Kaplan ReviewKaplan Review

1914 to Present1914 to Present

If you only learn 6 If you only learn 6 things….things….Pg 223Pg 223

World War IWorld War I Longer term causes of WWILonger term causes of WWI

AlliancesAlliances ImperialismImperialism MilitarismMilitarism NationalismNationalism

War began with assassination of the heir to the War began with assassination of the heir to the Austrian throne.Austrian throne. Assassin was Serbian Slav nationalistsAssassin was Serbian Slav nationalists Austria declares war on SerbiaAustria declares war on Serbia Germany sides with Austria; Russia sides with SerbiaGermany sides with Austria; Russia sides with Serbia France sides with Russia, and Great Britain sides with France.France sides with Russia, and Great Britain sides with France.

New Weapons: machine guns; trench warfare; New Weapons: machine guns; trench warfare; civilians and women “total war”civilians and women “total war”

Governments controlled industry and propagandaGovernments controlled industry and propaganda Treaty of Versailles – the “Big Four” meet to end the Treaty of Versailles – the “Big Four” meet to end the

war; treaty laid down harsh terms that Germany had war; treaty laid down harsh terms that Germany had to agree with.; new nations were formed. Not all to agree with.; new nations were formed. Not all were satisfied with the results of treaty.were satisfied with the results of treaty.

Woodrow Wilson – had a plan called Fourteen PointsWoodrow Wilson – had a plan called Fourteen Points Self-determination of nationalitiesSelf-determination of nationalities Peace without victoryPeace without victory DisarmamentDisarmament Fair treatmentFair treatment League of Nations – only idea accepted; U.S. did League of Nations – only idea accepted; U.S. did

not joinnot join Read the Allies – the big fourRead the Allies – the big four

Central powers: Germany – left weak, and new Central powers: Germany – left weak, and new govt. formed (Weimar); Ottoman – Turkey declared govt. formed (Weimar); Ottoman – Turkey declared republic; Arab nationalism rose. republic; Arab nationalism rose.

Other Major PlayersOther Major Players Russia – czar was overthrown in bloody civil war; Russia – czar was overthrown in bloody civil war;

USSR is formed; czar and family were shotUSSR is formed; czar and family were shot Japan – Fought with Allies; wanted to add to Japan – Fought with Allies; wanted to add to

empire; it did not however.empire; it did not however. China – Protested in Beijing, Nationalism surged; China – Protested in Beijing, Nationalism surged;

cultural and intellectual period called May Fourth cultural and intellectual period called May Fourth Movement; looked to Western IdeasMovement; looked to Western Ideas

Global DepressionGlobal Depression U.S. economy is crucial to world market.U.S. economy is crucial to world market. Market collapses; reaction was felt around the worldMarket collapses; reaction was felt around the world Impact severe in Europe; depended on Amer. Loans Impact severe in Europe; depended on Amer. Loans

to recover from WWI. – London, Berlin, Tokyo.to recover from WWI. – London, Berlin, Tokyo. Global unemployment; U.S. had highest tariff; Global unemployment; U.S. had highest tariff;

blocked international tradeblocked international trade Causes:Causes:

Overdependence on American loansOverdependence on American loans Increased tariffs and protectionismIncreased tariffs and protectionism Industrial and farming surpluses leading to deflationIndustrial and farming surpluses leading to deflation Poor banking management Poor banking management

Led to political instability and political extremism Led to political instability and political extremism (communism and fascism, dictatorships)(communism and fascism, dictatorships)

Japan invaded Manchuria for their need of Japan invaded Manchuria for their need of resources; left the League. Italy invaded Ethiopia.resources; left the League. Italy invaded Ethiopia.

