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What is Frac Sand? A Durable Sand for Hydraulic Fracturing Page 1 of9

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What is Frac Sand? This sw~cia! sancl is one of the- keys to pJodudng oil :jnd natural GaS from tight s!mle turmalions

Close .. up viHw of frac s::~nd and n typiC;:)l sand of similar 91ain size (Ot\ the left) Notico hmv the f;ac sand has a Vf::)!V undonn qrain s;ze. n1cely rounded pra:n a uniform composition. lt is also a malenol that can re.::;ist cornpross1v~~ forces of up to severat

!ons pu square inch Grains m this irnaqe ore about 0})0 !n Photo Ela11ks.Pholos, !Stuckphotn

A Crush-Resistant Sand for Oil and Gas Wells

'Fr:~G sand" is a l1tgn.puntv Slli.911~. ~knd w!th very cluratile and lOUnd {Vdi!"lS lt is .8 C!"USh·rC-:sisiant materia! prodw.:::~:--d for USe by pr:troJeurn industry. lt. is u~ie>d 1n the hydraulic fracturing {known as to produce petroleurn Hwcls. such as o!L gas and

rock units that lack ~dequate pore space for to ;!ow to a vve!l Most frac sand is a natural rnatenai made

purity sandstone. ,\n alternative is oHarnic b;;.~ac~s ./ s;ntered bauxite or stTla!i made irom dJurnrnum --- -

The dernand for frnc sand tliJS explodecl 111 lh~~ pr:1st :~evera! ye.Grs as tb:Jusands ot oi! and n3iufa! wells are t)Oino stlrrJu!ate!J the !1ydratJ!ic fracturi119 process. lh(-: chart in the column of this ~'0\18 ) A hydraulic a few thousRno tons (\f sand. This crr-atect a b!!hon dollar frn,-: sand 2009 and 2012 the am<Jw1t of ft8C.

1ndustry has tnp!ed

How is Frac Sand Used?

sor~a .. ~ sui)surtace rock units such as mqanic §hale contain ~H110unts of 01L natura! or natural liqulds that wiU not fme!y to a we!L wil! not the rock unit eiti)E:f lackE

in 1t1~~

r..reate a viscous Grains of frac 111 susp~mSK}!l

at EarJh's surface increase the water pr-assur~~ in the ot tt1e W(~'H unt!ltt iS high E-mounh to exceed tfv;; breD~Il"\-1

sunoundinq rocks. VVt1en their 1hey fracture Bnd waler :ushc::;

U1em deep~'t fractures by lhls sudtjen rush of water

be n·HftHft-)d to st1rnu!at1:; H S!ng!p

Frac Sand as a "Proppanf'

United States Frac Sand Production

Drilling Training Courses ~ petroskrlls com

Wei! construc!ron led expe1ts. Now enrolling'

Fracturing Dampeners

Frac sand silos

mdustry

http://geology .cornlarticles/frac-sand/ 5/8/2014

What is Frac Sand? A Durable Sand for Hydraulic Fracturing

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V\.lhc;l !he purnps lurned ott the frJJ.:tun;,~ defidte but do not ~~10St~ t}C"Gause they we proppeCl op~'Wl by billions t)f oi frac

ThiS on\y lKCUl"S tf ~)and Qrti\1)5 to l'GS!St the ci the

tractures have been H1to the roc!\

Hle now fraf:tu~t:s tn ihc rock. proppod .:men by the durdblc sand fonn a nc!ww~ of pore space t~li:ll allow~; petro!E:U!l\ fl1.1kls. lo

>)Ui ot t~K~ rock ano tnto the we!! f""1ac sand known as a "t?roppdnt" b0cau~~e 1t props. tho fractums Oj)tJfl

Uthe1 matena!s that have h~wn .as a pruppant include ceran1ic • t)eads. a!ur.nnum beads ancl smten;.d !2§!1.~~~-· Fra•: sand delivers the

useo the petrolt~Ufll ;ndustry

What Type of Sand?

P\~frolctun industry proppants must meet vvry cJcrnandinq spE>cific;:.:~tions. The characteristics of a hiqh q\1a!!ty '\rae sand indudf,.

h!gh-purity silica sand rnatcned to job requirements enable~; it to be carried in !1yrkauiic

with tninimal turbulence durah~r~ty to res!st cru~t1ing torcf:!s of dos1nq tractures

