key studies. biological write down five studies write down five studies

Key studiesKey studies

BiologicalBiological

Write down five studiesWrite down five studies


Name the case study with the guy Name the case study with the guy with a spike in his headwith a spike in his head

Why is it important?Why is it important?


Name the case study with the guy Name the case study with the guy with a spike in his headwith a spike in his head

Why is it important?Why is it important?

Phineas Gage


Name the experiment that showed Name the experiment that showed us pretty conclusively about us pretty conclusively about lateralization?lateralization?


Name the experiment that showed Name the experiment that showed us pretty conclusively about us pretty conclusively about lateralization?lateralization?

Sperry – 1968 – hemisphere deconnection and unity in conscious awareness – correlational study;


Name the study on smiles and Name the study on smiles and attractiveness?attractiveness?


Name the study on smiles and Name the study on smiles and attractiveness?attractiveness?

Eckman-people can naturally Eckman-people can naturally recognize a duschene smilerecognize a duschene smile

SmileSmile

Alos: Alos: Dacher Keltner and LeeAnne Dacher Keltner and LeeAnne Harker of the University of California Harker of the University of California at Berkley studied 141 high school at Berkley studied 141 high school senior-class photos from the 1960 senior-class photos from the 1960 yearbook of Mills College.yearbook of Mills College.


Name the study on gender Name the study on gender development?development?


Name the study on gender Name the study on gender development?development?

John Money--Case study--David Reimer the boy who was raised a girl.

Challenged by Milton Diamond


Name the study on gender Name the study on gender differences in mate selectiondifferences in mate selection

David Buss: The love David Buss: The love DoctorDoctor

1989 and 19901989 and 1990 Large scale 10,047, cross culural Large scale 10,047, cross culural

(37)(37) Average 272 per cultureAverage 272 per culture Looked at 32 qualities for long term Looked at 32 qualities for long term

matemate


Describe different theories on Describe different theories on aggressionaggression



Lorenz' Hydraulic Model of Lorenz' Hydraulic Model of motivationmotivation


Hydraulic Theory predicts:Hydraulic Theory predicts: Aggression is inevitable - the Aggression is inevitable - the

accumulating energy must accumulating energy must find an outlet find an outlet

Humans & animals will Humans & animals will actively 'look for fights'.actively 'look for fights'.

After an attack an animal / After an attack an animal / human will become less human will become less aggressive.aggressive.

Animals reared in isolation Animals reared in isolation will show aggressive will show aggressive behaviour.behaviour.




Jonathan Toot--gender. Males: Jonathan Toot--gender. Males: significantly lower levels of dopamine significantly lower levels of dopamine and serotonin in areas of the amygdalaand serotonin in areas of the amygdala

TootToot

"The data show that males are "The data show that males are involved in more fights than involved in more fights than females," they say, "suggesting females," they say, "suggesting increased aggression is influenced increased aggression is influenced by a Y-chromosomal effect that by a Y-chromosomal effect that decreases amygdala serotonin."decreases amygdala serotonin."

Ruben Gur and Ruben Gur and colleagues performed colleagues performed

MRI MRI 57 men and57 men and 59 women 59 women

•The researchers measured

•the volume of the amygdala,

•hippocampus, and

•other limbic areas associated with emotional arousal,

•as compared to the volume of orbital frontal brain regions that exert control over emotional responses


MRI MRI 57 men and57 men and 59 women 59 women

•Results:

•Same for:

•the volume of the amygdala,

•hippocampus, and

•other limbic areas associated with emotional arousal,

•But women had significantly larger orbital frontal cortex volume than men.


MRI MRI Conclusions:Conclusions: "Because men and women differ in the way "Because men and women differ in the way

they process the emotions associated with they process the emotions associated with perception, experience, expression, and perception, experience, expression, and most particularly in aggression," the most particularly in aggression," the researchers say, "our belief is that the researchers say, "our belief is that the proportional difference in size in the region proportional difference in size in the region of the brain that governs behavior, of the brain that governs behavior, compared to the region related to compared to the region related to impulsiveness, may be a major factor in impulsiveness, may be a major factor in determining what is often considered determining what is often considered 'gender-related' behavior."'gender-related' behavior."

