Key TermsKey TermsUse the spaces below to define the key terms in your own words.Use the spaces below to define the key terms in your own words.

2.1Key Terms Textbook Definition Drawing / In my own words

Monitoring

Invertebrates

Parts Per Million

Spring Acid Shock

Toxic

Toxicity

Toxins

LD50

Heavy Metals

20

2.2Key Terms Textbook Definition Drawing / In my own words

Sulfur Dioxide

Nitrogen Oxides

Carbon Monoxide

Ozone

2.3Key Terms Textbook Definition Drawing / In my own words

Greenhouse Gases

Enhanced Greenhouse Effect

Global Warming

Ozone Layer

3.3Key Terms Textbook Definition Drawing / In my own words

Biomagnification

21

CCHAPTERHAPTER 2 – T 2 – THEHE QUANTITYQUANTITY OFOF CHEMICALCHEMICAL ININ THETHE ENVIRONMENTENVIRONMENT CANCAN BEBE MONITOREDMONITORED

Why are we so concerned about environmental quality?

Where do pollutants fit into this?

2.1 – M2.1 – MONITORINGONITORING W WATERATER Q QUALITYUALITY

Water Quality

Monitoring water quality is an _______________ process carried out by _______________________ and ________________. Water quality is measured based on clarity, biological and chemical indicators.

There are 5 category guidelines for water quality, based on their use:

- ________________________- ________________________- ________________________- ________________________- ________________________

The guidelines are designed to protects all _______________________ living in or near water ecosystems. They are measured using both biological and chemical indicators.

Biological Indicators

Biological indicators include ___________, ____________, worms, insects, plankton, protozoa, ______________ and viruses.

Microbial indicators

- These include the ______________________ and _________________ of microscopic organisms

- E. coli is the main indicator used for ________________ water

Aquatic Invertebrates

- These indicators may not be ___________________ in themselves, but can show the effects of __________________

- Invertebrates are organisms without a _____________________- These are used for monitoring because each organism has its own

____________ and preferred water conditions

22

Why might we not get as good of an idea about water quality when using biological indicators?

What other ways do we have to measure water quality?

Measuring Chemicals in the Environment

The concentration of chemicals in the environment (water, air, etc.) is usually done in ________________________________ or ____________.

Parts per million (________) – a unit of concentration describing how many particles of _____________ are present for every million parts of ____________________.

How do we calculate ppm?

Skills Practice – Pg. 217

Why might it be worth it for us to measure concentrations in ppb or ppt?

Chemical Factors that Affect Organisms:

The following factors affect all organisms in aquatic ecosystems:

- ____________________________- ____________________- ______________________- _________________________- ____________

Dissolved Oxygen

- Oxygen is ______________ into water, and this oxygen is essential to the health of aquatic organisms such as fish, insects, and micro-organisms

- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HLMtB87YWlQ - The level of dissolved oxygen depends on the following factors:

__________________ (abiotic) _____________________ (abiotic)

23

Amount of __________________________ (abiotic) Number of organisms using ___________________ (biotic)

- Most organisms need 5 milligrams per Litre (5 ppm) of dissolved oxygen to ________________ - The _______________ of species often gives us a relative idea of the amount of dissolved

oxygen present- A _____________ number of

different species means a high level (likely 8 ppm or more) of dissolved oxygen, whereas a _____________ species indicates a low level (below 5 ppm) of dissolved oxygen

Phosphorous and Nitrogen Content

- Phosphates and Nitrates often enter the water supply by ______________ and ______________

- They _____________ the growth of _____________ and ______________ in the water

- This then increases the food supply for bacteria, which decompose the plants, as they die

- The presence of more and more _____________________ uses up the available supply of dissolved _____________________ and many of the aquatic organisms die as a result

Acidity

- Sulfur and nitrogen __________ emitted from industries (such as smelters) combine with ________________ vapor in the air to produce sulfuric and nitric acid.

- These ________________ then fall to the ground as _______________________ (with a pH lower than normal rain - which is about 5.6)

- Acid rain:... causes chemical changes in the soil; reduces soil fertility ... retards tree growth ... kills organisms in lakes & streams ... corrodes exposed metal surfaces ... breaks down stone and limestone ... leaches toxic chemicals from the soil

- Acidity is measured on the pH scale with 7.0 being neutral and anything below 7 is acidic- A decrease of one unit indicates the acidity has been multiplied by a factor of 10 - Periods of ___________________ acidity (like in the spring when the acid snow melts and the

acidic water enters the waterways) are called ________________________

24

Dissolved Oxygen (ppm or mg/L) Invertebrates

8 Large numbers of diverse invertebrates6 Mayflies, stoneflies, and beetles begin to disappear4 Freshwater shrimp, midge larvae, and worms can survive2 Midge larvae and some worms can survive

