kamc crrt training
TRANSCRIPT
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CRRT Medical Overview
Feb. 2015
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Continuous Renal Replacement TherapyAlso known as “slow Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy”.
“Any extracorporeal blood purification therapy intended to substitute for impaired renal function over an extended period of time and applied for or aimed at being applied for 24 hours/day.”
R. Bellomo, C Ronco and R. Mehta, Nomenclature for Continuous Renal Replacement Therapies, AJKD, Vol 28, November 1996
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Why Choose CRRT?CRRT closely mimics the native kidney.
• Slow, gentle and continuous reduce risk for hypotension
• Well tolerated by hemodynamically unstable patients
• Prevent further damage to kidney tissue
• Promote healing and renal recovery
• Regulates electrolytes, acid-base balance
• Removes large amounts of fluid and waste
products over time
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CRRT is
Group of
words
• Continuous
• Renal
• Replacement
• Therapy
Groups of
Through group of Mechanisms
• Ultrafiltration
• Diffusion
• Convection
• Adsorption
Describes group of treatment modalities
• SCUF
• CVVHD
• CVVH
• CVVHDF
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Molecular Transport Mechanisms
Ultrafiltration
Diffusion
Convection
Adsorption
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UltrafiltrationThe movement of fluid through a semi-permeable membrane driven by a pressure gradient.
The creation of a pressure gradient forces plasma water across the semi-permeable membrane.
Effluent pump createsnegative pressure (pull)
Blood pump createspositive pressure (push)
TMPTMP
Fluid volume reduced
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Diffusion
Factors affecting diffusion :Concentration gradientBlood flow rate (QB)Dialysis fluid flow rate (QD)Molecular sizeFilter characteristics
• Membrane type- thickness, surface area
Blood Pump
Movement of solutes from an area of higher to lower solute concentration.
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Dialysate Flow and Diffusive Clearance
Counter current flow for effective diffusion
Assures efficient solute transport of
metabolic waste from blood to dialysate
Blood
Dialysate
Dialysate Flows counter current to blood flow.
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Convection
Effluent pump pulls fluid and drags the solutes from blood.
Fluid removed is replaced into blood.
Solute drag depends on molecular weight and membrane characteristics
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AdsorptionMolecular adherence to surface or interior of a semi-permeable membrane.
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Size of molecules cleared by CRRTMolecular weights
Small MoleculesDiffusion is better than convection
Middle MoleculesConvection better than diffusion
Nothing above 50.000 is cleared
Mode of removal
Large MoleculesConvection or adsorbtion
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Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy
SCUF - Slow Continuous Ultrafiltration
CVVH - Continuous Veno-Venous Hemofiltration
CVVHD - Continuous Veno-Venous Hemodialysis
CVVHDF - Continuous Veno-Venous Hemodiafiltration
CRRT describes a group of Therapies.
