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K to 12 Trends in Southeast Asia
1
International Comparison of Curriculum, Structure and Content of Brunei Darussalam, Malaysia, Philippines and Singapore
By
Dr Ethel Agnes P. ValenzuelaSEAMEO INNOTECH
Urgent and Critical Tasks No. 5, the “increase
the cycle of schooling to reach 12 years of
formal basic education by 2015”
2
Philippine Education for All 2015 National Plan
Aims of Education
3
Country
Emotional
and Spiritual
Development
21st century
skills
Developed
Society and
Environment
Values/
Ethics
/Morals/
Religion
Socio-economic
Development of
the country
Citizenship/
National
Development
Needs
Functional
Literacy For
All
Brunei
Malaysia
Philippines
Singapore
There is a strong trend towards Educational Goals for the development of 21st
century skills, resulting to massive curriculum revamp and restructuring affecting governance, content and assessment.
Duration of Elementary, Secondary and Pre-University Education in Southeast Asian Countries
4
Country Pre-primary Years of
Elementary
/Primary
Education
Years of Secondary Education Post-
Secondary/
Pre-
University
Education
Total Basic and
Pre-University
EducationLower Upper
Brunei 1 6 2 2-3 2/3 13/15*
Cambodia 6 3 3 12
Indonesia 6 3 3 - 12
Lao 5 4 3 - 12
Malaysia 2* 6 3 2 2/3 13/14
Myanmar 5 4 2 - 11
Philippines 1* 6 4 - - 10
Singapore 1-3* 6 2 2-3 2/3 12/14
Thailand 6 3 3 - 12
Timor-Leste 6 3 3 - 12
Vietnam 5 4 3 - 12
* Pre-primary is optional but moving towards mandatory pre-school program in one to 2 years.
Duration of Basic and University Education in Four Countries
5
Country Entry
AgeYears of
Basic and
Pre-
University
Education
Years of University Education Total No of
Education
Eng ’g Nursing Commerce
and
Business
Education
Teacher
Education
IT courses
Brunei 5 13/14 4 3 4 2/2 4 17/18
Malaysia 7 13/14 4 4 3-4 4 3-4 17/18
Philippines 6 10 5/6 4 4 4 4 14/15-16
(Eng’g)
Singapore 7 12/13 4 3* 4 4 1/2 4 15/16/17
Sources: University Brunei Darussalam, *Nanyang Technological University of Singapore, University of Science Malaysia, University of the Philippines
School Calendars
6
Brunei Darussalam
Malaysia Singapore Philippines
Start January 1st week of January
January June
End 1st week of December
2nd wk of November
2nd week of December
1st week of April
Terms 4 terms 2 terms 4 terms 4 terms
Days 200 198-210 200 200-205
Sources: Dr Chong MOE Curriculum Division of Brunei, Dr Zamzaimitul of the Curriculum Division, MOE Malaysia and Ms Yoke, Curriculum Division, MOE Singapore, Department of Education BEE (Mr. Galileo Go) and BSE (Dr Lolita Andrada), February 8-11, 2011
7
Teacher-Pupil Ratio
Brunei
Darussalam
Malaysia Philippines Singapore
Preschool 2:20 (with
teacher
assistant)
2:25 preschool (one
teacher and one
assistant)
1:20
Elementary 1:12 (with
teacher
assistant)
1:19 (normal but in
some, the ration
is1:50)
1:36 1:20
Secondary 1:11 1:19 (normal but in
some, the ration
is1:50)
1:38 1:20
Philippines has the highest teacher-pupil ratio in all levels of educaiton.
8
Government Mandate/Support Brunei Darussalam Malaysia Philippines Singapore
Preschool
Open, compulsory and
free for citizens but
pay yearly fund of U
S$3.3; non-citizens
must apply for
student pass
Open, free and
compulsory
Open, free and
compulsory in
public schools
Optional
Elementary
Open access and
compulsory
Free for Brunei
citizens
Open access
and compulsory
Free for
Malaysian
citizens
Open and
compulsory
Free in public
schools
Open access and
compulsory
Secondary
Open access and
compulsory until
Year 8
Free for Brunei
citizens
Open access
and
compulsory
until Year 9
Open access
and non-
compulsory.