Pesticides

- Some insects have become pesticide-______________ and so, new pesticides have to be developed

- When these chemicals remain in the environment, a __________ is created- Several pesticides mixed together can have a ______________ effect and

become very toxic - A __________ substance is __________________ - Today, pesticides are designed to only last one growing season, to

_____________________ their toxic effects and build-up- They are broken down by ______________ so they are no longer toxic

Biomagnification

_________________________ is the increase in _________________________ of a chemical or element as it moves up the food chain.

Examples:

DDT Mercury in fish

Measuring Toxicity

- Toxins, or poisons are substances that produce _______________ health problems, or ______________ when introduced into an organism

- Scientist measure toxins in ________________ amounts- LD stands for ______________________; and 50 represents 50% of the

subject group that will ______________ if they are given the specified dose, all at once

- LD50 testing is usually done on rats and mice- It is stated as the _________________ of chemical given per unit of

________________________

Heavy Metals

- Heavy metals have a ________________ of 5g/cm3 or more- Examples include: ______________, copper, lead, zinc, cadmium

and nickel

25

- These metals occur naturally and are also processed into a wide variety of products - Heavy metals can be ______________ to a wide range of organisms, so

_____________________ are constantly monitored - Heavy metals can enter the water supply by the action of _______________ rain and improper

solid waste ____________________ (which can leach heavy metals into the groundwater) - Heavy metals are especially toxic to ___________________ and can cause abnormal

_________________________, ____________ damage or even death

Homework Assignment – C+R Pg. 224

1. Governments set water quality guidelines for five categories of water use. What are these?

2. List four different groups of invertebrates that can be found in freshwater systems.

3. Identify five chemicals that are regularly monitored in aquatic systems.

4. What effect does spring acid shock have on aquatic organisms?

5. Identify an invertebrate family that would probably be among the first to die if the pH of its habitat decreased.

6. A student put 0.03 mL of food coloring into water to make 1000 mL of solution. Calculate the concentration of food coloring in parts per million.

7. Calculate the concentration in ppm of an alcohol/water solution if 30 drops of alcohol are stirred into water to make 1 L of solution. Note: 1 drop = 0.05 mL.

8. Calculate the concentration of each solution in parts per million and fill in the last column.

26

Solute (mL) Volume of initial solution (mL) Concentration (ppm)2.0 10000.0009 1000.62 10 000

9. Look at the table below. In which location (A or B) will the water support the greatest diversity of organisms? Explain.

Characteristic Sample A Sample BDissolved oxygen

3.5 6.0

pH 5.5 6.5Phosphorous high low

10. Explain the following statement about table salt: The LD50 is 3000 mg/kg for rats.7

11. Explain what happens when a high concentration of phosphorous enters a water system.

12. Suppose that high levels of mercury were found in your community. List at least three recommendations that you would make to the government to deal with this issue.

Homework Assignment – C+R Pg. 252

1. Use an example to explain the term “biomagnification.”

2.2 – M2.2 – MONITORINGONITORING A AIRIR Q QUALITYUALITY

Air quality can be determined in two ways:

27

1. By measuring the levels of _______________ in the air2. By estimating the amount of ______________ from pollution sources

Sulfur Dioxide

Sulfur dioxide (SO2(g)) is a major ______________________ that forms both ______ and _________.

It can affect your __________________ system and irritate your eyes The major source of SO2(g) is from _____________________ processes

o Ex. Alberta’s oil and industry In industries, ______________ are used to __________ sulfur dioxide emissions up to 99% The use_____________ to convert it to a useful product

Nitrogen Oxides (NOx(g))

Nitrogen oxides (NOx(g)) are also major ______ pollutants that form both _______ and _______ They affect the respiratory system and eyes The major source of nitrogen oxides is from the _________________ in cars as well as

generating plants and ________________ processes Both sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides are carefully monitored, especially in cities and areas

where industrial processes may release these pollutants

Carbon Monoxide CO(g)

Often referred to as the silent killer because it is _____________and ________________ gas Carbon monoxide is formed when chemicals contained carbon _______ and there is not enough

__________ to form carbon dioxide (CO2(g)) The main source of carbon monoxide from human activities is from ___________________ Carbon monoxide is also produced from ______________, ______________, _______________

_____________, ________________, and ______________.

28

Health effects: If inhaled, carbon monoxide reduces the amount of oxygen in the blood and can cause

______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________

_______________ converters are used to convert carbon monoxide into carbon dioxide

Ground-Level Ozone

What is Ozone? Ozone ( O3(g) ) is an _____________, _______________ that has 3 oxygen atoms. It protects us from harmful ___________________ rays from space, but at ground-level it can be

____________, because it can affect the __________________ system, _____________ plastics and can have serious effects on _________.