ItalyItaly Fear of spread of communism to other nations led Fear of spread of communism to other nations led

to anticommunism.to anticommunism. Mussolini marched to Rome demanding to form a Mussolini marched to Rome demanding to form a

govt.govt. Italy was now dominated by Mussolini and his Italy was now dominated by Mussolini and his

fascistsfascists Became prototypical modern dictatorBecame prototypical modern dictator

FascismFascism Opposition to communism as a threat to Opposition to communism as a threat to

tradition and private propertytradition and private property Ultra-nationalism and glorification of stateUltra-nationalism and glorification of state Militarism and glorification of warMilitarism and glorification of war Alliances with big business/destruction of labor Alliances with big business/destruction of labor

unionsunions Rejection of liberalism and democracyRejection of liberalism and democracy

Rise of Fascist and Rise of Fascist and Totalitarian StatesTotalitarian States

Soviet UnionSoviet Union Transfer of power in Moscow; Lenin died; rise of Josef Stalin.Transfer of power in Moscow; Lenin died; rise of Josef Stalin. Stalin’s ruthless elimination of all rivals; associated with Soviet Stalin’s ruthless elimination of all rivals; associated with Soviet

communism; but also called Stalinismcommunism; but also called Stalinism Stalinism as practicedStalinism as practiced

Centralized control of economyCentralized control of economy World leadership of the international communist movementWorld leadership of the international communist movement Forced collectivization of all farmingForced collectivization of all farming Promotion of atheism and control of organized religionPromotion of atheism and control of organized religion

GermanyGermany Germany rebuilt its govt. as parliamentary democracy; Germany rebuilt its govt. as parliamentary democracy;

burdened with war debt; tried to reestablish itself in the burdened with war debt; tried to reestablish itself in the international community.international community.

Many feared they would be next communist nationMany feared they would be next communist nation Adolf Hitler; leader of Nazi Party rose to power.Adolf Hitler; leader of Nazi Party rose to power.

Spoke against communism; anti-Semitic racism (blamed Jews for Spoke against communism; anti-Semitic racism (blamed Jews for communism); ultra-nationalistic; promised a greater Germanycommunism); ultra-nationalistic; promised a greater Germany

Became dictator; controlled all aspects of life.Became dictator; controlled all aspects of life. Stalin, Hitler, Mussolini – Totalitarian Regimes:Stalin, Hitler, Mussolini – Totalitarian Regimes:

Single leader with unquestioned authoritySingle leader with unquestioned authority Single party in charge of all governmentSingle party in charge of all government Creation of police state to terrorize and control populaceCreation of police state to terrorize and control populace Aggressive elimination of all opposition groupsAggressive elimination of all opposition groups

World War IIWorld War II Many unresolved issues from the Great War (WWI)Many unresolved issues from the Great War (WWI) Tensions were building in Europe and AsiaTensions were building in Europe and Asia Germany invaded Poland; Japan invaded ChinaGermany invaded Poland; Japan invaded China

When Germany overran France, Japan overtook French When Germany overran France, Japan overtook French IndocinaIndocina

Japan and Germany were both expanding their Japan and Germany were both expanding their territoryterritory

France fell to Germany which left only Great France fell to Germany which left only Great Britain to fight GermanyBritain to fight Germany

Britain’s Royal Air Force defended the skies over Britain’s Royal Air Force defended the skies over EnglandEngland

Hitler turned attention to Russia; Japan attacked Hitler turned attention to Russia; Japan attacked U.S.; both Russia and U.S. were caught off guard.U.S.; both Russia and U.S. were caught off guard.

By 1942 Japan controlled most of Pacific; Germany By 1942 Japan controlled most of Pacific; Germany controlled most of Europe.controlled most of Europe. Germany was forced to turn back at Stalingrad; Japan Germany was forced to turn back at Stalingrad; Japan

lost battle at Midway (turning points of war)lost battle at Midway (turning points of war)

Occupied nations by Germany and Japan were brutal. Occupied nations by Germany and Japan were brutal. Millions were killed; camps were set up. China and Millions were killed; camps were set up. China and Poland had wholesale slaughtersPoland had wholesale slaughters 20 million deaths in Europe alone20 million deaths in Europe alone Hitler targeted Jews (6 million killed); HolocaustHitler targeted Jews (6 million killed); Holocaust Millions of Chinese were killed by JapanMillions of Chinese were killed by Japan