Free in public
schools
Open access
Streaming exists
based on the
PSLE
8
9
Government Mandate/Support Brunei Darussalam Malaysia Philippines Singapore
Preschool
Open, compulsory and
free for citizens but
pay yearly fund of U
S$3.3; non-citizens
must apply for
student pass
Open, free and
compulsory
Open, free and
compulsory
Optional
Elementary
Open access and
compulsory
Free for Brunei
citizens
Open access
and compulsory
Free for
Malaysian
citizens
Open and
compulsory
Free
Open access and
compulsory
Secondary
Open access and
compulsory until
Year 8
Free for Brunei
citizens
Open access
and
compulsory
until Year 9
Open access
and non-
compulsory
Open access
Streaming exists
based on the SP:E
9
10
Curricular ReformsBrunei Darussalam Malaysia Philippines
Basis of
Reforms
Wawasan Brunei 2035
towards educated,
highly skilled and
accomplished people,
quality life, and
dynamic and
sustainable economy
Vision 2020 to make
Malaysia a developed
nation by 2020
President Aquino’s
Education Agenda
Emphasis
of Reforms
•Education structure
•Curriculum and
assessment
•Technical Education
•Content
•Curriculum materials
•Pedagogy
•Assessment
methodologies
•School management
Increase the Cycle of
basic education
Timeline
SPN21
2009 for Year1
2012 for Year 7
National Standard-
based Curriculum
2010 for Preschool
2011 for Primary
2014 for Secondary
K-12 Education Reform
2011 for Universal
Kindergarten
1 to 12 (2012onwards)
10
1111
Preschool Entry Ages and Nomenclatures and Languages of Instruction in Four SEA Countries
12
Age at
Entry
and LOI
Brunei
Darussalam
Malaysia Philippines Singapore
0-4 Early Childhood
Education
(ECE)
Child Care
Education
Day Care Child Care
Education
5-6 Preschool
(kindergarten)
Preschool
(kindergarten)
Preschool
(kindergarten)
Kindergarten
Languages
of
Instruction
(LOI)
Bilingual Chinese, Tamil,
Malay, English
English, Filipino English
Brunei
Darussalam
Malaysia Philippines Singapore
Basis of
Kindergarten
curriculum
2009 SPN21
Early Learning
Standards
National
Standards-based
Preschool
Curriculum 2010
National
Kindergarten
Curriculum
Guide
Framework for A
Kindergarten
Curriculum in
Singapore
Expectations of
Preschool
Curriculum
For the holistic
development of
children in five
domains in
preparation for
primary
education
Develop children
in holistic and
integrated manner
to increase skills,
self-confidence,
positive self-
esteem to adapt
and excel in
primary school
Improve
readiness and
foundation skills
to be ready for
primary grades
Support and
foster the
holistic
development
Preparation
for the
journey of
the life-long
learning
Approach
Structured, play-
based approach
Standard-based
and modular-based
Planned
activities
following
DepED
Standards
Use of play and
structured
learning
Framework of Kindergarten Curriculum
13
Brunei Darussalam Malaysia Philippines Singapore• Moral values/
education, Islamic
education
• Mathematics
• Physical (health and
safety, aspects of
movements, games
and early science.
• Aesthetics/ Creativity
(arts and crafts,
singing, stories and
drama
• ICT awareness
• Language,
literacy and
communication
• Islamic and
moral education,
• Others: morning
routine, recess
and reflection
• 3 Rs (literacy and
numeracy)
Values
education,
Physical health
and motor skills,
Socio-emotional
skills,
Cognitive skills,
Creative arts
skills,
Language and
readiness for
reading and
writing
Communication
skills.
• Language and
literacy skills,
• Basic number
concepts
• Social skills
• Creative and
problem solving
skills
• Appreciation of
music and
movement
• Outdoor play.
Content/Learning Areasof Preschool Curriculum
14
15
Instructional Time of Preschool Classes in Four Southeast Asian Countries
Brunei
Darussalam
Malaysia Philippines Singapore
Hours
per Day3-3.5 4 2-3 3-4
Days per
Week5 5 5 5
Brunei
Darussalam
Malaysia Philippines Singapore
Informal formative
assessment
through
observation,
checklist, oral
interviews and
written work
Informal
formative
assessment
through
checklist,
anecdotes, and
narrative
reports
Informal
formative
assessment
School
Readiness
Assessment
Examination
Observation
through
profiling and
portfolio
Kindergarten Assessment
16
17
Primary/Elementary Education Structures in Four SEA Countries
Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6
BruneiLower Primary (ages 6-8) Upper Primary (ages 9-11)
MalaysiaStage 1 (ages 7-9) Stage 2 (ages 10-12)
Philippines
Primary Grades (ages 6-9)
Intermediate
Grades (ages
10-11)
Singapore
Foundation Stage (ages 7-10)
Orientation
Stage (ages 11-
12)
Learning Areas in Elementary
18
Common Core Subjects are:1. English2. National Language/Mother Tongue3. Science4. Mathematics
Common Complimentary Subjects are:1. Civics Education/Moral Education/Values
Education/Religious Education2. Physical Education3. Arts, Culture, and Music4. Social Studies
Philippines Brunei Darussalam Malaysia Singapore
Grade 1 350 300 360 360
Grade 2 350 300 360 360
Grade 3 350 300 360 270
Grade 4 300 240 300 270
Grade 5 300 240 300 270
Grade 6 300 240 300 270
Time Allotment in minutes per weekMother Tongue/National Language, Elementary
19
Philippines Brunei Darussalam Malaysia Singapore
Grade 1 450 300 330 450
Grade 2 450 300 330 450
Grade 3 450 300 330 390
Grade 4 300 240 300 390
Grade 5 300 240 300 360
Grade 6 300 240 300 360
Time Allotment in minutes per weekEnglish, Elementary
20
Philippines Brunei Darussalam Malaysia Singapore
Grade 1 120 60
Grade 2 120 60
Grade 3 200 120 60 120
Grade 4 300 150 120 120
Grade 5 300 150 120 150
Grade 6 300 150 120 150
Time Allotment in minutes per week Science, Elementary
21
Philippines Brunei Darussalam Malaysia Singapore
Grade 1 350 300 180 240
Grade 2 350 300 180 240
Grade 3 350 300 180 330
Grade 4 300 240 180 330
Grade 5 300 240 180 300
Grade 6 300 240 180 300
Time Allotment in minutes per week Mathematics, Elementary
22
Philippines Brunei Darussalam Malaysia Singapore
Grade 1 300 30
Grade 2 300 30
Grade 3 300 60
Grade 4 200 90 60 60
Grade 5 200 90 60 90
Grade 6 200 90 60 90
Time Allotment in minutes per weekSocial Studies, Elementary
23
Philippines Brunei Darussalam Malaysia Singapore
Grade 1 150 180 240
Grade 2 150 180 240
Grade 3 150 180 270
Grade 4 100 150 180 270
Grade 5 200 150 180 240
Grade 6 200 150 180 240
Time Allotment in minutes per weekMusic, Arts, PE, & Health (MAPEH), Elementary
24
Philippines Brunei Darussalam Malaysia Singapore
Grade 1 150 120 180 60
Grade 2 150 120 180 60
Grade 3 150 120 180 60
Grade 4 100 150 180 60
Grade 5 100 150 180 90
Grade 6 100 150 180 90
Time Allotment in minutes per weekValues Education (VE), Elementary
Notes: For Brunei Darussalam, VE are Religious Study and Moral & Natl Philosophy. In Grades 1-3 Religious Studies and Moral Education are integrated, in Grades 4 to Year 9, they are separate subjects. For Malaysia, Islamic Education is for Muslims while Moral Education (120 min in secondary) is for non-Muslims. For Singapore in Year 1-2, Civics and Moral Education (CME) time allotment is shared with PCCG, NE and SEL. For Philippines, it is Character Education for elementary.