1n a of sizes from as :)rPa!! 1JS. 0.1 to ove1 1ni!!irnelers ln d!~Hl1eier upon

,n,,.,;J•ic-",,;"''N iV1t.Jst or the trac sand

Hock unJls such dS 1!1e St Peter Snndstone. Jordan Sandstone. Uii CreE-~k Sandstone and l ... lickory Sandstone have b0~en ;~f trac sand rnaterinl. Th(·,SH ro<:k units are tba! have been throuqh multinlf'

h!stmy rernoved almost produced qralns w1th

trorn rivers. excnvaled trorn \Hllike!y ptodi!Ce goed product

VVhere tnese rock unfts are prodL~ced tf)tV are usually soft cemented and sonwtirnes weathered. Th1s a!iows them to cxcavat<~li and crushed damage to the quartz

sand from aJ eas such as the 1\pp;)!achfans is not for frac sand because it ha:::t been to tectonic forr.es

which heve defonrwd the rock Emd weaken<.;d

Frac Sand Processing Plants

!·raG sano m not u~~;d stralgf'it ff~1rn tlte nrounct H proct-:>ssnlg to opl!ntiZe t:s t.'\her nuning lt IS taken a prvcess:nq nfdnt rtwre it

cu:stomers

Sand th;-o!! not su!ldb!e tor in::1cktnq J,s uses. Some frat..: sand :n the fracking operation. as a premium product. After processing rnost sand is loaded directly mto tram cars tor rai! delivery

Sorne pmcessinn plants arc \oc.dtcU at the rnltv:; slle_ However. processinq p!ants <3re expensive to build and are sometimes shared by rnul!!p!e tninns are C(~ntrany located to several mines and the sand lS deiivE-~red \)y truck_ !Jain or conveyer

Where is Frac Sand Produced and Used?

companie~ Are PelN Sandstone and s1rn1lHr rock units ar~~ dos;."! to tho surface ana easily exc~wotHd These areAs Elft:: als.o whe!G tectnliC forces hr.~v;,~ not caused severe of t;le roc.k units and weakened the sand wwns The p1nne area lS in !P!d·VJestorn sfai~~s (!Wrmis, Indiana. Iowa, Kansas. Kentucky. Mmn:-:sow lv'~1d11gnn. M1~<souri. Nobrr:nkn and VViSCO!lS!fl)

s1hca sands H1 lhe UrHted States have been have b~~en tlS1?d for ami

··cc,;cov<·'rmu new sources oi· sand," it tS lnS1ead abL)ut determini119 wtw,·h sourcef. nrvduce supenor tnatenals.

http:/ /geology .corn/articles/frac-sand/

Page 2 of9

~.

5/8/2014

What is Frac Sand? A Durable Sand for Hydraulic Fracturing

frorn sn<i!os and other l1qht r,xks where hyd1aui!c fn:1cturin9 is reqtwed Thesn include. thn Marcellus Sl1ale. Utica Shale. Bakken Formation. Haynesville Shale. FayettevilleslialeTacjieFord·siiaie, B~ale and many t)ther ?l1!lliLP..lli.Y.§ H1roughout the United States

Frac Sand Sources and Prices

T!1c de::1ancl !Ol fmc Sdnd in North /\nter1ca has r!se1) sharply ;n th~; last ie\v years in response h.J nun1t~wus .shale

ofthe Ur11ted States and l.';anada. reports the source of this product1on

Ttl& Ordovici<ln St Peter Sandstone 1n the fv11dWf'St is a primary source of silica sand for end uses and lS a rnajor sm1rce of fmc snnd as wc1! in five States< frac sand f1om the SL Peter Sandstone is within reasonat)!8 1ranspor1 distance fo numerous underwound shale forrnations natura~ in 2011, 5~N{; of in !hP tv1idwest

Renorted for fraG Si:'HlG m the U.S. Geok)gical fv1inerais between S45 ton and $SO ten in ln 2011 the average price had risen lo Th1s JS ""''"''""'"'"

than the n.veraqe price of S35 per ton tor of the constructwn inrlustrv

-/sintered Bauxite Proppants

Powcjered bal~ltE2: can be fused intr) tmv beads at very r he so? bf)ctds have crush

The can b<} to the

trachJnng fh1id and to tile slle ot fractt!res that am t-:xpected develop 111 the rock Manufactured proppnnts fYOV!de wid1~ se(ectlon of grain • SIZO ami spec!fic gravity compared to a nt)lural known as fmc Sflnd Frac ~)and IS r.urTf)ntly used 1nstead of proppants because 1t has a cost and lransp01tation advantdgE\

Cnntnhutor: Hobart King

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lOW 1\JIIIIUJITY

Page 3 of9

7.

5/8/2014

Ohio Announces Tougher Permit Conditions for Drilling Activities Near Faults and Areas of Seismic Activity

COLUMBUS, OH- Today Ohio Department of Natural Resources (ODNR) Director James

Zehringer announced new, stronger permit conditions for drilling near faults or areas of past

seismic activity. The new policies are in response to recent seismic events in Poland Township

(Mahoning County) that show a probable connection to hydraulic fracturing near a previously

unknown microfault.

New permits issued by ODNR for horizontal drilling within 3 miles of a known fault or area of

seismic activity greater than a 2.0 magnitude would require companies to install sensitive

seismic monitors. If those monitors detect a seismic event in excess of 1.0 magnitude, activities

would pause while the cause is investigated. lfthe investigation reveals a probable connection

to the hydraulic fracturing process, all well completion operations will be suspended. ODNR will

develop new criteria and permit conditions for new applications in light of this change in policy.

The department will also review previously issued permits that have not been drilled.