New War technology:New War technology: RadarRadar SonarSonar RocketsRockets Nuclear bomb – finished war against JapanNuclear bomb – finished war against Japan

United Nations – settled postwar problems; United Nations – settled postwar problems; headquartered in NYC; Allied victors (U.S., Britain, headquartered in NYC; Allied victors (U.S., Britain, France, USSR, China)France, USSR, China)

UN is voluntary; General Assembly is a forum to UN is voluntary; General Assembly is a forum to discuss world problems;discuss world problems;

To keep peace, UN has 3 responses to military To keep peace, UN has 3 responses to military aggressionaggression Diplomatic protest and pressureDiplomatic protest and pressure Economic sanctionsEconomic sanctions Collective military action.Collective military action.

Read Origins of Cold WarRead Origins of Cold War

Outcomes of WWIIOutcomes of WWII U.S. and Russia both rise to U.S. and Russia both rise to

power; were the 2 “winners”power; were the 2 “winners” U.S.U.S.

Greatest postwar status fell to U.S.Greatest postwar status fell to U.S.Possession of A-bombPossession of A-bombSuffered fewest losses Suffered fewest losses

RussiaRussiaHad devastating lossesHad devastating lossesOnce victorious, USSR Once victorious, USSR

participated in UN, established its participated in UN, established its hegemony in E. Europehegemony in E. Europe

The Cold War (1945-1989)The Cold War (1945-1989) Tensions between former alliesTensions between former allies Allies worked together to occupy Germany; but USSR Allies worked together to occupy Germany; but USSR

sought to control nations on its Western front to protect sought to control nations on its Western front to protect them from future invasions.them from future invasions.

De facto division – Divide Europe into Capitalist West and De facto division – Divide Europe into Capitalist West and communist E.; Germany was in the middle; its capital communist E.; Germany was in the middle; its capital city, Berlin, was dividedcity, Berlin, was divided

USSR exploded its own nuclear device; intense rivalry USSR exploded its own nuclear device; intense rivalry between U.S. and USSRbetween U.S. and USSR

Ended when Soviet Union collapsed Ended when Soviet Union collapsed Features of Competition between U.S. and USSRFeatures of Competition between U.S. and USSR

Technological – weapons, nuclear bombs, space race, Technological – weapons, nuclear bombs, space race, moon racemoon race

Geopolitical – both wanted influence across the globeGeopolitical – both wanted influence across the globe Ideological capitalism vs. communismIdeological capitalism vs. communism

By mid 1950’s relations between USSR and China began By mid 1950’s relations between USSR and China began to deteriorate; different views of Marxismto deteriorate; different views of Marxism

U.S. took advantage and normalized relations with China.U.S. took advantage and normalized relations with China.

Independence and Nationalist Independence and Nationalist MovementsMovements Throughout 20Throughout 20thth century, independence movements century, independence movements

and nationalism rose in many parts of the world; most and nationalism rose in many parts of the world; most were response to colonial power (imperialism).were response to colonial power (imperialism).

IndiaIndia Movement led by Indian National CongressMovement led by Indian National Congress Some transfer of power (domestic issues); but Some transfer of power (domestic issues); but

British repression roseBritish repression rose Britain cracked down on freedom of press and Britain cracked down on freedom of press and

assembly; fired on protest rallyassembly; fired on protest rally Mohandas Gandhi – Indian nationalist movement Mohandas Gandhi – Indian nationalist movement

grew; ahisma (non-violent protest); civil grew; ahisma (non-violent protest); civil disobedience; unsuccessful in allying with Muslims; disobedience; unsuccessful in allying with Muslims; Muslims wanted separate stateMuslims wanted separate state

After WWII, it was hard for Britain to maintain their After WWII, it was hard for Britain to maintain their empire; independence was granted to India (Hindu) empire; independence was granted to India (Hindu) and Pakistan (Muslim); mass migration = violenceand Pakistan (Muslim); mass migration = violence

Gandhi was devastated and later assassinated my Gandhi was devastated and later assassinated my Hindu extremistHindu extremist

