfg Pj+ dft[ sfg"g;Fu jflemPsf] egL ;txL cfwf/ pNn]v u/L bfjL lng' dfq kof{Kt x'Fb}g, ;f] lgosf] Joj:yfn] ;+ljwfgåf/f k|bQ xsdf k|ToIf c;/ k'¥ofPsf] jf cg'lrt jGb]h nufPsf] s'/f tYok/s cfwf/ b]vfO{ k'li6 ug'{kg]{ klg x'G5 . cfkm"n] a9'jf kfpg];Dd ck]Iff u/L ljgfcfwf/ lgodsf] Joj:yf jflemfPsf] egL lnPsf] bfjL k'li6 x'g] ;Gtf]ifk|b cfwf/ pNn]v x'g'kg]{ . Ohnf; clws[tM k'gf/fd vgfn sDKo'6/M ljkgfb]jL dNn Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn k'; #) ut] /f]h % z'ed\

$ df=Gof=>L /fds'df/ k|;fb zfx, df=Gof= >L sNof0f >]i7 / df=Gof=>L k|]d zdf{, l/6 g+= )^$–WS–)))!, pTk|]if0f ;d]t, uf]jb{gnfn gsdL{ ;d]t lj= k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t ;dfgtfsf] ljifodf ax; u/L /xFbf c;dfg eof] elgPsf] s'/faf6 JolQm jf ;dfhnfO{ s] s:tf] ;sf/fTds jf gsf/fTds kl/0ffd l;h{gf ePsf] 5 / ;f] Joj:yf x6fpFbf s] s:tf] ;sf/fTds jf gsf/fTds kl/0ffd l;h+gf x'G5 h;n] ubf{ lgj]bs nufot cfdhgdfg;nfO{ nfe k'Ub5 eGg] s'/fsf] n]vfhf]vf / tfls{s Pj+ j:t'lgi7 ljZn]if0f

x'g'kb{5 . s]jn sfg"gdf k|o'Qm ePsf] efiff jf :j?ksf] ;txL ljZn]if0faf6 dfq cd's sfg"g e]befjhGo /x]5 egL lgisif{df k'luxfNg' plrt gx'g] . s:tf] sfo{ jf 36gfnfO{ s;"/ dfGg] jf gdfGg] eGg] k|Zg d"ntM ljwflosL gLlt;Fu ;DalGwt ljifo ePsfn] /fHosf] b08 gLlt;Fu ;DalGwt To:tf] ljifodf o; cbfntn] x:tIf]k u/L of] o:tf] sfo{nfO{ s;"/ dfgL of] olt ;hfosf] Joj:yf x'g'kb{5 egL cf}+Nofpg gldNg] . ;DjGw ljR5]b\ ug{ rfxg] :jf:gL dflg;nfO{ p;sf] nf]Ug]af6 c+z lbnfpg k|ydtM To:tf] nf]Ug]n] g} c+z lnPsf] jf lghsf] c+z efu osLg x'g'kg]{ ePsfn] ;f] k|of]hgsf nflu dfq bfobftL dfUg] jf c+za08f ug{ cfb]z lbg] eGg] d'n'sL P]g nf]Ug] :jf:gLsf] dxnsf] $s g+= sf] Joj:yf x'Fbf To;nfO{ cGoyf eGg gldNg] . Ohnf; clws[tM gf/fo0f ;'j]bL sDKo'6/M ljkgfb]jL dNn Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn d+l;/ !! ut] /f]h % z'ed\

% df=Gof=>L /fds'df/ k|;fb zfx, df=Gof= >L lu/LzrGb| nfn / df=Gof=>L e/t/fh pk|]tL, l/6 g+= @)^^–WS–))@!, pTk|]if0f ;d]t, nIdLk|;fb kf]v/]n lj= g]kfn sfg"g Joj;foL kl/ifb\ ;d]t P]gcGtu{t ag]sf] lgodn] tf]s]sf] zt{sf cfwf/df dfq lgjf{rgdf efu lng kfpg] clwsf/ l;h{gf x'g ;S5 eGg] s'/fdf ljjfb ug{ ldNb}g / kfif{bsf] lgjf{rgdf efu lng] ljifonfO{ lgMzt{ agfOg' kb{5 eGg] dfu ul/g' sfg"g;+ut tyf cf}lrTok"0f{ ;d]t gx'g] .

sfg"gL Joj:yfnfO{ lgj]bsn] r'gf}tL lbg g;s]sf] cj:yfdf sfg"gadf]lhd eP u/]sf] sfo{nfO{ cGoyf eGg ldNg] x'Fb}g . lgj]bsn] z'Ns tf]Sg ;Sg] lgoddf /x]sf]


13

;fljssf] k|fjwfgnfO{ r'gf}tL glbPsf] / lgoddf ;+zf]wgkl5 sfod ePsf] xfnsf] k|fjwfgnfO{ ;d]t r'gf}tL lbPsf] gb]lvPsf] cj:yfdf ;f] lgodadf]lhd k|sflzt ;"rgfnfO{ dfq ab/ ul/kfpFm eGg] lgj]bg bfjL :jo+df k"0f{, ;fGble{s / k|f;f+lus ;d]t dfGg gldNg] .

kl/ifb\sf] u7g ljlw, :yfkgfsf] cfwf/, ;~rfng ljlw tyf sf]ifdf hDdf x'g] /sd;DaGwL Joj:yfx¿af6 kl/ifbdf ;/sf/sf] z]o/ :jfldTj cyjf o;sf] hfoh]yfdf ;/sf/sf] :jfldTj /xg] sfg"gL cfwf/ b]lvg gcfPaf6 kl/ifb\sf] n]vf k/LIf0fsf] ;Gbe{df ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !@# sf] pkwf/f -@_ sf] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf k|f;f+lus x'g] cj:yf gb]lvg] . Ohnf; clws[tM pd]z sf]O/fnf Olt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn j}zfv ( ut] /f]h % z'ed\ .

k"0f{ Ohnf;

df=Gof=>L /fdk|;fb >]i7, df=Gof= >L s[i0fk|;fb pkfWofo / df=Gof=>L cjw]zs'df/ ofbj, l/6 g+= @)^%–WS–))#), df]xL sfod, lji0f'b]j /fpt s'dL{ lj= u'7L ;+:yfg zfvf sfof{no hgsk'/ Psk6s sfg"gadf]lhd Goflos lg?k0f e};s]sf] ljifodf k'gM k6s k6s d'2f ug{ lbg] xf] eg] Goflos lg0f{osf] dof{bf / kfngfdf k|Zg lrGx p7\g'sf] ;fy} ljjfb cGToxLg x'g hfg] / To;n] Goflos c/fhstf / ;dflhs c:tJo:ttfsf] l:ylt l;h{gf ub{5 . o;sf] cltl/Qm d'2fsf kIfx¿ tyf cbfntn] ;d]t Pp6} ljifo / ;dfg tYosf] pxL d'2fdf jf/Djf/ cndlng' kg]{ eO{ Goflos hl6ntf pTkGg x'g], cgfjZos ?kdf ;|f]t, ;fwg / ;dosf] b'?kof]u x'g] / ;dosf] cGt/fndf

c;+ut lg0f{ox¿ x'g;Sg] plQs} vt/f /xG5 . oL ;j} c;+ut s'/fx¿nfO{ /f]sL bfjL ul/Psf] ljifodf ;Ifd cbfntaf6 sfg"gtM Goflos lg?k0f e};s]kl5 ;f] lg0f{osf] cfb/, ;Ddfg / kfngfsf] vflt/ k'gM txL ljjfbsf] ljifonfO{ lnP/ d'2f lbg /f]s nufpg k|fªGofosf] l;4fGtn] aGb 9f]sfsf] ?kdf sfd ub{5 . tyflk of] l;4fGtn] sfg"gadf]lhd k'g/fj]bg ug{ kfpg] k'g/fj]bsLo dfu{nfO{ eg] lg:t]h ug{ g;Sg] . k'g/fj]bsn] rnfPsf] klxnf] sf/jfxLdf k|lqmofut q'l6sf] sf/0f cyf{t lgh z'?df unt If]qflwsf/df uPsf] sf/0f bfjL g} vf/]h ePsf] cj:yf x'Fbf k|:t't bfjLsf] ljifodf d'2fsf] clGtd lg0f{o ePsf] cj:yf b]lvg cfPg . bfjLsf] ljifo, kIfsf] x}l;ot, dfu]sf] pkrf/ h:tf s'/fx¿df ljdltsf] cj:yf gePkl5 o; cbfntaf6 ePsf] km};nfn] ljjfbsf] lg?k0f u/]sf] cj:yf geO{ oL k'g/fj]bs z'?df ;Ifd lgsfodf guPsf] egL If]qflwsf/sf] k|Zg p7fO{ vf/]h ePsf] cj:yfnfO{ bfjLsf] ljifodf clGtd km};nf ePsf] eGg] cy{ ug{ ldNg] b]lvFb}g . t;y{ k|:t't d'2fdf k'g/fj]bsn] rnfPsf] sf/jfxLdf c=j+= *% g+= cyf{t k|fªGofo -Resjudicate_ sf] l;4fGt cfslif{t x'g] eGg] gb]lvg] . Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* / u'7L ;+:yfg P]g, @)## cnu cnu ljifosf :jtGq P]g ePsf sf/0f u'7L ;+:yfg P]gn] Gofo k|zf;g P]gsf] sfg"gL Joj:yfnfO{ O+lut u/]sf] cj:yfdf afx]s u'7L ;+:yfg P]g, @)## cg'¿k ePsf sfd sf/jfxLsf] ;Gbe{df Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] Joj:yf cfslif{t x'G5 eGg gldNg] . Ohnf; clws[tM bLkss'df/ bfxfn Olt ;+jt @)^^ ;fn df3 !$ ut] /f]h % z'ed\ .


14

;+o'Qm Ohnf;

!

df=Gof= >L /fdk|;fb >]i7 / df=Gof= >L ;'zLnf sfsL{ @)^@ ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= (^^) / @)^! ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= (#(%, c+z rng, z'snIdL nfdf ;d]t lj= ;f]daxfb'/ nfdf / bzgf/fo0f nfdf lj= z'snIdL e08f/L c+z lbg'kg]{ bfloTjaf6 aRg 7f]; ;a"b k|df0fsf] cefjdf s]jn cg'dfg / cfz+sfsf] cfwf/df g} jfbL z'snIdL ljjflxt nf]Ug]nfO{ 5f8L /fdrGb| e08f/L;Fu kf]On uPsf] xf] egL 7x/ ug{ ldn]g . kf]On uPsf] k|dfl0ft x'g g;s]sf] l:yltdf jfbL z'snIdL k|ltjfbL bzgf/fo0fsf] ;To lgi7fdf /x]sf] dfGg'kg]{ ePsf]n] To:tf] kTgLnfO{ 3/af6 lgsfnf u/]sf] cj:yfdf jfbLn] c+z dfu ug{ kfpg] / k|ltjfbLn] klg c+z lbg'kg]{ . Ohnf; clws[tM nLnf/fh clwsf/L sDKo'6/ M ;/:jtL kf}8]n Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn df3 !@ ut] /f]h # z'ed\ .

• o;} k|s[ltsf] @)^^ ;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g+= )!(&, ufnL a]OHhtL, bzgf/fo0f nfdf lj= z'snIdL e08f/L nfdf ;d]t d'2fdf o;}cg'¿k lg0f{o ePsf] 5 .

@ df=Gof= >L /fdk|;fb >]i7 / df=Gof= >L tflx/ cnL cG;f/L, @)^) ;fnsf] kmf}+=k'=g+= ##*), e|i6frf/ -gSsnL k|df0fkq_, ;gts'df/ /]UdL lj= g]kfn ;/sf/ k|ltjfbLn] /f=k=låtLo >]0fL pk;lrj kbdf a9'jf x'gsf nflu b/vf:t kmf/fd ;fy k]z u/]sf] Pd=P sf] k|df0fkq g} Forged egL k|dfl0ft x'g cfPsf] cj:yfdf To:tf] k|df0fkq k]z ug]{ u/]sf] sfo{ g} tTsfn e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)!& sf] bkmf !@ adf]lhd s;"/hGo

/x]sf] b]lvPsf] cj:yfdf ljz]if cbfnt sf7df8f}Faf6 lgh k|ltjfbL ;gts'df/ /]UdLnfO{ tTsfn k|rlnt e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)!& sf] bkmf !@ adf]lhd s;"/bf/ 7x¥ofO{ ;f]xL bkmf !@ tyf @(-@_ adf]lhd ?= #))).– -tLg xhf/_ h/Ljfgf ug]{ u/]sf] ldlt @)^).#.! sf] km};nf d'gfl;j b]lvFbf ;b/ x'g] . Ohnf; clws[tM lji0f'k|;fb cof{n sDKo'6/ M ;/:jtL kf}8]n Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn k'; !@ ut] /f]h ! z'ed\

# df=Gof= >L /fdk|;fb >]i7 / df=Gof= >L ;'zLnf sfsL{, @)^% ;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g+= )##*, 7uL, 5qdfg >]i7 lj= bLks df:s] ;d]t a}+sdf /sd 5}g eGg] hfGbfhfGb} a}+saf6 /sd lng' xf]nf dnfO{ tTsfn /sd lbg';\ cfh} Pc/nfOG;sf] sfddf afwf kg]{ eof] egL em"7f s'/f agfO{ hfnkl/k~r /rL wf]sf lbO{ 5qdfg u'?ªnfO{ ukmntdf kf/L /sd n}hfg] / a}+sdf lghsf] vftfdf /sd 5}g eg] kl5 r]s lkmtf{ n}hfg] / /sd lkmtf{ lbg] sfo{ ;d]t gu/]sf] x'Fbf k|ltjfbLn] hfx]/jfnfnfO{ 7uL u/]sf] b]lvg] . Ohnf; clws[tM nLnf/fh clwsf/L sDKo'6/ M /fdz/0f ltdN;]gf Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn d+l;/ @* ut] /f]h ! z'ed\ .

