karl kautsky

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Kautsky, Karl Born Oct. 16, 1854, in Prague; died Oct. 17, 1938, in Amsterdam. One of the leaders and theoreticians of the GermanSocia l Democratic movement and the Second International; an ideologist of centrism. At first a Marxist, but later became aren egade. In 1874, while he was a student at the University of Vienna, Kautsky joined the socialist movement, and during this peri odhe was close to Lassalleanism. At the end of the 1870’s, and especially after he became acquainted with K. Marx and F. Engels in 1881, he began to shift to Marxist positions. At that time Marx and Engels already noted in Kautsky such negat ivetraits as pedantry and a penchant for scholastic argumentation. From 1883 to 1917, Kautsky was the editor of Die NeueZ eit, the theoretical journal of the German Social Democratic movement. During 1885–88 he lived in London, where h eassociated with Engels. In 1890 he moved to Germany. During the 1880’s and 1890’s he wrote a number of works andarticle s that propagated Marxist ideas, such as The Economic Doctrine of Karl Marx (1887; Russian translation, 1956),Thomas More and His Utopia (1888; Russian translation, 1905), Commentaries on the Erfurt Program (1892; Russiantranslation, 1956) and Precursors of Moder n Socialism (vols. 1–2, 1895; Russian translation, vols. 1–2, 1924–25). Kautsky’sThe Agrarian Question (1899; Russian translati on, 1900) was favorably appraised by V. I. Lenin. However, even at thatperiod Kautsky was making opportunistic errors. A fter E. Bernstein’s display of revisionism, Kautsky joined in the struggleagainst him, but only after prolonged vacillat ion. Kautsky’s book Bernstein and the Social Democratic Program (1899;Russian translation, 1906) in general played a positive rol e in the fight against revisionism, but it avoided the question ofBernstein’s revision of the Marxist doctrine of the st ate and the dictatorship of the proletariat. After the Second Congress ofthe RSDLP (1903), Kautsky supported the Menshev iks. Early in the 20th century Kautsky published a number of works that were written, despite individual deviations, in the s piritof revolutionary Marxism: for example, the article “The Slavs and Revolution,” printed in 1902 in Lenin’s newspaper Iskra,the pamphlets Driving Forces and Prospects of the Russian Revolution (1906–07; Russian translation, 1907, edited and witha forew ord by V. I. Lenin), and The Road to Power (1909; Russian translation, 1959). During the years preceding World War I, Kautsky departed even further from the revolutionary workers’ movement, followin ga line of reconciliation with the revisionists, supporting the liquidators in the Russian Social Democratic movement, d enyingthe party spirit of Marxist philosophy, and so forth. In supporting anti-Marxist theories of violence, such as Soc ialDarwinism, Kautsky attempted to demonstrate the compatibility of scientific socialism with non-Marxist philosophicals ystems. Kautsky became the ideologist of centrism, which combined a verbal acknowledgment of Marxism with anadaptation t o opportunistic elements. With the beginning of the war Kautsky made a final break with revolutionary Marxismand justifi ed the alliance with the overt social chauvinists. Kautsky’s denial of the connection between the rule of monopolies and the predatory policy of the imperialist states, as wellas his attempt to reduce imperialism to a variant policy of modern capitalism, as Lenin pointed out (Poln. sobr. soch., 5thed., vol. 27, pp. 387, 409–20), led to his obscuring the radical contradictions characteristic of the monopoly stage of thedevelopment of capitalism. Just as apologetic and reformist was Kautsky’s theory of ultraimperialism, which falsel ypredicted the onset of a new phase constituting the peaceful development of capitalism and the elimination of itscontra dictions. Kautsky sowed pacifist illusions and in essence denied the inevitability of proletarian revolution. Kautskywas hostile in his attitude toward the October Socialist Revolution; he opposed the establishment of the dictatorship of the proletariat and defended bourgeois democracy. Kautsky’s desertion of Marxism was exposed by Lenin in his work entitledTh e Proletarian Revolution and the Renegade Kautsky (ibid., vol. 37, pp. 235–338). In 1917, Kautsky took part in the establishment of the Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany. During the period of the November Revolution of 1918 he actually supported the counterrevolutionary policy of the Scheidemann group andopp osed the establishment of friendly relations with Soviet Russia. While he took charge of a commission on socialization,K autsky in fact pursued the line of preserving the capitalist structure in Germany. In 1922 he heralded the merger of the right wing of the “Independents” with the Social Democratic Party. He opposed the establishment of a unified workers’ fr ontin the struggle against fascism. In 1924, Kautsky moved to Vienna. After the seizure of Austria by Nazi Germany (Marc h1938) he moved to Prague and later to Amsterdam. Contemporary right-wing socialist leaders use the opportunist and revisionist views of Kautsky to substantiate their ref ormistpolicies.