Sub-Saharan AfricaSub-Saharan Africa Most of Africa was controlled by Europe; had been Most of Africa was controlled by Europe; had been

transformed to monoculture of cash crops and mining.transformed to monoculture of cash crops and mining. Independence movements were led by Africans who Independence movements were led by Africans who

had European education.had European education. Process of independence varied widely across the Process of independence varied widely across the

continent.continent. Ghana was first; Kenya was more difficultGhana was first; Kenya was more difficult Congo – Belgian govt. just departedCongo – Belgian govt. just departed Political borders created by Europe were comprised of Political borders created by Europe were comprised of

unrelated ethnic groups = conflictunrelated ethnic groups = conflict Ex. Rwanda – Hutus vs. TutsisEx. Rwanda – Hutus vs. Tutsis

S. Africa – Union of S. Africa had already been formed; S. Africa – Union of S. Africa had already been formed; but very restrictive laws to control the black but very restrictive laws to control the black population; - Apartheidpopulation; - Apartheid

87% of territory was reserved for whites.87% of territory was reserved for whites. African Nation Congress organized resistanceAfrican Nation Congress organized resistance 1989 National Party began to take apart the apartheid system1989 National Party began to take apart the apartheid system Nelson Mandela (part of the ANC) was released from jail and Nelson Mandela (part of the ANC) was released from jail and

was elected as first freely elected president of S. Africa.was elected as first freely elected president of S. Africa.

Zionism and Palestinian NationalismZionism and Palestinian Nationalism After WWI, British held a mandate in Palestine After WWI, British held a mandate in Palestine

but conflicted promises to the Arabs and Jewsbut conflicted promises to the Arabs and Jews Balfour Declaration of 1917 – British govt. Balfour Declaration of 1917 – British govt.

supported creation of homeland for Jews in supported creation of homeland for Jews in Palestine and allowed Jews to migrate there.Palestine and allowed Jews to migrate there.

Arab Palestinians saw this as imperial control.Arab Palestinians saw this as imperial control. After WWII Pan-Arabism (pro united Muslim After WWII Pan-Arabism (pro united Muslim

world) opposed creation of Jewish state, world) opposed creation of Jewish state, however, Holocaust intensified movement to however, Holocaust intensified movement to create a separate nation for Jews.create a separate nation for Jews.

U.N. helped create a plan to divide the area U.N. helped create a plan to divide the area into 2 states. Civil ware ensued – Jewish allies into 2 states. Civil ware ensued – Jewish allies won and Jewish state of Israel was formed on won and Jewish state of Israel was formed on May 1948.May 1948.

Continued fighting still occurs today. Continued fighting still occurs today. Palestinian Liberation Organization was Palestinian Liberation Organization was created to reclaim the land.created to reclaim the land.

VietnamVietnam French colonial rule of Southeast Asia French colonial rule of Southeast Asia

had to deal with rising nationalism.had to deal with rising nationalism. Ho Chi Minh first fought against Ho Chi Minh first fought against

Japanese during WWII, but when France Japanese during WWII, but when France returned fought them also. Ho Chi Minh returned fought them also. Ho Chi Minh was a Marxist (communist); wanted U.S. was a Marxist (communist); wanted U.S. support, but U.S. was strongly anti support, but U.S. was strongly anti communist (USSR)communist (USSR)

French were defeated and leftFrench were defeated and left Vietnam became Cold War sideshowVietnam became Cold War sideshow U.S. gave aid to the South, USSR U.S. gave aid to the South, USSR

supported communist in the Northsupported communist in the North Led to Vietnam War; U.S. tried to protect Led to Vietnam War; U.S. tried to protect

South Vietnam from communist North. South Vietnam from communist North. Effort failed; was a communist victoryEffort failed; was a communist victory

Revolutions: RussiaRevolutions: Russia By 1914 Russia was far behind Europe economically By 1914 Russia was far behind Europe economically

and technologicallyand technologically Disorder and chaos (from WWI) forced czar to Disorder and chaos (from WWI) forced czar to

abdicate the thrown.abdicate the thrown. Lenin promised “Peace, Land, Bread”Lenin promised “Peace, Land, Bread” Nov. 1917 – Lenin seized power; he ended war with Nov. 1917 – Lenin seized power; he ended war with