$

df=Gof= >L /fdk|;fb >]i7 / df=Gof= >L df]xgk|sfz l;6f}nf @)^! ;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g+= #&(), hLp df:g] a]Rg], sdnL ofbj lj= g]kfn ;/sf/ ;d]t kLl8t / hfx]/jfnfsf] jskqaf6 ;d]t kLl8tnfO{ j]Zofj[lQ ug]{ sfo{df oL k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLn] ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf] eGg] s'/f k'li6 x'g cfPsf] b]lvG5 . o;sf] cltl/Qm cfkm"n] cleof]u bfjLadf]lhdsf] s;"/ u/]sf] xf]Og egL lhsL/ lng] oL k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLn] ;f]


15

lhsL/nfO{ :jtGq tyf lgZrofTds 7f]; ;a"b k|df0f k]z u/L k|dfl0ft ug{ ;Sg'kg]{df To:tf] k|df0f k]z u/L ;f]adf]lhd k|dfl0ft ug{ ;s]sf] klg b]lv+Fb}g . pQm hLp df:g] a]Rg] sfo{ -lgoGq0f_ P]g, @)$# sf] bkmf & adf]lhd To:tf] k|df0f k'¥ofpg] ef/ lgh k|ltjfbL cleo'Qmdfly g} lgxLt /xg] eGg] sfg"gL Joj:yf ;d]t /x]sf] l:yltdf ;f]adf]lhdsf] k|df0f k'¥ofO{ cfkm\gf] lhsL/nfO{ k'li6 u/L jfbLsf] k|df0fnfO{ v08g ug{ ;s]sf] ;d]t gb]lvPsf] cj:yfdf s]jn k'g/fj]bg lhsL/s} cfwf/df dfq lgh k|ltjfbLsf] pQm sfo{df ;+nUgtf /x]g5, cyf{t j]Zofj[lQ ug]{ sfo{df ;xof]u k'¥ofPsL /x]gl5g egL lghnfO{ cleof]u bfjLaf6 ;kmfO{ gldNg] . Ohnf; clws[tM lji0f'k|;fb cof{n sDKo'6/ M ;/:jtL kf}8]n Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn df3 !( ut] /f]h # z'ed\ .

% df=Gof= >L /fdk|;fb >]i7 df=Gof= >L ;'zLnf sfsL{, @)%( ;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g+= #!%$, e|i6frf/, g]kfn ;/sf/ lj= a;Gts'df/ s'Fj/ ;d]t k|ltjfbLx¿n] e|i6frf/sf] s;"/ u/]sf] k|dfl0ft ePsf] gb]lvFbf, ab\lgot tTjsf] cefjdf nfk/jfxLk"0f{ sfo{nfO{ e|i6frf/sf] ;+1f lbg gldNg] / /lhi6«]zg u/]sf] js;kqsf] lnvtcg';f/sf] hUuf k|ltjfbL >2f s]=;L=sf] gfddf bf=vf e} g;s]sf] Pj+ gk'u /fhZj dfu e} /x]sf] cj:yfdf k|ltjfbLx¿nfO{ u}/sfg"gL nfe e} g;s]sf] sf/0faf6 k|ltjfbLx¿n] e|i6frf/ u/]sf] eGg] bfjL k'Ug g;Sg] . Ohnf; clws[tM nLnf/fh clwsf/L sDKo'6/ M ;/:jtL kf}8]n Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn df3 !@ ut] /f]h # z'ed\ .

^ df=Gof= >L /fdk|;fb >]i7 / df=Gof= >L ;'zLnf sfsL{ kmf}=k'=g+= !(%, 8fFsf, g]kfn ;/sf/ lj= kbd dfgGw/ ;d]t sf7df8f}+sf] zx/L If]qleq ljxfg %M)), %M#) ah]sf] ;dodf ePsf] a;leq w]/} ofq' x'g] e} jf/bft x'Fbf x'nx'Hht, le8Gt x'g'kg]{ / cGo JolQm klg n'l6g' kg]{ ;f] s]xL ePsf] ldl;n ;+nUg sfuhaf6 b]lv+b}g . s]jn 5'/L b]vfPsf] eGg] / hfx]/jfnfnfO{ ! yKk8 xfgL af]Ng glbO{ /sd nu]sf] eGg] egfOn] xft xltof/ p7fO{ 5f8L, x'n x'Hht u/]sf] hLp Hofg lng] jf hvd c+ue+u x'g] ;Gbe{ k'li6 x'g g;Sg] x'Fbf jf/bft uDeL/ k|s[ltsf] dflgg] 8fFsfsf] ge} ha/h:tL rf]/Lsf] xf] eGg] b]lvg cfpg] . Ohnf; clws[tM nLnf/fh clwsf/L sDKo'6/ M /fdz/0f ltdN;]gf Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn d+l;/ @* ut] /f]h ! z'ed\ .

& df=Gof= >L /fdk|;fb >]i7 / df=Gof= >L lu/LzrGb| nfn, @)^$ ;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g+= )@@(, )$(%, )#*!, st{Jo Hofg, If]qaxfb'/ zfxL lj= g]kfn ;/sf/, s0f{axfb'/ ;]g lj= g]kfn ;/sf/ / g]kfn ;/sf/ lj= /0faxfb'/ rGb k|ltjfbLn] cfqmd0fstf{sf] 5'/L vf];L To;}nfO{ k|xf/ u/]sf] x'F eg]sf s'/fnfO{ dfg]/ ljrf/ ubf{ ;d]t klg 5'/L vf]l;;s]sf] cj:yfdf Hofg lng] cj:yfsf] ;Defjgf x'Fb}g / glhsdf ;fyL ;d]t x'Fbf xf/u'xf/ ug{;Sg] cj:yf ;d]t ljBdfg 5 . k|ltjfbLn] xf/u'xf/ ug{;Sg] cj:yf x'Fbf x'Fb} xf/u'xf/ d2t dfu]sf] cj:yf ;d]t 5}g . To;sf cltl/Qm d[ts;Fu ;fy} uPsf ;'/]z /f]sf, /Tgaxfb'/ / lk|td lj=s= If]qaxfb'/n] cfkm};Fu n'sfO{ NofPsf] 5'/L k|xf/ u/]sf] xf] egL jskq u/]sf] ;d]tn] cfTd/Iffsf] sf/0fn] dfq d[tssf] Hofg lng]


16

cj:yf lyof] eGg ;Sg] cj:yf ePg . To; sf/0f d[tssf] sf]vf h:tf] ;+j]bgzLn :yfgdf 5'/L k|xf/ u/]sf] sf/0fn] d[tssf] d[To' ePsf] / cfTd/Iffsf] nflu xltof/ rnfPsf] eGg] s'/f k'li6 x'g g;Sg] . Ohnf; clws[tM nLnf/fh clwsf/L sDKo'6/ M /fdz/0f ltdN;]gf Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn df3 !# ut] /f]h $ z'ed\ .

* df=Gof= >L /fdk|;fb >]i7 / df=Gof= >L lu/LzrGb| nfn, @)^$ ;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g+= #), nfu" cf}ifw v}/f] lx/f]Og, k|bLks'df/ zfx lj= g]kfn ;/sf/ ;d]t k|ltjfbLsf] kfOG6sf] uf]hLaf6 a/fdb ePsf] ;fdfg nfu" cf}ifw ePsf] k'li6 e} /x]sf] ;Gbe{df s]jn cbfntdf cfO{ s;"/df OGsf/ ePsf] cfwf/n] dfq k|ltjfbLn] s;"/ u/]sf] xf]Og eGg ;Sg] cj:yfsf] ljBdfgtf 5}g . k|ltjfbLn] clwsf/ k|fKt clwsf/L;dIf u/]sf] aofg, a/fdbL d'r'Nsf a/fdbL d'r'Nsfsf dflg;n] cbfntdf pkl:yt e} nfu" cf}ifw v}/f] lx/f]Og k|ltjfbLaf6} a/fdb ePsf] xf] egL askq ul/lbPaf6 k|ltjfbLn] nfu" cf}ifw -lgoGq0f_ P]g, @)#$ sf] bkmf $ sf] -3_ / -r_ sf] s;"/ u/]sf] b]lvg cfpg] . Ohnf; clws[tM nLnf/fh clwsf/L sDKo'6/ M ;/:jtL kf}8]n Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn df3 !# ut] /f]h $ z'ed\ .

( df=Gof= >L /fdk|;fb >]i7 / df=Gof= >L s[i0fk|;fb pkfWofo, @)^$ ;fnsf] l/6 g+= (#^, pTk|]if0fo'Qm k/dfb]z ;d]t, s]zj cof{n lj= sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfnt aa/dxn ;d]t sf7df8f}F lhNnf cbfntsf txl;nbf/n] cfkm"n] u/]sf] ldlt @)^!.@.^ sf] k"j{ cfb]z ab/ e};s]sf] cj:yftkm{ Wofg glbO{ k'gM ;f]xL cfb]znfO{ g} cufl8 a9fPsf] cj:yf b]lvof] . ;fy} lhNnf GofofwLz / k'g/fj]bg

cbfntaf6 ;d]t c+z d'2fsf] km};nf / cfkm"n] o;cl3 u/]sf] cfb]zcg'¿k eP gePsf] eGg]tkm{ uDeL/tfk"j{s ljrf/ gu/L txl;nbf/sf] cfb]znfO{ g} lg/Gt/tf lbg] u/L cfb]z ePsf] cj:yfn] b08 ;hfosf] ^! g+= / c=j+= !& g+= cGtu{tsf] k|lqmofdf ;d]t q'l6 sfod} /xg uPsf] kfOg] . Ohnf; clws[tM nLnf/fh clwsf/L sDKo'6/ M /fdz/0f ltdN;]gf Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn k'; ( ut] /f]h % z'ed\ .

Ohnf; g+= !

!

df=Gof= >L lvn/fh /]UdL / df=Gof= >L k]|d zdf{, @)^% ;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g+= )$*#, ;jf/L Hofg, v'daxfb'/ 9'Ëfgf lj= g]kfn ;/sf/ k|ltjfbLnfO{ @ jif{ b]lv !) jif{;Dd s}b x'g;Sg] cleof]u nufOPsf] / ;f] cleof]u k|dfl0ft ePsf] cj:yfdf Gofostf{n] :jljj]sdf Go"gtd @ jif{ s}b ;hfo u/]sf] sf/0fn] dfq b08 ;hfosf] !! s g+= sf] Joj:yfadf]lhd cleof]u bfjLadf]lhdsf] s;"/nfO{ tLg jif{eGbf sd s}bsf] ;hfo x'g] s;"/ dfGg gldNg] . Ohnf; clws[tM g]qk|sfz cfrfo{ sDKo'6/ M a]bgf clwsf/L Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn d+l;/ @% ut] /f]h % z'ed\ .

@ df=Gof= >L lvn/fh /]UdL / df=Gof= >L k]|d zdf{, @)^% ;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g+= )$)$, oftgf tyf Ifltk"lt{, lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no afUn'Ë lj= /fh]Gb|axfb'/ s]=;L y'g'jf eGgfn] cg';Gwfgsf] l;nl;nfdf d'2f x]g]{ clwsf/Lsf] cfb]zaf6 y'gfdf /x]sf] cjlw / k'k{Ifsf] nflu y'gfdf /x]sf] cjlw ;d]tnfO{ hgfpg] egL ljleGg sfg"gL Joj:yfaf6 k|i6 /x]s} b]lvG5 . oftgf eGg] s'/f


17

cg';Gwfgsf] l;nl;nfdf y'gfdf /x]sf JolQmnfO{ dfq lbOG5 egL ;+s'lrt JofVof ug'{ pko'Qm gx'g] / oftgf, d'2f x]g]{ clwsf/Lsf] cfb]zkZrft\ k'k{Ifsf] nflu y'gfdf -sf/fuf/_ /x]sf] JolQmnfO{ klg lbg;Sg] cj:yf ljBdfg x'Fbf oftgf tyf Ifltk"lt{ P]g, @)%# sf] bkmf %-!_ sf] cfkm"nfO{ oftgf lbPsf] ldltn] jf y'gfd'Qm ePsf] ldltn] #% lbgleq ph"/ ug{;Sg] Joj:yfadf]lhd cfkm" y'gfd} x'Fbfsf cj:yfdf lbPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] lkm/fb xbDofb gf3L bfo/ ePsf] eGg] gb]lvFbf k|ltjfbL lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no jfun'ªsf] xbDofb gf3L lkm/fb bfo/ ePsf] eGg] b]lvg gcfpg] . Ohnf; clws[tM g]qk|sfz cfrfo{ sDKo'6/ M d's'Gb lji6 Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn d+l;/ @% ut] /f]h % z'ed\ .

# df=Gof= >L lvn/fh /]UdL / df=Gof= >L uf}/L 9sfn, @)^) ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= (@&$, c+z btf{, /fdk|;fb dxtf] rfO{ ;d]t lj= /fdnvg dxtf] rfO{ s]an k|ltjfbLn] tfobftLdf kmnfgf kmnfgf JolQmaf6 lnPsf] C0f ltg{ a'emfpg afFsL 5 ;a} c+lzof/nfO{ efu nufO{ kfpFm egL pNn]v ub}{df ;f]xLadf]lhd c+z d'2faf6} C0f;d]t efu nfUg] egL af]Ng gldNg] . c+z d'2faf6} C0fsf ;DaGwdf af]lng] ljifo gx'Fbf kl5 sfg"gadf]lhd ;fx"sf] gfn]z k/]df ;f] d'2faf6 ;f] C0fsf] ;DaGwdf lgSof}{n x'g] g} x'G5 . s]jn k|ltjfbLn] tfobftLdf kmnfgf kmnfgf JolQmaf6 lnPsf] C0f ltg{ a'emfpg afFsL 5 ;a} c+lzof/nfO{ efu nufO{ kfpFm egL pNn]v ub}{df ;f]xLadf]lhd c+z d'2faf6} C0f ;d]t efu nfUg] egL af]Ng gldNg] . Ohnf; clws[tM g]qk|sfz cfrfo{ sDKo'6/ M a]bgf clwsf/L Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn d+l;/ @# ut] /f]h # z'ed\ .

• o;} k|s[ltsf] @)^) ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= (@&% c+z btf{, aL/axfb'/ dxtf] rfO{ lj= b'vL dxtf] rfO{ d'2fdf o;}cg'¿k lg0f{o ePsf] 5 .

$ df=Gof= >L lvn/fh /]UdL / df=Gof= >L k]|d zdf{, @)^% ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= )@%#, df]n lauf] e/fO{ kfpFm, kbdaxfb'/ dxt lj= e}/jgfy u'7L Joj:yfkg ;ldlt h'Dnf ;d]t ;Demf}tf x'Fbfsf cj:yfdf 3Lp t]n a'emfpg' kg]{ u/L ;Demf}tf ePsf] b]lvP klg ;dosf] cGt/fnkZrft\ kl/jt{g ug{ ;lsg] g} Joj:yf x'Fbf ;f] 3Lp t]nsf] ;§f gub} ef8f sfod ul/Psf] egL jfbLnfO{ ljleGg ldltdf kq lbOPsf] klg b]lvG5 . ;f] ef8f b/df jfbLsf] df}sfdf cfklQ /x]sf] eGg] klg b]lvg cfPg . ;Demf}tfdf 3Lp t]n xhf{ ug{ gkfpg] eGg] pNn]v ePsf]df kl5 gub} a'emfpg] zt{nfO{ jfbLn] :jLsf/ u/L k|df0fdf k]z u/]sf] e/kfO{af6 gub}{ a'emfPsf] eGg] b]lvFbf xfn cfP/ jfbLn] @)%( r}tb]lv ;Demf}tfcg';f/sf] ef8f a'emfPsf] k|df0f k]z ug{ ;s]sf] gb]lvFbf jfbLn] ;Demf}tfadf]lhd -3Lp t]n xhf{ u/L_ zt{sf] k|ToIf pNn+3g u/]sf] eGg] b]lvof] . ;Demf}tf pNn+3g u/]sf] cj:yfdf Ifltk"lt{sf] dfu ug{ gkfpg] l:ylt ;Demf}tfdf g} pNn]v ePsf] b]lvFbf @)$* ;fndf gofF 3/ agfPsf]n] ;f] agfpFbf nfu]sf] 9'Ëf, df6f] / sf7afktsf] Ifltk"lt{ /sd jfbLn] dfu ug{ kfpg] cj:yf ;d]t b]lvg gcfpg] . Ohnf; clws[tM g]qk|sfz cfrfo{ sDKo'6/ M a]bgf clwsf/L Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn d+l;/ @% ut] /f]h % z'ed\ .

