key area: 2 therapeutic uses of cells unit 1: cell biology
TRANSCRIPT
Key Area: 2Therapeutic uses of cells
Unit 1: Cell Biology
Genetic Engineering• What is genetic engineering?
• What is it used for?
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Genetic Engineering• Watch the following clip on genetic
engineering and answer the following questions.
1. What 3 things are produced by genetically modifying microbes?
2. Name the first organisms to be genetically modified and when this was done?
3. What does insulin normally do? What condition arises from not making insulin?
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Genetic Engineering• Genetic engineering means the
manipulation of organisms to make useful products and it has broad applications.
• Genetic engineering has applications in medicine, research, industry and agriculture.
• It can be used on a wide range of plants, animals and microorganisms.
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Genetic Engineering• In medicine, genetic engineering has
been used to mass produce insulin, human growth hormone, human albumin, vaccines and many other drugs.
• In research, organisms are genetically engineered to discover the functions of certain genes.
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Genetic Engineering• Industrial applications include
transforming microorganisms such as bacteria or yeast with a gene coding for a useful protein.
• Mass quantities of the protein can be produced by growing the transformed organism in bioreactors using fermentation, then purifying the protein.
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Genetic Engineering• Genetic engineering is used in
agriculture to create genetically modified crops or genetically modified organisms.
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Genetically Modified• A genetically modified organism (GMO) is
one that has been generated through genetic engineering.
• The first GMOs were bacteria in 1973.• GM mice were generated in 1974.• Insulin producing bacteria were
commercialised in 1982.• Genetically modified food has been sold
since 1994
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The process of Genetic Engineering
• The normal activities of a bacterium are controlled by its single chromosome and small rings of genes called plasmids.
• In genetic engineering, pieces of chromosomes from a different organism can be inserted into a plasmid.
• This allows the bacteria to make a new substance.
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The process of Genetic Engineering
• Collect the diagram and complete the labels.
• Collect the cut out sheet and put the stages of genetic engineering in the correct order.
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The process of Genetic Engineering
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Uses of bacteria• One of the most common organisms
used in genetic modification are bacteria.
• Bacteria are useful as they are relatively simple to modify, they grow and multiple easily and can quickly produce lots of a particular protein or product.
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Uses of genetic engineering• Genetic engineering is used for the
production of substances which used to be both expensive and difficult to produce.
• Examples are: – Insulin for the control of diabetes– Antibiotics such as penicillin– Vaccines for the control of disease– Enzymes for laundry detergents
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Uses of genetic engineering• Genetic engineering produces organisms
which have genotypes that are best suited for a particular function.
• Genotype – this is the particular combination of genes expressed by an organism.
• In the past man has used selective breeding to achieve organisms which have genotypes that are best suited for a particular function
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Uses of genetic engineering• Genetic engineering has several
advantages over selective breeding.• Particular useful characteristics can
be selected.• The selection may be quicker.• A desirable characteristic can be
transferred from one species to another.
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Uses of genetic engineering• As well as bacteria, plants and animals can
also be genetically modified. It is therefore possible to genetically modify people.
• Genetic diseases, such as cystic fibrosis, could possibly be cured this way.
• Genetic engineering could even be used to change physical appearance, metabolism and improve memory and intelligence.
• These uses though are of lower priority to researchers and limited to science fiction.
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Issues of genetic engineering• There are dangers associated with genetic
engineering since it creates completely new strains of bacteria.
• It could be possible to create bacteria which are harmful to animal or plant life.
e.g. the gene that gives some plants resistance to weed killers may ‘jump’ to weedsOr the gene carried by viruses into humans may be inserted in the wrong place and cause cancers
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Diabetes• 347 million people worldwide have
diabetes (WHO figures for Sep 2012)• Accounts for hundreds of thousands of
deaths each year worldwide• Can cause blindness, kidney failure, need
for amputation, birth defects• Is a risk factor in Heart Disease.
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Diabetes - indicators• High levels of blood glucose
(hyperglycaemia)• presence of glucose in the urine
(glycosuria)• increased urinary fluid loss (polyuria)• High levels of ketone bodies in blood• wasting of body mass (due to fat
catabolism)
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Diabetes – Task 1• Using the following slide:–Make a table or mind-map to make notes on the two types of diabetes; Type 1 and Type 2 –Try to add no more than 5 key facts on each type and keep the information short and easy to understand!
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Diabetes – Type 1• Used to be known as insulin dependent diabetes• Caused by destruction of the pancreas’ insulin-producing β-cells• This causes insulin deficiency• Most frequently emerges in childhood (under 20, average 12
years old) but can present itself at any age• Shows a strong genetic component• Probably triggered by an autoimmune response to something in
the environment (e.g. a virus) that destroys the β-cells’ ability to synthesise insulin
• Patients have an abnormality in glucose homeostasis (i.e. they cannot regulate blood sugar levels)
• Treated with insulin• Symptoms can be relatively severe
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Diabetes – Type 2• Typically arise because of insulin resistance (body tissues require greater
than normal insulin for glucose regulation)• Despite sufficient insulin production, adequate glucose does not enter the
cells • The target cells for insulin appear to have a deficiency of insulin receptors• So not enough glucose is taken up into cells such as muscle or liver• Blood glucose levels increase to abnormally high levels• The pancreas tries to compensate by producing more insulin• Eventually the β-cells become worn out and insulin production decreases• Diabetes has developed• Generally occurs among overweight, not very mobile, middle-aged (over
40) individuals with a family history of diabetes – increasing in younger people now!
• Sometimes needs to be treated with insulin but often not• Symptoms can be relatively moderate
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Stem Cells• Stem cells are the sites of
production of specialised cells in animals
• They have the potential to become different types of cell.
• Stem cells are involved in growth and repair.
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Stem Cells
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Stem Cells• Your teacher will
show you a presentation.
• You must take notes from it on stem cells.
• Ask if you need to see it more than once.
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Growing organs• Organ donation is the donation of
biological tissue or an organ of the human body.
• The demand for organs for transplant far outstrips supply in the UK.
• This means that some patients will not receive an organ in time
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Growing organs• In the race to solve the organ shortage,
xenotransplantation has taken place. • This is the replacing of a human organ with an
animal one. • Pigs could potentially provide all the organs that
are required. • Their organs are the right size and they are
already bred in large numbers. • Heart valves from pigs and insulin extracted
from their pancreas have already been used widely.
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Growing organs• Why are whole organ transplants
using pig organs not currently offered?
• What problems could there be?• Human immune system doesn’t like
the presence of pig organs and will reject them, concerns over spread of animal diseases to humans.
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Growing organs• Much research is now going in to
the use of human stem cells and other organ cells in growing specific organs.
• Currently windpipes have been grown and used.
• Bladders and kidney are currently being grown and the hope is that many more organs will follow.
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