keiler, bernard. instruments and music of bolivia. (1963)

7/24/2019 Keiler, Bernard. Instruments and Music of Bolivia. (1963)

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ETHNIC FGLKWAYS LIBRARY

Album

FM 4012

962 by Folkways Records Service Corp., 121

W. 47th

st. NYC USA

(Monograph

Series)

INSTRUMENTS

nd

MUSI

of BOLIVI

Recorded in Bolivia with notes

by

Bernard Keiler

The

native music of

Bolivia

is as varied as

the

land

scape of

that

fascinat ing country. From the

shores

of

Lake

Titicaca 12000

feet above

sea level

to the

lush

valleys

of Cochabamba and Tari ja

instruments

and styles of music

range

from the

monotonous pen

tatonic

incantation played by a group of

s icuris*

in

Tarabuco to the

lively

tonada st rummed

on

a

charango in

the

little market town of

Tarata .

Called sicu

by the

Aymaras and antara by

the

Que

chuas,

the

origins of

the pipes of

Pan

are

lost in

pre-his tory .

Yet to

this

day they can

be

heard

wherever

Indians

celebrate

a wedding r a

funeral,

an offering to

Pacha

Mama; or a bucolic inaugura

tion of a

house

built of adobe. Pan pipes are

al

ways

played

in groups; hardly ever can one hear a

soloist .

The

examples recorded here will give an

idea

of the latitude of

expression

of which

the

Indians

and

their

pipe s are capable .

* s icuris - Pan pipers

r

Pacha

Mama -

Aymara

goddess

of

the

earth .

The m elody played on

the

carra was

recorded

on

the

eve of St.

Roque s day,

patron saint

of

Tarija.

Thi

is

a 15-foot-long,

hollow bamboo

cane with

an

elliptically shaped mouthpiece cut lengthwise on the

side

of the

cane

about two inches from the stoppere

end. A

cone

shaped dried oxtail is fitted

over

the

other extreme. The pitch is changed only

by

lip

pressure. The

instrum ent s natural scale is limite

to mi - sol - do.

Hearing

14 canas played s imul

taneously and independehtly outside the Cathedral o

Tari ja one morning left an indelible impression,

as

you will understand

when

you listen

to

this sampler

of

music

produced by the most unwieldy

instrument

I

came

across

in Bolivia.


4/6

The charango

is hybrid between

the guitar and the

mandolin.

t

can

be heard in the

sub-tropical re-

gions of

the

country. Played mostly by Quechua

Indians, it probably

did

not exist in pre-Columbian

times.

The

charango

is

solo instrument

in

con

tr st to the sicu, and

is

as characteristic of the

valleys

of Bolivia as the latter

is

of the highlands.

An armadil lo

shell

forms

the

back

of the sound box

of

the

instruments recorded here.

The

quena is

flute similar in

appearance

to the

recorder . t was known to the Incas and other pre

Hispanic cultures. Such

instruments

made of clay

and

bone

have

been

found in ear \y graves . Today's

quenas are mostly

cut from

cane. Three

and

four

hole quenas are

less

common

than

six and seven

hole

instruments that

permit

the playing of almost

diatonic scales. One of the examples of quena

m u

sic recorded here was

played

on one-hand

flute

with

four holes.

This

permitted

the

use of

the

free

hand to

pl y square

drum which was

fastened

to

the player 's wrist . Holding

drun.st ick

between

forefinger and

middle finger

of

his left hand

allowed

him

to

drum his own accompaniment.

The

violin chapaco is crude

descendant

of

the

Euro

pean violin brought to Bolivia by the

Spaniards.

Ho

ever the bowing technique and,the fiddle tunes of the

Bolivian south

have

taste all

their own.

The

erke

or erkencho

is

primitive clarinet

made

from

short piece of

cane, about

three

inche

s

long,

with

vibrating

tongue in its

upper

end. The

horn

of

an

ox

makes

the

amplifier into

which the

lower

end of

the

cane is forced. The range of

the erke

is

l imited

to

three nasal tones.

Photo credit: FOTO UNARES


5/6

Sicu

Quena

Erke

SIDE I

Instruments

Piece

Ethnic

Group

Locale Region

Band

:

14 sicus

Quenita

Aymara Escoma Lake

5 drums

Titicaca

Band 2: id. Saucecito

id

id

Band 3: id.

Kollauita

id

id

Band

4: 4 sicus Ceremonial

Quechua

Tarabuco

Dept.

2 drums

of

Chuquisaca

Band 5:

Tonada de

Mestizo

Canasmoro

ana

San

Roque

Dept.

of Tari ja

Band

6:

quena and

Tonada

Mestizo

San Lorenzo

square drum

Dept. of Tari ja

SIDE

II

Band : erke drum tonada

Quechua

Tarata

Dept.

of

Cochabamba

Band

2:

charango

Alegria

Quechua

Tarata Dept.

Band

3:

id

Narnajita

of Cochabamba

Band

4: 2 Voices Contrapunto

id

id

and

drum

Mestizo

Tari ja

Band

5:

quena

and

Flor

Imilla

square drum Aymara Machacamarca

Dept. of La

Paz

Band

6: violin chapaco Tonada

de

la Cruz

Mestizo

Canasmoro

Dept.

of

Tari ja

Band

7:

id

Tonada

de

Pascuas

id

id

Band 8: id Tonada de

id

id

San Roque

3


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keiler, bernard. instruments and music of bolivia. (1963)

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