k bonpocy o pojih cybctpata b hctophh cjiabhhckhx h3likobk bonpocy o pojih cybctpata b hctophh...
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k Bonpocy o pojih cy b c tp a ta b h ctop h h cjiabhhckhx H3LIKOB
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B on p oc o p o j ih c y 6 cTpaTa b i i c t o p h h cjiaBHHCKiix h 3b ik o b Majio iicc jie - AOBaH. CymecTByeT MH0Hne, corjiacHO KOTopoMy b ncTopim CJiaBHHCKHX H3BIKOB (h flnajieKTOB) cyScTpaT cymecTBeHHoii pojiii ne iirp a ji. OflHaKO, h m c io t c h flaHHtxe, n o 3 BOJiHK»in,ne yTBepHiflaTb, «i t o , Kan h b flp yrax Hiiflo- eBponeñCKIIX H3bIKaX, BJIHHHHe aBTOXTOHHBIX 3JieM6HT0B 6 bIJIO flOCTaTOHHO CHJIbHHM H B CJiaBHHCKHX H 3BIK SX . Beflb H CJiaBHHe, n 0 ,Ii;0 6 H0 HOCHTeJIHM poMaHCKoiì, repMaHCKoìi h j iii h h h h h c k o h p e ra , BBiTecHiiJiii npoKHHe, KopeHHHC njieMeHa h h x h 3 h k i i . ^ p y r o e fle jio , h t o flo c h x nop b Bonpoceo B03fleHCTBiiii cyScTpaTa Ha cjiaBHHCKiie h 3 h k h He Bce ein,e h c h o , m h o t o rHnoTeTHHecKoro iij ih — b jiy^meM cJiynae — npaB^onofloSH oro.
KaK H3BecTHo, TeopiiH cyScTpaTa Gojibihc pa3pa6oTaHa Ha MaTepiiajic 0 C0 6 eHII0 pOMaHCKIIX H3HKOB, HO II TaM MHeHIIH H3bIKOBeflOB CHJIBHO paC- XOflHTCH1. IIoyHHTejIbHH B 3T0M OTHOHieHHH nonbITKH OIipeflCJIIITI. pOJIb aBTOXTOHHoro aJieMeHTa b o6pa30BaHHH pyMBiHCKoro H3HKa. HecMOTpa Ha t o , h to flaHHbrìi Bonpoc neoflHOKpaTHO o 6 cyH<ji,ajicH, Bce >Ke, BBiifly ero
1 Ilo 3TOMy Bonpocy cm. M. B. CEPMEBCKIIII, Beedenue e poMancKoe natuno- ■3HaHu6, H3«. II, MocKsa, 1954, cTp. 153—159, 162—163; IORGU IORDAN, Lingvi- stica romanica. Èvolutie. Cúrente. Melode, Bucuresti, 1962, CTp. 17—18. OTHOCHTejitHO pojiH cy6 crfpaT0B b iictophh h3hkob cm. AL. GRAUR, Studii de lingvisticà generala, Bucuresti, 1960, CTp. 399—407; B. A. 3BEriIHD|EB, Ó<lepnu no oóufeMy n3bino3Ha- Hujo, H3AaTejibCTBo Mockobckoto yHHBopcHTGTa, 1962, CTp. 213—214. Cm. Tana« «flOKJia^H II C0 0 6meHHH IlHCTHTyTa H3HK03H8HHH AltafleMHH HayK CCCP», T. IX , MocKBa, 1956 (cSopmiK, nocBHmeHHtm i^jiiikom npoSjieMe cy6 cTpaTa); T. A. flETTE- PEBA, O Henomopux ucni0puK0-n03HaeameAbHbix MOMenmax e u3ynenuu n3UKoeux non- manmoe, «IIpo5jieMH paaBimm b H3HKe», i l 3fl;aTejii>cTB0 BIIIII n AOH npH U,K KIICC, Moc.KBa, 1959, CTp. 3—18.