25
Philippines Brunei Darussalam Malaysia Singapore
Grade 1 30
Grade 2 30
Grade 3 30
Grade 4 200 30 60
Grade 5 200 30 60
Grade 6 200 30 60
Time Allotment in minutes per week Design & Technology/ Technology & Livelihood Education, Elementary
26
Assessment in Elementary
27
Brunei Malaysia Singapore Philippines
Assessment
framework
•School based
assessment
•School based
assessment
(centralized)
•School based
assessment
•School based
assessment
Exit Exam/
Progression
•School
progress exam
on the 6th
grade
•School
progress exam
on the 6th
grade
•Primary School
Leaving
Examination
(PSLE)
No Exit Exam
but has
National
Achievement
Test (NAT),
which assesses
school rather
than students
Brunei
Darussalam
Malaysia Singapore Philippines
Assessment
framework
•School based
assessment
•School
Progress
Examination
School based
assessment
School based
assessment
School based
assessment
Exit Exam/
Progression
Primary
School
Assessment
Primary School
Evaluation
Test
Primary School
Leaving
Examination
(PSLE)
No Exit Exam
but has
National
Achievement
Test (NAT),
which assesses
school rather
than students
Languages of Instruction
28
Brunei Malaysia Singapore Philippines
Assessment
framework
•School based
assessment
•School based
assessment
(centralized)
•School based
assessment
•School based
assessment
Exit Exam/
Progression
•School
progress exam
on the 6th
grade
•School
progress exam
on the 6th
grade
Brunei
Darussalam
Malaysia Singapore Philippines
Elementary
English and
Malay
English and
Malay in
National Schools
English and
Chinese/Tamil in
National Type
Schools
English,
Filipino and
vernacular in 8
dialects
English and
Mother Tongue
SECONDARY: REGIONAL COMPARISON
29
Secondary and Post-Secondary Education in Four Southeast Asian countries
30
Year 1 Year2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Total
PHILIPPINES SECONDARY LEVEL(YEAR 1-4)GeneralSpecial (Arts, Cultural, Science, Sports, and Tech-voc, Journalism, foreign language)General plus special (e.g. Gen Sec Cur plus Special program for the Arts/Theater Arts/Music/Creative Writing/; Visual Arts) General plus Eng’g Science EducProgram)
4
BRUNEI DARUSSALAM
Lower Secondary (Year 7-8)General Education Program
Upper Secondary (Year 9-10/11) General program (Academically inclined) Applied Program (Technical Vocational)
Post Secondary Sixth Form Colleges (2-year
pre-university program) Technical Colleges Vocational Schools
7
MALAYSIA Lower Secondary (Form 1-3)General Education Program(13-15 years old)
Upper Secondary (Form I4-5 ) Academic Technical /Vocation Religious (16-17 yrs old)
•Pre-university (Form 6 or STPM (Art or Science streams)•Matriculation Program
7
SINGAPORE Lower Secondary (4-5 year) Special/express
course Normal Technical Normal Academic
Lower Secondary (4-5 year) Special/express
course Normal Technical Normal Academic
Pre-university (2-3 years)Junior College
Arts Stream, Science, CommercePolytechnic Diploma
(Nanyang, Ngee Ann, Republic, Singapore, Temasek)Institute of Technical Education
7-8
Integrated Program (lower Secondary to Pre-University)
General Characteristics of Secondary Education in Four SEA Countries
31
Brunei Darussalam Malaysia Philippines Singapore
Secondary
Education
Curriculum
Framework
National Education
System for the 21st
