kajiado-longido-pastoralists needs assessment report

8/19/2019 Kajiado-Longido-Pastoralists Needs Assessment Report

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SKILLSHARE INTERNATIONAL

EAST AFRICA OFFICE

K A J I A D O - L O N G I D O

NEEDS ASSESSMENT AND

PROGRAMME DESIGN SUMMARY

REPORT

BY

PHILIP KOITELEL


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION..................................................................................3

2. SUMMARY FINDINGS...........................................................................3

2.1. Priority Needs............................................................................................3

2.2. Root Causal Fators..................................................................................5a. Socio-economic Factors.................................................................................5b. Natural Factors..............................................................................................6

2.3. A!alysis o" t#e Soio$%o!o&i Fators.................................................6a. Alienation Of Land & Land Resources............................................................6b. Inappropriate Land enure And !se "olicies..................................................#c. Insu$cient %oernment Support for "rotection & 'eelopment for t(e"astoralism Sector................................................................................................)d. "oor %oernance & Leaders(ip...................................................................*+e. "oor Socio-,conomic 'eelopment & "lannin...........................................*+f. Increased uman & /oine "opulations......................................................**. Increased 0on1icts Oer 'eclinin Resources.............................................**

2.'. A!alysis o" t#e Natural Fators.............................................................*2a. Freuent 'rou(ts......................................................................................*2b. ars( ASAL ,nironment............................................................................*3c. ,merence Of "ersistent & Fatal ,pidemics................................................*4

3. R%COMM%NDATIONS.........................................................................1(

3.1. Soio$eo!o&i Issues............................................................................*5

a. Alienation of traditional land and b etension land resources...................*5b. Inappropriate land tenure and use policies for t(e ranelands...................*5c. Inadeuate support for7 protection and deelopment for t(e pastoralismsector7................................................................................................................*6d "oor oernance and Leaders(ip *#


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ACRONYMS

A'0 Aricultural deelopment corporation

AF0 Ariculture Finance 0orporation

AI'S Acuired Immuno-de?cienc Sndrome

ASAL Arid and Semi-Arid Land

0/O 0ommunit based Orani@ation0'F 0onstituenc deelopment fund :ena;

0'BA 0ode dimension multi access 8ireless telep(on sstem

',CS 'rou(t earl 8arnin sstem

'L"O 'istrict liestoc< production o$cer

,A0 ,ast African 0ommunit

FB' foot and mout( disease

/0 ome based 0are :usuall relatin to AI'S patients;

I= uman-Immuno-de?cienc =irus

I%As Income %eneration Actiit

, ena

B0 ena meat commission

LO0I" Lonido 0ommunit Interated "rorammeBAA" Baa AI's A8areness "roramme

N%Os Non-%oernmental orani@ation"LCAs "erson :s; liin 8it( t(e I=>AI'S

"B0 "reention of mot(er to c(ild transmission of t(e I= irus


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1. INTRODUCTION

(is report summari@es t(e ?ndins of t(e needs assessment studcommissioned b S


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indiidual district deelopment plans7 current needs bein addressed and facedb t(e local partners :BAA" and LO0I";.

Priority NeedsProle& Situatio!*. "oor Liestoc< ' & B2. Inadeuate Finances3. "ersistent 'rou(t4. Idleness>unemploment especiall amon t(e out(5. Indiscriminate Land Sales6. Inadeuate 8ater#. "oor Raneland 'eelopment and manaement). Food Insecurit

9. Illiterac> "oor ,ducation*+."oor Leal>"olic ,nironment**."oor socio-economic deelopment :S,'; Infrastructure ealt(7 Cater7

,ducation7 ransport & 0ommunicationJ*2.Retroressie cultural practices*3.0on1icts oer limited Resources

(e Assessment ?ndins (i(li(ted t8o main cateories of t(e


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L. Retroressie cultural practices *2 **B. 0on1icts oer limited Resources *3 *3

In aiado t(e priorit needs are t(ose s(o8n to (ae a close a$nit to t(ealue of * e.. poor liestoc< deelopment and mar


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Fiure 1) 0ombined aiado-Lonido Needs Analsis

(e aboe line rap( of t(e priorit needs in bot( districts illustrate t(e aboe

scenario.