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Karl Kautsky

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Page 1: Karl Kautsky

Kautsky, Karl 

Born Oct. 16, 1854, in Prague; died Oct. 17, 1938, in Amsterdam. One of the leaders and theoreticians of the GermanSocial Democratic movement and the Second International; an ideologist of centrism. At first a Marxist, but later became arenegade.

In 1874, while he was a student at the University of Vienna, Kautsky joined the socialist movement, and during this periodhe was close to Lassalleanism. At the end of the 1870’s, and especially after he became acquainted with K. Marx and F.Engels in 1881, he began to shift to Marxist positions. At that time Marx and Engels already noted in Kautsky such negativetraits as pedantry and a penchant for scholastic argumentation. From 1883 to 1917, Kautsky was the editor of Die NeueZeit, the theoretical journal of the German Social Democratic movement. During 1885–88 he lived in London, where heassociated with Engels. In 1890 he moved to Germany. During the 1880’s and 1890’s he wrote a number of works andarticles that propagated Marxist ideas, such as The Economic Doctrine of Karl Marx (1887; Russian translation, 1956),Thomas More and His Utopia (1888; Russian translation, 1905), Commentaries on the Erfurt Program (1892; Russiantranslation, 1956) and Precursors of Modern Socialism (vols. 1–2, 1895; Russian translation, vols. 1–2, 1924–25). Kautsky’sThe Agrarian Question (1899; Russian translation, 1900) was favorably appraised by V. I. Lenin. However, even at thatperiod Kautsky was making opportunistic errors. After E. Bernstein’s display of revisionism, Kautsky joined in the struggleagainst him, but only after prolonged vacillation. Kautsky’s book Bernstein and the Social Democratic Program (1899;Russian translation, 1906) in general played a positive role in the fight against revisionism, but it avoided the question ofBernstein’s revision of the Marxist doctrine of the state and the dictatorship of the proletariat. After the Second Congress ofthe RSDLP (1903), Kautsky supported the Mensheviks.

Early in the 20th century Kautsky published a number of works that were written, despite individual deviations, in the spiritof revolutionary Marxism: for example, the article “The Slavs and Revolution,” printed in 1902 in Lenin’s newspaper Iskra,the pamphlets Driving Forces and Prospects of the Russian Revolution (1906–07; Russian translation, 1907, edited and witha foreword by V. I. Lenin), and The Road to Power (1909; Russian translation, 1959).

During the years preceding World War I, Kautsky departed even further from the revolutionary workers’ movement, followinga line of reconciliation with the revisionists, supporting the liquidators in the Russian Social Democratic movement, denyingthe party spirit of Marxist philosophy, and so forth. In supporting anti-Marxist theories of violence, such as SocialDarwinism, Kautsky attempted to demonstrate the compatibility of scientific socialism with non-Marxist philosophicalsystems. Kautsky became the ideologist of centrism, which combined a verbal acknowledgment of Marxism with anadaptation to opportunistic elements. With the beginning of the war Kautsky made a final break with revolutionary Marxismand justified the alliance with the overt social chauvinists.

Kautsky’s denial of the connection between the rule of monopolies and the predatory policy of the imperialist states, as wellas his attempt to reduce imperialism to a variant policy of modern capitalism, as Lenin pointed out (Poln. sobr. soch., 5thed., vol. 27, pp. 387, 409–20), led to his obscuring the radical contradictions characteristic of the monopoly stage of thedevelopment of capitalism. Just as apologetic and reformist was Kautsky’s theory of ultraimperialism, which falselypredicted the onset of a new phase constituting the peaceful development of capitalism and the elimination of itscontradictions. Kautsky sowed pacifist illusions and in essence denied the inevitability of proletarian revolution. Kautskywas hostile in his attitude toward the October Socialist Revolution; he opposed the establishment of the dictatorship of theproletariat and defended bourgeois democracy. Kautsky’s desertion of Marxism was exposed by Lenin in his work entitledThe Proletarian Revolution and the Renegade Kautsky (ibid., vol. 37, pp. 235–338).

In 1917, Kautsky took part in the establishment of the Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany. During the periodof the November Revolution of 1918 he actually supported the counterrevolutionary policy of the Scheidemann group andopposed the establishment of friendly relations with Soviet Russia. While he took charge of a commission on socialization,Kautsky in fact pursued the line of preserving the capitalist structure in Germany. In 1922 he heralded the merger of theright wing of the “Independents” with the Social Democratic Party. He opposed the establishment of a unified workers’ frontin the struggle against fascism. In 1924, Kautsky moved to Vienna. After the seizure of Austria by Nazi Germany (March1938) he moved to Prague and later to Amsterdam.

Contemporary right-wing socialist leaders use the opportunist and revisionist views of Kautsky to substantiate their reformistpolicies.