Century (SPN 21) 2009
The Education (National
Curriculum) Regulation 1997
National Standards-Based
Curriculum 2014
•2002 RBEC/
• 2010 Secondary
Education Curriculum
Education Act Amended 2009
Desired
Outcomes/
Expectations
•Consolidation and
strengthening of various
knowledge & skills
•development of aptitude
& interests, personality,
attitudes & values;
•development of talents
& interests;
•preparation for pre-
vocational, higher
education and future
career
Consolidation of skills
acquired at primary & pre-
vocational level;
Development of aptitude,
interests, personality,
attitudes and values,
specialization, career &
higher education
Development of
functional literacy and
21st century core skills
needed to be globally
competitive
•have moral integrity
•believe in their abilities and be
able to adapt to change
•be able to work in teams and
show empathy for others
•be creative and have an
inquiring mind
•be able to appreciate diverse
views and communicate
effectively
•take responsibility for their own
learning
•enjoy physical activities and
appreciate the arts
•believe in Singapore and
understand what matters to
Singapore
Organization
of Curriculum
Spiral and progressive Spiral and progressive Discipline-based Spiral and progressive
Content/Learning Areas in Secondary
32
Content/Learning Areas in Lower SecondaryCore Other Learning Areas* Electives (for Brunei Darussalam, Malaysia and
Singapore)
•English•National Language/Mother Tongue•Science•Mathematics
•Civics Education/Moral Education/Values Education/Religious Education•Physical Education•Health Education •Music•Arts•Technology/HomeEconomics•Social Studies
•Languages•Mathematics•Sciences•Humanities and Social Sciences•Religion•Arts•ICT•Technical-Vocational
*other subjects fall under electives
Scope of Mathematics Curriculum between Philippines and Singapore
33
Philippines Singapore
A-Level Math Pure Mathematics (Functions & Graphs, Sequence &
Series, Vectors, Complex Numbers, Calculus)
Statistics (Permutation & Combination, Probability, Distribution
Models, Sampling & Hypothesis Testing, Correlation & Regression
SecondaryLevel
Fourth Year: Advanced Algebra, Trigonometry and StatisticsThird Year: GeometrySecond Year: Intermediate AlgebraFirst Year: Elementary Algebra
Number & Algebra, Measurement & Geometry, Statistics
Additional at Upper SecondaryAlgebra, Geometry & Trigonometry,
Calculus
Primary Whole numbers, rational numbers, measurement, geometry, graphs
Number & Algebra, Measurement & Geometry, Statistics
Sources: Philippine 2002 Basic Education Curriculum, Singapore Ministry of Education
34
Scope of Math Curriculum (Singapore Model)
34
Primary Mathematics3 inter-connected strands
Number and Algebra, Measurement and Geometry, Statistics
Secondary Mathematics3 inter-connected strands
Number and Algebra, Measurement and Geometry, Statistics & ProbabilityAdditional Mathematics at Upper Sec (Optional)
Algebra, Geometry & Trigonometry, Calculus
A-level Mathematics (Optional) 2 broad groups of topics
Pure mathematics (Functions and Graphs, Sequence and Series, Vectors, Complex Numbers, Calculus)
Statistics (Permutation & Combination, Probability, Distribution Models, Sampling and Hypothesis Testing, Correlation and Regression)
34