% df=Gof= >L lvn/fh /]UdL / df=Gof= >L k]|d zdf{, @)^% ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= )#^%, afnL ljuf], dun' a/} lj= hudf]xg a/}


18

hUuf ldRg]sf] !* g+= df hUufsf] emu8f k/]sf] jfnLsf] xsdf hUufsf] xs 5'l§O{ clGtd lsgf/f ePsf] ldltn] Ps jif{leq gfn]; lbO;Sg' kg]{ Joj:yf /x]sf]df ;d]t ljjfb ug]{ 7fpF gb]lvg] .

c+z d'2fdf xs 5'l§g] sfo{ ;f] km};nf sfof{Gjog e};s]kl5 dfq x'g] x'Fbf ;f] km};nf sfof{Gjog ePsf] ldltnfO{ ;f] d'2fsf] clGtd lsgf/f ePsf] ldlt dfgL hUuf ldRg]sf] !* g+= sf] Dofbleq} bfo/ ePsf] lkm/fbnfO{ xbDofb gf3L bfo/ ePsf] egL dfGg gldNg] . Ohnf; clws[tM g]qk|sfz cfrfo{ sDKo'6/ M a]bgf clwsf/L Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn d+l;/ @% ut] /f]h % z'ed\ .

^ df=Gof= >L lvn/fh /]UdL / df=Gof= >L uf}/L 9sfn, @)^) ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= ($@#, lnvt ab/, nfn dxdb w'lgof lj= /fdb]j kl08t s'Dxf/ @)%%.#.!# df e} cfPsf] gS;f d'r'Nsf x]bf{ g=g+= & emu8f k/]sf] hUuf / ;f]sf] k"j{df g=g+= * sf] hUuf /x]sf] b]lvof] . b]=g+= !#!^ sf] d'2fdf ePsf] gS;f d'r'Nsfsf] g=g+= ! / $ k|:t't d'2fsf] gS;f d'r'Nsfsf] g=g+= # / * tyf g=g+= @ emu8f k/]sf] g=g+= & df pNn]v ePsf] s'/fnfO{ k|ltjfbLn] cGoyf eGg ;s]sf] b]lvPg . ;fljs g=g+= @ /fdb]j kl08tsf] ef]udf eGg] pNn]v e} /x]sf]df ;f]xL hUuf k|:t't d'2fsf] g=g+= & /x]sf] eGg] b]lvFbf k|:t't d'2fdf ePsf] gS;f d'r'Nsfsf] g=g+= # / * df ;Dd k|ltjfbL sf/L kl08t s'Dxf/sf] xs ePsf]df cfkm\gf] g=g+= sf] * sf] hUuf afFsL g} /fvL ;f]eGbf klZrdsf] xs} gk'Ug] g=g+= & sf] emu8f hlgPsf] hUuf / g+= %%*^ ldlt @)%@.!!.!# sf] /fhLgfdf lnvtaf6 k|ltjfbL nfn dxDdb w'lgofnfO{ xs5f8L lbPsf] b]lvFbf

To:tf] xs} gk'Ug] JolQmn] ul/lbPsf] lnvtn] dfGotf kfpg g;Sg] . Ohnf; clws[tM g]qk|sfz cfrfo{ sDKo'6/ M a]bgf clwsf/L Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn d+l;/ @# ut] /f]h # z'ed\ .

& df=Gof= >L lvn/fh /]UdL / df=Gof= >L lu/LzrGb| nfn, @)^@ ;fnsf] l/6 g+= #!^#, pTk|]if0f k/dfb]z, k|bLk lzNksf/ ;d]t lj= k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6g ;d]t km};nf sfof{Gjogsf] r/0fdf ljrf/fwLg /x]sf] ljifoj:t'pk/ o; cbfntaf6 cfb]z x'Fbf km};nf sfof{Gjogsf] k|lqmofdf ;d]t x:tIf]k x'g hfg ;Sg] cj:yf b]lvG5 eg] ;f]cg'¿k c+z d'2fdf ePsf] km};nfnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL jfbL k|ltjfbLx¿ aLr a08fs} qmddf /x]sf ;DklQx¿ j08f nufpg] sfo{ ;dfKt gePsf] cj:yf tyf ;f]xL cj:yfnfO{ dWogh/ /fvL k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ;d]t cfb]z ePsf] b]lvFbf lgj]bg bfjLcg'¿k k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gaf6 ePsf] cfb]z lgj]bg bfjLsf] c+z d'2fdf ePsf] km};nfsf] dd{ljk/Lt ePsf] eGg] b]lvg gcfpg] . Ohnf; clws[tM s[i0fk|;fb ;'j]bL sDKo'6/ M a]bgf clwsf/L Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn c;f]h @( ut] /f]h % z'ed\

* df=Gof= >L lvn/fh /]UdL / df=Gof= >L uf}/L 9sfn, @)^! ;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g+= #*)^, hfn;fhL, hf]u]Gb| ofbj ;d]t lj= dg?kLofb]jL ofbj ;d]t jfbL k|ltjfbLx¿ ;uf]nsf c+lzof/ sfod eO{ jfbL bfjLsf] ldlt @)$&.^.@@ sf] j08fkqsf] lnvt ;d]t jfbLsf] c+z efu hltsf] ab/ x'g] 7x/ ePsf] cfwf/ Pj+ sf/0faf6 z'? wg'iff lhNnf cbfntn] xbDofbsf] cefjdf lkm/fb vf/]h ug]{ 7x¥ofPsf] km};nfnfO{ OG;fkmdf tflTjs c;/


19

gkg]{ egL pN6L u/L bfjLsf] lnvtnfO{ hfn;fhLsf] ;+1f glbO{ s]jn jfbL bfjL gk'Ug] . Ohnf; clws[tM s[i0fk|;fb ;'j]bL sDKo'6/ M a]bgf clwsf/L Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn c;f]h @% ut] /f]h ! z'ed\

( df=Gof= >L lvn/fh /]UdL df=Gof= >L uf}/L 9sfn, @)^! ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= !)))^, c+z, hf]u]Gb| ofbj ;d]t lj= dg?kLofb]jL ofbj ;d]t d'n'sL P]gdf ePsf] ;ftf} ;+zf]wgk"j{sf] cj:yf / pQm ;+zf]wgkZrft\sf] cj:yf Pj+ k|s[lt k[ys k[ys ?ksf] ePsf]n] ;ftf}F ;+zf]wgkZrft\sf] cj:yfdf ePsf sfd sf/jfxL Pj+ Jojxf/nfO{ dfq cfwf/ lnO{ ;ftf}+ ;+zf]wgk"j{sf] cj:yfnfO{ gh/cGbfh ug'{ c+zj08fsf] #) g+= sf] dg;foljk/Lt x'g hfG5 . o; cj:yfdf k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLx¿n] pNn]v u/]sf Jojxf/x¿ c+zj08fsf] #) g+= sf] kl/k|]Iodf :jtM uf}0f x'g k'u]sf] b]lvFbf o;tkm{sf] k|ltjfbLx¿sf] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ klg sfg"g;Ddt Pj+ ts{;+ut gb]lvg] . Ohnf; clws[tM s[i0fk|;fb ;'j]bL sDKo'6/ M a]bgf clwsf/L Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn c;f]h @% ut] /f]h ! z'ed\ o;} nufpsf lgDg d'2fx¿df o;}cg'¿k lg0f{o ePsf] 5 M

@)^! ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= !)))& j08f ab/ btf{ ab/, hf]u]Gb| ofbj ;d]t lj= dg?kLofb]jL ofbj ;d]t

@)^! ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+=#*)^, hfn;fhL, hf]u]Gb| ofbj ;d]t lj= dg?kLofb]jL ofbj ;d]t

!) df=Gof= >L lvn/fh /]UdL df=Gof= >L cjw]zs'df/ ofbj, @)^$ ;fnsf] l/6 g+=

)##$, pTk]|if0f k/dfb]z, /fh]Gb| vgfn lj= k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] ;lrjfno ;d]t lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf !#-!_ sf] k|ltaGwfTds jfSof+zdf ePsf] Joj:yfadf]lhd ^ dlxgfeGbf a9L cjlwsf] nflu sfod d'sfod lgo'lQm ug{ gkfOg] egL ePsf] Joj:yfadf]lhd @)^#.$.@@ df sfod d'sfod lgo'Qm ug]{ u/L ePsf] lg0f{o @)^#.!).@@ ;Dd dfq sfod /xg] egL lgj]bsn] cfkm\gf] l/6 lgj]bgdf pNn]v u/]sf]df lgj]bsn] ;f] ab/sf] nflu ljnDj u/L @)^$.^.@! df dfq k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg bfo/ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . lnlvt hjfkm k]z ubf{sf] cj:yf;Dd ;f] sfod d'sfod sfod /x]sf] eGg] gb]lvFbf ;f] ab/ ul/kfpFm eGg] lgj]bssf] bfjL cf}lrTok"0f{ b]lvg gcfpFbf / :jtM lgik|efjL b]lvg] . Ohnf; clws[tM g]qk|sfz cfrfo{ sDKo'6/ M d's'Gb lji6 Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn d+l;/ @$ ut] /f]h $ z'ed\

Ohnf; g+= @

!

df=Gof= >L an/fd s]=;L= / df=Gof= >L k]|d zdf{, @)^! ;fnsf] l/6 g+= ##^*, pTk]|if0f, ;'hLt d'Gb'n lj= >d cbfnt ;d]t >d sfof{nosf] k"/f lg0f{o ;DaGwdf ge} a}+sn] 6]«8 o"lgog btf{ ;DaGwdf cfjZos ;xof]u gu/]sf] eGb} ;xof]u ug'{ egL lgb]{zgfTds cfb]z hf/L u/]sf] xsdf ;Dd k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf k|Zg p7fPsf] kfOof] . >d sfof{nosf] ldlt @)^!.@.!* sf] kqaf6 dfu u/]sf] ljj/0f lgj]bs a}+sn] ldlt @)^!.@.@* sf] kqåf/f >d sfof{nonfO{ pknAw u/fPsf] eGg] Joxf]/f ldl;n ;+nUg kqaf6 b]lvG5 . o;/L >d sfof{nosf] dfuadf]lhdsf] ljj/0f pknAw u/fPsf] b]lv+bfb]lv+b} klg ;f] kqnfO{


20

Notice df glnO{ lgj]bs a}+ssf lj?4df >d cbfntaf6 a}+sn] ;xof]u gu/]sf] egL hf/L u/]sf] lgb]{zgfTds cfb]z ;f] xb;Dd ldn]sf] gb]lvFbf pTk]|if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f ab/ x'g] . Ohnf; clws[tM lji0f'k|;fb pkfWofo sDKo'6/ M ljZj/fh kf]v/]n Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn kmfu'g $ ut] /f]h # z'ed\ .

@ df=Gof= >L an/fd s]=;L= / df=Gof= >L s[i0fk|;fb pkfWofo, @)^# ;fnsf] l/6 g+= )^#– WO- )!((, pTk]|if0f ldl>t k|ltif]w, dfwjk|;fb e08f/L lj= hn;|f]t dGqfno ;d]t lgj]bs sDkgLnfO{ sfnf] ;"rLdf /fVbf lgj]bsnfO{ cfkm\gf] s'/f eGg] jf k|ltjfb ug]{ df}sf k|bfg u/]sf] eGg] b]lvg cfpFb}g . k|fs[lts Gofosf] l;4fGtcg';f/ ;hfo jf sf/jfxL ug'{ cufl8 cfkm\gf] egfO /fVg] df}sf lbg' kb{5 . ;DalGwt JolQmn] cfkm"n] lbPsf] jf n]vfPsf] 7]ufgfdf kqfrf/ u/L af]nfpg] xf] . o;/L kqfrf/ ubf{ kq a'emL j]jf:tf u5{ jf kq a'em\b}g jf dflg; km]nf kb}{g eg] sf/jfxL ug'{ cufl8 ;fj{hlgs ;"rgf k|sflzt u/]/ klg hfgsf/L lbg ;lsG5 . t/ o;df ;"rgf k|sflzt u/]sf] t/ ;"rgfdf sf/jfxL ul/g] af/] hfgsf/L lbPsf] b]lvPg . k|ltjfb jf ;'g'jfOsf] df}sf k|bfg gu/L ePsf] sfg"gL sf/jfxL Pj+ lg0f{on] sfg"gL dfGotf k|fKt ug{ g;Sg] . Ohnf; clws[tM gf/fo0fk|;fb /]UdL sDKo'6/ M lgd{nf e§ Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn k'; @) ut] /f]h @ z'ed\ .

Ohnf; g+= # !

df=Gof= >L tkaxfb'/ du/ / df=Gof= >L k]|d zdf{ l/6 g+= )^#– WO– )*$(, pTk]|if0f ;d]t, uugaxfb'/ sfsL{ lj= u[x dGqfno ;d]t

k|x/L lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod **-em_ sf] s;"/ u/]sf] egL P]= sf] lgod *$-5_ cg';f/ eljiodf ;/sf/L gf]s/Lsf] nflu cof]Uo g7xl/g] u/L gf]s/Laf6 x6fpg] u/L ljkIfL dxfgu/Lo k|x/L kx/fu0f d'Vofnosf k|x/L pk/LIfsn] ldlt @)^#.(.!^ df u/]sf] lg0f{o / ;f] pk/ k'g/fj]bg ;'gL ljkIfL k|x/L gfoj dxflg/LIfsn] ldlt @)^#.!!.!! df u/]sf] lg0f{o ;d]t sfg"g Pj+ k|ltkflbt l;4fGtsf] ljk/Lt e} q'l6k"0f{ /x]sf] b]lvPsf]n] pQm b'j} lg0f{ox¿ pTk]|if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f ab/ ul/lbPsf] 5 . ca lgj]bsnfO{ ;flass} kbdf k'gj{xfnL u/L sfg"gadf]lhd lghn] kfpg] ;'ljwf ;d]t lbg' lbnfpg' egL ljkIfLx¿sf gfddf k/dfb]z ;d]t hf/L x'g] . Ohnf; clws[t M dx]Gb|k|;fb kf]v/]n sDKo'6/ M ;'lbk k+1fgL Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn kmfu'g !& ut] /f]h @ z'ed\

@ df=Gof= >L tkaxfb'/ du/ / df=Gof= >L /fh]Gb|k|;fb sf]O/fnf b]=k'=g+= )^#– CI– !))!, !@)!, afnL ljuf] e/fOkfpFm, u+ufbQ hf]zL lj= zflGtb]jL vqL ;d]t, zflGtb]jL vqL lj= u+ufbQ hf]zL ;d]t hUuf ldRg]sf] !* g+= / b08 ;hfosf] $#-%_ g+= sf Joj:yfx¿ kl/k"/s geO{ k/:k/ :jtGq /x]sf] cj:yfdf b08 ;hfosf] $#-%_ g+= cGtu{t cbfntaf6 k'gM rng rnfOlbg] u/L ePsf] cfb]znfO{ xs 5'l§g] u/L ePsf] d"n km};nf ;/x dfgL ;f] cfb]z ePsf] ldltaf6 hUuf ldRg]sf] !* g+= xbDofb 6]sL afnLtkm{ gfln; ug{ gldNg] . Ohnf; clws[t M dft[sfk|;fb cfrfo{ sDKo'6/ M ;'lbk k+1fgL Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn k'; !( ut] /f]h ! z'ed\ .

# df=Gof= >L tkaxfb'/ du/ / df=Gof= >L /fh]Gb|k|;fb sf]O/fnf kmf}=k'=g+=)^#–CR–)#(@,


21

st{Jo Hofg, g]kfn ;/sf/ lj= afns[i0f 9'ª]n ;d]t

jf/bftdf ;+nUg /x]sf] dtnaL egL ;hfo ul/;s]kl5 u'xf/ glbPsf] / s;"/ hfx]/ gu/]sf] eGg]tkm{sf] ;hfo ul//xg kg]{ cj:yf gb]lvFbf k|ltjfbLx¿nfO{ Hofg ;DaGwLsf] !&-#_ g+= cg';f/ tLg jif{ s}b ;hfo x'g] .

jf/bft:yndf pkl:ylt /x]sf] eGg] tYo 7f]; Pj+ z+sf/lxt ta/af6 k'li6 x'g ;s]sf] b]lvg gcfPsfn] k|ltjfbLx¿nfO{ cleof]u dfu bfjLaf6 ;kmfO x'g] .

Ohnf; clws[t M dft[sfk|;fb cfrfo{ sDKo'6/ M ;'lbk k+1fgL Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn k'; !( ut] /f]h ! z'ed\ .

$ df=Gof=>L /fh]Gb|k|;fb sf]O/fnf / df=Gof= >L k|sfz j:tL, b]=k'=g+= *$(#, hUuf btf{, b]jL a/} lj= /fdfgGb /fpt a/} ;d]t k'g/fj]bs jfbLn] bfjL u/]sf hUufdWo] k|ltjfbL /fhdg /fpt j/}n] jfbLn] @)@$.!!.! df ePsf] ldnfkqadf]lhd kfpg] egL :jLsf/ u/]sf lsQf, lkmN8a'saf6 jfbL tyf jfbLsf afa'sf] gfddf n]lvP b]lvPsf hUuf / d"n k|ltjfbLn] OGsf/ gu/]sf ejfgLk'/ juxL / 3'dL{sf hUuf jfbLsf gfddf bf=vf= btf{ ul/lbg] u/L km};nf ug'{kg]{df xssfod u/L hUuf btf{ ul/kfpFm eGg] jfbL bfjL k'Ug] x'Fbf df]x/dfgsf 5f]/f, gflt, a'xf/L ;d]tsf kl/jf/sf gfddf gfkLdf ;d]t n]vfO{ b]vfOPsf hUuf jfbLsf gfddf xs sfod x'g] e} bf=vf= btf{ ;d]t x'g] . Ohnf; clws[t M gf/fo0f /]UdL sDKo'6/ M gd|tf af:tf]nf Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn ebf} @# ut] /f]h ! z'ed\ .

Ohnf; g+= $

df=Gof= >L bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{ / df=Gof= >L /fds'df/k|;fb zfx l/6 g+= )^#– WO- )&%#, pTk]|if0f ;d]t, b]jLr/0fk|;fb s]j6 lj= lhNnf lzIff sfof{no ?kGb]xL ;d]t z}lIfs of]Uotfsf] k|df0fkqdf plNnlvt hGdldltn] dfGotf kfpg g;Sg] ePsf] / j}olQms ljj/0fdf plNnlvt hGdldlt / lgh :jo+n] g} ;f] ;fy k]z u/]sf] @)@^.!).@) df gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq ln+bfsf cj:yfdf @# jif{ n]lvPsf] ;f] k|df0fkqaf6 b]lvFbf lghsf] hGdldlt lj=;+= @))#.!).@) sfod x'g] e} ;f] hGd ldltn] lgh klxn] cjsfz kfpg] b]lvg cfpg] s'/fdf ljjfb 5}g . cfkm\gf] gful/stfsf] k|df0fkqdf n]lvPsf] ;f] hGd ldltnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL lgh l/6 lgj]bsn] ldlt @)^#.(.!^ df lhNnf lzIff sfof{no ?kGb]xLdf cfkm" pd]/sf] lx;fan] clgjfo{ cjsfz x'g] ePsf]n] Ps tx a9'jf kfpFm egL cfkm}+n] :jLsf/ u/L lgj]bg lbO{ clgjfo{ cjsfz kfpg'eGbf ! dlxgf cufl8b]lv a9'jf k|fKt u/L clgjfo{ cjsfz kfPsf] cj:yf x'Fbf l/6 lgj]bss} lgj]bg dfusf cfwf/df lghnfO{ cjsfz lbOPsf] x'Fbf pQm cjsfz lbg] lg0f{oaf6 lghsf] k]zf /f]huf/ ug{ kfpg] xs s'l07t ePsf] eGg] lhsL/ sfg"g;+ut dfGg gldNg] . Ohnf; clws[t M x]daxfb'/ ;]g sDKo'6/ M ejfgL 9'+ufgf Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn d+l;/ ( ut] /f]h # z'ed\ .

Ohnf; g+= %

! df=Gof= >L /fds'df/k|;fb zfx / df=Gof= >L k|sfz j:tL @)^$ ;fnsf] l/6 g+= ))#&,


22

aGbL k|ToIfLs/0f, /lj bfxfn lj= /fh' clwsf/L ;d]t lgj]bssf tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljåfg clwjQmfn] d]/f] kIf aGbLnfO{ k|ToyL{x¿n] ldlt @)^^.!).* sf lbg g} d'Qm u/L lghsf] cfdf / lgj]bssf] efOnfO{ lhDdf nufO{ k7fPsf] egL Ohnf;;dIf JoQm u/]sf] / ;f] s'/fsf] lnlvt ?kdf hfgsf/L ;d]t u/fPsf]n] lgj]bg lhsL/sf ;DaGwdf tYoleq k|j]z u/L ;+j}wflgs / :jtGqtf;DaGwL xs xgg\ ePsf] y'gfdf /x]sf] elgPsL JolQm xfn y'gfd'Qm eO;s]sf] b]lv+bf k|:t't lgj]bgpk/ c? ljrf/ u/L /xg gkg]{ . Ohnf; clws[tM >Lk|;fb ;+h]n sDKo'6/ M cld//Tg dxh{g Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn df3 !$ ut] /f]h % z'ed\ .

@ df=Gof= >L /fds'df/k|;fb zfx / df=Gof= >L sNof0f >]i7, @)^% ;fnsf] l/=g+= !)^@, pTk]|if0f ldl>t k/dfb]z, v]dh+u kf08] lj= g]kfn jfo';]jf lgud ;d]t ljb]zl:yt sfof{nodf vl6Psf] sd{rf/Ln] clglZrt sfn;Dd ljbf :jLs[t gu/fO{ sfof{nodf cg'kl:yt /x]sf] cj:yfdf sd{rf/L;DaGwL ljlgodfjnLdf ePsf] Joj:yf Pj+ k|lqmofadf]lhd cjsfz lbg] u/L ePsf] lg0f{o sfg"g;Ddt g} x'Fbf lgj]bssf] dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L ug'{kg]{ cj:yf b]lvg gcfpFbf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] . Ohnf; clws[tM >Lk|sfz pk]|tL sDKo'6/ M ;/:jtL kf}8]n Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn sflQs !% ut] /f]h ! z'ed\

# df=Gof= >L /fds'df/k|;fb zfx / df=Gof= >L k|sfz j:tL @)^! ;fnsf] kmf}+=k'=g+= #$@*, gsahgL rf]/L, z]if /O{; cfnd lj= g]kfn ;/sf/

k|df0fsf] dxTj ;+Vofdf xf]Og cfkm\gf] u'0fjQfdf lge{/ /xG5 . k|df0f eGg] s'/f k|s[ltn] xf]Og, cfkm\gf] ljZj;gLotfsf cfwf/df d"NoflÍt x'G5 . o; s;Ldf x]bf{ a/fdbL d'r'Nsfdf a:g] j]bk|;fb g]kfn / sflzd ldofF ;d]tn] a/fdbL d'r'Nsf cfkm\gf] /f]xj/df ePsf] egL cbfntdf pkl:yt eO{ jskq ul/lbPsf] b]lvG5 . ;f] d'r'Nsfsf ;fIfL l6sfbQ ltjf/Ln] k|ltjfbL z]if /O{; cfndn] of] ;fdfg oxfF oxfF 5 eGb} b]vfP egL cbfntdf ePsf] jskqdf pNn]v ul/lbPsf] klg kfOG5 . k|ltjfbL z]if /O{;n] clwsf/k|fKt clwsf/L;dIf u/]sf] ;fljtL aofg bzL ;d]tsf k|df0fx¿af6 k'li6 eO/x]sf] b]lvG5 . o; cj:yfdf ;f] k|x/Ldf ePsf] ;fljtL tyf ;f]nfO{ k'li6 ug]{ a/fdbL d'r'Nsf ;d]tsf k|df0fx¿sf ljk/Lt lghsf] cbfntdf ePsf] OGsf/L aofgnfO{ ;To ;fFrf] dfGg gldNg] . Ohnf; clws[tM >Lk|sfz pk]|tL sDKo'6/ M /fg' kf}8]n Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn sflQs !& ut] /f]h # z'ed\

$ df=Gof= >L /fds'df/k|;fb zfx / df=Gof= >L e/t/fh pk]|tL, @)^@ ;fnsf] l/6 g+= #)%$, pTk]|if0f, dx]zs'df/ yklnof lj= g]kfn ;/sf/ s/f/Lo bfloTj k"/f u/fpg] jf s/f/Lo bfloTj k"/f gePsf] sf/0fn] pTkGg Ifltsf] nflu kof{Kt sfg"gL pkrf/sf] j}slNks Joj:yf ePsf] ljifo cbfntsf] ;fwf/0f If]qflwsf/sf] ljifo ePsf]n] ;+j}wflgs pkrf/ dfu ug{ gldNg] / lgj]bgdf cfJxfg ul/Psf] elgPsf] af]nkqsf] ;"rgfadf]lhd k|lt:kwf{df lgj]bs ;d]t ;fd]n x'g;Sg] g} x'Fbf o; cbfntaf6 dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L ug{ gldNg] . Ohnf; clws[t M >Lk|sfz pk]|tL sDKo'6/ M /fg' kf}8]n Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn d+l;/ !% ut] /f]h @ z'ed\ .


23

Ohnf; g+= ^ !

df=Gof= >L sNof0f >]i7 / df=Gof= >L lu/LzrGb| nfn, @)^$ ;fnsf] l/6 g+= WO--))!@, pTk]|if0f ;d]t, ;'zLn dxh{g lj= ;fg'd}of dxh{g ;d]t hUuf ldlrPsf] egL lhsL/ lnPsf]df ;f]pk/ hfFra'em e} ;+zf]lwt gS;f ;d]t k]z ePsf] / ;f]xL cfwf/df ljkIfL pkdxfgu/kflnsfn] gS;f kfl/t ug]{ lg0f{o u/]sf] b]lvof] . lgj]bssf] hUuf ;d]t ldrL gS;f kf; u/L 3/ agfPsf] eP ;f] s'/fdf ;fwf/0f clwsf/If]qcGt{ut pkrf/ dfu ug{;Sg] g} b]lvG5 . lgj]bssf] hUuf ;d]t 3';fO{ gS;f b/vf:t lbPsf] xf] jf xf]Og eGg] s'/f ljjflbt /x]sf] cj:yfdf l/6 If]qaf6 lgSof}{n ug{ gldNg] x'Fbf ;d]t dfuadf]lhd cfb]z hf/L ug{ gldNg] . Ohnf; clws[t M ljdn kf}8]n sDKo'6/ M wgaxfb'/ u'?ª Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn sflQs * ut] /f]h ! z'ed\

@ df=Gof= >L sNof0f >]i7 / df=Gof= >L k|sfz j:tL, @)^# ;fnsf] l/6 g+= (^@, pTk]|if0f, k/dfb]z, uh]Gb| ljqmd /f0ff lj= If]qLo k|x/L sfof{no ;'v]{t ;d]t If]qLo k|x/L sfof{no jL/]Gb|gu/ ;'v]{tn] oL lgj]bsnfO{ ;]jfaf6 x6fpg] u/L ldlt @)^#.&.@& df u/]sf] lg0f{osf] k'g/fj]bg ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu lgj]bssf gfddf hf/L u/]sf] kqsf] ldlt @)^#.*.!& df ePsf] tfd]nL sfg"gL Joj:yfadf]lhd tfd]n ePsf] gb]lvFbf pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f ab/ x'g] . Ohnf; clws[t M >Lk|sfz pk]|tL sDKo'6/ M /fg' kf}8]n Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn kmfu'g # ut] /f]h @ z'ed\ .