Learning perspectiveLearning perspective

Name key study on aggressionName key study on aggression


Name key study on aggressionName key study on aggression

Bandura--Describe itBandura--Describe it


Name researchers we associate with Name researchers we associate with Classical conditioningClassical conditioning

Learning perspectiveLearning perspective Name researchers we associate with Name researchers we associate with

Classical conditioningClassical conditioning

PavlovPavlov WatsonWatson Compare the twoCompare the two Watson & Rayner – 1920 – the case of

Little Albert – lab experiment of one participant;

Cognitive perspectiveCognitive perspective Name key researcher on false memoryName key researcher on false memory

Cognitive perspectiveCognitive perspective Name key researcher on false memoryName key researcher on false memory

Loftus – 1974 – reconstruction of automobile destruction - eyewitness memory – lab experiment;

Cognitive perspectiveCognitive perspective Name key researchers on memoryName key researchers on memory

Cognitive perspectiveCognitive perspective Name key researchers on memoryName key researchers on memory

1950s, 1960s, 1970s – studies on sensory memory, STM, LTM (Sperling, Peterson & Peterson, Miller, Conrad, Ebbinghaus, Baddeley) – lab experiments;

Cognitive perspectiveCognitive perspective Describe a theory of memoryDescribe a theory of memory

Cognitive perspectiveCognitive perspective Describe a theory of memoryDescribe a theory of memory

Multistore modelMultistore model Theory by Atkins and Shiffrin (1968) Theory by Atkins and Shiffrin (1968) Based upon the theoretical existence of a sensory, short term, and long term Based upon the theoretical existence of a sensory, short term, and long term

memory processes.memory processes. They believed that information flowsThey believed that information flows 1) briefly through sensory, then into 1) briefly through sensory, then into 2) short term, and/or 2) short term, and/or 3) long term memory structures.3) long term memory structures.

Multi store modelMulti store model If STM memories are not rehearsed, they If STM memories are not rehearsed, they

are lost. In other words, whether are lost. In other words, whether information is stored in STM or LTM information is stored in STM or LTM depends on how much it is processed by depends on how much it is processed by the mind.the mind.

Each structure has different durations and Each structure has different durations and capacitiescapacities

Duration and capacity is fixed in each Duration and capacity is fixed in each structure: Once the memory capacity or structure: Once the memory capacity or specific duration of time is reached, specific duration of time is reached, memory is lost.memory is lost.

Multi store modelMulti store model

StrengthsStrengths Still widely used by psychologistsStill widely used by psychologists Provides support for Serial Position Effect and Provides support for Serial Position Effect and

Anterograde AmnesiaAnterograde Amnesia

WeaknessesWeaknesses Original theory was too simplisitc. Now thought to be Original theory was too simplisitc. Now thought to be

different types of both STM and LTM.different types of both STM and LTM. Ignores the importance of the type of information that is Ignores the importance of the type of information that is

brought in, and the effort or strategy subjects use when brought in, and the effort or strategy subjects use when learning.learning.

QuestionsQuestions

To what extent can the behavioral To what extent can the behavioral perspective be regarded as limited in perspective be regarded as limited in its explanation of human behavior? its explanation of human behavior?

QuestionsQuestions

To what extent can the behavioral To what extent can the behavioral perspective be regarded as limited in perspective be regarded as limited in its explanation of human behavior? its explanation of human behavior?

to what extent?to what extent? Asks candidates to Asks candidates to evaluate the success or otherwise of one evaluate the success or otherwise of one argument or concept over another. argument or concept over another. Candidates should present a conclusion, Candidates should present a conclusion, supported by arguments.supported by arguments.

