Key ConceptsKey Concepts

Types of hazards people face Types of hazards people face

Methods of toxicology Methods of toxicology

Types and measurement of chemical hazards Types and measurement of chemical hazards

Types and effects of biological hazards Types and effects of biological hazards

Risk estimation, management, and reduction Risk estimation, management, and reduction

Risk and ProbabilityRisk and Probability

Riskpossibility of harm

Riskpossibility of harm

ProbabilityRisk = Exposure X Harm

ProbabilityRisk = Exposure X Harm

Risk Assessment

Risk Assessment

Risk Management

Risk Management

Fig. 11-2 p. 229Fig. 11-2 p. 229

HazardsHazards

Cultural hazardswork conditions, diet, drugs (legal and illegal), poverty, unsafe sex, crime

Cultural hazardswork conditions, diet, drugs (legal and illegal), poverty, unsafe sex, crime

Chemical hazardschemical exposure by water, air, soil, and foodAvg. person contains 500 synthetic org. chem.

Chemical hazardschemical exposure by water, air, soil, and foodAvg. person contains 500 synthetic org. chem.

Physical hazardsnatural disaster and radiation

Physical hazardsnatural disaster and radiation

Biological hazardspathogens and allergens

Biological hazardspathogens and allergens Fig. 11-1 p. 228Fig. 11-1 p. 228

ToxicologyToxicology

Toxicitymeasures harmfulness of chemical

Toxicitymeasures harmfulness of chemical

Dosagelength of time exposednumber of times exposedage of exposedbody system strengthgenetic makeup

Solubilitywater soluble – inorganic and move into water supplyfat soluble – store in tissue

Persistencetime of effect on systems

Dosagelength of time exposednumber of times exposedage of exposedbody system strengthgenetic makeup

Solubilitywater soluble – inorganic and move into water supplyfat soluble – store in tissue

Persistencetime of effect on systems

Fig. 11-3p. 230

ToxicologyToxicology

BioaccumulationAbsorb and store

BioaccumulationAbsorb and store

Biomagnificationpass through food chain

Biomagnificationpass through food chain

Fig. 11-4p. 231

AntagonisticReduce response (mineral/vitamins)

Synergismmultiplies response

AntagonisticReduce response (mineral/vitamins)

Synergismmultiplies response

Acute effectrapid reaction

Acute effectrapid reaction

Chronic effectslow, permanent reaction

Chronic effectslow, permanent reaction

PoisonsPoisons

Poisonis a chemical that has an LD50 of 50 mg orless per kg of body weight

Poisonis a chemical that has an LD50 of 50 mg orless per kg of body weight

LD50lethal dose of chemical per kg of body weight

LD50lethal dose of chemical per kg of body weight

Median lethal dosethe amount of a chemical to kill 50% of atest population in one dose

Median lethal dosethe amount of a chemical to kill 50% of atest population in one dose

See Table 11-1 p. 232See Table 11-1 p. 232

Fig. 11-5 p. 231Fig. 11-5 p. 231

Dose-Response CurvesDose-Response Curves

Fig. 11-6 p. 233

Chemical HazardsChemical Hazards

Hazardous chemicalsflammable or explosive, irritate or damaging, interfere with oxygen transfer, allergen

Hazardous chemicalsflammable or explosive, irritate or damaging, interfere with oxygen transfer, allergen

MutagensChange in DNA that can be passed to offspring caused by ionizing radiation

MutagensChange in DNA that can be passed to offspring caused by ionizing radiation

Teratogenscause defects in embryo during pregnancy

Teratogenscause defects in embryo during pregnancy

Carcinogensgrowth of malignant tumor (cancer)

Carcinogensgrowth of malignant tumor (cancer)

Neurotoxins chemical attacks the nerve cells

Neurotoxins chemical attacks the nerve cells

Hormonally active agentsmimic and disturbs the effects of natural hormones

Hormonally active agentsmimic and disturbs the effects of natural hormones

Precautionary principlePrecautionary principle

Biological Hazards: DiseasesBiological Hazards: Diseases

See Case Study p. 241See Case Study p. 241

Fig. 11-14 p. 243Transmissible diseaseTransmissible disease

Slide 8Slide 8Slide 8Slide 8Slide 8Slide 8Slide 8Slide 8Slide 8Slide 8

Figure 11-8Page 236

Viruses HIV(AIDS)

Hepatitis B

Smallpox

Ebola

On this scale, a human hair would be 6 meters (20 feet) wide

1 micrometer

Bacteria Vibrio cholerae(cholera)

Myobacteriumtuberculosis

(tuberculosis)

Treponema pallidum (syphilis)

6 micrometers

Protozoa

Plasmodium(malaria)

10 micrometers

Slide 15Slide 15Slide 15Slide 15Slide 15Slide 15Slide 15Slide 15Slide 15Slide 15

Deaths per100,000 people

<2.5

2.5-10

10-35

35-70

70-100

100+

In-text figurePage 241

Biological Hazards: DiseasesBiological Hazards: Diseases

Nontransmissible disease cardiovascularcancerdiabetesasthmaemphysema malnutrition

GeneticEnvironmentally Influenced

Nontransmissible disease cardiovascularcancerdiabetesasthmaemphysema malnutrition

GeneticEnvironmentally Influenced

Risk AnalysisRisk Analysis

Fig. 11-17p. 247

Slide 20Slide 20Slide 20Slide 20Slide 20Slide 20Slide 20Slide 20Slide 20Slide 20

Scientists(Not in rank orderin each category)

Citizens(In rank order)

High-Risk Health Problems• Indoor air pollution• Outdoor air pollution• Worker exposure to industrial

or farm chemicals• Pollutants in drinking water• Pesticide residues on food• Toxic chemicals in consumer products

High-Risk Ecological Problems• Global climate change• Stratospheric ozone depletion• Wildlife habitat alteration and destruction• Species extinction and loss of biodiversity

High-Risk Problems• Hazardous waste sites• Industrial water pollution • Occupational exposure

to chemicals• Oil spills• Stratospheric ozone depletion • Nuclear power-plant accidents• Industrial accidents releasing

pollutants• Radioactive wastes• Air pollution from factories• Leaking underground tanks

Medium-Risk Ecological Problems• Acid deposition • Pesticides • Airborne toxic chemicals • Toxic chemicals, nutrients, and

sediment in surface waters

Medium-Risk Problems• Coastal water contamination• Solid waste and litter• Pesticide risks to farm workers• Water pollution from

sewage plants

Low-Risk Ecological Problems• Oil spills • Groundwater pollution• Radioactive isotopes• Acid runoff to surface waters• Thermal pollution

Low-Risk Problems• Air pollution from vehicles • Pesticide residues in foods• Global climate change • Drinking water contamination

Figure 11-15Page 246

Comparative Risk AnalysisComparative Risk Analysis