2.2. Root Causal Fators

a. Soio$eo!o&i Fators

(e stud s(o8ed t(at t(e main socio-economic culprits casin t(e aboelieli(ood situation and needs includeM

i. Alienation of traditional land and b etension land resources to create

conseration areas t(at do not sini?cantl bene?t t(e communit b bot(t(e colonial and independence administrations7

ii. Inappropriate land tenure and use policies for t(e pastoralism areas: l d ; l di t ( ( d d i i t t( i


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. Natural Fators

(e natural factors (i(li(ted includedM

i. Freuenc in drou(ts occurrence and increased ecoloical stress caused brapidl c(anin 8eat(er patterns

ii. (e (ars( arid and semi-arid lands :ASAL; enironment pre-dominantl

occupied b t(e pastoralists7

iii. ,merence and persistence of fatal and lieli(ood t(reatenin diseases li


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creation of nature reseres7 penetration of mar


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(e result is t(at t(ere is simpl not enou( land at t(eir disposal to manae int(e traditional 8a and especiall ien t(e balloonin Baasai and mirant and

liestoc< populations.

. I!a00ro0riate ,a!d Te!ure A!d Use Poliies

(e demise of t(e colonial reime did not sini?cantl c(ane state policies.

In fact7 t(e sedentari@ation of pastoralists7 t(e establis(ment of national par


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. I!su5ie!t Go6er!&e!t Su00ort "or Protetio! 4 De6elo0&e!t "ort#e Pastoralis& Setor

(is need (as been precipitated b reducin pasture land si@e for nomadicpastoralism7 t(rou( forced and polic drien alienation since colonial times7land sales b frustrated pastoralists7 recurrent drou(ts7 increased poert int(e taret communit7 diminis(in 8ater resources due to liestoc< and (umanpopulation pressures7 8it(dra8n oernment support for eterinar etensionserices7 lac< of oernment protection and support for t(e deelopment of t(eASAL ranelands.

'espite decades of pastoral deelopment prorammes and a plet(ora of

policies desined to improe t(eir lieli(oods7 t(e maorit of pastoral peoplestill face a deree of marinalisation and poert t(at is disproportionate tot(at eperienced b ot(er roups in ,ast and t(e rest of Africa *J. (ree factorsare attributed to t(is situation.

Firstl7 because t(e Baasai lie in drou(t-prone areas 8(ere resources arescarce and unstable7 t(eir production sstems are in(erentl ulnerable. (e(ae deeloped comple mitiation strateies not easil understood boutsiders.

In most cases7 bot( in ena and an@ania7 t(e oernment polic ma


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Fe8 liestoc< etension o$cers in bot( aiado and Lonido but t(e are(ampered b loistical and poor mobilit problems due to lac< of adeuate

oernment resources7 especiall transport in t(e rou( ASAL terrains despitelare liestoc< populations leadin to (i( demand for eterinar serices.

C(ereas t(e oernment concentrated on industrial and ariculturaldeelopment testi?ed b t(e numerous "arastatals purposel created tospear(ead t(ese sectors7 er fe8 liestoc< deelopment and mar


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d. Poor Go6er!a!e 4 ,eaders#i0

Leaders(ip as a factor s(apin lieli(ood (as been lin


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(e respondents in aiado felt t(at t(e nelect in proision of adeuate socio-economic deelopment serices :sc(ools7 8ater7 (ealt( centers7 roads etc; is

due to a deliberate marinali@ation b t(e oernment as compared to decadesof concentrated deelopment in t(e aricultural areas of central proince andnort(ern rift alle.

(is (as often lead to unsustainable interentions for t(e pastoralists since t(elac< capacit to full participate in t(eir o8n deelopment eGorts spear(eadedb t(e oernment.

!p to 6+K of t(e communit in some areas 8ere reported to be illiterate andt(e fe8 t(at are neer attain (i( leels of education and professional

productie s


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t(eir 8a of life and lieli(ood. For t(e oernment and conserationists78ildlife is a sini?cant source of income and for lare scale 1o8er farmers7

farmin is er pro?table. (e balance of po8er is not felt to be eual7 8it( pastoralists feelin li


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"astoralists are t(e most ulnerable and t(e 8(en it comes to drou(t becauset(eir lieli(ood and production sstem 8(oll depend on rain for t(e

deelopment of pasture and suppl of 8ater for bot( domestic and liestoc


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situation (as been repeated in t(e 2++4-2++5 drou(ts and t(is trend is boundto (appen aain in 2 -3 ears.

Failure of t(e last t8o rain seasons :s(ort and lon rains in 2++4>2++5; and poorperformance of rains in 2++3>4 (ae led to a deterioratin situation on t(eround7 8it( current t(reat not onl to lieli(ood but also to food securit andeen life itself.