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Slow Continuous UltraFiltration
EffluentPump
Infusion or Anticoagul
ant
Blood Pump
PBPPump
Effluent
Access
Return
SCUF
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Continuous VV Hemofiltration
Mechanism : Convection, ultrafiltration
Goals: Safe fluid removal, removal of small -middle molecules
Solution: Replacement
AccessAccess
ReturnReturn
EffluentEffluent
ReplacementReplacementpre or post pre or post filterfilter
PR
I S
MA
M100
Blood Pump
Effluent Pump
Replacement Pump
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Pre vs Post Filter Dilution
Pre - dilution Dilutes blood before filter (Hct )Reduces filter clottingProlonged filter lifeReduces effective clearance (appr. 15%)More replacement solution required Increase QB to overcome reduction in clearance
Post - dilution No reduction of clearance due to dilution of blood
Less replacement solution required
Increased need of anticoagulant
Limits on UF rates due to hemoconcentration of blood
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Continuous VV HemoDialysis
Mechanism : Diffusion, ultrafiltration
Goals: Safe fluid removal, removal of small molecules
Solution: Dialysate
EffluentEffluent
AccessAccess
ReturnReturn
PR
I S
MA
M100
DialysateDialysate
Effluent Pump
Dialysate Pump
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Continuous VV HemoDiaFiltration
EffluentEffluent
AccessAccess
ReturnReturn
M100
DialysateDialysate
ReplacementReplacementpre or post pre or post filterfilter
• Mechanism : Diffusion, convection, ultrafiltration
• Goals: Fluid removal, removal of small - medium molecules
• Solution: dialysate, replacement
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TMP Trans Membrane Pressure
Software calculated
A safety parameter, measuring function of filter
Maximum TMP ~ + 450 mmHg
Increased TMP protein coating or clotting of fibers
TMP = - Effluent PFilter P + Return P-------------------------
2
Pos NegOrPos
Pressure difference between blood & fluid compartment
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Replacement Solution
Fluid infused into the blood compartment pre or post filterContains electrolytes at physiological levelsReplaces the amount of fluid removed by the effluent or U.F pump
• does not affect the patient’s fluid status
Drives convective transportFacilitates the removal of both small and middle size solutes
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PBP Solution
Fluid infused into the blood compartment at the Access PBP pump can be used for
• Anticoagulation (citrate)• Pre-dilution replacement• Other solution
Total U.F = PBP + Replacement + pt. fluid removal rates
PBP linked to blood pump
Pre Blood Pump (PBP): Max 8L/hr
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CRRT TherapyCRRT Therapy
Indications Dosing
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Clinical Indications for CRRT
Renal IndicationsRenal Indications• ARF with oliguria or anuria• Azotemia (a medical condition characterized
by abnormal levels of urea, creatinine, various body waste compounds, and other nitrogen-rich compounds in the blood as a result of insufficient filtering of the blood by the kidneys)
• Fluid overload • Tumor lysis syndrome• Sepsis• Cerebral edema
Non-renal IndicationsNon-renal Indications• Drug overdose• Metabolic disorders• Crush injuries• Sepsis• ARDS• Fluid overload
Bellomo, Ronco. Continous hemofiltration in the intensive care unit. Crit Care, 2000; 4(6)
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Role of CRRT in ARF
•Removal of toxins (urea, creatinine)•Regulate electrolyte and water balance•Regulate acid-base balance•Prevent further damage to the kidney tissues•Promote healing and renal recovery
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Role of CRRT in CHF
Maintain 24/7 fluid balance (All CRRT therapies)• Reduce ascites and peripheral edema• Relieve Pulmonary edema
Normalize cardiac filling pressuresMaintain 24/7 Electrolyte and acid/base balance (CVVHD, CVVHDF)
• - Dialytic control of electrolytes• - Delivery of bicarbonate or lactate buffer
Possibly prevent further renal damage or prolong renal InsufficiencyPossibly reduce length of stay
Refractory Congestive Heart Failure: Overview and Application of Extracorporeal Ultrafiltration, Paul Blake and Emil P. Paganini, Advances in RRT, Vol 3, No2 (April), 1996: pp 166-173
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Role of CRRT in ARDS
•Maintain acid base balance•Fluid control•Regulate electrolyte balance•Removal of toxins
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Role of CRRT in Sepsis
•Removal of middle to large molecule septic mediators by convection and adsorption including TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6 and IL-8 through:•Removal of excess fluid and waste products•Maintenance of acid-base balance•Improve cardiovascular hemodynamic → removal of cardiodepressants (caused by inflammatory mediators)•Thermoregulation
Bruce A. Molitoris. Critical Care Nephrology 2005. 28-34
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Role of CRRT for Rhabdomyolysis•Maintain fluid, electrolyte, acid/base balance.•Prevent further damage to kidney tissue•Removal of small to middle protein molecules - 17,000 Dalton through convection
• May cause nuisance BLD alarms
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Characteristics
Ascites
Coagulopathy
Elevated bilirubin
Hypomagnesemia
MOF
Inc. ICP/Cerebral edema
Role of CRRT
Regulate and maintain fluid, electrolyte and acid-base balance *
• Dec. ICP*• All CRRT
Remove toxins • excess bilirubin*• Inflammatory mediator
*A new direction for dialysis. Sonia M. Astle, RN, MS, CCRN. RN Magazine, July 2001, pgs. 56-60
Hepatic FailureHepatic Failure
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IntoxicationsIntoxications
Methanol, Ethylen-Glykol
Digoxin
Lithium
Valproat-Natrium
Phenobarbital
Lactate-acidosis (for example in case of Metformin)
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Role of CRRT in Intoxications
Removal of small molecules by Dialysis• Dialysate up to 4l/h• Optional replacement up to 500ml/h
Duration: depends on clearance of toxic medication
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Determinants of Outcome
Initiation of Therapy• Rifle Criteria
Dose• Ronco, Bellomo Study
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Initiation of CRRT When do you start CRRT?When do you start CRRT?