5 — c . 650 65
HCKJiKmiTejihHOii TpyflHOCTH, oh He mohîgt CHHTaTbCii oKOH^aTCJibHO pcmcH- HbiM1. IIpejuroJioiKCHiifi, uucKa:iaHHMO no 3TOMy noBo^y paaJiiiHnwMii h ccjic - flOBaTejiHMH X IX m X X b b ., flüBOJii.Ho npoTiiBopcHHBbi. TaK, neT eme eflH- Horo mh6 hhh flaæ c no B onpocy o tom , h to CJicsyeT cniiTaTb cyôcTpaTOM pyMHHCKoro H3biKa: (|>paKHHCKHH, HJumpHÖCKHÖ, ^paKo-HJUinpniicKHÖ, flaKHHCKHH, flaKO-reTCKHM, (J)paKO-flaKO-reTCKIIH HJIH >KG flaK0-MH3HHCKHH. 3 ï0 o 6 liiICHHGTCH TCM, *ITO HG BCG aBTOpbl HMGIOT flCHOrO npGflCTaBJIGHHH O Cyni,HOCTH flpGBHIlX ÔftJIKaHCKHX H3bIKOB H HX B3ailMOflGHCTBHH B TOT He-pnofl, Korfla phmjihhg saBOGBajin /^aKiiio. C flpyroii CTopoHH, oTHOCMTCJibHo HeKOTOpHX 113 HHX B03HIlKaK)T CHOpbi: HBJIHIOTCH JIH OHII paSHblMM H3bIKaMH HJIH JKG paSHblMH flHajIGKTaMH OflHOrO H TOI’O ÎKe H3bIKa . B CBGT6 HCCJIGflO- BaHiiii, onyôJiHKOBaHHHX 3a nocJieflHee BpeMH ôoJirapcKiiM yneHUM aKafl. B jI. rcopHGBHM2, MOJKHO CHIITaTb y?KG yCTaHOBJIGHHbIM, HTO flaKHHCKIlii (ilJIM flSKO-MH3HHCKHH) HBJIHGTCil CyÔCTpaTOM pyMbIHCKOrO HSbIKa. TcM HG MGHGG CDOpHbie Bonpocbl OCTaiOTCH. rjiaBHHM ü6pa30M 3TO OTHOCHTCH K HflGHTII(j)HKaiiHH CyÖCTpaTHHX 3JIGMGHT0B B TeX CJlyxiaHX, KOTfla HGT (HJIH rioKa em,G hg HaîifteHo) coo tb ctc tb h h b aJißaHCKOM. KpoMe Toro, hmgiotch TpyflHOCTH, CBH3aHHHG C TGM, MTO OflHH il TG }K6 pyMHHCKHC CJIOBa ÜO-pa3- HOMy IlHTCpnpGTHpyiOTCH pa3HbIMIl IICCJIGflOBaTGJIflMH : TO KaK yHaCJIGflO- BaHHbie o t c y 6 cTpaTa, to KaK 3aiiMCTB0BaHHbie (h3 CJiaBHHCKoro, rpe«iG- CKoro, repMaHCKoro hjih BGHrcpcKoro — nnorfla Typen,Koro). 3flocb cm,o noKa hg BupaôoTaHa CTporaH MCTOflOJiorun 3THM0Ji0niHecKHx HccJicflOBa- HHH. OflHaKO, BCO TO, *ITO B pyMbIHCKOM HG MO/KOT ÖblTb OÖ'bHCHGHO C HOMOmbK) JiaTiIHCKOrO, pCMaHCKOro HJIH COCGflHIIX H3HK0B Hy>KHO OTHGCTH, riinOTGTHHGCKlI, KOHGMHO, 3a CHGT CyÔCTpaTS3 . HeCOMHGHHO, B TaKOM CJiy-
1 3 t o t B o n p o c CHOBa cT a ji a K T y a b jiH H M , f ijia ro fla p H o c o f ie m io H cca eflO B a m iH M , iipoiiO A C iiiiL iM b PyM H H CKO H H a p o flH o ii P e c iiy ß jiH K e c i ic ji 1.10 p a 3 H O C T o p om iero u a y w o iim i MH0 r 0HHCJieHHHX n p o S j ie M , c b h ü h h h h x c iip o n c x o H ifle H iie M p yM H H C K o ro H3t iK a h p y M L in - C K o ro n a p o ^ a .
8 C m . e r o T p y ; ;b i : TpaKuücKuam èault, C oç[)hh, 1957, CTp. 54—83; Hccjiedoeanunno cpneHumejibHO-ucmopuMecKOMy n3HK03HaHuio (Podcmeennue omnotuenua undoespo- neucKux n3UKoe), M ocK B a , 1958, CTp. 112—145; B'bnpocu Ha ôtAzapcnama emuMOjiosun, C o iJm h , 1958, CTp. 89—119; Albanisch, Dakisch-Mysisch und Rumänisch, «EajiKaHCKO e 3HK03H aH iie» , II, C oefnm , 1960, CTp. 1—19; Dakisches Substrat in der rumänischen Lautlehre, « S t u d i i s i c e r c e t ä r i l i n g v i s t i c e » (b ita jii.n e ïm io M S C L ) , X I , 1960, b h i i . 3, CTp. 481—484; