Alkali A compound that ionises in water to produce hydroxide ion, OH-

strong alkaliA compound which ionises completely in water to produce high concentration of hydroxide ion, OH-

weak alkaliA compound which ionises partially in water to produce low concentration of hydroxide ion, OH-

AcidA compound that ionises in water to produce hydrogen ion, H+

strong alkalicompound which ionises completely in water to produce high concentration of hydrogen ion, H+

weak alkalicompound which ionises partially in water to produce low concentration of hydrogen ion, H+

pH A scale which measures the degree the concentration of hydrogen ions,H+ , in a solution

monoprotic acid An acid that dissociate in water to form one hydrogen,H+ ion per molecule of acid

diprotic acid An acid that dissociate in water to form two hydrogen ion, H+ per molecule of acid

ConcentrationQuantity (g or mole) of solute in a given volume of solution

neutralisationA reaction in which an H + ions from acid reacts with OH- ions from alkali to produce water

saltA compound formed when hydrogen ion, H+ of an acid is replaced by a metal ion or an ammonium ion, NH4

+

IsotopesAtoms of the same elements with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons

nucleon number Total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom

proton numberNumber of protons in the nucleus of an atom

valence electronElectron found in the outermost occupied shell of an atom

molar massmass of one mole of substance in grams

molar volumevolume occupied by one mole of any gas,

molecular formulaformula that shows the actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule

empirical formulaformula that shows the simplest ratio of atoms of each element in a compound

Acid & baseAcid & base

Acid & base

Structure of atom

Structure of atom

Acid & base

analgesicsubstance that relieves pain

antibioticsubstance produced from micro-organism used to kill bacteria

detergentsodium or potassium salt of alkyl sulphonic acid or alkylbenzene sulphonic acid

hard waterwater that contains calcium ions, Ca2+ and magnesium ions, Mg2+

preservativesubstance added to food to slow down or prevent the growth of microorganisms

soapsodium or potassium salt of long-chain fatty acid

anionions with negative charge

cationions with positive charge

electrolysisprocess whereby an electrolyte is broken down into its constituent elements when electricity is passed through

electrolytesubstance in molten state or aqueous solution that is able to conduct electricity

anodeelectrode where oxidation process takes place (electrons are donated)

cathodeelectrode where reduction process takes place (electrons are accepted)

electroplatingprocess whereby a thin layer of metal is deposited on another metal using electricity

voltaic cellcell from 2 different metals immersed in an electrolyte to produce electrical energy.

melting pointtemperature at which a solid changes into liquid

boiling pointtemperature at which a liquid changes into gas

compoundsubstance that contains two or more elements that are chemically bonded together

matteranything that occupies space and has mass

condensationprocess where gas becomes a liquid

diffusionRandom ovement of particles at from a higher concentration area to lower concentration area

evaporationprocess that change liquid to gaseous state below its boiling point

sublimationprocess where gas becomes a solid

Chemical for Consumer

Chemical for Consumer

Electrochemistry

Electrochemistry

Matter Matter

alloyA mixture of metals in a fixed composition that improves the properties of a particular metal

composite materialadvanced material that is formed by combining two or more different material

monomersmall molecule or sub-unit of a polymer

polymerlarge molecule that is made up of many small molecules(monomers)

hydrocarboncompound containing only carbon and hydrogen

saturated hydrocarbonhydrocarbon molecules that are made entirely of carbon-carbon single bonds

structural formulaformula that shows how the atoms in a molecule are bonded together and by what types of bonds

unsaturated hydrocarbonhydrocarbon molecules containing at least one carbon-carbon double or triple bonds

isomersmolecules with the same molecular formula, but with different structural formulae

homologous seriesorganic compounds which have the same chemical properties

combustionreaction Whereby a substance combines with oxygen to form oxides and gives off heat energy

substitution reactionreaction where an atom replaces a hydrogen atom in the alkane molecule

addition reaction A reaction where two reactants combine to form one product

fatesters formed from glycerol and fatty acids

vulcanizationprocess whereby rubber is reacted with sulphur

Chemical in industries

Carbon compounds

Carbon compounds

Carbon compounds

amphotheric oxideAn oxide compound that exhibits both acidic and basic properties.able to react with both acid and alkali to form salt and water

basic oxideoxide of metal that shows basic properties

groupvertical column of elements in the Periodic Table of Elements

periodhorizontal row of elements in the Periodic Table of Elements

covalent bondchemical bond formed when two atoms share electrons

ionic bondchemical bond formed through the transfer of electrons

activation energyminimum energy that must be achieved by the colliding particles of the reactants in order for reaction to occur

catalystsubstance which changes the rate of a chemical reaction but remains chemically unchanged at the end of reaction

effective collisioncollision where the total energy of the colliding particles is equal to or greater than the activation energy and in the correct orientation that will result in a reaction

endothermic reactionreaction that absorbs heat from the surroundings

exothermic reactionreaction that gives out heat to the surroundings

heat of combustionheat released when 1 mole of [fuel] is completely burnt in oxygen under standard conditions

heat of displacementheat released when 1 mole of a metal is displaced from its salt solution by a more electropositive metal

Heat of neutralisationheat released when 1 mole of water is formed from the reaction between an acid and an alkali

heat of precipitationheat change when 1 mole of a precipitate is formed from their ions in aqueous solutione

Periodic table

Thermochemistry

Rate of reaction

Periodic table

Thermochemistry

oxidant// oxidising agentsubstance that oxidizes other substance while itself undergoes reduction // accepts electron

oxidationchemical reaction in which a substance gains oxygen, loses hydrogen, loses electrons or undergoes an increase in oxidation number

redox reactionchemical reaction in which oxidation and reduction occur simultaneously

Reductant// Reducing agentsubstance that reduces other substance while itself undergoes oxidation // donates electron

reductionchemical reaction in which a substance loses oxygen, gains hydrogen, gains electrons or undergoes a decrease in oxidation number

rustingredox reaction whereby iron is oxidized to its ions in the presence of oxygen and water

Redox Redox