There is no clear consensus on when to start treatment. However, there are a few studies that favor earlier start to
improve survival of patients.
“Earlier initiation of CRRT, based on pre-CRRT BUN, may improve the rate of survival of trauma patients who develop ARF.”
Dr. L.G. Gettings, Baltimore USA, 1989 to 1997
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RIFLE Criteria
Established in 2002 ADQI conference, Vicenza, ItalyPresented in San Diego CRRT Conference in 2003Purpose: To categorize patients based on renal function Classification
• Risk• Injury• Failure
Outcome:• Loss• End-stage renal disease
Bell, et. al., Optimal follow-up after CRRT in ARF patients stratified with RIFLE criteria. Nephrol Dialysis and Transplantation, 2005
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RIFLE Criteria
Risk
Injury
Failure
Loss
GFR Criteria Urine Output Criteria
Increased creatinine x 1.5 or GFR decrease >25% UO < 0.5ml/kg/hr x 66 hours
Increased creatinine x 2 or GFR decrease >50%
UO <0.5 ml/kg/hr x 1212 hours
Increased creatinine x 3 or GFR decrease >75% or
Serum Creatinine > 4mg/dl in setting of acute rise of >
0.5 mg/dl
UO <0.3 ml/kg/hr x 24 hours or anuria x 12 hours
Persistent ARF = complete loss of renal function >4 weeks
End-stage renal disease (>3 months)ESRD
EarlyEarlyInitiationInitiation
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1) Solute clearance – urea, creatinine• Kt/V = K (dialyzer clearance) * t (treatment time)/ V (patient’s volume)• PRU (% reduction in urea)
• In IHD, calculated as PRU = Pre – post/ pre• In CRRT, PRU = Access - return (urea/creatinine)• In CRRT, PRU= Effluent value in CVVHD, or post CVVH/DF
2) Effluent flow rate rather than solute clearance• Based on survival study by Ronco, Bellomo
CRRT Dose
Clearance (K) - volume of blood completely cleared of a substance/unit of time (ml/min).
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CRRT Dose
“What is an adequate dose for ARF?”