# df=Gof= >L sNof0f >]i7 / df=Gof= >L k|sfz j:tL, @)^@ ;fnsf] l/6 g+= #!%!, pTk]|if0fo'Qm k/dfb]z, k|Nxfb -rf}w/L_ yf? lj= lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no l;/xf ;d]t lgj]bssf gfddf k7fPsf] ;"rgf c=j+= !!) g+= adf]lhdsf] /Lt k'¥ofO{ tfd]n ePsf] gb]lvPaf6 lghnfO{ k|x/L ;]jfaf6 x6fpg] u/L ljkIfLx¿n] lg0f{o ubf{ k|x/L lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod *(-@_ adf]lhd lghnfO{ cfkm\gf] ;kmfO k]z ug]{ plrt / kof{Kt df}sf lbPsf] dfGg gldNg] . ;kmfOsf] df}sf lbg' gkg]{ d'gfl;a sf/0f v'n]sf] krf{ ;d]t u/]sf] gb]lvPsf] cj:yfdf lgj]bsnfO{ ljkIfL lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no l;/xfaf6 eljiodf ;/sf/L gf]s/Lsf] nflu cof]Uo 7xl/g] u/L avf{:t ul/Psf] lg0f{onfO{ k'g/fjnf]sg u/L eljiodf ;/sf/L gf]s/Lsf] nflu cof]Uo g7xl/g] u/L gf]s/Laf6 x6fpg] egL k'g/fj]bg tx k"j{ If]qLo k|x/L sfof{no lj/f6gu/af6 ePsf] lg0f{o sfg"g;Ddt gb]lvFbf pTk]|if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f ab/ x'g] . Ohnf; clws[t M >Lk|sfz pk]|tL sDKo'6/ M /fg' kf}8]n Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn kmfu'g # ut] /f]h @ z'ed\ .

$ df=Gof= >L sNof0f >]i7 / df=Gof= >L tflx/ cnL cG;f/L @)^#–Wo-)@$!, pTk]|if0f, vu/fh cfrfo{ lj= k'g/fj]bg cbfnt a'6jn ;d]t ;+j}wflgs jf sfg"gL xs clwsf/ cf3ftLt ePsf] cj:yfdf ;fwf/0f If]qflwsf/ pkrf/ k|fKt gx'g] ;+ljwfgadf]lhdsf] cj:yf ePdf jf To:tf] pkrf/ k|efjsf/L gePdf dfq o; cbfntsf] c;fwf/0f If]qflwsf/ cfslif{t x'g] cj:yf x'G5 . k|:t't ljjfbdf lhNnf cbfntsf] cfb]zpk/ c=j+= !& g+= adf]lhd


24

k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf lgj]bg btf{ u/fO{ sfg"gL pkrf/ pkef]u u/]sf] / dfnkf]t sfof{nosf] lg0f{opk/ k'g/fj]bg kq btf{ u/fO{ ;f] k'g/fj]bgadf]lhd z'? dfnkf]t sfof{nosf] lg0f{onfO{ ;b/ u/]kl5, ;f] lg0f{o pk/ o; cbfntdf d'2f bf]xf]¥ofO{ kfpFm egL lgj]bg ;d]t btf{ u/fPsf] b]lvPsf] cj:yf x'Fbf o;df j}slNks sfg"gL pkrf/ gePsf] egL dfGg gldNg] . Ohnf; clws[t M >Lk|sfz pk]|tL sDKo'6/ M /fg' kf}8]n Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn k'; !( ut] /f]h ! z'ed\ .

% df=Gof= >L sNof0f >]i7 / df=Gof= >L tflx/ cnL cG;f/L @)^$ ;fnsf] l/6 g+= (#&, pTk]|if0fo'Qm k/dfb]z, ;f]gfd tfdfË ;d]t lj= sf7df8f}+ pkTosf gu/ ljsf; ;ldlt ;d]t gu/ ljsf; of]hgf sfof{Gjog ;ldltn] :yfgLo JolQmx¿sf] ;xeflutfdf g} of]hgf sfof{Gjog ug{;Sg] sfg"gL Joj:yf b]lvPsf] cj:yfdf ;f] ;ldltn] ldlt @)^@.!@.( df cfwf/ / sf/0f ;d]t vf]nL pQm ljjflbt af6f]nfO{ /2 ug]{ u/L u/]sf] lg0f{oaf6 s] s'g ;+j}wflgs Pj+ sfg"gL xsdf cf3ft k/]sf] egL :ki6 ?kdf lgj]bgdf pNn]v ug{ ;s]sf] cj:yf ;d]t gb]lvFbf o; cbfntsf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/If]qcGtu{t lgj]bssf] dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L ug{ gldNg] . Ohnf; clws[t M >Lk|sfz pk]|tL sDKo'6/ M /fg' kf}8]n Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn k'; !( ut] /f]h ! z'ed\ .

^ df=Gof= >L sNof0f >]i7 / df=Gof= >L tflx/ cnL cG;f/L, @)^$ ;fnsf] l/6 g+= ^**, pTk]|if0fo'Qm k/dfb]z, cfgGbk|;fb >]i7 lj= k'g/fj]bg cbfnt x]6f}+8f ;d]t Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf *-!_ sf] Joj:yfadf]lhd k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg]

k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] If]qflwsf/nfO{ k|efjsf/L gePsf] egL dfGg ldNg] cj:yf ;d]t gx'Fbf k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf oL lgj]bsn] pTk]|if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f ab/ ul/kfpFm egL lhsL/ lnPsf] ldlt @)^$.#.!^ sf] j08f d'r'Nsf k;f{ lhNnf cbfntsf] ldlt @)^!.(.!@ sf] clGtd eO{ a;]sf] km};nfadf]lhd g} ePsf] b]lvFbf j}slNks sfg"gL pkrf/sf] ljBdfgtfsf] cfwf/df lgj]bssf] dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g'kg]{ cj:yfsf] ljBdfgtf b]lvg gcfpg] . Ohnf; clws[t M >Lk|sfz pk]|tL sDKo'6/ M /fg' kf}8]n Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn k'; !( ut] /f]h ! z'ed\ .

& df=Gof= >L sNof0f >]i7 / df=Gof= >L tflx/ cnL cG;f/L @)^$ ;fnsf] l/6 g+= ^*(, pTk]|if0fo'Qm k/dfb]z, cfgGbk|;fb >]i7 lj= k'g/fj]bg cbfnt x]6f}F8f ;d]t tfd]nL Dofbdf /f]xj/df a:g] j8f ;lrj ;d]tsf ;fIfLx¿n] cfkm\gf] z'?sf] / aLrsf] -;'/]zk|;fb, k|df]bs'df/, cIonfnk|;fb_ pNn]v u/]sf] b]lvG5 . gfd pNn]v ug]{ ;Gbe{df ljleGg JolQmx¿n] cfkm\gf] gfd ljleGg tl/sfn] pNn]v ug]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 . sltko JolQmn] y/ n]Vg] / sltko JolQmn] y/ gn]Vg] u/]s} sf/0fn] lghx¿n] pNn]v u/]sf] gfd :jo+df unt eof] egL cg'dfg ug{;Sg] cj:yf ;d]t x'Fb}g . k|:t't d'2fdf :yfgLo JolQm Pj+ :yfgLo j8f ;lrj xf]Ogg\ egL lgj]bsn] lhsL/ lng ;s]sf] cj:yf ;d]t gx'Fbf y/ pNn]v gu/]s} sf/0fn] tfd]nL j]/Ltsf] eof] egL eGg ;Sg] cj:yf gb]lvg] . Ohnf; clws[t M >Lk|sfz pk]|tL sDKo'6/ M /fg' kf}8]n Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn k'; !( ut] /f]h ! z'ed\ .


25

Ohnf; g+= &

!

df=Gof= >L uf}/L 9sfn / df=Gof= >L k|sfz j:tL, @)^$ ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= )#(*, af6f] xs sfod ;d]t, hns[i0f >]i7 ;d]t lj= tLy{dfof >]i7 gS;fsf] ;du| cWoogaf6 jfbLsf bftf z'eb|f >]i7n] jfbL tLy{dfofnfO{ ls=g+= #)@ sf] hUuf js;kq u/L lbFbf js; ul/lbPsf] hUuf;Dd k'Ug] ( kmL6 rf}8fO{sf] af6f];lxtsf] hUufsf] :jfldTj x:tfGt/0f u/]sf] /x]5 eGg] b]lvof] . gS;fdf pNn]v ePsf] g=g+= % sf] # kmL6 rf}8fO{sf] uf]/]6f] ;d]t hf]8\bf ( kmL6eGbf a9L x'g hfG5 eGg] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/;DaGwdf klg pQm hUuf jfbLsf bftf z'eb|f >]i7sf] xs :jfldTjdf geO{ k|ltjfbL hns[i0f >]i7sf] gfdsf] btf{sf] hUufleqsf] b]lvPsf] x'Fbf pQm hUufaf6 jfbLn] s'g} xs k|fKt ug{ g;Sg] ePsf]n] oL jfbLsf hUuf bftfn] cfkm\gf] xsleqsf] hUufaf6 ( kmL6 rf}8fOsf] af6f]sf] clwsf/ lbPsf] dfGg'kg]{ x'Fbf jfbLsf bftf z'eb|f >]i7sf] xs :jfldTjsf] hUufeGbf aflx/sf] hUuf ;d]t hf]8L lnvteGbf a9L eof] eGg gldNg] . Ohnf; clws[tM sdnk|;fb kf]v/]n sDKo'6/ M wgaxfb'/ u'?ª Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn k'; !# ut] /f]h @ z'ed\ .

o;} nufpsf] @)^) ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= **(* lgif]wf1f, tLy{dfof >]i7 lj= hns[i0f >]i7 ;d]tsf] d'2fdf o;}cg'¿k lg0f{o ePsf] 5 .

@ df=Gof= >L uf}/L 9sfn / df=Gof= >L k|sfz j:tL, @)^! ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= *#&#, lgif]wf1f,

k|]ds'df/ >]i7 lj= lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no ;Kt/L ;d]t ljjflbt hUufsf] ;DaGwdf dfnkf]t sfof{no ;Kt/Lsf] ldlt @)%!.#.#) sf] lg0f{oadf]lhd dfnkf]t P]g, @)#$ sf] bkmf &-@_ cg';f/ ;/sf/L ;fj{hlgsdf btf{ ug]{ lg0f{o u/L btf{ ePsf] clen]v If]qLo lstfa ptf/df hgfpg cfb]z ;d]t u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ;f] cfb]z ab/ ge} oyfl:yltdf /x]sf] cj:yf Psftkm{ 5 eg] csf]{tkm{ o;af6 ljjflbt hUuf lgj]bssf] lglj{jfb xssf] lghL u'7Lsf] hUuf egL dfGg btf{ ;|]:tfnufotsf k|df0fsf] cefj b]lvof] . wd{bQ sf]O/fnfsf] ph"/L b/kL7 ePsf] cfwf/n] dfq klg pQm hUufdf :jtM lgj]bssf] xs ;[li6 ePsf] egL cy{ ug{ Gofosf] / sfg"gsf] /f]xdf ldn]g . dfnkf]t sfof{non] ljjflbt hUufnfO{ ;fj{hlgs sfod ug]{ lg0f{o u/]pk/ lgj]bsn] 5'§} sfg"gL pkrf/sf] dfu{ cjnDag ug{;Sg] g} x'G5 . dfnkf]t sfof{nosf] pQm lg0f{o ab/ jf pN6L geP;Dd o; ljifodf of] lgif]wf1fsf] lgj]bgsf] /f]xaf6 Gofo lg/f]k0f ug{ gldNg] . Ohnf; clws[tM sdnk|;fb kf]v/]n sDKo'6/ M wgaxfb'/ u'?ª Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn df3 @^ ut] /f]h # z'ed\ .

# df=Gof= >L uf}/L 9sfn / df=Gof= >L k|sfz j:tL, @)^! ;fnsf] l/6 g+= @^*), pTk]|if0fo'Qm k/dfb]z ;d]t, k|]ds'df/ >]i7 lj= dfnkf]t sfof{no ;Kt/L ;d]t lgj]bsn] lgj]bgdf p7fPsf] ljjflbt hUufsf] ;DaGwdf dfnkf]t sfof{nosf] lg0f{opk/sf] k'g/fj]bg ljrf/fwLg ePsf] eGg] lgj]bg n]vaf6 g} pNn]v ePsf] kfOFbf lgj]bsn] bfjL u/]sf] ljifodf ;f]xL d'2faf6 Gofo lg/f]k0f x'g] g} x'Fbf o; cbfntsf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/sf] If]qsf] k|of]u u/L x:tIf]k


26

ug{ ldNg] gb]lvFbf dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L ug{ gldNg] . Ohnf; clws[tM sdnk|;fb kf]v/]n sDKo'6/ M wgaxfb'/ u'?ª Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn df3 @^ ut] /f]h # z'ed\ .

$ df=Gof= >L uf}/L 9sfn / df=Gof= >L k|sfz j:tL, @)^) ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= *#)@, e'QmfgL bfloTj k"/f u/fO{ kfpFm, /tgnfn cu|jfn lj= g]kfn la6'ldg tyf Jof/]n pBf]u sfof{no cdn]vu~h ;d]t jfbLn] bfjLcg';f/sf] k"/} /sdsf] sfd ;DkGg u/]sf] xf] eGg] s'/fsf] k|fljlws k|ltj]bg nufotsf e/kbf]{ Pj+ 7f]; k|df0f k|:t't ug{ ;s]sf] gb]lvFbf k|fljlwssf] l/kf]6{df ;d]t cfwfl/t eO{ k|ltjfbL sDkgL ;~rfns ;ldltsf] *% cf}F a}7ssf] lg0f{onfO{ cfwf/ dfGg'kg]{ x'g cfof] . t;y{ ;f] lg0f{on] :jLsf/ u/]sf] eGbf a9L /sdsf] jfbL bfjL k'Ug ;Sg] b]lvPg . k|ltjfbL sDkgLsf] pQm *% cf}F a}7ssf] lg0f{oaf6 jfbLnfO{ s"n 7]s cÍ !,#^,!^,!$*.– df ?= !^,&@,^(%.!& yk u/L hDdf ?=!,%@,**,*$#.!& e'QmfgL lbg] egL sa'n u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ;f] /sdsf] xb;Dd jfbL bfjL k'Ug] 7x5{ . ;f] 7xgf{n] jfbLn] e'QmfgL kfpg] /sddWo] k|ltjfbL ;~rfns ;ldltsf] !%( cf}F a}7saf6 :jLs[t /sd ?=!,$&,!#,#@*.^@ e'QmfgL kfO;s]sf] egL jfbLn] :jLsf/ u/]sf] b]lv+bf e'QmfgL x'g afFsL /sd ?=%,&%,%!$.%$ k|ltjfbLn] jfbLnfO{ e'QmfgL lbg'kg]{ 7x5{ . z'? af/f lhNnf cbfntaf6 jfbL bfjL gk'Ug] u/L ePsf] lg0f{onfO{ ;b/ ug]{ u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt x]6f}+8fsf] @)%&.(.!) sf] lg0f{o ;f] xb;Dd gldn]sf] x'Fbf pN6L x'g] . Ohnf; clws[tM sdnk|;fb kf]v/]n sDKo'6/ M wgaxfb'/ u'?ª Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn k'; !# ut] /f]h @ z'ed\ .