Cit( increased liestoc< and (uman populations in Baasai land7 8ater andpasture for t(e liestoc< are er critical resources and t(eir diminis(edolumes or unaailabilit sini?cantl aGects bot( t(e (ealt( and ualit of t(eliestoc< as 8ell as t(e communits food securit7 economic 8ellbein7 (ealt(

and sanitation and nutrition.

. 7ars# ASA, %!6iro!&e!t

(e (i(l (ars( ASAL terrain coupled 8it( poor performin economies (aeconsistentl laed be(ind as t(e reions oernments inest in prioritoerall public deelopment proects.

(ese priorit proects are mainl concentrated in urban areas7 maor economicdeelopment corridors 8it(out muc( emp(asis on t(e rural areas.

Often it 8as reported t(at (uman life (as been lost due to t(e eGects of drou(t7 8ild animals and lac< of nearb (ealt( serices.

On aerae7 about #+K of t(e resident population are about 2+


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eperiences (i( leels of malaria infections and often 8it( fatalities in remoteillaes.

I=>AI'S & /

(ou( a relatiel ne8 epidemic7 I=>AI'S prealence and socio-economicimpacts are (i( in t(e reion.

(e tareted districts (ae an aerae of 9K. (is is (i( ien t(at an ratesaboe 2K of t(e population are considered epidemics accordin to t(e CO.

(e (i( prealence of I= (as been lin


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3. R%COMM%NDATIONS

(e solution to t(e mriad of problems facin t(e Baasai pastoralists lies inaddressin a number of polic7 lieli(ood factors and practical needs andsituations currentl puttin t(eir lieli(oods at ris


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i. (e land polic s(ould outla8 misuse of discretion b leaders to allocateland outside t(e procedures approed.

. /uild capacit of t(e communit on and adocate aainst land sales forspeculatie and ot(er purposes and instead encourae land leasin as aiable land economics and income eneratin alternaties for t(e poorpastoralists.

i. Facilitate t(e formation of land lobb roups to ensure t(at t(e land boardsare leall and transparentl constituted at t(e local leel7 (ae t(e interestof t(e indienous communit at (eart and are e$cient and eGectie in tier8or


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iii. support initiaties seeremote parts of t(e district

i. (e respondents obsered t(at t(eir capacit on dru (andlin and mar


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or roup of communit is disadantaed in national leaders(iprepresentation

iii. Support mec(anism and initiaties to en(ancetransparenc and accountabilit b t(e leaders at all leels.

i. Inole a 8ide rane of sta


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iii. Improe t(e ualit (ealt( serices easil accessible tot(e poor and marinali@ed

i. Support t(e proision of mobile clinics especiall in (i(l remote areas anddurin di$cult times of drou(t.

. Freuent rainin and retrainin and support of communit (ealt( 8or


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i. Support re(abilitation of eistin 8ater points t(at (aebeen nelected oer time and deelopment of more bore(oles7 constructionadeuate number of dams7 8ater pans and pipe 8ater to areas 8(ere suc(8ater points cannot be done. 0ommunit participation and o8ners(ips(ould be ensured in t(e 8(ole process.

."iped 8ater could be commerciali@ed at t(e communit leel so t(at t(eproceeds can be used to manae 8ater points7 catc(ments areas andmaintain t(e 8ater euipments.

i. ,stablis( tou( policies to punis( an indiidual orcorporate bod t(at resort to dumpin of toic 8aste and materials into t(e

enironment and or directl into 8ater bodies t(at end up pollutin 8atersources and aGectin t(e (ealt( of bot( (umans and liestoc<

ii.Researc( into and plan for macro leel 8ater deelopment from t(e maor8ater sources e.. from mount ilimanaro7 la


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i. 0apacit buildin and A8areness creation on reproductie (ealt( andfamil plannin as necessar in t(e tareted proramme areas

. !nderta


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sstems and e$cient and eGectie disaster preparedness and mitiationinstitutions and initiaties7

ii. Increasin capacit in raneland deelopment

iii. 'eelopment of earl drou(t 8arnin sstems and e$cient and eGectiedisaster preparedness and mitiation institutions at t(e district7reional>proincial and national leels

i. 'eelopment of sustainable 8ater7 pasture>fodder resources includinfundin at national leel7 funds distribution and facilitation at district leeland communit orani@ation mobili@ation and orani@ation at t(e localleel

. Strent(enin liestoc< and aricultural etension Support Serices in t(etaret communities

. T#e #ars# arid a!d se&i$arid la!ds


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i. Include =0 & "B0 serices in t(e ealt( and mobile 0linics incollaboration 8it( t(e Binistr of ealt(.

ii. Facilitate impact mitiation on "LCAs and c(ildren orp(aned and madeulnerable b I=>AI'S t(rou( /0 and lieli(ood support

iii. "roide referral serices to facilitate access to additional I=>AI'S supportserices

i. old monitorin and proramme reie8 meetin to ealuate prorammeproress

. Support I=>AI'S related proects includin (ome-based care sericesM

I=>AI'S radio prorammes and purc(ase of ualit condoms to bedistributed amon t(e pastoralists to ?(t t(e pandemic.


