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Maphunziroa

Alangizi othandizira alimi a ziweto m'midzi

Kawetedwe ka a kalulu

Small Scale Livestock and Livelihoods Program

PO Box 1604, Lilongwe Malawi

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Kaw et edw e ka a ka l u l u

Phunziro 1 : Tiyeni tiyambe tamudziwa kalulu

Zolinga za phunziroli:Pomaliza pa phunziro ili wophunzira athe:

1. Amvetsetse zofunikira pamene munthu afuna kuweta akalulu munom'Malawi

2. Adziwe ubwino ndi kuyipa kwa kuweta akalulu3. Adziwe m'mene kalulu aliri4. Adziwe komwe angapeze ndi kasankhidwe kwa akalulu oweta

abwino omwe angagwiritse ntchito pochulukitsa

Zinthu zimene zimafunika pofuna kuweta akalulu

Ntchito: Kambiranani ndipo mulembe zinthu zonse zimene zimafunika munthuakafuna kuweta akalulu kumudzi m'dziko lino la Malawi. Ndipo kambiranani zinthu izi:

• Khola - kodi zofunikira kwambiri pakhola la kalulu ndi zinthu ngati ziti? Kodi khola la kalulu limafuna malo okula bwanji?

• Zakudya - ndi mitundu iti yazakudya yomwe mungadyetse kalulu?

• Kubereketsa (kuswanitsa) - titani kuti akalulu aswane?

• Magwiridwe a akalulu - kodi kalulu timunyamule motani? Nanga tinyamule kalulu wamkulu motani?

• Kodi tingasankhe bwanji akalulu amene tikufuna kugula - tiyang'ane zinthu ziti zotithandiza posankha akalulu? Ndi zinthuziti zimene tingapewe posankha akalulu?

• Matenda - kodi ndi matenda ati ndi zina zomwe zimakhudza umoyo wa akalulu?

Maphunziro a alangizi othandizira alimi a ziweto a m'midzi - SSLLP - Kawetedwe ka a kalulu Page 1

Ubwino woweta akalulu?• Akalulu siobvuta kudyetsa chifukwa amadya zakudya zosiyanasiyana zomwe

ndi zosabvuta kupeza. Zina mwazakudyazo ndi zosafunikira kweni kumatupi awo.

• Chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa matupi awo, akalulu ndi ziweto zosavuta kusunga.Safuna malo akulu omangapo khola ndipo sabvuta kupha komanso angathe kugwiritisdwa ntchito pophera alendo ndi pa miyambo ina yaying'ono ing'ono. Ndipo akafa mwangozi, kaya ndimatenda, sipakhala kutaya chuma kwenikweni chochita kudandaulitsa.

• Akalulu amathetha kwambiri. Amaswa ana ambiri pafupipafupi pachaka• Nyama ya kalulu ndi yopatsa thanzi. • Ntchito yoweta akalulu siyochita kukhetsa thukuta ayi. Ndiyosavuta ndiponso

silira ndalama zambiri.

Kodi ndi mavuto ati omwe timakumana nawo poweta akalulu?• Akalulu amafunika kwawetera m'makola abwino aukhondo. Koma makola

athu a m'midzimu amakhala osalongosoka ndipo nthawi zambiri osasamalika ndipo izi zimadzetsa matenda ndipo akalulu ambiri amafa.

• Kuweta akalulu kumafunika munthu wa chidwi kumawayang'anira pafupi pafupi. Amafuna azipatsidwa chakudya ndi madzi akumwa tsiku liri lonse. Izi ziri choncho chifukwa akalulu oweta amakhala m'khola nthawi zonse ndipo sangapeze chakudya kapena madzi akumwa mwa iwo okha ngati m'mene nkhuku za kumudzi zotayira, zimachitira.


Tiyeni timudziwitsitse kalulu• Akalulu amene amawetedwa kuno ku Malawi amasiyana ndi akalulu aku

mayiko a azungu ngakhale akumayiko ena amom'muno mu Africa. Akululuwa amasiyananso ndi akalulu am'tchire.

(Courtesy: FAO Better Farming Series 36, 1988, Better Farming Series 37, 1988) 1

(Courtesy: FAO Better Farming Series 36, 1988, Better Farming Series 37, 1988)

• Akalulu amafuna malo abata ndiponso otetezedwa kuphokoso lina liri lonse, patali ndi ziweto zina (makamaka agalu) ndi zina zimene zingapereke chiopysezo.

• Akalulu amafuna khola labwino. Khola likhale loteteza akalulu kudzuwa, mvula, kuzizira, makoswe, njoka, agalu, afisi ndi zina zotero.

1 (Courtesy: Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, 1988 Better Farming Series 36; 1988, Better Farming Series 37,http://www.cd3wd.com/cd3wd_40/lstock/001/minor_stock/faorabbits1/b101.htm and http://www.cd3wd.com/cd3wd_40/lstock/001/minor_stock/faorabbits2/B102.htm)


http://www.cd3wd.com/cd3wd_40/lstock/001/minor_stock/faorabbits2/B102.htmhttp://www.cd3wd.com/cd3wd_40/lstock/001/minor_stock/faorabbits1/b101.htm

• Kalulu ndi chiweto chosachedwa kuzindikira kusiyana kwa anthu omwe akulowa m'khola lawo. Pamafunika kuti munthu m'modzi ndiye azisamalira akalulu nthawi zonse. Akalulu amafuna chisamaliro nthawi zonse.

Mitundu ya akalulu• Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya akalulu yomwe imapezeka m'dziko lino

lapansi.• M'Malawi muno mumapezeka mitundu itatu ya akalulu oweta.

- New Zealand white

- Californian

- Flemish giant

• Koma mitundu ina ya akalulu omwe amapezeka kuno ku Malawi ndi yamtundu wa ana obadwa ku akalulu amitundu yosiyansiyana (yakasakaniza):



Kodi pamafunika chiyani munthu akafuna kuyamba kuweta akalulu?• Akalulu: Akalulu amapezeka mosavuta koma pamafunika kusankha

mwaluntha. • Pogona ndi pokhala pabwino: Ichi ndi chofunika zedi. Tikamba zamakola

patsogolopa. • Chakudya chabwino: Akalulu atha kudya zakudya zamitundu

yosiyanasiyana. • Chisamaliro chofunika pa kuswanitsa akalulu: Tisawalekerere akalulu kuti

azikwerana m'mene afunira. Tiziyesetsa kuthandizapo pa m'mene ndi nthawi imene azikwerana pofuna kuti aswe ana amtundu umene tikufuna.

• Chisamaliro cha tsiku ndi tsiku: Makamaka pa zakudya ndi madzi akumwa.Izi zonse ndi zosavuta kupeza ku midzi kwathuku m'dziko lathu lino la Malawi.

Kupeza a kalulu• Mungathe kupeza ndi kugula akalulu ku malo monga ku Lilongwe University

of Agriculture and Natural Resources (Bunda College of Agriculture), ku maofesi alangizi a zaulimi, ndi kwa alimi a akalulu.

• Akalulu amene mwagula kuti ndi oweta ayenera kukhala misoti, amphamvu ndi athanzi. Mugule ang'ono ang'ono okha basi. Akalulu oweta asakhale ndi zilema ngati izi: zilonda za m'makutu, achinfine ndi azironda kuziboda:


• Nthawi zonse muziganizira zamatenda ogwira akalulu - osabweretsa kalulu wodwala kapena wopanda thanzi kufupi ndi akalulu anu. - Muonetsetse kuti kalulu amene mukufuna kugula alibe chinfine, zilonda

m'makutu kapena m'mapazi kapena kumaliseche. - Musagule kalulu amene akuoneka ndi ubweya wonyankhalala,

wosawoneka bwino, kapena waubve ndiponso wososokasosoka. - Ngati kungatheke, gulani akalulu kukhola limene kulibe kapena

sikunagweko matenda ena aliense. - Musanagule tonde, muyambe mwayang'ana m'mene mano aliri mkawa

mwake - ayenera kukhala mumzere wabwino wowongoka m'kamwa mwake.


• Musataye nthawi ndi kusankha mtundu wa akalulu - pakuti mtundu wabwino sungathe kuchita bwino popanda chisamaliro chabwino ndi chitetezo cha ku matenda. Mtundu wabwino wa akululu sungathe kuchita bwino ngati chisamaliro chake sichiri bwino.


Phunziro 2 : Makola a akalulu


1. Kumvetsetsa kufunika kwake kowetera a kalulu m'makola obvomerezeka, abwino.

2. Adziwe zoyenerera zakhola lowetera akalulu.3. Athe kudziwa kuchita chiyerekezo cha khola labwino ndi kusankha

malo omangapo molingana ndi kuchuluka kwa akalulu amene adzayikemo.

4. Akhale wodziwa mitundu yosiyansiyana ya magome oyikamo zakudya, momwera madzi ndi zipinda zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati nkhalanga.

• Khola la akalulu amalitchula kuti "hutch" pachizungu - ndipo akakhala ambiri amapanga khola lotchedwa "stable".


• Khola la kalulu labwino liyenera likhale:- Ndi pansi powuma bwino ndiponso paukhondo nthawi zonse pofuna

kuteteza akalulu kumatenda. - Lizilola kuti kuwala kwa dzuwa kuzilowa. Likhale ndi malo amthunzi

ozizirira bwino nthawi zonse. - Khola lizikhala loti mphepo izitha kulowa koma osati kwambiri.- Khola la akalulu lizikhala kumalo opanda phokoso kuopetsa kuti akalulu

asamawopsezedwe. - Khola lizitha kuteteza akalulu ku tizirombo/tinyama tolusa.- Khola la akalulu limangidwe ndi zipangizo zoyenera ndipo limangidwe

mwaluso.


• Tikamba za kamangidwe ka khola la kalulu mozama pambuyo. • Khola lolimba la akalulu liyenera kumangidwa musanakatenge akaluluwo.

- Pali mitundu yosiyana ya kamangidwe ka makola a kalulu.- Pali njira zoyenera kutsata pofuna kumanga mitundu yonse ya makola

akalulu.Ndi zinthu ziti zimene tiyenera kuganizira pofuna kumanga khola labwino la akalulu?

1. Kusankha malo omangapo khola;2. Kuganizira za m'mene pansi padzakhalire;3. Kuganizira za m'mene denga lidzakhalire;4. Kuganizira za zida zomangira khola;5. Kuganizira za magome omwetsera madzi ndi odyetsera zakudya akalulu

ndi zipinda zokhala kapena kuswera akalulu 6. Kuganizira za kukula kwa malo poyerekeza ndi kuchuluka kwa zipinda za

akalulu.

Ntchito: Gawanani m'magulu kuti mukambirane bwino ndi mozana za zoyenera pofuna kumanga khola labwino la akalulu. Poyamba lembani zofunikira zonse pofuna kumanga khola labwino la akalulu monga mwa mitu isanu ndi umodzi talemba pamwambapa, ndipo mukambirane pamutu uli wonse pawokha.

Kusankha malo omangapo khola la akalulu ndi kofunika kuchita mwanzeru• Sankhani malo omwe sachita lowe. Ngati

mukusankha malo omangapo khola nyengo yachirimwe, muyambe mwaganizira kuti ikabweranyengoya mwamvu pamakhala bwanji pa nkhani yalowe.

• Sankhani malo omwe sikukhala phokoso ndiponsokutali ndi agalu kapena zoyimbayimba za phokoso.

• Khola lizilola kuti dzuwa lizilowa pang'ono, likhalendi malo amthunzi ozizirira bwino nthawi zonse.Likhale pafupi ndi nyumba kapena pafupi ndimpanda kapena pafupi ndi mtengo wamasambaamthunzi. Khola lizikhala loti mphepo izitha kulowakoma osati kwambiri.

• Sankhani malo omangapo khola la akalulu potakasuka, powala bwino koma osati potentha.

• Malo ake akhale otetezedwa kuzirombo zolusa zimene zingathe kumagwira ndi kupha akalulu.


Mapangidwe a pansi pakhola la kalulu ?? (Proper floor design is essential)• Pali mitundu yosiyana ya momwe pansi pakhola la kalulu pangamangidwire. • Chofunika kwambiri ndi kuti pansi pasamakhale pa chinyontho. Ichi ndi

chofunikira kwambiri pofuna kuteteza akalulu kumatenda monga a chipumphundi chitopa

• Pansi padothi ndipobvuta kusamala kuti pasakhale pachinyontho. Komanso akalulu amafula ndi kupanga mapanga pansi.

• Makola omwe amapachikidwa pa mapanda, ayanera kukhala ndi phaka lomwe payikidwa timitengo, kapena timatabwa kapena waya wa sefa wamipata yomwe ingalore ntchimbiri (ndowe) za a kalulu kuti zizigwa pansi mosabvuta. Koma mipata imeneyi isakhale yayikulu kuti isalore mapazi akalulu azikanirira ndi kubvulara.


• Pofuna kupewa kuti ntchimbiri (ndowe) zisamaunjikana mkhola, phaka la khola liyenera kuyalikidwa ndi timitengo kapena timatabwa pa mipata yoyenera kuti ndowe zizigwera pansi. Kapena sefa wamaso omwe angalole kuti ntchimbiri (ndowe) zizigwa pansi mosavuta. - Mipata ya pakati pa timitengo kapena timatabwa toyala paphaka la khola

la akalulu ndi 1 cm. Mabuku ena amalemba kuti mipatayi ikhale yotalikirana 1.5 cm, koma mipata imeneyi ndi yayikulu moti mwendo wa kalulu utha kulowa ndi kukanirira.


- Mipata ya pakati pa timitengo iyenera kukhala yofanana. Chithunzichi chikuonetsa khola la mipata yoyenera ndinso khola la mipata yolakwika.


Kapangidwe ka denga• Denga lithe kuteteza a kalulu ku mvula ndi dzuwa • Gwiritsani ntchito mapepala a pulasitiki pofolera denga la khola la akalulu kuti

lisamadonthe nthawi ya mvula.

Zida zomangira khola la kalulu

Makola ambiri a akalulu amakhala olenjeka pamwamba pa mapanda. Makola akalulu omangidwa pansi amakhla obvuta kusamala kwake, ndiye mumalowa matenda msanga chifukwa mumakhala mwachinyontho nthawi zambiri.

Mukhoza kugwiritsa ntchito sefa wa waya wamaso okula 10 x 10 mm paphaka lakhola la kalulu ngakhale wayayu ndi wokwera mtengo. Phaka lasefa wa waya liyenera kukhala lolukana bwino ndiponso lopanda waya woti atha kubaya mapazi akalulu. Kukula kwamaso a sefa wa waya woyika paphaka lakhola la kalulu kusapitirire 19 x 19 mm kwa a kalulu akulu akulu ndipo 13 x 13 mm kwa mphonda za akalulu. Kukula kwamphipi yawaya wopangira sefa wogwiritsa ntchito m'khola la kalulu isachepere 2.5 mm kukula kwake.


Sefa wa waya wamphipi zochepera apa amacheka mapazi akalulu makamaka akalulu akuluakulu.

Zida zina zotsika mtengo, zopangira khalo la kalulu ndi monga matabwa, mabokosi,nsungwi ndi zina zotero.


Magome oyikamo madzi akumwa ndi zakudya• Mitundu iwiri ya magome oyikamo madzi omwetsera akalulu ndi iyi:


• Mitundu iwiri ya magome oyikamo zakudya za a kalulu:


Nkhalanga za a kalulu• Musalephere kukonza nkhalanga za akalulu chifukwa ndi zofunika zedi.

Nkhalanga ndi malo otetezedwa amene kalulu amakaswera ndi kulerera ana ake.

• Pali mitundu yosiyana ya nkhalanga imene ina ndi yotsekula pamwamba pamene ina ndi yotseka pamwamba. Onani zitsanzo izi:

• Muno m'Malawi sikwenikweni kupeza nkhalanga za akalulu zamtundu umenewu, koma ndi koyenera kuti zizipezeka.

• Nkhalangazi zimayikidwa m'khola la akalulu pamene kalulu wabere wakhala pang'ono kubereka.

• Masa kapena kuti mala owuma monga udzu, makoko achimanga, sanza, ayenera kuyikidwa mkati mwankhalanga kuti mukhale mofewa.


Kukula ndi kuchuluka kwa zipinda za mkhola la akalulu• Kodi chipinda chokhala kalulu m'modzi chimakhala chachikulu bwanji?

Chipinda cha kalulu chikhale chotalika ndi masentimita 70 mulifupi ndi masentimita 90 mulitali ndi pakati pa masentimita 50 ndi 60 mumsinkhu wa m'mwamba.


- Alimi ambiri m' Malawi muno amawonjezera malo kutsogolo kwa chipinda pofuna kuteteza akalulu ku anthu akuba.

• M'munsimu tikuona khola labwino la makono loyika sefa wa waya pansi pakepo. Tionetsa khola loyika denga mtsogolomu. Kholali liribe malo owonjezera kutsogolo kwakeku, komabe mlimi atafuna, atha kuonjezera.

• Koma ndi khola lalikulu bwanji limene tikufuna? Nanga ndi akalulu angati amene tikufuna kuweta nthawi imodzi? Nanga ndi pofunika zipinda zingati za akalulu?

• Poyamba ulimi woweta akalulu, mlimi ayambe ndi misoti iwiri ndi tonde m'modzi. Komabe pomanga khola ayenera kuganizira ndi kukonzekera zipinda ndi makola a ana amene adzabadwe patsogolo.



Musayike akalulu m'khola limodzi! Asiyanitseni powayika m'makola apadera padera.