% df=Gof=>L uf}/L 9sfn / df=Gof= >L /0faxfb'/ ad, @)^) ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= (@@$, btf{ ab/, xl/gf/fo0f ld> lj=/fd;f]let d08n Ogf/ P]ltxfl;s ?kdf kl/lrt eO{ ;fj{hlgs ?kdf k|of]u ePsf] eGg] tYo :yflkt b]lvG5 . ls=g+= #) sf] hUufsf] btf{ ab/ u/L k"/} hUuf ;fj{hlgs sfod ug]{ k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 km};nf ldn]s} b]lvof] . ls=g+= #! sf] xsdf Ogf/eGbf pQ/sf] hUufsf] k|ltjfbLn] 3/ agfO{ ef]u u/L /x]sf] tyf @))# ;fnsf] a08fkqdf ;d]t pQm 3/ hUuf pNn]v ePsf] kfOFbf Ogf/eGbf pQ/sf] hUufnfO{ ;fj{hlgs eGg ldNg] gb]lvPsf]n] ls=g+= #! sf] hUufdWo] ls=g+= #) sf] hUuf ;Lw} k"j{sf] hUuf ;fj{hlgs k|s[ltsf] hUuf b]lvFbf pQm hUuf;DdnfO{ ;fj{hlgs sfod x'g] . Ohnf; clws[tM sdnk|;fb kf]v/]n sDKo'6/M wgaxfb'/ u'?ª Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn df3 !) ut] /f]h ! z'ed\

• o;} nufpsf] @)^) ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+=, (@@% btf{ ab/, xl/gf/fo0f ld> lj=/fd;f]let d08n ePsf] d'2fdf o;}cg'¿k lg0f{o ePsf] 5 .

^ df=Gof=>L uf}/L 9sfn / df=Gof= >L /0faxfb'/ ad, @)%* ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= &&#!, hUuf lvrf]nf, dxfjL/ ;fx lj= u'bL b]jL ;/bfgL{ k|ltjfbLn] g} jfbLnfO{ ls=g+= @)% sf] )–)–!$ w'/ ;;Ld} lsQf ljqmL u/]sf] eGg] tYodf ljjfb gx'Fbf hUuf bftfn] v/Lbstf{nfO{ ljqmL ul/lbPsf] hUuf gk'¥ofO{ cfkm\gf] hUuf 36L eof] egL ljqmL u/]sf] hUufdf bfjL ug{ ldNg] x'Fb}g . jfbLn] v/Lb u/L lnPsf] ls=g+= sf] hUuf 6«fon r]saf6 xfn;Dd oyfjt sfod /x]sf] ;d]t b]lvG5 eg] k|ltjfbLsf] hUuf 6«fon r]saf6 36\g uPsf] kfOG5 . emu8f hlgPsf]


27

hUuf jfbLsf] hUufdf ;dfj]z ubf{ jfbLsf] hUuf ;|]:tfcg';f/ ldNg hfg] b]lvPsf]n] ljjflbt g+=g+= $ sf] emu8f hlgPsf] hUuf jfbL bfjLsf] hUuf k'li6 x'g] . Ohnf; clws[tM sdnk|;fb kf]v/]n sDKo'6/M wgaxfb'/ u'?ª Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn k'; @^ ut] /f]h ! z'ed\

& df=Gof=>L uf}/L 9sfn / df=Gof= >L /0faxfb'/ ad, @)^) ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= ($**, xs sfod, dfnkf]t sfof{o wgs'6f lj= k|]daxfb'/ s'Fj/ bfv]n vf/]h ;d]t gePsf] 3/;f/sf] lnvtnfO{ k'li6 ug]{ cGo ljZjf;k|b Pj+ csf6\o k|df0f k|:t't x'g ;s]sf] gb]lvFbf gfkLsf] ;dodf vf]nf egL hlgPsf] hUufnfO{ lghL hUuf /x]5 egL dfGg gldNg] . bfv]n vf/]h;Dd gePsf] Psdfq 3/;f/sf] lnvtnfO{ hUufsf] :jfldTjsf] ljZjf;k|b k|df0fsf] ?kdf u|x0f ug{ g;lsg] x'Fbf To:tf] lnvtdf plNnlvt rf/ lsNnf ldn] le8]sf] eGg'sf] s'g} k|dfl0fs dxTj x'g] ePg . ;fFw ;Ldfgfdf ePsf] lghL hUufsf] cfwf/ lnO{ gfkLsf] ;dodf vf]nf egL hlgPsf] hUufnfO{ b"lift ?kdf hf]t ef]u u/]]sf] eGg] cfwf/n] jfbLsf] xssf] l;h{gf ePsf] dfGg gldNg] . Ohnf; clws[tM sdnk|;fb kf]v/]n sDKo'6/M wgaxfb'/ u'?ª Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn df3 !) ut] /f]h ! z'ed\

* df=Gof=>L uf}/L 9sfn / df=Gof= >L /0faxfb'/ ad, @)^# ;fnsf] CI–)&%$, df]xL nut s6[f, ;'/]zs'df/ rf}w/L lj= zlgnfn dfemL hUufwgLn] tf]lsPsf] clwsf/L;dIf sfg"gsf] Dofbleq ;"rgf glbPsf] / ;"rgf u/]sf] egL jfbLn] bfjL lng klg g;s]sf] ;fy} hUufwgLsf] ;"rgfsf] cfwf/df tf]lsPsf]

clwsf/Ln] btf{jfnf df]xLsf] btf{ lstfj ;RofPsf] ;d]t kfOb}g . sfg"gåf/f lgwf{l/t jfWofTds sfo{ljlwsf] cg'z/0f gu/L ljlw;Ddt ?kdf :yflkt df]xLsf] nut s6[f ug{ gldNg] . Ohnf; clws[tM sdnk|;fb kf]v/]n sDKo'6/M wgaxfb'/ u'?ª Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn df3 !% ut] /f]h ^ z'ed\

( df=Gof=>L uf}/L 9sfn / df=Gof= >L /0faxfb'/ ad, @)^) ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+=(^%^, km};nf ab/, /fd v]nfjg vTj] lj=s[i0fsnf v+u d'n'sL P]g c=j+= !#( g+= adf]lhd a'lemPsf] JolQmn] cbfntdf jofg ul/;s]kl5 dfq lgh k|ltjfbL sfod x'g] gx'g] cbfntn] lg0f{o ug'{kg]{ .

/Ltk"j{s Dofb tfd]n gePsf] sf/0fn] cfkm\gf] s'/f cbfntdf eGg gkfPsf] l:ylt / lghnfO{ ljlwjt d'2fsf] kIf sfod eOg;s]sf] cj:yfdf h'g km};nfaf6 cfkm\gf] ;DklQ ckx/0f ePsf] 5 Tof] km};nflj?4 c=j+= *^ g+= k|of]u u/L km};nf ab/df d'2f lbg kfpg] . Ohnf; clws[tM sdnk|;fb kf]v/]n sDKo'6/M wgaxfb'/ u'?ª Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn k'; @^ ut] /f]h ! z'ed\

( df=Gof=>L uf}/L 9sfn / df=Gof= >L /0faxfb'/ ad, @)^) ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= (^%%, c+z bkf]6, /fd v]nfjg vTj] lj= /fdhLjg v+u ;d]t lghL cfh{gaf6 v/Lb u/]sf] ;DklQ tfobftLdf pNn]v gePsf] cfwf/df dfq bkf]6 x'g'k5{ eGg gldNg] . lkm/fb bfo/ u/]/ dfq jfbLsf] bfloTj k"/f x'g] ge} ;a"b k|df0f k]z ug]{ bfloTj klg lghdfly g} /xg] x'G5 . k|ltjfbLdWo]sf /fdhLjgn] nfdf] cjlwb]lv /]~h/ kbdf ;/sf/L ;]jf u/]sf] /


28

;/sf/L ;]jfs} l;nl;nfdf hDdf u/]sf] ;~ro sf]ifsf] /sdaf6 ljjflbt hUuf v/Lb u/]sf] b]lvPsf] tyf k|ltjfbL s[i0fsnfn] cfkm"n] sfd u/]sf] OG8li6«haf6 k|fKt kfl/>lds / nfefz+sf] /sdaf6 v/Lb u/]sf] eGg] b]lvFbf To:tf] ;DklQnfO{ lghx¿sf] lghL cfh{g dfGg' kg]{ . Ohnf; clws[tM sdnk|;fb kf]v/]n sDKo'6/M wgaxfb'/ u'?ª Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn k'; @^ ut] /f]h ! z'ed\

!) df=Gof=>L uf}/L 9sfn / df=Gof= >L /fh]Gb|k|;fb sf]O/fnf, @)^@ ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= *!$%, ;|]:tf ab/, btf{ ab/, /fd:j?k rf}w/L lj= s]jn dxtf] ;'s'Djf;L ;d:of ;dfwfg cfof]usf] ldlt @)%%.&.!& sf] lg0f{osf] cfwf/df ldlt @)%%.*.$ df oL jfbLn] pQm ljjflbt hUufsf] hUufwgL k|df0fk"hf{ kfPsf] lg0f{o cGoyf ug'{ gkg]{ . Ohnf; clws[tM ef]nfgfy 9sfn sDKo'6/M wgaxfb'/ u'?ª Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn k'; @ ut] /f]h % z'ed\ o;} nufpsf b]xfosf d'2fx¿df o;}cg'¿k lg0f{o ePsf 5g\M

;+jt\ @)^@ ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= *!$#, ;|]:tf ab/, btf{ ab/, /fd:j?k rf}w/L lj= s]jn dxtf]

;+jt\ @)^@ ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= *!$$, hUuf lvrf]nf rng ;d]t, /fd:j?k rf}w/L lj= s]jn dxtf]

!! df=Gof=>L uf}/L 9sfn / df=Gof= >L /fh]Gb|k|;fb sf]O/fnf, @)^) ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= *()@, lg0f{o ab/, ;"o{s'df/ ljdnL lj= u'7L ;+:yfg s]=sf= ;d]t s'g} lgsfon] sfg"gadf]lhd cflwsfl/s ?kdf s'g} ljjfbdf Pp6f lg0f{o u/L ;f] lg0f{osf] sfof{Gjog eO;s]sf]

cj:yfdf ;f]xL lgsfoaf6 ;f]xL ljjfbsf] ;dfg tYodf km/s / ljk/Lt kl/0ffd lg:sg] u/L k'gM lg0f{o ug{ gldNg] . Pp6} ljjfbdf Pp6} lgsfoaf6 k6s–k6s, km/s–km/s lg0f{o ug]{ xf] eg] Goflos clGtdtf geO{ Goflos clglZrttfsf] l;h{gf x'g k'Ug] . u'7L ;+:yfg P]gdf ePsf] sfg"gL k|fjwfgsf] cfwf/df g]kfn ;/sf/sf] :jLs[lt ;d]t glnO{ /fhu'7LcGtu{t cfkm\gf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf] u'7LnfO{ u'7L ;+:yfg s]Gb|Lo sfof{non] cfkm\gf] :jfldTj To;} 5f8\g gldNg] x'G5 . ljwflosfn] plNnlvt sfg"gL k|fjwfg /fVg'sf] dg;fo /fhu'7LcGtu{tsf ;DklQsf] ;+/If0f / /]vb]v ;+:yfgn] g} Jojl:yt ?kdf ug'{kg]{ .

u'7Lsf] ;DklQsf] ;+/If0f ug'{sf] ;6[f :jfldTj g} lghL u'7LcGtu{t jf cGo s'g} lsl;daf6 5f8L u'7L ;+:yfg cfkm\gf] bfloTj Pj+ st{Joaf6 ljd"v x'g gkfpg] . Ohnf; clws[tM lzjk|;fb vgfn sDKo'6/M d's'Gb lji6 Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn kmfu'g ( ut] /f]h ! z'ed\ o;} k|s[ltsf lgDg d'2fx¿df o;}cg'¿k lg0f{o ePsf 5g\M

;+jt\ @)^) ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= *()), lg0f{o ab/, /d]z dxh{g lj= u'7L ;+:yfg s]=sf= ;d]t

;+jt\ @)^) ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= *()!, lg0f{o ab/, 6Lsfb]jL ljdnL lj= u'7L ;+:yfg s]=sf=;d]t

!@ df=Gof=>L uf}/L 9sfn / df=Gof= >L cjw]zs'df/ ofbj, @)^! ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= *@*&, 5"6 hUuf btf{, dfnkf]t sfof{no sfe|]knf~rf]s lj= s0f{axfb'/ >]i7 gfkLsf avt @)#@ ;fndf eL/ klt{ hlgPkl5 ;dod} ph"/ u/L lg0f{o ab/ u/fpg


29

kxn gu/L cfkm\gf] xs clwsf/k|lt ;r]t gx'g] lgj]bsnfO{ cbfntn] ;xof]u ug{ g;Sg] . Ohnf; clws[tMef]nfgfy 9sfn sDKo'6/M wgaxfb'/ u'?ª Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn kmfu'g # ut] /f]h @ z'ed\

!# df=Gof=>L k|]d zdf{ / df=Gof= >L e/t/fh pk|]tL, @)^@ ;fnsf] l/6 g+=#%&&, pTk|]if0f, /fdfgGb l5kL lj= k'g/fj]bg cbfnt j'6jn ;d]t lgj]bs /fdfgGb l5kLn] slknj:t' lhNnf s[i0fgu/ ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt j8f g+= # ls=g+= #@$ sf] 3/ hUuf cfkm\gf] :jcfh{gsf] egL k|df0f k|:t't u/]sf] / cfkm" Psf;uf]ndf /x] a;]sf] 5}g egL ljjfb l;h{gf u/]sf] cj:yf / lgj]bssf bfh' xl/ZrGb|sf 5f]/f c+s'/k|;fb l5kLsf gfpFdf crn ;DklQ b]lvPsf] cj:yfdf ;j{k|yd lghsf 5f]/fx¿sf] gfpFsf] ;DklQ hfohft bfobft u/L ljuf] c;"npk/ ug'{kg]{df ;f] k|lqmof cjnDjg g} gu/L lgj]bs /fdfgGb l5kLsf] gfdsf] 3/ hUuf lnnfd ug{ nfu]sf] k|lqmof sfg"g;Ddt gx'Fbf ;f] ;Dk"0f{ k|lqmof / cfb]z ;d]t ab/ x'g] . Ohnf; clws[tMp4jk|;fb uh'/]n sDKo'6/M/fg' kf}8]n Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn kmfu'g @% ut] /f]h # z'ed\