Germany (WWI)Germany (WWI) Civil war raged – Red (communists) vs. Whites Civil war raged – Red (communists) vs. Whites

(loyalists; to the czar)(loyalists; to the czar) Bolshevik government took control; Lenin took Bolshevik government took control; Lenin took

more moderate course of actionmore moderate course of action New Economic Policy (NEP) govt. controlled New Economic Policy (NEP) govt. controlled

banking, trade, and heavy industrybanking, trade, and heavy industry Lenin dies; Stalin takes over.Lenin dies; Stalin takes over. Five-Year Plan – individual farms became Five-Year Plan – individual farms became

collectivized (controlled by govt.); agriculture collectivized (controlled by govt.); agriculture declineddeclined

Stalin issued great Oppression – Stalin’s Great Stalin issued great Oppression – Stalin’s Great PurgesPurges

Revolutions: ChinaRevolutions: China China suffered much during WWI and WWIIChina suffered much during WWI and WWII After Sun Yixian died, Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai Shek) After Sun Yixian died, Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai Shek)

took over.took over. Jiang tried to work with Communist Party, but drove Jiang tried to work with Communist Party, but drove

them undergroundthem underground When Japan attacked Jian (Nationalist Guomingdang When Japan attacked Jian (Nationalist Guomingdang

Party) and Communist Party joined together; must Party) and Communist Party joined together; must distrustdistrust

Civil War broke out between the two parties. Civil War broke out between the two parties. Communist Party won (under Mao Zedong), Communist Party won (under Mao Zedong), Nationalist Party retreated to Taiwan and created new Nationalist Party retreated to Taiwan and created new govt. in Taiwangovt. in Taiwan

Mao Zedong borrowed Stalin’s plan of collectivization Mao Zedong borrowed Stalin’s plan of collectivization of farms; Great Leap Forward.of farms; Great Leap Forward.

Great Leap Forward was great failureGreat Leap Forward was great failure Cultural Revolution in 1960’s – 2Cultural Revolution in 1960’s – 2ndnd major reform major reform Red Guards wanted to re-revolutionize China; many Red Guards wanted to re-revolutionize China; many

were killed.were killed.

Check out the Role of Women Chart!Check out the Role of Women Chart!

Revolutions: MexicoRevolutions: Mexico Late 19Late 19thth century, early 20 century, early 20thth century, Portfino Diaz century, Portfino Diaz

was dictator of Mexicowas dictator of Mexico 95% owned no land; foreign investors owned 20-95% owned no land; foreign investors owned 20-

25% of land.25% of land. Very little changed occurred after initial revolution Very little changed occurred after initial revolution

– 1910 people rose up and civil war ensued.– 1910 people rose up and civil war ensued. Many leaders of civil war wanted to break control Many leaders of civil war wanted to break control

of Creole ruleof Creole ruleEx. Pancho Villa, Emiliano ZapataEx. Pancho Villa, Emiliano ZapataLeaders constantly changed; due to Leaders constantly changed; due to

assassinationsassassinations Carranza became president – wrote Constitution of Carranza became president – wrote Constitution of

19171917 Land distribution reformed, set salaries and hours Land distribution reformed, set salaries and hours

for workers; controlled Church property and for workers; controlled Church property and educationeducation

Party of Institutionalized Revolution dominated Party of Institutionalized Revolution dominated politics for rest of century; stood up to foreign politics for rest of century; stood up to foreign companies.companies.