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'. SUMMARY OF PROPOS%D PROGRAMM% D%SIGN

(e oerall recommended solution strateies for t(e aboe priorit communit needs are summarised in #*e olloin'#ale.

li6eli#oodFators

Cateory

Mai!,i6eli#ood

Fators

Priorityurre!t

li6eli#oodNeeds due to

&ai!li6eli#ood

"ators

?iale Solutio!s

1.Soio$%o!o&i

"ators

i. Barinali@ation t(rou(eclusion of

t(e Baasaifrom t(eiroriinalra@inlands andrelatedresources

i. "oor>unsupportie Leal,nironment

• Reconition of t(e Baasai land ri(ts and reater access to communal trust

lands :dealin eGectiel 8it( corruption in acuisition of land;

• Adeuate and participator inolement of t(e communit in t(e deelopment

of appropriate policies7 local institutions and initiaties t(at aGect t(eirlieli(oods on a dail basis7

• Reie8 and armoni@ation of eistin land7 conseration and tourism polices tobecome Baasai communit friendl and 8it( a ie8 to protect t(e tenure anduse of ranelands and land oriinall belonin to t(e Baasai but no8 (eld ascommunit trust land or national conseration areas

ii. "oorRanelandprotection7'eelopment and

manaement

• Adoption of la8s and policies aimed at pro(ibitin furt(er subdiision of ranelands in to smaller parcels of less t(an 4+ (ectares as 8ell as outla8inot(er economic actiities in t(e ranelands ot(er t(an t(ose suited orcompatible 8it( pastoralism>ranc(in.

• "rioriti@ation of innoatie and sustainable pastoralist deelopment initiaties

and communit serices proects t(rou( resources from t(e 0onstituenc'eelopment Fund :0'F; and ot(er suc( resources.

• Researc( into and deelopment of (i( alue plants t(at do 8ell in t(e

ranelands e.. Aloe =era7 Neem7 Eatrop(a7 0urcas7 olie7 etc

S K I - E A : K a j i a d o - L o n g i d o N e e d s A s s e s s m e n R e ! o " # $ " o ! o s e d $ " o g " a m m e D e s i g n .

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iii. InadeuateFinancialresources

• 0reation of more emploment and economic opportunities t(rou( Sustainabledeelopment and eploitation of natural raneland resources includinM tree and(i( alue plants7 arious minerals7 buildin sand etc.

• Supportin deelopment of ualit liestoc< and increased access to liestoc<mar


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tinfrastructure andcapacitand

increase inbot( (umanand animalpopulations8it(outmarc(indeelopmentinfrastructure.

iii. Indiscriminate LandSales

• Reduce enerali@ed poert t(rou( capacit buildin and proision ofraneland7 liestoc< and micro-enterprises deelopment fundin to peasantpastoralists and farmers.

• 0(ane communit attitudes about t(e alue of land and promote land leasinas a better alternatie t(rou( releant adocac and trainin.

• Adocate for land leasin as sustainable alternatie to land sellin

i. "oorleaders(ip

andoernance

i.increasedcorruption7

"oorrepresentation andoernanceat all leels

• Increased participation and representation of t(e communit in local7 districtand national oernance and support of communit social roups 8it( lo8

representation in oernance• Sustained ciic education on land la8s7 ri(ts7 alue and sustainable

inestments.

• Support leal7 polic and reconition eGorts to outla8 and punis( corrupttendencies b t(ose in leaders(ip and oernance position and encouraetransparenc and accountabilit eGorts b public serants and t(ose inleaders(ip.


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2. Natural"ators

i. Recurrent'rou(ts

i. Inadeuate pastureand 8aterforsustainabl

e liestoc


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(. APP%NDIC%S) *U%STIONS+ COMM%NTS AND C,ARIFICATIONS -Y PARTN%RS

,ONGIDO$/A@IADO N%%DS ASS%SSM%NT AND PRO@%CT D%SIGN PR%S%NTATION M%%TING+ SI,?%RSPRINGS 7OT%,+ NAIRO-I

T#ursday+ Se0te&er + 2BB

*U%STIONS+ AND C,ARIFICATIONS ON N%%DS ASS%SSM%NT

1. 7o; are t#e !eeds related to t#e 0ro0osed a00roa#

(e needs assessment report (as identi?ed t(irteen :*3; priorit needs identi?ed b t(e communit and ten :*+;main root causal factors t(at (ae created t(e current situation. (e consultant (as proposed a proramme desint(at s(ould speci?call and directl address t(ese root factors and ot(er emerin issues includin t(ose needs t(atare indeed critical but not (i(l rated b t(e communit. Suc( needs>issues include ender disparities andprealence of I=>AI'S as s(o8n belo8.