!$ df=Gof=>L k|]d zdf{ / df=Gof= >L e/t/fh pk|]tL, @)^! ;fnsf] l/6 g+= (!!$, k/dfb]z, uLtfb]jL d/f]l8of lj= /fli6«o jfl0fHo a}+s s]=sf= ;d]t lgj]bssf kltn] yk ;'/If0fafktdf hUuf lwtf] /fvL lbPsf] kmd{ g} @)$^ ;fndf ;d"xs[t eO{ ldQn ;d"xdf cfj4 ePsf] x'Fbf pQm kmd{x¿ ldQn ;d"xcGtu{t kg]{ b]lvG5 eg] ldQn ;d"xdf cfj4 ePsf kmd{sf k|f]kfO6/x¿n] ;d"xcGtu{t k|To]s OsfOx¿n] lnP vfPsf] C0fdf k|To]s OsfOx¿n] PSn} jf

;+o'Qm ?kn] k"0f{tM lhDd]jf/L lng] ;xdlt eO{ ;d"xs[t ePsf] b]lvFbf ldQn ;d"xn] a}snfO{ ltg{ jfFsL /x]sf] C0fdf ldQn ;d"x;Fu cfj4 lgj]bssf] kltn] hdfgt lbPsf] OsfOsf] s'g} bfloTj /xFb}g eGg gldNg] . Ohnf; clws[tMxl/ZrGb| Oª\gfd sDKo'6/M cld//Tg dxh{g Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn df3 @^ ut] /f]h # z'ed\

!% df=Gof=>L k|]d zdf{ / df=Gof= >L e/t/fh pk|]tL, @)^@ ;fnsf] l/6 g+= #$((, pTk|]if0f, sfG5fefO{ ;'jfn lj= s[i0faxfb'/ ;'jfn ;d]t lgj]bsn] d]/f] gfddf df]xL gfd;f/L ul/kfpFm egL bfjL lnPsf] hUuf g} df]xL gfd;f/L ul/kfpFm egL lgj]bssf bfh'n] e"ld;'wf/ sfof{nodf jfbL eO{ lbPsf] d'2fdf df]xL gfd;f/L gx'g] km};nf eO{ k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ;d]t e"ld;'wf/ sfof{nosf] km};nf ;b/ eO{ ;f] hUufsf] df]xL nut;d]t s6[f eO;s]sf] b]lvG5 . ;f] hUuf d]/f] gfddf gfd;f/L x'g'kg]{ egL sfG5fefOn] bfjL lnPsf] x'Fbf lgj]bssf] lktfsf] gfdaf6 df]xL gfd;f/L gx'g] 7x/ eO{ clGtd ePsf] cj:yfdf ;f]xL ljifodf oL lgj]bsn] d'2f bfo/ ug{ vfh]sf] cj:yfdf ljkIfL sfof{noaf6 ePsf] cfb]zdf sfg"gsf] k|ToIf q'l6 ePsf] gb]lvg] . Ohnf; clws[tMxl/ZrGb| Oª\gfd sDKo'6/M cld/Tg dxh{g Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn df3 @^ ut] /f]h # z'ed\ .

Ohnf; g+= * !

df=Gof= >L tflx/ cnL cG;f/L / df=Gof= >L s[i0fk|;fb pkfWofo, @]^# ;fnsf] l/6 g+= ##$@, pTk]|if0fo'Qm k/dfb]z, hutaxfb'/ 8+uf]n lj= lzIfs ;]jf cfof]u eQmk'/ ;d]t


30

tflndsf] cÍ glbPsf]df lgj]bs /fds[i0f Kofs'/]n ;d]t lj?4 lzIfs ;]jf cfof]u, ;fgf]l7dL ;d]t ePsf] )^@ ;fnsf] l/=g+= @&&$ sf] pTk]|if0f d'2fdf ldlt )^$.&.@! df tflndafktsf] cÍ ;d]t hf]8L k'gM glthf k|sflzt ug{ l/6 ;d]t hf/L ePsf] b]lvFbf ljkIfL lzIfs ;]jf cfof]un] lzIfs ;]jf cfof]u lgodfjnLsf] lgod #!-!_-v_ sf] Joj:yfljk/Lt lgj]bsn] k|fKt ul/;s]sf] tflnd afktsf] cÍ s'g} sf/0f pNn]v gu/L lgj]bsnfO{ tflndafkt kfpg] cÍ glbg] u/L u/]sf] ldlt @)^@.!@.( sf] lg0f{o :j]R5frf/L b]lvg cfO{ ;dfgtfsf] xsljk/Lt ;d]t x'Fbf ljkIfL lzIfs ;]jf cfof]usf] ldlt @)^@.!@.( sf] lg0f{o / ldlt @)^@.!@.!! sf] uf]/vfkqdf k|sflzt a9'jf;DaGwL ;+zf]lwt ;"rgf ;d]t ljlw;Ddt gb]lvPsf]n] pTk]|if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f ab/ ul/lbPsf] 5 . ca lgj]bsn] lzIfs ;]jf cfof]u lgodfjnLsf] lgod #!-!_-v_ adf]lhd tflndafkt kfpg] cÍ ;d]t hf]8L lgj]bs ;d]tnfO{ pDd]bjf/sf] ?kdf ;dfj]z u/L k'gM glthf k|sfzg ug'{ egL a9'jf ;ldltsf] gfpFdf k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z ;d]t hf/L x'g] . Ohnf; clws[t M v8\uaxfb'/ >]i7 Olt ;Dj\t @)^^ ;fn k'; @* ut] /f]h # z'ed\ . o;} k|s[ltsf lgDg d'2fx¿df o;} cg'¿k lg0f{o ePsf 5g\M

@)^# ;fnsf l/6 g+= ##$), pTk]|if0fo'Qm k/dfb]z, xl/axfb'/ kf08] lj= lzIfs ;]jf cfof]u eQmk'/

@)^# ;fnsf l/6g+= ##$!, pTk]|if0fo'Qm k/dfb]z, lzjk|;fb e08f/L lj= lzIfs ;]jf cfof]u eQmk'/

@)^# ;fnsf] l/6 g+= ##$#, pTk]|if0fo'Qm k/dfb]z, rGb|axfb'/ yfkf lj= lzIfs ;]jf cfof]u eQmk'/

@ df=Gof= >L tflx/ cnL cG;f/L / df=Gof= >L s[i0fk|;fb pkfWofo, @)^# ;fnsf] l/6 g+= )^($, pTk]|if0fldl>t k/dfb]z, sfhLdfg nfdf lj= k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf]v/f ;d]t sfg"g;Ddt 9+un] ls=g+= !*)^ af6 ljuf] e/fpg] sf/jfxL rln/x]sf]df To;nfO{ cj?4 ug]{ u/L lhNnf cbfntaf6 ePsf] cfb]z / To;nfO{ ;b/ ug]{ u/L k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf]v/faf6 ePsf] cfb]z ;d]t b08 ;hfosf] @^ g+= ljk/Lt eO{ q'l6k"0f{ b]lvPsf]n] pTk]|if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f ab/ x'g] . Ohnf; clws[t M v8\uaxfb'/ >]i7 Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn df3 !% ut] /f]h == z'ed\ .

# df=Gof= >L tflx/ cnL cG;f/L / df=Gof= >L lu/LzrGb| nfn, @)^# ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= **@@, c+z rng, ;'/]Gb| rf}w/L lj= eLvd bf; rf}w/L ;d]t km};nfsf] clGtdtf (Finality of

Judgment) sf] l;4fGtn] d'2fsf] /f]xaf6 klxnf km};nf eO;s]sf] d'2fsf] tYoleq k|j]z u/L k'gM pQm km};nfsf] u'0f bf]ifdfly ljrf/ ug{ ldNg] b]lv+b}g . klxnf e};s]sf] km};nfaf6 s'g} t];|f] JolQmsf] xslxtdfly ljk/Lt c;/ k/]sf] eP ;f] km};nf ab/ u/fO{ dfUg ;Sg] klg sfg"gL Joj:yf 5 . t/ s'g} d'2fsf] kIf sfod e};s]sf] JolQmn] ;f] d'2fsf] km};nf :jLsf/ u/L lrQ a'emfO{ al;;s]kl5 k'gM cs}{ d'2faf6 klxnf ePsf] km};nfsf] cf}lrTo (Merit) dfly k|Zg p7fpg / ;f];DaGwL lhsL/ lng gldNg] . Ohnf; clws[t M xl//fh sfsL{ Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn k'; @@ ut] /f]h $ z'ed\ .


31

Ohnf; g+= !)

!

df=Gof= >L /fh]Gb|k|;fb sf]O/fnf / df=Gof= >L k|sfz j:tL, @)^@ ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= (#$%, s/f/ e+u Ifltk"lt{, dx]z xdfn lj= hLjgs'df/ ;d]t s/f/df g} dWo:yåf/f ljjfb ;dfwfg u/fpg] egL zt{ pNn]v eO{ ;Demf}tf eO;s]sf] cj:yfdf ;Demf}tfsf] cGt/\ljifosf] ljjfb cbfntdf k'¥ofpg ldNb5 / cbfntn] If]qflwsf/ u|x0f ug{ ldNb5 eGg] pQm ;Demf}tf tTsfn axfn dWo:ytf P]g, @)#* sf] k|lts"n x'g hfg] . s/f/df ljjfb pTkGg ePdf ljjfb ;dfwfg u/fpg dWo:ytfs} k|lqmof ckgfpg' kg]{, s/f/ ug]{ kIfx¿n] cbfntsf] If]qflwsf/af6 alx/udg ug{ ;Sb5g\ . k|rlnt dWo:y sfg"g / k|rlnt sfg"g ;d]t cg's"n ljjfb ;dfwfg dWo:ytfåf/f u/fpg] u/L s/f/ u/]df To:tf] s/f/sf kIfn] cfkm"n] u/]sf] s/f/ljk/Lt cbfntdf lkm/fb ug{ ;Sb}gg . dWo:ysf] If]qflwsf/df k/]sf ljifo lkm/fbsf dfWodn] ;fdfGo cbfntdf k|j]z x'g g;Sg] . Ohnf; clws[t M bLks 9sfn sDKo'6/ M zDe'k|;fb zfx Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn df3 !& ut] /f]h ! z'ed\ .

• o:t} k|s[ltsf] @)^@ ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= ($&!, nufgL ePsf] rfn' k"FhL Pj+ C0f /sd, hLjgs'df/ g]kfn lj= dx]z xdfn ;d]t ePsf] d'2fdf o;}cg'¿k lg0f{o ePsf] 5 .

@ df=Gof= >L /fh]Gb|k|;fb sf]O/fnf / df=Gof= >L k|sfz j:tL @)^! ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= (!^!,

xs sfod, gfgL5f]/L skfnL ;d]t lj= dbg]Zj/fgGb a}B ;d]t jfbLx¿sf lktf k'vf{sf kfnf nueu 8]9 ztfAbL cyf{t !%) jif{eGbf klg cufl8b]lv ljjflbt 3/ ef]u ul/cfPsf] cj:yfdf ef]u ug]{ clwsf/af6 s;}nfO{ oy]i6 / e/kbf]{ k|lts"n k|df0flagf g} al~rt ul/G5 eg] To:tf] sfo{ rL/ef]usf] l;4fGtsf] k|lts"n x'g hfG5 . lktf k'vf{sf] kfnfb]lv lg/Gt/ ?kdf ljjflbt 3/ cfkm\g} gfddf wf/f aQL ;d]t h8fg u/L ef]u u/L cfPsf] b]lvPsf] / To:tf] rL/sfnsf] ef]unfO{ cGoyf ug{ ;lsg] vfnsf k|ltjfbL kIfaf6 k|df0f u'hfg{ g;s]af6 ljjflbt ls=g+= !$$ sf] If]qkmn )–!–#–# dWo]af6 klZrdtkm{sf] g=g+= ^ sf] If]=km= )–!–@–) hUufdf ag]sf] 3/ jfbLx¿sf] xs ef]usf] b]lvFbf ;f] xb;Dd jfbL bfjL k'Ug] . Ohnf; clws[t M bLks 9sfn sDKo'6/ M zDe'k|;fb zfx Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn df3 !& ut] /f]h ! z'ed\ .

• o;} nufpsf] @)^! ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= (!^), gfgL5f]/L skfnL ;d]t lj= dbg]Zj/fgGb a}B ;d]t ePsf] km};nfdf o;}cg'¿k lg0f{o ePsf] 5 .

# df=Gof= >L /0faxfb'/ ad / df=Gof= >L k|sfz j:tL b]=k'=g+= !))$@, c+z rng, ;jd'l2g ldof ;d]t lj= ;lkmb /xdfg ldof ;d]t @)@! ;fneGbf cl3 g} 5'l§ leGg e};s]sf] eGg] s'/fsf] cflwsfl/s lnvt k|df0f k|ltjfbLx¿n] k]z ug{ ;s]sf] kfOPg . Jojxf/ k|df0f tyf jfbL kIfsf] afa' xldb ldof / k|ltjfbL kIfsf cfdf ;tgL, k|ltjfbL xlja'n, ;km/ ;d]tn] e"ld k|zf;g sfof{nodf e/]sf] & g+= kmfF6jf/Laf6 klg g/d s/d ldnfO{ hUufsf] kmfF6jf/L e/]sf] gb]lvg'sf cltl/Qm jfbL kIfsf] gfpFdf of] olt ;DklQ 3/;f/df g} c+zj08f


32

eO{ ljqmL Jojxf/ lt/f] e/f] cnu cnu a;L ePsf] eGg] s'/fsf] k'li6 x'g ;s]sf] gb]lv+bf jfbL / k|ltjfbLx¿ Psf;uf]nsf c+lzof/ b]lvg cfPsf]n] jfbL kIfn] k|ltjfbL kIfaf6 c+z kfpg] . Ohnf; clws[t M k/z'/fd e§/fO{ sDKo'6/ M zDe'k|;fb zfx Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn kmfu'g !* ut] /f]h # z'ed\

