kathleen morrison-inquiry project

7/30/2019 Kathleen Morrison-Inquiry Project

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Kathleen Morrison

Instructor: Malcolm Campbell

English 1103

Wednesday, November 7, 2012

Genetic Engineering Advancements Leading to Super Humans or Split Society?

Have you ever looked into the mirror and noticed the similarities between yourself and

your parents? This is because you are a mixture of the genetic makeup given to you by your

Mother and Father. What if, in the future, when someone looked at themselves they noticed no

similarities between how they look and how their parents look because they were given the

desired traits. What if you never got sick or hurt? Genetic engineering is evolving, it has

become more popular in certain crops to make them grow faster and be resistant to pesticides.

Not only has it become popular in plants, but animals and humans as well. What could

advancements in genetic engineering hold for the human race in the future? A possible answer is

a new race or a split in society of haves and have-nots.

Before genetic engineering became known there was a question of what held our

hereditary material. In the year 1869, Friedrich Miescher discovered DNA. He used cloths

stained in soldiers blood to study the proteins within white blood cells. White blood cells are

cells a part of the immune system that digests bacterium. While examining the protein s he came

across something unfamiliar, nucleic acid (DNA). After the research of Miescher, Phoebus

Levene continued the investigation by studying the structure of DNA.


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Levene is credited with many firsts. For instance, he was the first to

discover the order of the three major components of a single

nucleotide(phosphate-sugar-base); the first to discover the carbohydrate

component of RNA(ribose); the first to discover the carbohydrate

component of DNA(deoxyribose); and the first to correctly identify the

way RNA and DNA molecules are put together.(Americanradio)

Erwin Chargoff furthered the research and determined that the same nitrogenous bases

always paired up with each other. Adenine + Thymine and Cytosine + Guanine. Then, in the year

1953 all of this data was compiled by James Watson and Francis Crick to create a model of DNA

structure. The structure is a double helix that can be explained as being a ladder. The rails of the

ladders are sugar and phosphates, which alternate, and the steps are nitrogen-containing bases

held together by hydrogen bonds (Figure 1). This discovery helped to guide scientists to DNA

splicing. This is the procedure of cutting out a section of DNA and placing it into another

organism.

Figure 1


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Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer used the model made by Crick and Watson to proceed

with gene splicing (Figure 2) in 1973. This technique laid the foundations for todays modern

genetic engineering industry. (thinkquest). Not only was the model important in the evolution of

genetic engineering but Gregor Mendels genetic theory as well. Mendel studied the theory of

how characteristics are inherited. Through his study he examined pea plants, he determined

through observation that different

versions of the same gene result in

variation. He also determined that

each organism inherits two genes,

one from each parent. The scientists

in Europe used this information to

breed two plants together to produce

desired traits.

To fully understand genetic

engineering you must understand your genetic makeup. Humans are composed of 46 pairs of

chromosomes. Chromosomes are strands of DNA that carry genetic material. 23 of these

chromosomes are given from your Mother while the other 23 from your Father. 22 pairs of

chromosomes are autosomes (regular chromosomes which transmit genetic traits) and the other 2

pairs are sex chromosomes (XX-female, XY-male). You are given two alleles (alternate versions

of a gene), one from your Mother and one from your Father. Which of the two is expressed is

determined through dominance. A trait that is dominant will appear over a trait that is recessive.

For example, in eye colour you may receive a gene for blue eyes while your father gives you a

gene coding for brown eyes. Since brown is dominant over blue, you will have brown eyes. This

Figure 2


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all depends on if your parents are carriers (carry recessive traits) where the recessive may be

expressed instead of the dominant. Genetic engineering takes away chance within which genes

will be expressed.

Genetic engineering is the development and application of scientific

methods, procedures, and technologies that permit direct manipulation

of genetic material in order to alter hereditary traits of a cell, organism

or population. (Dictionary.com)

Neal Connan and Rob Stein, journalists in biology and members of NPR discuss genetic

engineering in an interview. During this interview both positives and negatives of the scientific

process are touched upon. Today, scientists are able to decode a genome (the full set of DNA

present in an individual) within hours compared to the days it used to take. (Stein). The positives

included using genetic engineering for medical purposes such as fixing problems with mutations

within DNA. This could help numerous people that are suffering with diseases due to

chromosomes not being how they should be. An example of this is on chromosome 21 there may

be three chromosomes instead of two which would lead the child to be born with Down

Syndrome. Not only could this cure but it could prevent as well. Looking at an unborn baby to

detect whether it will carrier a disease can be corrected with genetic engineering. The negatives

of this interview included job loss, discrimination in employment, health care and health

insurance. If super humans were created or even a new race produced there would become a split

in social classes. If an employer was looking at hiring two people and one of them is resistant to

injury while the other is average, who would they chose? By having an employee that cant be

hurt or fall ill the company would save a great amount of money. A reference to the movie

Gattaca is also made within the interview which is brought up by another journalist.


