Key facts on young working women

Results of 14 countries’ overview

studiesDECISIONS FOR LIFE

International Young Women’s ConferenceAmsterdam9 May 2011

Maarten van KlaverenUniversity of Amsterdam /

AIAS(overview jointly with Kea Tijdens,

Nuria Ramos Martin and Melanie Hughie-Williams)

FAMILY LIFE / HEALTH

- Fertility young females - HIV – AIDS

• GRAPH: adolescent fertility rate (yearly births per 1,000 young women 15-19:– in INDIA rather high (90), in INDON (51)

and BRAZ (56) rather low – in CIS low: < 50– in SSA still high: > 100, except SA (67)

• Total fertility rates (average childbirths per women current generation 15-49):– in BRA and INDON 2.2, in INDIA 1.8– in CIS =< 2, BEL only 1.3– In SSA high: > 5, except SA (2.4), BOT

(3.2) and ZIM (3.7)

Fertility

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• GRAPH: HIV/AIDS prevalence among 15+ per 1,000 population:– large countries rather low: INDON 2, INDIA 3,

BRA 5– CIS countries low, except UKR (11)– SSA: except ANG (20), high (> 110)

• Developments in HIV/AIDS prevalence: – INDON and INDIA: rate constant, low

knowledge, stigma; BRA: rate falling, successful treatment program

– CIS: growing, notably in UKR (also TB epidemic)

– SSA: rate falling, mainly through > condom use – yet, new HIV infections heavily affect young females + combination with TB (MAL, MOZ, SA) lower status of women, violence/rape, young girls targeted by older men

HIV - AIDS

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• Life expectancy: – in INDON, INDIA, BRA no clear negative effects, rapid increase of female life

expectancy in 2000s to 72 (INDON), 66 (INDIA), 76 (BRA)– in CIS rebound of falling life expectancy rates of 1990s, except for men in UKR

and BEL– in SSA female life expectancy rates falling < 50 years (SA: 51, but falling from

70 in 1994), • Orphanage:

– major effect, widespread in SSA, ruins perspectives in life of young women in question

– example: MAL: 15% 0-20 yrs old are orphans• Burden of poverty falls heavily on women:

– more generally the case, also related to effects of crisis (see also INDIA, INDON)– income and food insecurity also gendered: growing informality (SA, ZAM), large

fluctuations in harvests from smallholder agriculture (ANG, MAL, MOZ)– aggravated through HIV/AIDS prevalence in SSA : high % poor female-headed

households (for example in SA: 45%, males 25%); women/girls have to fetch water and collect firewood (for example in SA: 3 million, 11% of female population)

Effects of HIV/AIDS

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EDUCATION / COMMUNICATION- Literacy and education - Internet use- Mobile phone subscription

• GRAPH (RED): Literacy rate young females (15-24)– INDON 96, INDIA 77, BRA 99 (9-

24%pts more than all females)– CIS countries all 100 (1-2%pts

more than all females)– SSA: ANG 63, BOT 90, MAL 73,

MOZ 48, SA 96, ZAM 68, ZIM 99 (8-15%pts more than all females)

• GRAPH (BLUE): Literacy rate all female adults (15 and older)– INDON 87, INDIA 53, BRA 90– AZE 98, BEL, KAZ and UKR 99– SSA: ANG 54, BOT 82, MAL 63,

MOZ 32, SA 87, ZAM 60, ZIM 88

Literacy

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• Primary education: – gross enrollment rates vary widely , with BOT, BRA, CIS

countries, INDON, SA, ZIM rather high (> 85%), – yet others much lower ,with large drop-out rates of girls: f.e.

INDIA, but also BRA and INDON• Secondary education:

– even larger differences between gross and net enrollment (10-25%pts); drop-out rate for girls (much) higher, extremely high in ZIM

– exceptions with low drop-out rates: BOT, BEL and UKR• Tertiary education:

– gross enrollment rates vary widely: from > 60% in UKR, 45% in BEL, via 21% in BRA, 18% in INDON,15.5% in SA and 14% in INDIA, to 1-1.5% in MAL and MOZ

– in number of countries female rates equal to male (f.e. INDON) or even higher (f.e. SA: 17%)!