$ df=Gof= >L /0faxfb'/ ad / df=Gof= >L k|sfz j:tL, @)^! ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= *#)), 6x/f eTsfO{ af6f] sfod, ;L/s'df/L u'?ª lj= dLgaxfb'/ vqL ;d]t ldlt @)%(.!).@ df ePsf] gS;f d'r'Nsf x]bf{ g=g+= # cyf{t\ ls=g+= !!@& sf] af6f] jfbL ;d]tsf] ;femf af6f] b]lvg cfPsf]df ;f] af6f] xfn;Dd gfkL zfvfn] tof/ kf/]sf] gS;f 6]«;cg';f/ klg oyfjt ;fljs cj:yfdf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . ;f] g+= g+= # sf] af6f] jfbL bfjLcg';f/ g+= g+= * sf] rqmky 6«ofs /f]8df k|ltjfbLsf] ls=g+= !!@* sf] hUuf eP/ hfg;Sg] cj:yf jfbLn] k]z u/]/ bfjL u/]sf] k|df0f tyf gfkL zfvfaf6 tof/ ePsf] gS;f k|s[ltaf6 klg k|i6 x'g ;s]sf] b]lvFb}+g . cyf{t\ g+=g+= # sf] af6f]sf] k"j{ ls=g+= !$% cyf{t g+=g+= ( sf] cGo JolQmsf] hUuf b]lvG5 / ;f] hUuf eO{ g+=g+= * sf] 6«ofs /f]8df g=g+= # sf] af6f] uPsf] /]vfÍg ;d]t gS;f 6]«;df b]lvPg . k|ltjfbLn] cfkm\gf] ls=g+= !!@* sf] hUufdf dfq g=g+= !, @ / $ df 6x/f lgdf{0f u/]sf] b]lvPsf] / ;f] 6x/fn] g=g+= # sf] af6f] ldr]sf] cj:yf gb]lvg] . Ohnf; clws[t M k/z'/fd e§/fO{ sDKo'6/ M zDe'k|;fb zfx Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn kmfu'g !* ut] /f]h # z'ed\

% df=Gof= >L k]|d zdf{ / df=Gof= >L e/t/fh pk]|tL, @)^@ ;fnsf] l/6 g+= #*!@,

pTk]|if0fo'Qm k/dfb]z, /fh]z uf}td lj= k|zf;sLo cbfnt ;d]t cufl8 ;f]lwPsf :ki6Ls/0f x]bf{ slxn] zfvf clws[tn] ;f]Wg] slxn] lgb]{zsn] ;f]Wg] u/L u}/If]qflwsf/sf kbflwsf/Laf6 ;f]lwPsfn] To:tf] u}/If]qflwsf/sf kbflwsf/Laf6 ;f]lwPsf] :ki6Ls/0fn] sfg"gL dfGotf kfpg] b]lvPg . cufl8sf :ki6Ls/0fn] sfg"gL dfGotf gkfpg] eO{ lgliqmo ePkl5 ;]jfaf6 x6fpg] h:tf] uDeL/ sf/jfxL dxflgb]{zsn] @)^).&.@$ df ;f]w]sf] Pp6f dfq :ki6Ls/0fsf] cfwf/df ug'{ k|fs[lts Gofosf] l;4fGt / sfg"gL k|lqmof;Fu ;d]t gldNg] . nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] k/fdz{ ln+bf l/6 lgj]bspk/ lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf %(s-@_ cg';f/ Ps tna j[l4 /f]Ssf ug]{ ;hfo k|:tfj u/L k/fdz{ dfu u/]sf]df ;hfo ubf{ eljiodf ;/sf/L ;]jfsf] lgldQ cof]Uo g7xl/g] u/L ;]jfaf6 x6fpg] u/]sf]df k|:tfljt ;hfoeGbf rsf]{ ;hfo ug{ kfpg] u/L sfg"gåf/f lg0f{o ug{ kfpg] clwsf/LnfO{ P]gn] pGd'lQm k|bfg u/]sf] gb]lvFbf k|ToIf sfg"gL q'l6k"0f{ b]lvg] . lgj]bsnfO{ lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf ^!-!_ r sf] s;"/df ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf %(-v_! adf]lhd eljiodf ;/sf/L ;]jfsf] lgldQ cof]Uo g7xl/g] u/L ;]jfaf6 x6fpg] u/L gfkL ljefusf dxflgb]{zsaf6 ldlt @)^!.@.% df ePsf] lg0f{o tyf ;f] lg0f{onfO{ ;b/ ug]{ u/L k|zf;sLo cbfntn] ldlt @)^@.@.% df u/]sf] km};nf ;d]t sfg"gljk/Lt b]lvFbf pTk]|if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f ab/ x'g] . Ohnf; clws[t M p4j uh'/]n sDKo'6/ M /fg' kf}8]n Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn kmfu'g @% ut] /f]h # z'ed\

^ df=Gof= >L k]|d zdf{ / df=Gof= >L e/t/fh pk]|tL, @)^@ ;fnsf] l/6 g+= #&$&, pTk]|if0f,


33

k/dfb]z, dgf]h kf}8]n lj= lzIff tyf v]ns'b dGqfno ;d]t cgflwsf/ lgsfoaf6 lbPsf] lgb]{zg jf lg0f{onfO{ lz/f]wfo{ u/L ;f]nfO{ Ps dfq cfwf/ agfO{ lg0f{o ubf{ lg0f{ostf{sf] ljj]s z"Godf kl/0ft x'g hfg] x'Fbf lgj]bsnfO{ cgflwsf/ lgsfosf] cfb]zaf6 pTk]|l/t eO{ ;]jfaf6 x6fpg] u/L ul/Psf] sfo{ pQm lzIff lgodfjnLsf] lgodcg's"n gb]lvPsfn] lgj]bsnfO{ ;]jfaf6 x6fpg] ldlt @)^@.!.@( sf] lg0f{o ;f];Fu ;DalGwt kqfrf/ ug]{ nufotsf ;Dk"0f{ sfo{x¿ pTk]|if0fsf] cfb]zn] ab/ ul/lbPsf] 5 . ca lgj]bsnfO{ k"j{jt\ ;]jfdf k'g{axfnL u/L sfg"gadf]lhd lghn] kfpg] ;Dk"0f{ kfl/>lds tyf ;'ljwf ;d]t lbg' egL ljkIfLx¿sf gfpFdf k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g] . Ohnf; clws[t M p4j uh'/]n Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn kmfu'g @% ut] /f]h # z'ed\

o:t} k|s[ltsf] @)^% ;fnsf] l/6 g+= #&)(, ;f]dgfy lj= lzIff tyf v]ns'b dGqfno ;d]t ePsf] d'2fdf o;}cg'¿k km};nf ePsf] 5 .

& df=Gof= >L k]|d zdf{ / df=Gof= >L e/t/fh pk]|tL, @)^) ;fnsf] l/6 g+= #$^%, pTk]|if0f, lzjd+unk|;fb zfx t]nL lj= k'g/fj]bg cbfnt x]6f}+8f ;d]t c=j+= !!) g+= n] ;DalGwt ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt jf gu/kflnsfsf] ;b:o / :yfgLo enfb\dL b'O{ hgf /f]xj/df /fvL tfd]n ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] cj:yfdf oL lgj]bssf gfddf hf/L ePsf] /f}tx6 lhNnf cbfntsf] ldlt @)^).#.! sf] ;"rgf Dofbsf] ldlt @)^).#.* df ePsf] tfd]nLnfO{ /Ltk"j{ssf] tfd]nL dfGg gldNg] . Ohnf; clws[t M >Lk|sfz pk]|tL Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn k'; !@ ut] /f]h ! z'ed\ .

* df=Gof= >L df]xgk|sfz l;6f}nf / df=Gof= >L e/t/fh pk]|tL, @)^) ;fnsf] l/6 g+= )($&, pTk]|if0f ;d]t, 8f= xl/ZrGb| pk]|tL lj= lrlsT;f lj1fg /fli6«o k|lti7fg aL/ c:ktfn ;d]t lgj]bsnfO{ k|fl1s kl/ifb\n] 5gf}6df pDd]bjf/ x'g k|ltaGw nufPsf] eGg] k|Zgtkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ lgj]bsn] k|fKt u/]sf] z}lIfs pkflwnfO{ lq=lj=ljaf6 MD/MS ;/xsf] df:6;{ txsf] z}lIfs pkflwsf] ?kdf dfGotf k|bfg ul/;s]sf] / lrlsT;f lj1fg /fli6«o k|lti7fgsf] lzIfs ;]jfsf zt{ tyf ;'ljwf;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)^$ sf] lgod % ;Fu ;DalGwt cg';"rL @-u_ df ;xk|fWofkssf] nflu # jif{sf] MD/MS z}lIfs pkflw xfl;n u/]sf] x'g'kg]{ egL sxLF st} pNn]v gePsf] cj:yfdf lgodfjnLeGbf aflx/ u} Ps k6s lq=lj=af6 dfGotf k|fKt ul/;s]sf] z}lIfs pkflwnfO{ cGoyf xf] egL dfGg ;lsg] cj:yf b]lvg cfPg . t;y{ lgj]bg dfu bfjLadf]lhd sfod /xL /x]sf] dfGotf k|fKt z}lIfs of]UotfnfO{ lgwf{l/t zt{cg'¿ksf] of]Uotf gePsf] egL lzIfs 5gf}6sf] pDd]b\jf/ x'gsf nflu /f]s nufPsf] sfd sf/jfxL sfg"g;Ddt gx'Fbf lgjb]ssf] xsdf lzIfs 5gf}6 k|ltof]lutfdf efu lng /f]s gnufO{ k|lti7fgaf6 x'g] lzIfs 5gf}6 k|lt:kwf{df efu lng lbg' egL ljkIfLx¿sf] gfpFdf k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g] . Ohnf; clws[tM rGb|k|sfz ltjf/L Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn kmfu'g !@ ut] /f]h # z'ed\

( df=Gof= >L df]xgk|sfz l;6f}nf / df=Gof= >L e/t/fh pk]|tL, @)^! ;fnsf] l/6 g+= )@%#, pTk]if0f ;d]t, lbns[i0f >]i7 lj=:jf:Yo tyf hg;+Vof dGqfno ;d]t lgj]bsx¿ cg'lrt ljnDa u/L l/6 If]qdfkm{t pkrf/sf] nflu k|j]z u/]sf] :jf:Yo


34

;]jf lgodfjnL, @)%% df ePsf] @)^! ;fnsf] bf];|f] ;+zf]wgn] ;xfos kfFrf} txdf c=x]=j= kb ;d]t /xg] Joj:yf u/]sf] x'Fbf lgj]bg dfuadf]lhd l;=c=x]=j= kbdf kb ldnfg u/L kb:yfkgf ug{ gldNg] . Ohnf; clws[tM rGb|k|sfz ltjf/L Olt ;+j\t @)^^ ;fn kmfu'g !@ ut] /f]h # z'ed\

!) df=Gof= >L df]xgk|sfz l;6f}nf, df=Gof= >L ;'zLnf sfsL{, @)^! ;fnsf] ;=kmf}=k'=g+= #$!@, #@@#, e|i6frf/, clDasfk|;fb pkfWofo lj= g]kfn ;/sf/ ;d]t dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] ldlt @)#( ;fnsf] k|ltj]bgsf] cfwf/df k|ltjfbLx¿ pk/ e|i6frf/df sf/jfxL rnfOPsf] b]lvG5 . dxfn]vf k/LIfs Ps ;+j}wflgs lgsfo ePsf] / To:tf] lhDd]jf/ lgsfosf] jflif{s k|ltj]bgdf j]?h' cf}+NofO{ a]?h" km5f}6 ug'{ u/fpg' kg]{ /sd egL k|ltj]bg k]z ePkl5 ;DalGwt clwsf/Laf6 tbf?vsf ;fy a]?h" /sd c;"n ug]{tkm{ cfjZos kxn ug'{kg]{df To;tkm{ pbf;Lg /xL cfkm\gf] lhDd]jf/L kG5fO{ dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] k|ltj]bgdf a]?h" cf}NofOPsf s'/fx¿nfO{ dgf]ut cfwf/df e|i6frf/hGo s;"/ xf] egL 5fgjLg / sfo{jfxLsf] nflu ljz]if k|x/L ljefudf n]vL k7fPsf] sfo{ plrt b]lvg gcfpg] . Ohnf; clws[t M dx]Gb|k|;fb kf]v/]n sDKo'6/ M ;'lbk k+1fgL Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn df3 % ut] /f]h # z'ed\ .

Psn Ohnf;

! df=Gof= >L /fds'df/k|;fb zfx, @)^^ ;fnsf] l/6 g+= )%#(, pTk]|if0f k/dfb]z, ;'GtnL tfdfª lj= cfk"lt{ dGqfno ;d]t

dfnkf]t sfof{nosf] ldlt @)^^.&.@) sf] lg0f{oaf6 ;fljs hUufwgL hLtdfg tfdfªsf] gfddf ;|]:tf sfod /x]sf] / lghaf6 oL lgj]lbsf ;'GtnL tfdfªn] v/Lb u/L xfn oL lgj]lbsfsf] gfddf hUufwgL btf{ k|df0f k"hf{ / ;|]:tf;d]t /x]sf] b]lvPsf] cj:yfdf dfnkf]t sfof{nosf] s'g lg0f{oaf6 lgj]lbsfsf] ;DklQ;DaGwL xsdf cf3ft k/]sf] xf] lgj]bsn] ;f] s'/f v'nfpg g;s]sf]n] k|yd b[li6df g} dfnkf]t sfof{non] u/] la/fPsf] b]lvg cfPg . ;fy} btf{jfnf oL lgj]lbsfsf] gfdsf] btf{ jf :jfldTjdf sf]xL s;}af6 u}/sfg"gL x:tIf]k ePsf] l:yltdf ;f] ;DaGwdf sfg"gL pkrf/ lng;Sg] cj:yf x'Fbfx'Fb} s'g} xs g} xgg\ gx'Fb} cfkm\g} gfddf btf{ ;|]:tf sfod /x]sf] / hUufwgL k|df0f k"hf{;d]t cfkm\gf] g} ePsf] cj:yfdf k/]sf] l/6 lgj]bgdf ljkIfLx¿af6 lnlvt hjfkm dufO/xg kg]{ cj:yf gx'Fbf k|ydb[li6df g} k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] . Ohnf; clws[tM >Lk|;fb ;+h]n sDKo'6/ M cld//Tg dxh{g Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn k'; !& ut] /f]h ^ z'ed\ .

@ df=Gof= >L /fh]Gb|k|;fb sf]O/fnf, @)^^–WO-)&#$, pTk]|if0f, a;Gtaxfb'/ >]i7 ;d]t lj= k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6g ;d]t ldlt @)^^.%.!@ sf] lnnfdL sf/jfxL k"/f x'g g;sL csf]{ lnnfdsf] tf/]v tf]sL lnnfd ug]{tkm{ k|lqmof cufl8 a9fpg] sfo{;Dd ePsf] lnnfdL k|lqmofut sfo{af6 lgj]bsx¿sf] dfucg';f/sf] ;+j}wflgs xsdf cf3ft kg{ uPsf] 5 eGg] :ki6 x'g g;s]sf] / To:tf] cf}lrTolxg lgj]bgdf ljkIfLx¿af6 lnlvt hjfkm dufO/xg' kg]{ cfjZostf ;d]t gb]lvFbf k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] . Ohnf; clws[tM bLks 9sfn Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn kmfu'g ^ ut] /f]h % z'ed\ .

kflifs i k|s fzg · iv @)^& ;fn j}zfv !^ b ]lv #! ut ];dd d '2fsf ] nut km5 \of }{6 ljj/0f...

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