Chinthu cholakwaka chimene amachita alimi m'Malawi muno ndi kuyika akalulu m'chipinda chimodzi.

- Mkota umodzi wakalulu uzikhala mchipinda chimodzi ndi mphonda zake ngati wabereka.

- Akalulu a nkhalanga ina akhale ndi chipinda chawo. Osasakaniza akalulu a nkhalanga ina ndi ina ayi.


Phunziro 3 : Kadyetsedwe ka akalulu


1. Kudziwa kuchuluka kwa chakudya chomwe kalulu angadye pa tsiku

2. Kumvetsa milingo yosiyanasiyana chomwe kalulu wabere ndi woyamwitsa angadye patsiku

3. Kumvetsa za mitundu ndi magulu azakudya zomwe kalulu angadye4. Kudziwa m'mene kalulu amagayila chakudya m'mimba mwake

Ntchito: Kodi ndi mitundu iti ya zakudya yomwe alimi amadyetsera akalulu?

Kodi mlimi azidyetsera akalulu kangati pa tsiku?

Kodi akalulu azipatsidwa madzi akumwa kangati pa tsiku?

Zinthu zofunikira ku zakudya za kalulu• Madzi ndi chinthu chofunikira zedi ngati gawo la chakudya cha kalulu!

- Mkota wakalulu ndi mphonda zake atha kumwa madzi okwana ma lita awiri pa tsiku.

• Ndi nthawi iti imene akalulu amafuna madzi? - Akalulu amafuna madzi akumwa nthawi iri yonse - madzi azipezeka

m'gome usana ndi usiku nthawi zonse. • Nanga kalulu amafuna chakudya chochuluka bwanji pa tsiku? Izi zitengera

ndi msinkhu wa kalulu, ngati ali ndi bere, kapena ngati akuyamwitsa mphonda. Chithunzi chiri pansichi chikuonetsa kuchuluka kwa chakudya moyerekeza ndi m'mene kaluluyo aliri pa nthawiyo.

• Chiyerekezo cha kuchuluka kwachakudya chamibulu chopangidwaku fakitole, chomwe chingapatsidwekwa akalulu a misinkhuyosiyana-siyana pa tsiku, chirimotere: - Mkota 100g - Mkota wa bere 160g - Mkota woyamwitsa 350g


• Mwachidule tingoti mikota ya akalulu amene ali ndi bere amafuna chakudya chochulukirapo ndipo amafuna chakudya chochuluka akaswa ana.

• Mpatseni kalulu amene watsala pang'ono kuswa, chakudya chomwe angathe kudya pa tsiku. Chakudya chizikhalako mgome iye atakhuta.

• Akalulu ali gulu la nyama zomwe sizibzikula ndi kujegweda zakudya chifukwaali ndi chifu chimodzi. Sali ngati mbuzi ndi ng'ombe zomwe zimabzikula ndi kujegweda zakudya zawo. Akalulu afanana kwambiri ndi a kavalo omwe sabzikula zakudya zawo. Akalulu amatha kusanduliza zakudya ndi kupanga nyama mosabvuta. Apa zikutanthauza kuti kalulu atha kukula ndi kunenepa ndi chakudya cha mtundu womwe nyama zina sizingathe kutero. Thupi la kalulu litha kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu ya zakudya yomwe munthu sangathe kugwiritsa ntchito.

• Kalulu amadya zakudya zamitunduyosiyanasiyana. Zina mwa izo ndi izi:

• Zopatsa mphamvu monga: Chimanga, lipoko,tirigu, mapira,

• Zokulitsa monga: njere za thonje, nyemba za soya(not > 5% of ration), nyemba, ndi namndolo.

• Masamba ndi msipu- Lucerne (alfalfa), msipu, gilisidiya, lukina,

albizia, jerejere, nsenjere, masamba a papaya, nzimbe, masamba a mpenda dzuwa, kholowa, khovani

• Zakudya zina- Masamba a nthochi, chiponde cha njere za thonje, chiponde cha nyemba

za soya, chinangwa, masangwe, chiponde cha mtedza, masamba osiyanasiyana a ndiwo za mdimba.

• Ndi zakudya ziti zomwe mlimi saloledwa kudyetsa akalulu:- Zakudya zomwe zachita chukwu kapena nkhungu- Masamba a mbatata ya kachewere (koma kholowa ndi chakudya

chabwino kwa a kalulu)- Masamba a phwetekere (koma phwetekere ndi chakudya chabwino.) - Masamba a mabilinganya- Zikhawo zina- Chigwada


Kodi mchakudya cha kalulu muyenera mupezeke magulu ati a zakudya?

• Chakudya chopatsa mphamvu• Chakudya chokulitsa• Chakudya choteteza kumatenda • Madzi

• Muonetsetse kuti musamasinthe mtundu wazakudya. Ngati muona kuti chakudya china chikuperewera gulu lazakudya ndiye ndipofunika kusintha mtundu wachakudya, sinthani mwapang'onopang'ono, ndipo zichitike mwa masiku angapo.

• Tiyeni tikumbukire kuti tipereke chakudya kwa akalulu kawiri patsiku, m'mawandi madzulo.

Kudya ntchimbiri (ndowe) zake zomwe• Kalulu amadya ntchimbiri (ndowe) zake zomwe akafika pa msinkhu wa

milungu inayi atabadwa. . - Alimi ambiri sadziwa za chimenechi chifukwa kalulu amadya ntchimbiri

(ndowe) zake zomwe usiku osati masana. - Mchitidwe umenwu ndiobvomerezeka ndithu ndipo ndi chikhalidwe chawo

cha akalulu. • Ntchimbiri (ndowe) zausiku zimakhala zofewa kusiyana ndi zamasana zomwe

zimakhala zolimba zamibulu. Ntchimbirizi (ndowezi) zimakhala ndi chakudya chokulitsa chambiri ndi mavitamini amtundu umene umatchedwa vitamini B.

• Mchitidwe umenewu ufanana kwambiri ndi zomwe mbuzi ndi ng'ombe zimachita pobzikula ndi kujegweda chakudya chawo. Mwina zimathandiza kugaya chakudya mosabvuta.


Phunziro 4 : M'mene a kalulu amaswanirana


1. Kudziwa kabereketsedwe ka a kalulu2. Kudziwa kusiyanitsa kalulu wamuna ndi kalulu wamkazi3. Kudziwa za kalembedwe ndi kusunga ma rekodi akabereketsedwe

kakalulu.4. Kudziwa kasamalidwe ka akalulu amene aswa ana.5. Kudziwa kasankhidwe ka akalulu oweta.

Ntchito: Kambiranani za m'mene mlimi amaswanitsira akalulu m'midzimu kuno ku Malawi.

Nanga ndi mabvuto ati amene mlimi amakumana nawo pofuna kuti akalulu ake aswane, ndipo akhoza kuwathetsa bwanji?

Kodi kalulu ali ndi nkhumbu zingati za mawere? (Yankhani musanawone yankho m'musimu.)

Zofunika pamene mufuna kukweretsa akalulu• Musayike misoti ndi atonde akalulu khola limodzi ayi. Ayikeni m'makola

osiyana mpaka pa nthawi yomwe akufuna kukwerana. • Nanga mungasiyanitse bwanji kalulu wa mkazi ndi wa mwamuna? Chithunzi

chiri m'musichi chirikuonetsa kusiyana kwa kalulu wa mkazi ndi wa mwamunamalingana ndi m'mene kumawonekera kumaliseche kwawo:



Kasamalidwe ka a kalulu amuna• Akalulu amuna amamenyana akatha msinkhu pa masabata khumi ndi asanu

ndi imodzi (16) ndipo ngati ali mkhola limodzi.• Tonde wa kalulu m'modzi atha kukwanitsa kukwera a

kalulu akazi khumi. Muonetsetse kuti tonde asakwereakalulu akazi kopitirira kawiri kapena katatu pa mulungukwa milungu inayi yotsogozana makamaka akakhalawang'ono. Muzimupumitsa kwa masiku angapo.

• Atonde a kalulu wa mtundu wa New Zealand amathamsinkhu akatha miyezi ya pakati pa 5 ndi 6 atabadwa;

• Koma atonde akalulu a mtundu wa Flemish amachedwa kutha msinkhu - pamapita miyezi 9 kufika 12 chibadwire.

Kusamalira akalulu akazi• Akalulu akazi amafuna malo awoawo - pamafunika kuwayika mchipinda

chayekhachayekha akatha masabata khumi, asanu ndi limodzi (16) (chitani izi ngakhale kwa atonde).

• Akalulu sakhala ndi nthawi yeniyeni ya msambo (nthawi yochita nyere) ngati m'mene zimachitira ziweto zinazi. Amakhala ndi nyere nthawi yayitali ngati sali ndi bere. Akhoza kukweredwa nthawi ina iri yonse ngati alibe bere.


• Kalulu amatulutsa mazira ngati wakweredwa ndi tonde. • Ichi ndi chifukwa chake mutha kupatula tonde ndi msoti/mkota wakalulu

kukhala m'makola osiyana mpaka mutawona kuti msoti/mkota ndi wokonzekakukweredwa.

Kukwerana kwa akalulu• Tengani kalulu wamkazi mukamuyike mkhola la kalulu wamwamuna, osati

kutengera kalulu wamwamuna kukhola la kalulu wamkazi ayi. Ngati kalulu wamkazi ndi wokonzeka kukweredwa, muwawona akukwerana mosachedwa.Mukawona kuti akwerana, Musasiye kalulu wamkazi ndi tonde limodzi ayi. Kamubwezereni kukhola lake wamkaziyo.

• Muyike kalulu wamkazi mchipinda cha tonde monga tikuonera pachithunzipa.


• Kalulu wa mkazi akakhala kuti sakufuna kukweredwa, amabisala pakona. Mumutulutsemo kalulu wamkaziyo ngati muona kuti papita mphindi ziwiri kapena zitatu asanakwerane. Kayeseni kumpereka kwa tonde wina, kapena mudzamulowetsenso momwemo pakapita masiku angapo.

• Nthawi zina pamafunika kuthandizira kalulu wamkazi kuti akweredwe. Gwiranikalulu wa mkazi pakhosi ndi dzanja limodzi ndipo yangatani kalulu ndi dzanja linalo pansi pamimba mpaka kumchira kumene zala ziwiri zikagwire mbali zonse za mchira ndi kuperekera kaluluyo kumbali komwe kuli kalulu wamwamunayo. Onani pachithunzipa.

• Kalulu wa mkazi mukamunyamula chotere amanyamula mchira wake kupereka mpata woti kalulu wamwamuna amukwere.


• Lembani tsiku limene mwakweretsa kalulu wa mkazi.

Kalulu akatenga bere• Ndikobvuta kuyesa ngati kalulu watenga bere. Akatswiri, osati munthu

wosazidziwa, angathe kusisita mimba. Musayese kuchita zimenezi nokha chifukwa kalulu atha kupoloza.

• Ndikotheka nthawi zina kuti akalulu amakwerana pamene ali ndi bere, koma sizichitikachitika. Choncho, njira ina yofuna kuyesa ngati kalulu ali ndi bere, ndi kutengera kalulu wamkazi kwa tonde patapita masiku 18 atamukweretsa. Ngati muona kuti akukana kukweredwa ndi kumatulutsa mawu aukali, mudziwe kuti watenga bere.

• Ngati akana kukweredwa, dziwani kuti adatenga bere nthawi yoyamba yomwe mudamukweretsa.

• Ngati walola kukweredwa, ndiye kuti angathe kutenga bere nthawi imeneyi. • Kalulu akatenga bere, pamapita masiku apakati pa 30 ndi 32 kuti aswe. Ngati

mwakweretsa kalulu kawiri ndipo sali kutenga bere, muyenera kusintha ndi kukatenga wina.

• Pamene kalulu wafika masiku 25 chitengere bere, konzani nkhalanga yake poyika masa/mala, monga udzu, ndi kuyikamo kaluluyo kuti adzasweremo.


Kuswa kwa kalulu• Kubereka kwa kalulu timati "kindling" pachizungu. • Akatsala pang'ono kubereka kalulu, amakonzeratu m'nkhalanga yake

poyikamo mala audzu ndi kusosoleramo bweya bwake. Akatero amaswa nthawi yomweyo.

• Khalani kutali pamene kalulu akubereka. Ndikofunika zedi kuti kalulu asasokonezedwe pamene akubereka.


• Ana akalulu amatchedwa 'mphonda' • Mphonda za kalulu zikangobadwa kumene zimakhala zopanda pake chifukwa

siziyenda ndiponso zimakhala zopanda ubweya. Musagwire mphondazi chifukwa amayi awo amazisala mukazigwira. Muzigwire pokha pokha ngati pali kufunika kutero.

• Muonetsetse kuti mphonda za akalulu ziri pamodzi kuti mayi wawo athe kuziyamwitsa zonse pamodzi.

• Muchotse mphonda zakufa kapena zopunduka zikangobadwa. Koma ngati zonse zabadwa bwino, musazisokoneze pakuzigwiragwira.

• Pamakhala a kalulu ena omwe amasamala bwino ana awo, pamene ena sadziwa kusamala ana awo. Pali akalulu ena omwe amapha kapena kusayamwitsa ana awo.

• Ngati kalulu wapha ana onse, muyesere kumukweretsanso kachiwiri. Ngati adzaphenso ana enawo, mungopha kaluluyo chifukwa sangalere ana, ndi kupeza wina kalulu woweta.

Kuyamwitsa• Kalulu sayamwitsa ana ake mowirikiza monga zimachitira nyama zina. Kalulu

amayamwitsa ana ake kawiri patsiku, kamodzi m'mawa ndi kamodzi madzulo. Ichi ndicho chikhalidwe chawo.

• Mkota wa kalulu umakhala ndi nkhumbu zisanu ndi zitatu (8). Ngati kalulu abereka ana opitirira asanu ndi atatu, chotsani enawo chifukwa sangakule chifukwa chosowa koyamwa.



Kuletsa kuyamwa• Mphonda zakalulu zimakhala zitayamba kumera ubweya ndi kuyamba

kuyenda kuyenda patapita milungu iwiri. • Amayamba kutuluka mu nkhalanga yawo ndi kuyamba kufuna zakudya zina

powonjezera kuyamwa, patapita milungu itatu. • Ana a kalulu asiye kuyamwa atatha masiku makumi anayi (40) chibadwire

Achotsedwe kwa amawo pa msinkhu umenewu. • Musakweretse kalulu wamkazi mukangoletsera kuyamwa. Muyambe

mwamupumitsa masiku asanu kuti thupi libwerere mchimake. Ngati kalulu akuoneka kuti ndi wowonda chifukwa choyamwitsa kapena kuperewera kwazakudya, muonetsetse kuti mwamudyetsera bwino ndipo wafikapo ndipo pamene mungamukweretse.

Masiku a uchembere wa kalulu• Tiona magawo anayi a uchembere wa a kalulu

1. Kukwerana ndi kutenga bere2. Kubereka ndi kuyamwitsa3. Kuletsa kuyamwa4. Nthawi yopuma asanakweretsedwe


• Muzisunga ma rekodi abwino nthawi zonse okhudza za uchembere wa kalulu. Muzisunga marekodi anu m'buku. Zofunika kulemba m'buku ndi zinthu ngati izi: Tsiku lomwe mwakweretsa kalulu, tsiku lomwe kalulu wabereka, kuchuluka kwa mphonda zimene zabadwa ndi kuchuluka kwa mphonda zimene zafika msinkhu woletsera kuyamwa.

• (Onani foromu yolembapo marekodi mu Annex 1. Koperani ndondomeko ya pa foromuyo mubuku lanu la marekodi)

Kasamalidwe ka mphonda za a kalulu


• Mungathe kuweta ana akalulu okwana 6 kufika 8 mchipinda chimodzi cha akalulu. Onetsetsani kuti mwakonzeratu chipindachi pa nthawi yabwino.

• Musayike m'chipinda chimodzi, ana akalulu ochokera m'nkhalanga zina ayi. Atha kumamenyana mukatero.


• Muzidyetsera ndi kupereka madzi akumwa moyenera kuti akalulu akule mwansanga kuti mugulitse ndi kupeza ndalama kapena kuti muphe ndi kupeza ndiwo mwansanga.

• Muzikhala ndi cholinga choti kalulu wanu aziswa kanayi chaka chiri chonse. Mukhonza kutsata bwino za uchembere wa a kalulu ngati mumasunga ma rekodi. Zofunika kulemba m'buku ndi zinthu ngati izi: Tsiku lomwe mwakweretsa kalulu, tsiku lomwe kalulu wabereka, kuchuluka kwamphonda zimene zabadwa ndi kuchuluka kwamphonda zimene zafika msinkhu waletsera kuyamwa.

Kasamalidwe ka misoti ndi atonde a kalulu ndi akalulu oweta• Gulitsani akalulu akafika pa msinkhu wamiyezi inayi (milungu 18) chibadwire.

- Chifukwa akalulu akafika msinkhu umenewu amayamba kumenyana ndipoamawonda.

- Ndiponso akalulu akakula, amadya zakudya zambiri koma osamakula mofulumira. Kumakhala kuononga chakudya.

• Patulirani mikota ndi atonde onse amene akuoneka ofooka ndi odwala kapena kuti amatenda. Izi zimafunika kuchita makamaka pamene akalulu afika pa msinkhu wa zaka zitatu.

• Muonetsetse kuti atonde obadwa mkhola lomwero asakwere alongo kapena amayi awo. Muzisinthitsa atondewo kumakola ena pofuna kuteteza kukwerana pa chibale. Pafunika kusamala kwambiri posankha akalulu oweta olowa m'malo mwa kalulu amene akalamba kapena akudwala. Sankhani akalulu ambewu omwe ndi misoti, amphamvu, ndiponso athanzi. (onani pa tsamba 6).


Phunziro 5 : Chidwi ndi chisamaliro cha akalulu cha tsiku ndi tsiku


1. Kudziwa m'mene anganyamulire akalulu a misinkhu yosiyanasiyana moyenera. (ndi kuti adziwe njira zosayenera ponyamula akalulu)

2. Adziwe njira zobvomerezeka za kasamalidwe ka tsiku ndi tsiku ka akalulu

3. Amvetse zanjira zaukhondo ndi zaumoyo wapakhola la akalulu 4. Adziwe kaperekedwe ka mankhwala oteteza ndi wachiritsa ku

matenda ogwira akalulu kuti akalulu akhale athanzi nthawi zonse.

Ntchito: Kambiranani:

1. Kodi alimi amanyamula akalulu motani? Kodi muyenera kunyamula kalulu motani?

2. Kodi ndi njira ziti zomwe mungatsate poweta akalulu kuti akhale amphamvu ndi athanzi nthawi zonse?

M'mene tinganyamulire kalulu• Dziwani kuti anthu ambiri sadziwa kanyamulidwe kabwino ka kalulu.

Chithunzi chiri m'munsichi, chiri kutionetsa kanyamulidwe kosayenera ka kalulu. Kanyamulidwe kameneka ndi kankhanza ndipo kalulu atha kubvulala. Koma mwatsoka, ndi kanyamulidwe kameneka kamene anthu ambiri muno m'Malawi amakonda kunyamulira akalulu.


Kanyamulidwe kuyipa ka kalulu:

• Kanyamulidwe kabwino ka kalulu kamatengera ndi kukula ndi kufatsa kwa kalulu pa nthawiyo. Kanyamulidwe kabwino ka akalulu kakuonetsedwa pa zithunzi ziri munsizi.

Kanyamulidwe kabwino ka kalulu wa mng'ono thupi:

Kanyamulidwe ka bwino ka kalulu wamkulu:

M'mene mungayangatire kalulu wamkulu wofatsa:


M'mene mungayangatire kalulu wamkulu wopupuluma:

(Courtesy: FAO Better Farming Series 36, 1988,Better Farming Series 37, 1988)

Ukhondo wa m'khola la kalulu• Wonetsetsani kuti m'zipinda za akalulu ndi mwa ukhondo nthawi zonse.

Sesani pafupi pafupi, ntchimbiri (ndowe) zonse zimene zakanirira pansi pakhola.


• Muonetsetse kuti mwachotsa chakudya chonse chotsala chimene chasasa kapena kuonongeka ndi chukwu kapena nkhungu kuti chingadwalitse akalulu. Wonetsetsani kuti mwayika chakudya chatsopano nthawi zonse. Chotsani chakudya chimene chakhala m'magome kwa maola wochuluka.

• Mukonze mkhola la kalulu pamene mukuyembekezera kuti kalulu abereke ana ena.

• Mukawona kuti kalulu wayamba kukukuta mitengo yakhola lake, mpatseni mtengo kapena kathabwa kuti azikukuta.

• Yenderani ndi kuona umoyo wa akalulu anu tsiku liri lonse ndikuona zizindikiro ziri zonse za matenda. Zizindikiro zodziwika za matenda ndi monga izi: - Kuda kukhosi - kalulu safuna kudya zakudya.


- Kuonda- Chifukwa cha mpwerere,

kumawoneka ndowe kubweya wakumchira

- amawoneka wowombwa - ndikungoti phee apo wakhala

- Ubweya umawoneka nyankhalala ndi wowuma.

• Ngati mukuganizira kuti m'khola mwalowa matenda wopatsirana, muchotse akalulu onse wodwala mkholamo ndi kusiya amoyo.

• Mutenthe kapena kofotsera pansi akalulu amene afa chifukwa cha matenda.

Zina zofunika kuchita pa chisamaliro cha kalulu

Zina zosavuta zofunika kuchita pa chisamaliro cha kalulu • Kutsuka m'makutu pofuna kuteteza akalulu ku nthata. Tsukani mkati ndi kunja

kwa khutu pogwiritsa ntchito kansalu komwe kabvikidwa m'madzi a sopo kapena amankhwala.

• Kutsuka m'maso ndi m'mphuno. Ngati muona kuti kalulu angotuluka misozi m'maso ndi mamina m'mphuno, mupukute m'masomo ndi m'mphuno ndi kansalu konyowa.

• Mungathe kutsuka zilonda za m'mapazi ndi kupaka mafuta wophikira ngati Kazinga, Mulawe ndi ena woterowo.


• Makadabo a kalulu amakula ndi kutalika kwambiri chifukwa chokhala malo amodzimodzi mchipinda cha khola lake. Ndi pofunika kuwenga makadabo amenewa. Koma samalani powenga kuti musafikitse ku thupi ndi kuwapweteka. Ngati muona kuti kuchala kukuchucha magazi, ndiye kuti mwazikizira. Musiyeko khadabo lotalika 2 mm kuchokera ku thupi la chala cha kalulu pamene mukuwenga.



Phunziro 6 : Kaphedwe ndi kagulitsidwe ka akalulu


1. Kudziwa njira zingapo za kaphedwe ndi kasendedwe ka akalulu;2. Adziwe njira zingapo zakagulitsidwe ka nyama ya kalulu, kalulu

wamoyo ndi zikopa za akalulu.

Ntchito: Kambiranani m'magulu za njira zingapo za m'mene anthu amaphera akakulu woweta m'dera lanu. Munene kuyipa ndi ubwino uli wonse wa njira zakaphedwe ka kalulu kamene mwakambiranako.

Kupha kalulu• Musawapatse chakudya chirichonse pa usiku umene mawa lake mukufuna

kupha kapena kukagulitsa akalulu. Koma musawamane madzi akumwa. • Njira ya chidule yophera kalulu ndi kumenya kwambiri pamwamba pa khosi la

kalulu. • Njira ina yophera kalulu ndi kugwira miyendo yakumbuyo ndi mutu ndi kukoka

mutu mopotola kuti khosi lithyoke. (wonani pa chithunzipa m'munsimu) • Pamene kalulu wafa, m'mangeni miyendo yonse ya m'mbuyo ndipo

m'mangirireni chozondotsa pamphanda ndi kudula mutu wake ndi mapazi amiyendo ya kutsogolo kuti akhe magazi.



Kusenda chikopa cha kalulu• Nthawi zina kalulu samasendedwa chikopa koma amangososoledwa ubweya

wake atamubviika kaye m'madzi amoto. • Zithunzi ziri m'munsizi zikuonetsa zoyenera kuchita posenda kalulu. Poyamba

mangirirani kalulu momuzondotsa ndi miyendo yakumbuyo. Kenaka dulani chikumba mozungulira miyendo yakumbuyo yonse ndi kucheka chikopa kumbuyo kwa miyendoyo molunjikitsa kumchira. Ndipo kokani chikopacho motsikira kunsi kumene kalulu wazondokera, ndipo chimasendeka mosabvuta.

• Boolani pamimba ndikuchotsa zamkati zonse. (Kupangula)


• Yanikani chikopa cha kalulu pochiika mkati mwake moyang'anitsa kumwambapamwamba pa waya woyalidwa ndi wopinda ngati lemba la 'U'.

• Mukhoza kugwiritsa, chikopa cha kalulu, ntchto zosiynasiyana.

Kagulitsidwe ka akalulu amoyo ndi nyama ya kalulu• Ngati mufuna kukagulitsa akalulu kumsika, muyende nawo kunja

kusanatenthe, chifukwa a kalulu atha kufa musanafike kumsika, ngati muyenda nawo kunja kukutentha.

• Nthawi zina mungathe kugulitsa akalulu amoyo ngati woweta kapena wophaipha. Ngati ndi wokaweta, akhale ang'onang'ono, amphamvu ndi a thanzi.

• Nthawi zambiri, a kalulu amagulitisidwa ngati nyama, wathunthu kapena woduladula.


• Anthu ambiri samadya nyama ya kalulu pa tsiku lomwe waphedwa. Nyama yake amayiyanika usiku pamalo ozizira opanda nchentche. Izi zimathandiza kuti nyamayi ikhale yokoma ndi yofewa.

• Nyama yoyanikidwa isavundikilidwe ndi pulastiki kapena nsaru. Siyenekenso kuikidwa m'mbale kapena pa tebulo. Iyeneka kupachikidwa pogwiritsa ntchitochingwe cholinga choti ipitidwe m'mphepo kuti iume bwino.