Revolutions: IranRevolutions: Iran Shah Reza ruled from 1953-1979 – Shah Reza ruled from 1953-1979 –

heavily influenced by West (to heavily influenced by West (to modernize)modernize)

Was oppressive; used secret policeWas oppressive; used secret police Had much opposition:Had much opposition:

1. Religious Ulama (tradition Islamic 1. Religious Ulama (tradition Islamic religion was suppressed)religion was suppressed)

2. Students and intellectuals2. Students and intellectuals3. Farmers and workers3. Farmers and workers

Religious leader Ayatollah Khomeini led Religious leader Ayatollah Khomeini led demonstrations and forced Reza to exiledemonstrations and forced Reza to exile

Khomeini instituted sharia law (Islamic Khomeini instituted sharia law (Islamic law) became law of the land; women had law) became law of the land; women had to wear traditional Islamic clothing and to wear traditional Islamic clothing and were placed under legal restrictionswere placed under legal restrictions

Revolutions: CubaRevolutions: Cuba 1939-1959 – Cuba was ruled by dictatorship 1939-1959 – Cuba was ruled by dictatorship

under Batista; very few were wealthyunder Batista; very few were wealthy Fidel Castro organized a guerilla movement Fidel Castro organized a guerilla movement

which at first failed but would eventually which at first failed but would eventually gain power in 1959.gain power in 1959.

He promised to hold elections but did not.He promised to hold elections but did not. Established close ties with USSR (U.S. Established close ties with USSR (U.S.

viewed as threat)viewed as threat) 1961 – Castro announced Communist Plan, 1961 – Castro announced Communist Plan,

collectivized farms, economy, education and collectivized farms, economy, education and medical servicesmedical services

Tensions increased with Bay of Pigs (U.S. Tensions increased with Bay of Pigs (U.S. trained Cubans to overthrow Castro)trained Cubans to overthrow Castro)

Cuban Missile Crisis – Soviet missiles were Cuban Missile Crisis – Soviet missiles were discovered in Cuba; US and USSR discovered in Cuba; US and USSR compromised.compromised.

Political Reform and Economic Political Reform and Economic ChangesChanges

The 2The 2ndnd half of the 20 half of the 20thth century, many countries century, many countries experienced economic and political changesexperienced economic and political changes

ChinaChina After Mao died in 1976, Deng Xiaoping came to powerAfter Mao died in 1976, Deng Xiaoping came to power Created new economic modernizationCreated new economic modernization Four Modernization: industry, agriculture, technology Four Modernization: industry, agriculture, technology

and national defense.and national defense. Foreign investment was encouragedForeign investment was encouraged Deng was criticized for no democratic changeDeng was criticized for no democratic change Tiananmen Square – Students were calling for Tiananmen Square – Students were calling for

democratic changes – troops and tanks were sent to democratic changes – troops and tanks were sent to crush the rebellioncrush the rebellion

Chinese govt. still contend that political stability were Chinese govt. still contend that political stability were keys to China’s successkeys to China’s success

IndiaIndia After independence from British, India After independence from British, India

adopted parliamentary political system adopted parliamentary political system based on that of Britain.based on that of Britain.

State took ownership of major industries but State took ownership of major industries but left local business to private ownershipleft local business to private ownership

Nehru advocated industrializationNehru advocated industrialization Nonalignment foreign policyNonalignment foreign policy Tension remained with Muslim Pakistan over Tension remained with Muslim Pakistan over

land of Kashmir.land of Kashmir. Nehru’s daughter, Indira Gandhi became Nehru’s daughter, Indira Gandhi became

prime minister; enforced sterilization (very prime minister; enforced sterilization (very unpopular); crushed rebel attacks in Punjab; unpopular); crushed rebel attacks in Punjab; was assassinated by her body guard in 1984was assassinated by her body guard in 1984

Soviet Union/RussiaSoviet Union/Russia After Stalin came Khrushchev; initiated a de-After Stalin came Khrushchev; initiated a de-

Stalinization movement.Stalinization movement. Encouraged more freedom of expressionEncouraged more freedom of expression Brezhenev, retreated from de-Stalinization and Brezhenev, retreated from de-Stalinization and

became more restrictive; industrial growth became more restrictive; industrial growth declineddeclined

Gorbechev came to power in 1985; started Gorbechev came to power in 1985; started perestroika (restructuring) – began market perestroika (restructuring) – began market economy and some private property.economy and some private property.