Education

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• GRAPH: Internet coverage: % of users among total population 2008-09 – BRA highest (38), INDON 8, INDIA

5– CIS: BEL highest (32), AZE 28,

KAZ and UKR 11– SSA: < 10% except ZIM (11)

• (growth in) coverage proves to be mainly influenced by real income, education, workplace (office) and urbanization (Internet cafes) – not by political constraints

Internet use

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• GRAPH: Mobile cellular subscriptions in % of total population 2008-09

• Country gaps much smaller in mobile telephony impetus for Internet growth through breakthrough of mobile devices with Internet access:

– INDON 62, INDIA 37, BRA 79– CIS countries > 70 (UKR 120!)– SSA: SA 92, BOT 77,even MOZ 20;

exceptions ZIM 13, MAL 12• INDIA and SA show: urban –

rural gap also much smaller in mobile telephony

Mobile phones

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LABOUR MARKET- Skill levels- Informal work - Females in

commercial services

• GRAPH (RED): high skilled females (ISCED 5-6) in % of female employment:

– INDON 8, INDIA 1, BRA 12– CIS countries: 19-26– SSA: from 21 in SA to 3-4 in BOT, ZAM,

ZIM and =< 1 in ANG, MAL, MOZ• GRAPH (BLUE): skilled women (ISCED

3-6) in % of total female employment:– INDON 28, INDIA 19, BRA 46– CIS countries > 66– SSA: from 51 in SA to 4-6 in ANG< MAL,

MOZ– in BOT, BRA,KAZ, UKR and SA higher %

skilled females than % skilled males, in INDON equal

Skill levels

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• GRAPH: Informal employment in % of total female employment:

– INDON 73, INDIA 93, BRA 56– CIS countries < 33 (BEL ?)– SSA: from 34 in SA and 38 in BOT to

88-94 in MAL, MOZ, ZAM, ZIM• Informal labour:– % depends on level of development

and national traditions– yet, government policies matter:

recent decrease in BRA but increase in SA

– much informal labour goes together (correlates high:.53) with large wage differences between sectors where females work

Informal work

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• GRAPH: employment in commercial services in % of female employment:– INDON 30, INDIA 4, BRA 31– CIS: AZE 27, BEL 17, KAZ 30, UKR 16– SSA: from 41 in SA to 4 in ANG and

MOZ• high correlation (.47) between

share of skilled women and share women working in commercial services: BRA 46% skilled / 31% in services but INDIA 19% skilled / 4% in services.

• Exceptions: UKR and BEL, with very high skill level of females but low shares in services

Commercial services

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INCOME AND WAGES

- Gender pay gap- Gender income gap

• GRAPH: gender pay gap in formal employment – INDON 26, INDIA 56, BRA 38– CIS: 25 in UKR and BEL, 31 in

KAZ, 43 in AZE– SSA: 34 in SA, 45 in ZAM, 28 in

BOT, MOZ, ZIM (ANG and MAL: ?)– over-all large gender pay gap

(>= 25), till extreme in INDIA; except for that country, no close relationship with position women in economic and social development

Gender pay gap

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• GRAPH: gender income gap in national economy (based on national accounts):– INDON 54, INDIA 68, BRA 44– CIS: 32-42– SSA: with 56 largest in SA, lowest

with 190 in MOZ and 26 in MAL– except at the very bottom (INDIA) no

close relationship with gender pay gap in formal employment

– smallest income gap in countries with ‘shared poverty’ in agriculture and low shares of skilled and studying women: MAL, MOZ

Gender income gap

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Thank you for your attention!

• Comments invited• m.vanklaveren@uva.nl• For more information:• http://dfl.wageindicator.org/home• http://www.ituc-csi.org/decisions-for-life.html

The end

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