Phunziro 7 : Matenda ogwira akalulu


1. Kudziwa zizindikiro za akalulu athanzi ndi omwe akudwala2. Kudziwa m'mene matumbo ndi chifu cha kalulu chimakhalira

Ntchito: Kayendereni pakhola limene akuwetera akalulu m'dera lanulo. Muonetsetse thanzi ndi kasamalidwe akalulu apakholalo. Lembani chirichonse chokhudza umoyo ndi kasamalidwe ka akalulu ndipo kambiranani zimene mwawonazo.

Zizindikiro za umoyo ndi matenda a kalulu• Kodi tione zinthu ziti pamene tikuona zizindikiro za umoyo wa a kalulu? Ndi

chinthu chofunika kwambiri kuyendera akalulu tsiku ndi tsiku kuona umoyo wawo. - Kodi ndi wowombwa ndipo wobvubvumala? - Yang'anani ngati sali kutuluka misozi m'maso ndi mamina m'mphuno.

Yang'anani mtundu wa misozi ndi mamina ngati ndi momwe ayenera kuonekera. Ngati misozi ndi mamina akuoneka m'mene ayenera kuonekera, ndiye siamatenda. Ngati misozi kapena mamina ioneka yamtundu wa chikasu kapena wobiriwira, ndiye kuti palowa matenda.

- Yang'anani m'zikope ndi m'mbali mwa makutu kuti muone ngati mukuoneka tokhala ngati zipere. Izi zimadza chifukwa cha nthata za m'makutu.

- Mumve fungo lomwe likutuluka m'khola la kalulu; fungo loyipa limadza chifukwacha matenda ampwerere.

- Muyang'anenso kulimba kwa ntchimbiri (ndowe). Ntchimbiri za kalulu wa thanzi zimakhala zolimba bwino ndipo zimakhla zoyoyoka za timibulu takuda ndipo sizinunkha ayi.

• Onetsetsani kuti mukusamala makola akalulu posesamo ndi kuti musamakhale monyowa. Izi muzichotsa tsiku liri lonse.

• Yang'anani m'mene chakudya ndi madzi akumwa zikuonekera m'magome.- Kodi ndi za ubve - m'mene mwagwera ntchimbiri (ndowe) ndi mkodzo?

• Patulani akalulu amene mukuwaganizira kuti akudwala. Muwayike m'khola lawo kuwasiyanitsa ndi akalulu athanzi.


- Ngati ndikotheka, mangani kakhola kachipatala patali ndi khola limene muli akalulu athanzi.

• Pamene mufuna kuyamba ntchito yosamala makola, yambani kusamala khola limene muli akalulu wopanda matenda. Ndipo mumalizire kusamala khola limene mwayikamo akalulu odwala. Mchitidwe uwu umathandiza kuteteza kufala kwa matenda kuchokera kwa akalulu odwala kupita kwa akalulu amoyo wa thanzi.

• M'khola la kalulu muyenera kukhala mpweya wabwino. Ngati inu simungathe kupirira ndi fungo la mkhola la kalulu, akalulu sangathenso kupirira.

• Musapatse akalulu chakudya chamadzi ambiri. Ntchimbiri (ndowe) za akalulu zizikhala zolimba.

Za mkati mwa m'mimba mwa kalulu• Chithunzi chiri munsichi chikutionetsa zigawo za zamkati mwa kalulu zomwe

zimathandziza kugaya zakudya. • Kalulu ndi nyama yomwe sibzikula ndi kujegweda zakudya ngati m'mene

ng'ombe kapena mbuzi zimachitira. Kagayidwe ka zakudya m'mimba mwa kalulu ndi chimodzimodzi ndi m'mene chimachitikira m'mimba mwa kavalo ndibulu.


Phunziro 8 : Matenda amene amakonda kugwira akalulu


1. Kudziwa matenda wodziwika amene amagwira akalulu2. Kudziwa zizindikiro ndi chomwe chimayambitsa matenda

amenewa3. Kudziwa kuperekedwe ka mankhwala ndi katetezedwe ka

matendawa

Matenda odziwika omwe amagwira akalulu• A kalulu amagwidwa matenda osiyanasiyana amene amapezekanso muno

m'Malawi. Matenda omwe tionepo ndi awa:- Mpwerere - Chipumphu- Chifuwa- Mkupe wa m'makutu- Zipere - Bwambu kapena gwembe - Zilonda za m'ziboda


Mpwerere Akalulu amakonda kugwidwa ndi matenda ampwerere. Matenda amenewa amatchulidwa kuti otsekula m'mimba. Kalulu akagwidwa ndi matenda amenewa sakula bwino, amaonda ndipo amafa.

Choyambitsamatendawa

Chakudya: Chakudya choyipa, chimene chachita chukwu ndi nkhungu. Komanso kusintha mtundu wa chakudya mwadzidzidzi, kumapangitsa kuti akalulu atsekule m'mimba.

Matenda a chipumphu atha kuyambitsa mpwerere - onani m'munsimu.

Zizindikirozake

Ntchimbiri (ndowe) zake zimakhalazamadzimadzi ndiponso zonunkha.

Malo ozungulira kochitira chimbudzikuamakhala onyowa opakika ndowe.

A kalulu sakula bwino ndipo sawonekabwino ubweya umachita nyankhalala.

Ngati mpwerere wakula, kalulu atha kufapatapita masiku awiri kapena atatuchiyambireni kudwala.

Katetezedwekake

Mkhola muzikhala mwa ukhondo nthawi zonse, kudyetsa zakudya za ukhondo ndi zoyenera, kupewa kusintha mtundu wa chakudya mwadzidzidzi.

Kachiza kake Mankhwala amtundu wa antibiotic sagwira ntchito kwenikweni pofuna kuchiza matenda a mpwerere.

Nthawi zina zimathandiza mukadyetsa akululu udzu wabwino wowuma.


Chipumphu(Coccidiosis)

Chipumphu ndi mtundu wa matenda wodziwika bwino womwe amagwira kwambiri akalulu oweta pa dziko.


Tizirombo tating'ono totchedwa protozoa. Tiziromboti timafalitisidwa kwa akalulu ena kudzera ku ntchimbiri (ndowe) ndi pamene kalulu adya chakudya chomwe mwagwera ntchimbiri (ndowe) zomwe muli tizilomboti. Pali mitundu iwiri yamatenda a chipumphu, wina umagwira matumbo, ndipo wina umagwira chiwindi.

Zizindikirozake

Tizirombo toyambitsa matendawa timakonda kugwira akalulu ang'onoang'ono amsinkhu wa pakati pamilungu inayi ndi milungu khumi, kusiyana ndi akalulu akuluakulu. Tizilomboti timayambitsa matenda a mpwerere ndipo m'ndowe mumapezeka zonanda ngati mamina.

Kalulu akayamba kudwala matendawa amada kukhosi ndipo amamwa ndi kudya chakudya pang'ono ndipo amayamba kuonda. Pakapita masiku angapo, amayamba kutsekula kwambiri ndipo nthawi zambiri amafa.

Katetezedwekake

Ukhondo pakhola ndiye wofunika zedi kusiyana ndi mankhwala pofuna kuteteza akalulu ku matenda a chipumphu.Khola la ukhondo ndiye lofunika zedi. Phaka la khola likhale loti lizilola kuti ntchimbiri (ndowe) za kalulu zizigwa pansi kudzera m'mipata ya timitengo, timatabwa , kapena sefa amene mwayala pansipo.

Kachiza kake Pali mankhwala amene mungapatse akalulu powasakaniza ndichakudya kapena madzi akumwa akalulu amene akudwala chipumphu. Zitsanzo za mankhwala omwe mungagule ndi awa: decoquinate, amprolium, ndi ena omwe mumapezeka sulpha. Ngati simungawapeze mankhwala amenewa, funsani kwa alangizi a zaziweto mdera lanu kuti akuthandizeni.


Mphutsi(maggots)

This is common in young rabbits where the bedding material isdamp.


Mphutsi, ndi ana antchentche. Ntchentche yake,imatchedwa ndi dzina lakuti'tumbu'. Ntchentche imeneyiimalondola kumenekukumveka fungo la mkodzondipo imakayikira mazira akepamalo pachinyontho mongapamala. Mazirawa amagogomola timphutsi ting'onoting'ono pakapita masiku angapo.

Zizindikirozake

Mphutsizi zimakhala zazing'onokwambiri zikagogomola ndipo zimaboolachikopa cha kalulu ndi kulowa ndipoakalulu amamva kunyerenyesa. Mphutsiimakula ndi kutalika pakati pa 5 ndi 10mm pakapita masiku awiri kapena atatu.Kalulu amamva ululu ndi kunyerenyesapamene mphusti ikukula m'thupi mwake.Pamene padalowa mphutsipopamawoneka ngati pali chotupa. Mutha kuona mbali ina ya mphutsi ikuonekera pa mwamba pa khungu.