QuestionQuestion

a) Outline what is meant by the a) Outline what is meant by the deterministic approach? (2 mark)deterministic approach? (2 mark)

B) Explain how one theory or B) Explain how one theory or empirical study from the learning empirical study from the learning perspective demonstrates a perspective demonstrates a deterministic approach. (6 marks)deterministic approach. (6 marks)

QuestionQuestion

a) Outline what is meant by the a) Outline what is meant by the deterministic approach? (2 mark)deterministic approach? (2 mark)

outlineoutline Asks candidates to write a brief Asks candidates to write a brief summary of the major aspects of the summary of the major aspects of the issue, principle, approach or argument issue, principle, approach or argument stated in the question.stated in the question.

QuestionQuestion

B) Explain how one theory or B) Explain how one theory or empirical study from the learning empirical study from the learning perspective demonstrates a perspective demonstrates a deterministic approach. (6 marks)deterministic approach. (6 marks)

explainexplain Asks candidates to describe Asks candidates to describe clearly, make intelligible and give reasons clearly, make intelligible and give reasons for a concept, process, relationship or for a concept, process, relationship or development.development.

QuestionQuestion

(a) Describe one biological (a) Describe one biological explanation of human behaviour, explanation of human behaviour, making reference to one empirical making reference to one empirical study. [4 marks]study. [4 marks]

b) Describe one strength and one b) Describe one strength and one limitation of this explanation of limitation of this explanation of human behaviour. [4 marks]human behaviour. [4 marks]

QuestionQuestion (a) Describe one biological explanation of (a) Describe one biological explanation of

human behaviour, making reference to human behaviour, making reference to one empirical study. [4 marks]one empirical study. [4 marks]

describedescribe Asks candidates to give a portrayal Asks candidates to give a portrayal of a given situation. It is a neutral request to of a given situation. It is a neutral request to present a detailed picture of a given situation, present a detailed picture of a given situation, event, pattern, process or outcome, although it event, pattern, process or outcome, although it may be followed by a further opportunity for may be followed by a further opportunity for discussion and analysis.discussion and analysis.

QuestionQuestion

b) Describe one strength and one b) Describe one strength and one limitation of this explanation of limitation of this explanation of human behaviour. [4 marks]human behaviour. [4 marks]

Levels of processingLevels of processing Theory by Craik and Lockhart (1972)Theory by Craik and Lockhart (1972) Accepts the existence of STM and LTMAccepts the existence of STM and LTM However, suggests that it is what the person However, suggests that it is what the person

does with information when it is received (how does with information when it is received (how much attention is paid to it or how deeply it is much attention is paid to it or how deeply it is considered, that determines how long the considered, that determines how long the memory lasts.memory lasts.

Info is more readily transferred to LTM with Info is more readily transferred to LTM with more “depth of processing”more “depth of processing”

Levels of processingLevels of processing

What are the 3 Levels of Processing? What are the 3 Levels of Processing?

1. 1. Structural LevelStructural Level – paying attention to what the – paying attention to what the

words look like. (superficial)words look like. (superficial)

2.2. Phonetic LevelPhonetic Level – processing the sound of the – processing the sound of the

words. (deeper processing) words. (deeper processing)

3.3. Semantic LevelSemantic Level - considering the meaning of - considering the meaning of

words (the deepest processing).words (the deepest processing).

Levels of processingLevels of processingStrengthsStrengths Good contribution to understanding the processes that take place at the Good contribution to understanding the processes that take place at the

time of learningtime of learning Provides and alternative explanation of anterograde Amnesia (shallow Provides and alternative explanation of anterograde Amnesia (shallow

processing)processing) Recognizes a wide variety of memories as a result of a wide variety of Recognizes a wide variety of memories as a result of a wide variety of

ways information is dealt with. ways information is dealt with.

WeaknessesWeaknesses Not meant to fully explain memory, but to aid in research.Not meant to fully explain memory, but to aid in research. Circular definition: well remembered material which has been deeply Circular definition: well remembered material which has been deeply

processed and deeply processed material is that which is well processed and deeply processed material is that which is well remembered. remembered.

Many problems with defining deep processing and why it is effectiveMany problems with defining deep processing and why it is effective It describes rather than explains. It describes rather than explains.


Name researchers we associate with Name researchers we associate with operant conditioningoperant conditioning

SkinnerSkinner

key studies. biological write down five studies write down five studies

Documents

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biological sperry

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