Ground-level ozone forms from reactions between oxygen, nitrogen oxides and compounds that are ________________________________________ in the presence of ________ and _______.

______________________ is the major source.

Homework Assignment C&R pg. 228

2) Scrubbers use a chemical reaction to remove a major pollutant from the air.

(a) What pollutant is removed?

(b) What are the products of the chemical reaction?

3) Why is carbon monoxide harmful to animals?

5) Ozone can be both harmful and helpful. Explain this statement.

29

8) (a) Identify the harmful compounds in car exhausts and explain why they are harmful to the environment

(b) Explain one benefit of catalytic converters

(c) Explain why catalytic converters have become an issue for people concerned about global warming

30

SSECTIONECTION 2.3 M 2.3 MONITORINGONITORING THETHE A ATMOSPHERETMOSPHERE

Chemicals in our atmosphere can cause ______ to ___________ health effects in local areas Some chemicals can have serious _________ effects

Examples: ___________________ and climate change are the primary concerns

Carbon Dioxide as a Greenhouse Gas

Carbon dioxide occurs ________________ in our environment so it is ____ considered a _____________

However, ____________ amounts that are being produced by various human activities is creating a concern

The increasing population and increasing use of _______________ is creating some issues

The Greenhouse Effect

What is it? The greenhouse effect is a___________ occurring

event, the result of greenhouse gases ____________some of the outgoing energy

This retains ________ in a way somewhat similar to the glass panels of a greenhouse

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5zLuqSYF68E

The Enhanced Greenhouse Effect

Human activities such as burning fossil fuels and clearing land are contributing to the ___________________________________

This effect results from the greater concentration of gases trapping even more ________ This in turn, increases the overall _______________ of the Earth which we refer to as

______________

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2taViFH_6_Y

Global Warming

Global warming may lead to _________________ which could then dramatically affect living things all over the world

These could include: ______________________ ______________________ ______________________

31

Monitoring stations are set up to record the higher levels and governments are trying to find ways to _________ the emissions of carbon dioxide which is fueling this enhanced greenhouse effect and depleting the ozone layer.

Scientists have concluded that ___________________ is taking place and that his is caused partly by __________ activities

Natural activities such as ______________________ and ________________ may also be part of the cause

Some countries have already started to reduce their carbon dioxide emissions Examples

____________________ ____________________

The Ozone Layer What is the Ozone Layer

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t5w9eIPYodg

Atmospheric ozone is the chemical that occurs high the atmosphere where it maintains a ________ around the Earth protecting everyone from harmful _____ radiation

The ozone layer is a ____________ formation ____ to ____ kilometers above us. Since the late 1970’s, Scientists who have been monitoring this protective layer, have noticed

that it is becoming _____________. They have also discovered _________ in the layer. This results in more ________________

getting through to the surface of the Earth and increasing the likelihood of more organisms getting _____________ and ______________.

It is also affecting the plankton population which is an important food supply for many animals.

The Role of Chlorofluorocarbons

The ______________of the atmosphere is caused by our use of _________________________. These chemicals eventually get into the upper atmosphere where they are broken down into

elements like ______________ which destroys ozone. 1 chlorine atom can destroy _____________ ozone molecules. Many countries have signed

agreements to reduce their use of these chemicals.

32

Homework Assignment C&R pg. 233

1)1) List four greenhouse gasesList four greenhouse gases

3)3) (a) What factor has contributed to the thinning of the ozone layer?(a) What factor has contributed to the thinning of the ozone layer?

(b) What is happening as result of this thinning? (b) What is happening as result of this thinning?

4)4) What are countries doing to protect the ozone layerWhat are countries doing to protect the ozone layer

5)5) What trend has been observed in carbon dioxide levels over the past century? Describe What trend has been observed in carbon dioxide levels over the past century? Describe two suggested causes of this trend.two suggested causes of this trend.

6)6) Explain the difference between the greenhouse effect and the enhanced greenhouse Explain the difference between the greenhouse effect and the enhanced greenhouse effecteffect

7)7) In which months would you expect the carbon dioxide levels to be lowest in Alberta? In which months would you expect the carbon dioxide levels to be lowest in Alberta? Explain why you chose those months.Explain why you chose those months.

33