Katetezedwekake

Kuteteza kwa bwino ndi kuonetsetsa kuti pakhola ndi m'khola muli ukhondo weniweni ndiponso mowuma bwino.

Kachiza kake Mukhonza kupaka mafuta mongawodzola Vaseline, pamwambapachilondapo. Mafuta amapangitsakuti mphutsi isamapeze mpweyawopuma, ndipo imatha kutulukapang'ono pofuna mpweya. Ndiyemukhoza kuyifinya kuti ituluke.


Chinfine ndichifuwa

(Respiratorydisease)

Matenda okhudza ziwalo zopumira ndi amene amagwira akalulu kwambiri. Monga chinfine ndi chifuwa.


Pali mitundu yambiri ya majeremusi (germs) amene imayambitsa matenda a mtundu wa chinfine ndi chifuwa.

Zizindikirozake

Kalulu amatuluka misozi m'maso ndimamina m'mphuno.

Kalulu amafwenthera ndi kuyetsemulandipo amawoneka 'wokongwa'.

Miyendo yakutsogoloimawoneka yalitsiro(amagwiritsa ntchitomiyendo imeneyi ngatikansalu kopukutira mamina).

Kalulu amaonda chifukwa amakana kudya.

Kalulu akhoza kufa popanda kuonetsa chizindikiro chiri chonse.

Katetezedwekake

Akalulu odwala onse muziwapatula ku akalulu amoyo powayika khola limene mwamanga patali ndi khola la akalulu amoyowo.

Kachiza kake Mutha kupatsa kalulu wodwala mankhwala amtundu wa antibiotic monga oxytetracycline powasakaniza m'madzi akumwa. Mufunse kwa alangizi a zaziweto kuti akuwuzeni kumene mungapeze ndi kugula mankhwala amenewa.


Mkupe wam'makutu(canker)

Matendawa amagwira akalulu akuluakulu. Mkupe umapangitsakalulu kumva kunyerenyesa m'makutu ndipo makutu amachita mkupe (kuwuma chikopa).


Nthata zimene zimaluma chikopa cha kalulu, ndi zimene zimayambitsa matenda amenewa. Pali nthata zamitundu yosiyansiyana. Nthata ndi zazing'ono kwambiri mwakuti simungazione ndi maso wamba.

Zizindikirozake

Kalulu amakutumula mutu ndi kumakanda makutu, chifukwa chakumva kunyerenyesa.

Mkati mwa makutu mumawoneka ngati zipere zokhala ngati mamba koma ziri zolimba. Nthata zitha kupezeka thupi lonse la kalulu. ?? Nthawi zina, nthata zitha kupezeka pena pa thupi la kalulu.

Katetezedwekake

Mkupe ndi wobvuta kuteteza. Patulirani akalulu omwe ali ndi mkupe powayika m'khola lawokha. Asakhale khola limodzi ndi ana akalulu. Iphani akalulu ngati akulephera kuchila atapatsidwa mankhwala.

Kachiza kake Mutha kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala wophera tizirombo mongamalathion.Mutha kubaya jekeseni wa mankhwala a ivermectin amene amathandiza, makamaka akalulu amene angogwidwa kumene matendawa. Kuchuluka kwa mankhwalawa ndi 200 μg/kg, kawiri pa milungu iwiri yotsatana.


Chipere(Ringworm)

Awa ndi matenda apakhungu amene amagwira akalulu amsinkhu uli wonse. Matenda amenewa amafana ndi zipere zomwe zimagwira anthu.


Mtundu wa kachirombo kakang'ono (germ) kamene kamayambitsa zipere pa khungu.

Zizindikirozake

Zipere zowoneka zozungulira ndi kusosoka bweya ndipo pakhungu pamawoneka pothukusira ndipo pamafiira.

Matendawa amagwira kwambiri akalulu ang'ono, ndipo amakonda kugwira malo awa: pamphuno, makutu, m'zikope, ndi m'ziboda.

Zipere zitha kugwiranso munthu malingana ndi mtundu wa kachirombo kamene kakuyambitsa matendawa.

Katetezedwekake

Mutulutse akalulu m'khola ndi kuwazamo mankwhala a mtunduwa bleach (Jik), ophera tizirombo. Mudikire mpaka m'khola mutawuma, musanalowetsemo akalulu.

Kachiza kake Mutha kumapaka mankhwala azipere, amene amagwiritsa ntchito anthu, popaka pa pakhungu la zipere. Mankhwala sangabvulaze kalulu. Mkhola muwazidwe mankhwala wopheratizirombo monga bleach (Jik).


Bwambukapena

gwembe(Hutch burn/vent disease)

Matendawa amayambika chifukwa cha tizirombo tating'ono timene tamabwera chifukwa cha litsiro la ntchimbiri (ndowe) ndi mkodzo kumalo ozungulira kumaliseche ndi kosomera kwakalulu.


Matenda amtundu wa 'gwembe' ndi wopatsirana ndipo amatchedwanso kuti matenda a 'chindoko cha kalulu'. Amayambitisidwa ndi mtundu wina wake wa kachirombo.

Bwambu ndi matenda amene amawoneka ngati matenda a gwembe koma amayambitisdwa ndi tizirombo tamitundu yosiyana.

Zizindikirozake

Poyamba pakhungu pamatuluka matuza. Matuza amenewa amaphulika ndi kusiyapo nkhumbutondo yachikasu kapena ya bulawundi. Nthawi zina matuzawa amakhala ndi mafinya. Matendawa amakonda kulowa mkhola laubve.

Katetezedwekake

Ukhondo wa pakhola ndi ofunika zedi.

Muonetsetse ndi kusankha bwino pogula akalulu oweta.

Musamabwereketse atonde akalulu kumakola okayikitsa pankhani za katetezedwe kamatenda.

Kachiza kake Mankhwala amtundu wa antibiotic (monga jekeseni wamtundu wa penicillin) atha kuthandiza ngati aperekedwa mofulumira matendawa asanakule.

Tsukani ndi kuthirapo mankhwala pakhungu pamene pali matendapo tsiku liri lonse. Mankhwala wopaka amtundu wa lanolin atha kuthandiza. Akalulu amene akulandira chithandizo cha mankhwala atha kuchira patapita pakati pa masiku 10 ndi 14. Ngati akulephera kuchira, iphani akalulu onse odwala.


Zironda zam'ziboda

Izi ndi zironda zomwe zimatuluka pa khungu la m'ziboda za akalulu.


Matendawa amatha kuyamba chifukwa cha chinyontho cha pansi pamene akalulu akukhala ndi kugonam'khola. Komanso pansi pamene ndi posasalala bwino pamatha kuyambitsa zirondazi. Akalulu ena nthawi zina amakhala ndi nthumanzi ndiye amakonda kumamenyetsa miyendo yawo pansi.

Pali mtundu wina wa kalulu umene chibadwidwe chawo, sakhala kutuluka zironda. Ana amatenga chikoza cha matendawa kwa makolo awo.

Zizindikiro zake

Zironda zimawoneka makamaka ku ziboda zamiyendo ya kumbuyo ndiponso nthawi zina ku ziboda za miyendo ya kutsogolo.

Pakhungu pamawoneka pososoka bweya, potupa, popunduka ndi zironda. Pachithunzi chiri pamwambachi, tikuona kukula kwa matendawa.

Katetezedwekake

Onetsetsani kuti pansi pokhala ndi kugona akalulu ndi posalala ndi powuma bwino. Osakhazika akalulu pansi pa chinyontho.

Kachiza kake Kuchiritsa kwake ndi kobvuta. Mungathe kuyika akalulu odwala m'khola lapansi powuma ndi losalala bwino. Ngati akulephera kuchira, iphani akalulu odwalawo.


Mafunso apomaliza paphunziro pofuna kudziwa ngati maphunziro amveka

1. Kodi wina wa ubwino woweta akalulu ndi chiyani?

2. Kodi khola la kalulu limafuna zinthu ziti mokhudzana ndi maloabwino amene akalulu amafuna kukhala?

3. Kodi ndi zinthu ziti zimene zingafunike tisanayambe kuweta akalulu?

4. Ndi zinthu ziti zofunika kuziganizira pofuna kumanga khola labwino la kalulu?

5. Kodi timitengo/timatabwa tapansi pakhola titalikirane pa mipata yotani? Nanga waya wasefa woyala pansi pa khola la kalulu ayenera kukhala wa mphipi yokula bwanji?

6. Kufunika kwa nkhalanga ndi kotani?

7. Kodi chipinda cha khola la kalulu chiyenera kukhala chachikulu bwanji?

8. Kodi padzafunika zipinda zingati ngati tiri ndi misoti iwiri ndi tonde m'modzi wa akalulu?

9. Kodi ubwino wodya ntchimbiri (ndowe) zake zomwe kalulu ndi wotani?

10. Kodi tipatulire ana akalulu akafika pa msinkhu wotani powateteza kuti asamamenyane?

11. Kodi kalulu wa mkazi amakhala ndi nyere liti?

12. Kodi pamene tikukweretsa akalulu, timawasiya nthawi yayitalibwanji ali limodzi kalulu wamkazi ndi wa mwamuna? Nanga timachita chiyani ngati sali kukwerana?