Ronco, Bellomo, et. al.. Effects of different doses in CVVH on outcome of ARF. Lancet, 2000
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CVVH Dose - Outcome
Group Dose(ml/kg/hr)
Survival
1 20 41%
2 35 57%
3 45 58%
Ronco, Bellomo, et. al.. Effects of different doses in CVVH on outcome of ARF. Lancet, 2000
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CVVH Dose - Outcome
Treatment dose has an impact on mortality/ morbidity of ARF patients
• Start CVVH at 35 ml/h/kg (eg. 70 kg patient = 2450 ml/h)
Continuous is more efficient and clinically tolerated than intermittent approaches
Early start has positive impact on outcome
Ronco, Bellomo, et. al.. Effects of different doses in CVVH on outcome of ARF. Lancet, 2000
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Therapy Table (Example)Acute Renal Failure Sepsis Rhabdomyolyse
Dose (ml/kg/BW/hr) 35 50 35
Blood flow (ml/min) 150-350 250-450 > 150
Patient 60 kgDialysate Replacement PostReplacement Pre = PBP
60 x 35 = 2100 ml900 ml 400 ml800 ml
60 x 50 = 3000 ml1200 ml 600 ml1200 ml
60 x 35 = 2100 ml 500 ml 550 ml1050 ml
Patient 70 kgDialysate Replacement PostReplacement Pre = PBP
70 x 35 = 2450 ml1000 ml 450 ml1000 ml
70 x 50 = 3500 ml1300 ml 700 ml1400 ml
70 x 35 = 2450 ml 500 ml 650 ml1300 ml
Patient 80 kgDialysate Replacement PostReplacement Pre = PBP
80 x 35 = 2800 ml1000 ml 600 ml1200 ml
80 x 50 = 4000 ml1400 ml 900 ml1800 ml
80 x 35 = 2800 500 ml 750 ml1550 ml
Patient 90 kgDialysate Replacement PostReplacement Pre = PBP
90 x 35 = 3150 ml1050 ml 700 ml1400 ml
90 x 50 = 4500 ml1500 ml1000 ml2000 ml
90 x 35 = 3150 500 ml 900 ml1750 ml
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Calculation: 60kg x 35 ml/kg/h = 2100 ml/h
Flow rates
900 ml Dialysate
1200 ml Replacement
2100 ml Total
400 ml Post-Replacement
800 ml Pre-Dilution (PBP)
Exercise on DosingMr. Smith, 60 kg, ARF
Required dose: 35ml/kg BW/hr
Mode: CVVHDF• Pre: 66%• Post:33%• Dialysate: 900ml/hr
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Calculation: 100kg x 35 ml/kg/h = 3500 ml/h
Flow rates:
3500 ml Total Replacement
1500 ml Post-Replacement
1500 ml Pre-Replacemnt
500ml PBP
Exercise on DosingMrs. Jones, 100 kg, Polytrauma with Rhabdomyolysis
Required dose: 35ml/kg BW/hr
Mode: CVVH• Pre-Replacement : 50%• Post-Replacement :50%• PBP: 500ml/hr
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Calculation: 120 kg x 45 ml/kg/h = 5400 ml/h
Flowrates:
1200 ml Dialysatee
4200 ml Replacement
5400 ml Total
1400 ml Post-Dilution (Replacement)
2800 ml Pre-Dilution (PBP)
Exercise on DosingMr.Tan, 120 kg, ARF, pulmonary edema, and sepsis
Required dose: 45 ml/kg BW/hr
Mode: CVVHDF• Pre- Replacement: 66%• Post- Replacement:33%• Dialysate: 1200ml
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Components of CRRT
Hemofilter Set
Vascular access
Anticoagulation
Solutions
Warmer
CRRT System
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Vascular Access
Types: double-lumen catheter• Jugular, subclavian, or femoral
Success Factors• Proper size and placement
• Right IJ: 15 cm• Femoral: 25 cm
• Proper assessment of patency
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Anticoagulation
Goals:• Maintain patency of extracorporeal circuit• Minimize patient complications of
anticoagulation therapy
Types: • Heparin• Citrate
Bleeding Clotting
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The Basic Hemofilter
Hollow Fiber membranePotting
Blood In
Effluent Out
Dialysate In
Blood Out
Outside (Dialysate)
Inside (blood)
Cross Section
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Solutions in CRRT Composition approximate to normal plasma water
All CRRT techniques (except SCUF) require the use of sterile Dialysate and/or Replacement solution.
Goal: Correct electrolyte imbalance and achieve specific metabolic levels.
Commercially available or prepared by Hospital Pharmacy
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Solution BuffersLactate
Stable
Less costly
Requires metabolic activity to convert to bicarbonate
Bicarbonate
More costly
Less stable
More physiological and better tolerated
Improved control and correction of acidosis
Gambro Bicarbonate Solutions
• two-compartment bag
•Fast, safe, and easy easy mixture of bicarbonate
•Prescription flexibility
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WarmersSubstantial heat loss in CRRT due to large fluid volume exchangeWarmers prevents heat loss, maintain energy balance, and improve patient comfort
Prismatherm IIBlood warmer only
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