Glasnost (openness); electionsGlasnost (openness); elections Republics wanted independence; USSR broke Republics wanted independence; USSR broke

apart, and ended Cold Warapart, and ended Cold War Boris Yeltsin came to power; wanted economic Boris Yeltsin came to power; wanted economic

reform; Russia still struggles with corruption and reform; Russia still struggles with corruption and unstable economy.unstable economy.

Eastern EuropeEastern Europe Influenced by Soviet Union who installed communist Influenced by Soviet Union who installed communist

leaders and closely monitored.leaders and closely monitored. Economic hardships and lack of liberties led to growing Economic hardships and lack of liberties led to growing

discontentdiscontent Hungary expressed discontent; Soviet army crushedHungary expressed discontent; Soviet army crushed Czechoslovakia - Prague Spring – Soviet crushedCzechoslovakia - Prague Spring – Soviet crushed E. Europe experienced rise in education and urban E. Europe experienced rise in education and urban

working-class; new privileged class were communist working-class; new privileged class were communist partyparty

USSR declining in 1980’s, liberation movements USSR declining in 1980’s, liberation movements increasedincreased Ex. Solidarity, led by Lech Walesa in Poland; Czechoslovakia Ex. Solidarity, led by Lech Walesa in Poland; Czechoslovakia

split in 1994; Berlin Wall was torn down to reunify Germanysplit in 1994; Berlin Wall was torn down to reunify Germany E. Europe countries moved to join NATO and EU.E. Europe countries moved to join NATO and EU. Yugoslavia – ethnic conflict (ethnic cleansing by Yugoslavia – ethnic conflict (ethnic cleansing by

Milosevic)Milosevic)

JapanJapan 5 years after WWII, Japan was governed 5 years after WWII, Japan was governed

by Allies.by Allies. Goal was to make Japan economically Goal was to make Japan economically

strong (could be defense against strong (could be defense against communism)communism)

Japan and U.S. formed defensive allianceJapan and U.S. formed defensive alliance Became large export economy – focused Became large export economy – focused

on technologyon technology Economic has suffered a little; more Economic has suffered a little; more

focus on individual achievement; focus on individual achievement; emphasizes strong work ethicemphasizes strong work ethic

Demographic and Environmental IssuesDemographic and Environmental Issues World Population Growth (6 Billion)World Population Growth (6 Billion) Environmental issuesEnvironmental issues Migration has increased; rapid urbanizationMigration has increased; rapid urbanizationSocietal ChangesSocietal Changes Changing Gender RolesChanging Gender Roles

Pioneering women becoming doctorsPioneering women becoming doctors Female suffrage (right to vote)Female suffrage (right to vote) New image of modern womanNew image of modern woman Feminist movementFeminist movement Politics, law and medicine have become more open to Politics, law and medicine have become more open to

women; female heads of government.women; female heads of government. Sexual revolution; birth control; marriage is challengedSexual revolution; birth control; marriage is challenged In the developing world, changes in gender roles variesIn the developing world, changes in gender roles varies Some communists had legal reforms for women.Some communists had legal reforms for women. China had one-child policyChina had one-child policy Literacy rates for women in S. Asia were still below Literacy rates for women in S. Asia were still below

men’s men’s

GlobalizationGlobalization Regional and International OrganizationsRegional and International Organizations

OPECOPEC WTOWTO GATTGATT ASEANASEAN EUEU NAFTANAFTA NGO’sNGO’s

Internationalization of CultureInternationalization of Culture McDonalds, Coca-cola, Kentucky Fried ChickenMcDonalds, Coca-cola, Kentucky Fried Chicken Consumer culture – focus on materialism and cultural Consumer culture – focus on materialism and cultural

conformityconformity English languageEnglish language Islamic fundamentalism – reacts against Western Islamic fundamentalism – reacts against Western

cultureculture Mega-Trends:Mega-Trends:

Population Growth; multinational businesses; access Population Growth; multinational businesses; access to info, nationalism, religious fundamentalism, rise of to info, nationalism, religious fundamentalism, rise of export economies.export economies.

Good luck!Good luck!

Go with what you know!Go with what you know! Get some sleep tonight!!Get some sleep tonight!!