Scope of Science Curriculum between Philippines and Singapore
35
Philippines Singapore
A-Level Math
Physics, Chemistry (organic and biochemistry), Biology (cell and
microbiology)
SecondaryLevel
Fourth Year: PhysicsThird Year: ChemistrySecond Year: BiologyFirst Year: Integrated Science
Upper: Physics, Chemistry, BiologyLower: Measurement, Science, & Technology, Diversity, Models & Systems, Interactions, Energy
Primary People, Animals, Plants, Matter, Energy
Diversity, Cycles, Systems, Interaction
Sources: Philippine 2002 Basic Education Curriculum, Singapore Ministry of Education
36
Scope of Science Curriculum (Singapore Model)
36
Primary Science
5 Themes: Diversity, Cycles, Systems, Interactions, Energy
Upper Secondary – Physics, Chemistry, Biology
Lower Secondary Science6 Themes: Measurement, Science and Technology, Diversity, Models and
Systems, Interactions, Energy
A-level Physics, Chemistry, Biology Physics – emphasis on modern Physics
Chemistry – emphasis on organic and biochemistry Biology – emphasis on cell and molecular biology
36
Philippines Brunei Darussalam Malaysia Singapore
1st Year 300 210 200 240
2nd Year 300 210 200 240
3rd Year 300 210 200 320
4th Year 300 210 200 320
5th Year 210 200 320
Time Allotment in minutes per weekEnglish, Secondary
37
38
Philippines Brunei Darussalam Malaysia Singapore
1st Year 240 120 240 180
2nd Year 240 120 240 180
3rd Year 240 120 240 240
4th Year 240 120 240 240
5th Year 120 240 240
Time Allotment in minutes per weekMother Tongue/National Language, Secondary
Philippines Brunei Darussalam Malaysia Singapore
Grade 1 120 60
Grade 2 120 60
Grade 3 200 120 60 120
Grade 4 300 150 120 120
Grade 5 300 150 120 150
Grade 6 300 150 120 150
Time Allotment in minutes per weekScience, Secondary
39
Philippines Brunei Darussalam Malaysia Singapore
1st Year 300 180 200 150
2nd Year 300 180 200 150
3rd Year 300 180 200 240
4th Year 300 180 200 240
5th Year 180 200 240
Time Allotment in minutes per weekMathematics, Secondary
40
1st Year 2nd Year 3rd Year 4th Year
Philippines 240 240 240 240
Brunei Darussalam 210 210 360 360
Malaysia 120 120 120 120
Singapore 120 120
Time Allotment in minutes per weekSocial Studies, Secondary
41
Philippines Brunei Darussalam Malaysia Singapore
1st Year 240 60 160 210
2nd Year 240 60 160 210
3rd Year 240 60 160 120
4th Year 240 60 80 120
5th Year 60 80 120
Time Allotment in minutes per weekMusic, Arts, PE & Health (MAPEH) , Secondary
42
Philippines Brunei Darussalam Malaysia Singapore
1st Year 120 180 160 120
2nd Year 120 180 160 120
3rd Year 180 240 160 80
4th Year 180 240 160 80
5th Year 240 160 80
Time Allotment in minutes per weekValues Education, Secondary
43
Philippines Brunei Darussalam Malaysia Singapore
1st Year 240 120 90
2nd Year 240 120 90
3rd Year 240 120
4th Year 240
5th Year
Time Allotment in minutes per weekDesign & Technology/ Technology & Livelihood Education, Secondary
44
Assessment in Secondary
45
Brunei Darussalam Malaysia Singapore Philippines
BJCE “O” level
examination after
Form 5
BJCE “A” level
examination after
Form 7
Lower Secondary
Assessment (PMR in
Malay)
Malaysian
Certificate of
Education (SPM)
after 5th year
equivalent to O Level
General Certificate
of Education
Examinations (GCE)
“N” level for Normal
stream.
CGE “O” Level for
Express/5 year normal
academic
No Exit Exam but
has National
Achievement Test
(NAT), and National
Career Aptitude
Examinations
(NCAE)
UPPER SECONDARY/FORM 6/MATRICULATION COLLEGE/JUNIOR COLLEGE/POLYTECHNIC AND ITE COURSES
AN INTERNATIONAL COMPARISON
46
Post -Secondary Education
47
Brunei
Darussalam
Malaysia Philippines Singapore
Duration of
Post
Secondary
Education
2-3 2-3 None 2-3
Streams
Form Six
Colleges (2-
year
pre-
university
program)
Technical
Colleges
Vocational
Schools
Islamic
Studies
Form 6 or
STPM (art or
science streams)
Matriculation
Program
Islamic Studies
Junior College
-Arts Stream
-Science
-Commerce
Polytechnic
Diploma
(Nanyang, Ngee
Ann, Republic, Sin
gapore, Temasek)
Institute of
Technical
Education
Language/Medium of InstructionBrunei
Darussalam
Malaysia Philippines Singapore
Post-
Secondary
English
and Bahasa
Malaysia
English and
Malay in
National
Schools;
English and
Chinese/Tami
l in National-
Type Schools
English and
Filipino
English and
Mother
Tongue taught
as subject
48
49
Upper Secondary Subject Combinations
S/N 9 Subjects 8 Subjects 7 Subjects
1 English English English
2 MTL MTL MTL
3 Mathematics Mathematics Mathematics
4 Additional Math Additional Math Additional Math
5 Physics Physics Science (Phy/Chem)
6 Chemistry Chemistry Combined Humanities
7 Biology Combined Humanities Sc/Hum/Art/Music/D&T/F&N
8 Combined Humanities
(SS + Hist/Geog/Lit Elective)
Bio/Hum/Art/Music/D&T/F&N -
9 Hist/Geog/Lit or 3rd Lang - -
Common Upper Secondary Curriculum
Core Subjects : EL, MTL, Math, Science, HumanitiesSubject combinations : 5 core + 2/3/4 electives
49
50
Curriculum Framework – Pre-University
LIFE SKILLS
CME, NE, CCA, PCCG, PE,
Health Edn
KNOWLEDGE SKILLS
KI
MATHEMATICS & SCIENCES
HUMANITIES & THE ARTS
MathematicsPhysics
ChemistryBiology
Computing
LiteratureHistoryGeographyEconomicsArt, Music
LANGUAGES
English LanguageMother Tongue Language
GP PW
Theatre Studies & Drama
50
51
Pre-University Curriculum
Arts Combination Science Combination
General Paper General Paper
Mother Tongue Language Mother Tongue Language
Project Work Project Work
Literature Mathematics
Hist/Geog Chemistry
Economics Physics/Biology
Math/Phy/Chem/Bio Econs/Hist/Geog/Lit/Art/Music
Minimum subject combination: GP, MTL, PW, 3H2, 1H1Contrasting subject requirement
51
Key Recommendations
1. Revise the current Philippine education goals to make it relevant and anchored on the development of 21st century literacies
2. Extend the years of basic education through k to 12 curriculum providing multiple pathways and career oriented studies in upper high school.
3. Address the deficiencies of the existing curriculum, by balancing breadth, content and depth of learning areas at par with the regional comparators (Brunei, Malaysia and Singapore)
52
Key Recommendations
4. Strengthen ICT Integration in the basic education curriculum
5. The learner assessment certification system needs to be overhauled to align with the K to 12 curriculum, expanding the range of assessment methods used and strengthening the role of formative assessment as an important component of the teaching learning process.
53
Key Recommendations
6. Maintain continuity of the curriculum across the main phases and stages, aligning k to 12 with international practice in offering integrated science and technology approach, integrated mathematics, and civics education, which is not solely devoted to history. The comparator countries used spiral approach in all the secondary subjects.
54
Key Recommendations
7. Alternative delivery modes (ADMs) such as open high school, distance, and correspondence course be considered to ensure that delivery of education across k to 12 . The ADMs will provide equal opportunity for all.
8. Assessments need to be fully aligned with standards-referenced frameworks to define outcomes to specify content to be learned and to describe level of achievement.
55
Recommendations
56
9. Provide end-of-cycle assessment in Grade 6, lower secondary (year 10 ) and upper secondary (year 12) to be able to develop the interest, abilities, and skills of the learners. Children needs to show mastery of competencies at the end of primary, lower secondary, and upper secondary by means of certificate. This will also assess learner’s readiness for the next level.
Recommendations
57
10. Develop multiple pathways for upper secondary education. The study recommends 3 tracks or modes: General secondary (Yr to Yr 6 same
subjects) Applied Secondary (Yr 1 to Yr 6 with
vocational electives with TESDA certification schemes for COS)
Integrated programme (4 years of secondary + 2 year Junior College)