2. Ge!der dis0arity$ E#y is t#e lari! e!der dis0arities i! Maasai la!d !ot e:0liit i! t#e NeedsAssess&e!t

3. T#e !eeds assess&e!t is a00ears !ot to e e:0liit o! t#e "ollo;i! t#ree areas)

• Ge!der dis0arities as a de6elo0&e!tal issue aeti! t#e taret o&&u!ities

• 7I? 4 AIDS is a &aor 0role& "ai! o&&u!ities i! ot# distrits

• S>ills de6elo0&e!t "or t#e taret rou0s i! t#e o&&u!ities

These issues are not mentioned as priorities by the respondents interviewed. How has the consultant

incorporated these issues in the fnal programme design?It 8as noted t(at t(e aboe issues 8ere not epressl prioriti@ed as top needs b t(e communit respondents butlarel mentioned. (e reasons for t(is trend 8ere mentioned as (i( stima about I=>AI'S in t(e communit7male dominance in t(e 0ommunit includin t(e assessment meetins and disempo8erment of 8omen suc( t(att(e do not oice t(is stronl.

(e ender disparit is apparent in all socio-economic aspects and 8ere noted as formin t(e bul< of t(e needsunder priorit need number *2 in aiado and ** in Lonido labeled retroressie cultural practices.P Suc(


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ender issues includeM ss #o; do t#e /e!ya! a!d Ta!Ha!ia! o6er!&e!ts s#ares t#e resoures ;it#o&&u!ities

C(at came out clearl and stronl is t(at t(ou( conseration policies in bot( countries (ae created (ueconseration areas from former Baasai traditional ra@in lands in t(e form of Noronoro conseration area andt(e Sereneti in an@ania and Amboseli and t(e Baasai Bara in ena amon ot(er smaller par


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(. 7o; does t#e 0rese!t o6er!&e!ts a!d reio!al


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addressed. raneland includin researc( into (o8 best t(is can bedone.

4. (e approac( leels s(ould be at local7 district7 nationaland reionalM suc( as on issues of adocac for ri(ts . (e "roposed approac( is a 8a of ?(tin corruption

(e "roposed approac( is a 8a of ?(tin corruption

• It 8as noted t(at t(e entire proposed proramme needs to

be approac(ed at t(ree leels across t(e board.

Part!ers#i05. (ere is need to eplore 8as of 8idenin t(e

partners(ips and collaboration on issues (i(li(ted bt(e Needs Assessment7 especiall on t(e need foradocac in order to maLO0I" and ot(er orani@ations as 8ellas see< support from donors suc( as !N,".

• It 8as areed t(at BAA" and LO0I" to sin memorandumof understandin 8it( SI as soon as possible and t(ateac( rassroot partner to pic< speci?c action areas fromt(e Assessment ?ndins and deelop a prioriti@edproposals to be implemented oer t(e net 6 ears.

6. Speed of implementation once areed on t(e proposed"roect 'esin7 t(ere is need to moe 8it( speed inimplementin t(e same

• (e partners s(ould start 8it( 8(at is top priorit in eac(

communit as 8ell as 8(at t(e alread (ae eperienceon but lac< ?nancial resources- assumin t(at t(eseresources are immediatel aailable.

#. ,posure isits for BAA" & LO0I" staG to en(ance


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line laboratories in remote rural sc(ools usin =SA and0'BA to improe teac(in and researc( b bot( teac(ersand students .

*+. Food securit food preseration met(ods and nutritionneed to be introduced to t(e pastoralists

• (ere is need to researc( into bot( traditional as 8ell as

modern food preseration and production in t(e dr lands

so t(at families can still eno ood nutrition in times of liestoc< moements occasioned b drou(t.

**. Introduction of rain8ater (arestin met(ods • %ien t(e (ars( ASAL enironment7 t(ere is need to

introduce as man iable 8ater (arestin andconseration practices as possible.

*2.0ommunities need to be assisted to form communitinterest roups suc( as onM eco-tourism7 mar

kajiado-longido-pastoralists needs assessment report

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