13. Nanga timatani pochita chiyeso cha bere la kalulu? Kodi kalulu amakhala nthawi yayitali bwanji ali ndi bere?


14. Kodi tirole mphonda zingati zomwe kalulu angalere akaswa?Chifukwa chiyani?

15. Kodi kalulu amayamwitsa mphonda zake kangati pa tsiku?

16. Nanga kalulu aletsere kuyamwa mphonda zikafika pa msinkhu wanji?

17. Kodi mumayang'ana zinthu ziti pamene mukufuna kugula akalulu oweta?

18. Kodi ndi njira ziwiri ziti zomwe sizabwino ponyamula a kalulu?

19. Chifukwa chiyani anthu amalendebzya nyama ya kalulu usiku wonse mpaka m'mawa mwake?

20. Nanga ndi zinthu ziti zomwe muyenera kutsata poweta akalulu athanzi wotetezedwa kumatenda?

21. Kodi ndi matenda ati ?? nthenda iti imene imakonda... ameneamakonda kugwira akalulu woweta?

22. Chulani matenda wodziwika amene amagwira akalulu.


Annex 1

Chitsanzo cha foromu (chipepala) chomwe mungalembepo zonse zochitikapakhola la akalulu. Why not just:

Chitsanzo cha foromu la marekodi a kuweta akalulu

Gwiritsani ntchito tsamba la mtunduwu polembapo za kalulu m'modzi. Mutha kutengera za papepalali ndi kuzilemba mkope kuti marekodi asungike bwino. Marekodi amathandiza kuti pambuyo pake muzitha kudziwa kuti pakhola akalulu aswana bwino kapena ayi.


Pepala lolembapo zonse zokhudza kawetedwe ka kalulu

Dzina la kalulu wa mkazi:

Msinkhu wa kalulu wamkazi:

Msinkhu wake:

Tsiku limeneanakweretsedwa

koyamba (1):

Tsiku limeneanakweretsedwa kachiwiri

(2 - ngati zidatero):

Tsiku loyika nkhalanga:

Tsiku la kuswa:

Wabereka mphondazingati:

Tsiku loletsera kuyamwa:

Ndi ana angati omweadafika pa msinkhuwoletsera kuyamwa:

Ndemanga mongazokhudza chomwechidapha akalulu,

mabvuto amene ali pakholapo ndi zina zotero:


Phunziro 1: Tiyeni tiyambe tamudziwa kaluluZolinga za phunziroli:Pomaliza pa phunziro ili wophunzira athe:1. Amvetsetse zofunikira pamene munthu afuna kuweta akalulu muno m'Malawi2. Adziwe ubwino ndi kuyipa kwa kuweta akalulu3. Adziwe m'mene kalulu aliri4. Adziwe komwe angapeze ndi kasankhidwe kwa akalulu oweta abwino omwe angagwiritse ntchito pochulukitsaZinthu zimene zimafunika pofuna kuweta akaluluUbwino woweta akalulu?Kodi ndi mavuto ati omwe timakumana nawo poweta akalulu?Tiyeni timudziwitsitse kaluluMitundu ya akaluluKodi pamafunika chiyani munthu akafuna kuyamba kuweta akalulu?Kupeza a kalulu

Phunziro 2: Makola a akaluluZolinga za phunziroli:Pomaliza pa phunziro ili wophunzira athe:1. Kumvetsetsa kufunika kwake kowetera a kalulu m'makola obvomerezeka, abwino.2. Adziwe zoyenerera zakhola lowetera akalulu.3. Athe kudziwa kuchita chiyerekezo cha khola labwino ndi kusankha malo omangapo molingana ndi kuchuluka kwa akalulu amene adzayikemo.4. Akhale wodziwa mitundu yosiyansiyana ya magome oyikamo zakudya, momwera madzi ndi zipinda zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati nkhalanga.Kusankha malo omangapo khola la akalulu ndi kofunika kuchita mwanzeruMapangidwe a pansi pakhola la kalulu ?? (Proper floor design is essential)Kapangidwe ka dengaZida zomangira khola la kaluluMagome oyikamo madzi akumwa ndi zakudyaNkhalanga za a kaluluKukula ndi kuchuluka kwa zipinda za mkhola la akalulu

Phunziro 3: Kadyetsedwe ka akaluluZolinga za phunziroli:Pomaliza pa phunziro ili wophunzira athe:1. Kudziwa kuchuluka kwa chakudya chomwe kalulu angadye pa tsiku2. Kumvetsa milingo yosiyanasiyana chomwe kalulu wabere ndi woyamwitsa angadye patsiku3. Kumvetsa za mitundu ndi magulu azakudya zomwe kalulu angadye4. Kudziwa m'mene kalulu amagayila chakudya m'mimba mwakeZinthu zofunikira ku zakudya za kaluluKudya ntchimbiri (ndowe) zake zomwe

Phunziro 4: M'mene a kalulu amaswaniranaZolinga za phunziroli:Pomaliza pa phunziro ili wophunzira athe:1. Kudziwa kabereketsedwe ka a kalulu2. Kudziwa kusiyanitsa kalulu wamuna ndi kalulu wamkazi3. Kudziwa za kalembedwe ndi kusunga ma rekodi akabereketsedwe kakalulu.4. Kudziwa kasamalidwe ka akalulu amene aswa ana.5. Kudziwa kasankhidwe ka akalulu oweta.Zofunika pamene mufuna kukweretsa akaluluKasamalidwe ka a kalulu amunaKusamalira akalulu akaziKukwerana kwa akaluluKalulu akatenga bereKuswa kwa kaluluKuyamwitsaKuletsa kuyamwaMasiku a uchembere wa kaluluKasamalidwe ka mphonda za a kaluluKasamalidwe ka misoti ndi atonde a kalulu ndi akalulu oweta

Phunziro 5: Chidwi ndi chisamaliro cha akalulu cha tsiku ndi tsikuZolinga za phunziroli:Pomaliza pa phunziro ili wophunzira athe:1. Kudziwa m'mene anganyamulire akalulu a misinkhu yosiyanasiyana moyenera. (ndi kuti adziwe njira zosayenera ponyamula akalulu)2. Adziwe njira zobvomerezeka za kasamalidwe ka tsiku ndi tsiku ka akalulu3. Amvetse zanjira zaukhondo ndi zaumoyo wapakhola la akalulu4. Adziwe kaperekedwe ka mankhwala oteteza ndi wachiritsa ku matenda ogwira akalulu kuti akalulu akhale athanzi nthawi zonse.M'mene tinganyamulire kaluluUkhondo wa m'khola la kaluluZina zofunika kuchita pa chisamaliro cha kaluluZina zosavuta zofunika kuchita pa chisamaliro cha kalulu

Phunziro 6: Kaphedwe ndi kagulitsidwe ka akaluluZolinga za phunziroli:Pomaliza pa phunziro ili wophunzira athe:1. Kudziwa njira zingapo za kaphedwe ndi kasendedwe ka akalulu;2. Adziwe njira zingapo zakagulitsidwe ka nyama ya kalulu, kalulu wamoyo ndi zikopa za akalulu.Kupha kaluluKusenda chikopa cha kaluluKagulitsidwe ka akalulu amoyo ndi nyama ya kalulu

Phunziro 7: Matenda ogwira akaluluZolinga za phunziroli:Pomaliza pa phunziro ili wophunzira athe:1. Kudziwa zizindikiro za akalulu athanzi ndi omwe akudwala2. Kudziwa m'mene matumbo ndi chifu cha kalulu chimakhaliraZizindikiro za umoyo ndi matenda a kaluluZa mkati mwa m'mimba mwa kalulu

Phunziro 8: Matenda amene amakonda kugwira akaluluZolinga za phunziroli:Pomaliza pa phunziro ili wophunzira athe:1. Kudziwa matenda wodziwika amene amagwira akalulu2. Kudziwa zizindikiro ndi chomwe chimayambitsa matenda amenewa3. Kudziwa kuperekedwe ka mankhwala ndi katetezedwe ka matendawaMatenda odziwika omwe amagwira akalulu

Mafunso apomaliza paphunziro pofuna kudziwa ngati maphunziro amvekaAnnex 1Chitsanzo cha foromu (chipepala) chomwe mungalembepo zonse zochitika pakhola la akalulu. Why not just: Chitsanzo cha foromu la marekodi a kuweta akalulu

Pepala lolembapo zonse zokhudza kawetedwe ka kalulu

kawetedwe ka a kalulu - small scale livestock and ...€¦ · kawetedwe ka a kalulu phunziro 1:...

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