"While we can never be 100 percent sure that drilling activities are connected to a seismic

event, caution dictates that we take these new steps to protect human health, safety and the

environment/' said Zehringer. "Not only will this reasonable course of action help to ensure

public health and safety but it will also help us to expand our underground maps and provide

more information about all types of seismicity in Ohio."

"ODNR's directives are a sensible response to a serious issue that regulators across the country

are closely examining," said Gerry Baker, Associate Executive Director of the Interstate Oil and

Gas Compact Commission. "IOGCC is pleased to work with Ohio and other states to share

scientific data to better understand the nature of these occurrences."

"These additional standards add even more strength to Ohio's already comprehensive

regulatory program," said Mike Paque, Executive Director of the Groundwater Protection

Council. "State regulators are taking an aggressive lead in tackling tough and complicated oil

and gas issues and ODNR is no exception."

More than 800 wells have been drilled in Ohio's Utica and Marcellus shale play, including as

many as 16,000 hydraulic fracturing stages from those wells. Regarding the seismic events in

Poland Township, Mahoning County, ODNR geologists believe the sand and water injected into

the well during the hydraulic fracturing process may have increased pressure on an unknown

microfault in the area. Further hydraulic fracturing at the site is suspended but the company

will be permitted to recover resources from five of the previously drilled wells located on the

pad. This is also expected to have the beneficial effect of reducing underground pressure and

decreasing the likelihood of another seismic event.

Under ODNR's lead, Ohio has joined a consortium of state regulators dedicated to learning

more about seismic activity, especially as it relates to oil and gas activity. The members of this

consortium are currently working with the Interstate Oil and Gas Compact Commission and

Groundwater Protection Council to share information and knowledge. The working group also

hopes to draw upon current and future research to develop common procedures for how to

monitor for seismic activity and respond if activity occurs.

The Ohio Seismic Network, coordinated by ODNR and operated by various partners, began

recording seismic events in 1999. Before'that time, the recording of seismic events varied from

distant machines and felt reports. Ohio has a history of seismic activity, and since the network

has established, Ohio has experienced 109 events greater than 2.0 magnitude. Data from the

Ohio Seismic Network will be used as part of our new application review process.

A map of underground seismic faults and past seismic events is available at

oilandgas.ohiodnr.gov.

ODNR ensures a balance between wise use and protection of our natural resources for the

benefit of all. Visit the ODNR website at ohiodnr.gov.

UUNK hnds "probable connection" between fracking and earthquake... http://www.wfmj.com/story/25224187/state-bans-fracking-within-thr ...

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Updated

ODNR finds "probable connection" between tracking and earthquakes Posted: Apr 11, 201411:45AM EST

COLUMBUS, Ohio- The Ohio Department of Natural Resources plans issued a moratorium on hydraulic fracturing within a three mile radius of last month's earthquakes in Poland Township.

In early March, several tremors were reported in the area of gas wells near the Carbon Limestone Landfill in Poland.

Five earthquakes were measured over the course of two days at that time.

The moratorium means there will be no permits issued until further notice for hydraulic fracturing wells and existing wells will not be permitted to do any new drilling or fracturing.

Meanwhile, ODNR has changes its permitting process. Permits issued by ODNR for horizontal drilling within 3 miles of a known fault or area of seismic activity greater than 2.0 magnitude would require companies to install seismic monitors. If seismic activity in excess of 1.0 magnitude is recorded, activities will be paused. If the investigation reveals a probably connection to hydraulic fracturing, activities will be suspended.

"This will allow us to determine if something does happen. This new data will allow us to be able to find out what caused the potential event and determine if it was natural or if it did in fact relate to oil and gas activity," said Mark Bruce a spokesperson with ODNR.

While scientists have made links in the past between injection wells and seismic activity, this is the first time in the United States a probable connection has been made between hydraulic fracturing and seismic activity.

"We need to be cautious. With any industry there are inherent risks, but the idea is to identify those risks and then minimize those risks and that is what we are trying to do," said Ohio State Representative Sean O'Brien.

Dr. Jeffrey Dick, the chair of the Geological and Environmental Sciences Department at Youngstown State University believes ODNR'S new permit conditions are the best possible solution. He says seismic monitors are very reliable. However, it's impossible to identify every fault line.

"It would be silly, in my opinion, to shutdown all oil and gas operations because there is a suspected link between earthquake activity and hydraulic fracturing. It makes far better sense to put the proper monitoring equipment in place and go from there," said Dr. Jeffrey Dick with Youngstown State University.

According to ODNR, HiiCorp will be able to recover resources from their five existing wells as long as seismic monitors are installed. HiiCorp released a statement saying they "remain fully committed to public safety and acting in a manner consistent with being a good corporate citizen in the communities where we operate."

Meanwhile, the Ohio Gas Association released a statement saying they believe the seismic

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5/3/2014 1:30PM

ODNR finds "probable connection" between fracking and earthquake ... http://www.wfmj.com/story/25224187/state-bans-fracking-within-thr ..

activity in Poland Township was "a rare and isolated event that should not cast doubt about the safety of hydraulic fracturing, a process that has been conducted on more than one million oil and gas wells in the U.S., including 80,000 in Ohio, since the 1950s."

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