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Ray Bohlin, an author of multiple books and journals and has a PhD in molecular

biology, goes into more detail on the subject of genetic engineering. The first idea Bohlin

introduces is Gattaca. The 1997 movie explores the idea of genetically modified humans being

superior in every way to those who are not. This leads to the question: will there be a race of

super humans in the future? There has already been a superbug produced that is indestructible,

could this be possible for humans also? Genetic manipulation goes hand and hand with genetic

engineering, the idea is to change (manipulate) the genes of an organism to be the desired

trait(s). Bohlin brings up genetic illnesses that occur through mutations in DNA. There are over

1200 known human disorders; it is still questionable how many are unknown. Genetic

engineering would allow these diseases to be prevented by replacing the mutant DNA with the

desired DNA. If these mutations within the genes are eliminated from human genomes it could

affect the variety in human characteristics. What if a family cant afford the procedure? If genetic

engineering gives parents the chance to prevent their unborn children from flaws would they do

it? With the elimination of diseases there would become a job loss in doctors, pharmaceuticals

and people that work at creating vaccines. By eliminating certain genes you are also eliminating

variation which is important. Those people that could not afford the procedure would fall down

the social ladder by becoming have-nots. Religious views are also included in his exploration of

genetic engineering. Should humans have the right to play the role of God or are we using our

knowledge/intelligence to advance proficiently. I find it unlikely that peoples opinions will

change on the subject and should not be argued.

After searching to learn more about what genetic engineering can mean for the future I

came across an article written by Carolyn Harris. Harris has written numerous articles and

incorporated a professor who studies the impact of robotics on society. The idea of incorporating


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robotics and artificial intelligence within the human body was an idea I had never seen/heard of

being associated with genetic engineering. An example of incorporating robotics into the human

body is through the insertion of a chip into the brain that would increase intelligence. By the

year 2020 an estimated 40% of armies will include robotic soldiers. (Harris). With the addition

of robotic soldiers into warfare how brutal will the battles become? Introducing nuclear weapons

into war, in my opinion, was a great mistake of technology. These soldiers may not be able to

destroy an entire country with one blow. But they will, without a doubt, change the rules on the

battlefield. Proceeding the idea of high tech soldiers, Harris questions the idea of a two tier social

system being created with the advancement of genetic engineering. Transhumanists are

individuals that support technology and believe that it will improve the human body. This group

of people is associated with the increase of the rate that genetic engineering advancements are

becoming available to the public and the rate theyre being discovered. The more people want

the technology, the faster it will be produced. I found that this aspect of demand related to the

development of a two-tier society. There will be people that want and cant afford, the people

that want and cant afford, and those that disagree with technology all together.

A few years ago I was presented with a debate on genetic engineering. To find out the

different opinions people may have I began to ask around. When I asked my father I knew it

would be more personal, I asked if he had the opportunity to change my genetic makeup so I

never got sick or injured if he would do it. As the subject, the answer was not straight forward.

He began to explain that as a parent you never want to see your child to hurt. That got to me

because Ive been in the hospital more than I can remember. As a baby I had feet and breathing

problems, later chicken pox, asthma, a broken arm, torn ACL and meniscus, and wisdom teeth

removed. He said that he would not go through with the procedure. All the bumps and bruises


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were learning experiences that shape the person Im becoming. So what would happen if before

a child was born their parents decided to change their genetics so they never hurt? If every child

grew up with the same traits there would be nothing to differentiate them. And what of those

parents that cant afford or choose not to have the procedure? In school, children are looked

down upon when for not having nice things. But what happens when that nice thing

becomes your genetic composition? It changes from clicks in school to social classes in society.

What children learn stays with them as they grow up. So, if they grow up believe they are better

than someone because of how they are made genetically it will follow them to adult hood. Here,

it will no longer be about whom you play with at recess but who gets the job and who doesnt.

Genetic engineering is a continuous project. The idea of this technology separating

humans further into social classes is something that should be thought about with great

consideration. Not only to think about a two-tier social system but introducing super humans into

the average population. Both of these ideas should be laid out and examined through pros and

cons before the technology is presented to the public. I would never want to see my child hurt

but I also want them to be different and who they are meant to be. Sometimes bad things happen

to good people but those people show to be both strong and inspiring. If bad things stopped

happening in the human population how would we know what is good or when we got lucky?


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Works Cited

Bohlin, Ray. What Is Genetic Engineering? Genetic Engineering Probe.org. 2012. Web. 12

Oct. 2012.

Connan, Neal. Do You Want to Know Your DNAs Secrets? Npr.org.1 Oct. 2012. Web. 13

Oct. 2012.

Harris, Carolyn. The Technocracy and the Genetic Engineering of Humanity.Infowars.com. 1

Jan. 2009. Web. 12 Oct. 2012.

Americanradioworks.org. History of Genetic Engineering. 2008. Web. 04 Nov 2012.

Studymode.com. Gregor Mendels Theories of Genetic Inheritance. 1999. Web. 04 Nov 2012.

Nature.com. Discovery of DNA Structure and Function: Watson and Crick. 2008. Web. 04 Nov

2012.

Thinkquest.org. The First Recombinant DNA Organisms. 1998. Web. 04 Nov 2012.

Dictionary.com. Dictionary.com. 2012. Web. 04 Nov 2012.

Academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu. DNA Structure. 2008. Web. 06 Nov 2012.

Fitureworldofgmos.blogspot.com. Genetically Modified Foods. 2012. Web. 07 Nov 2012.

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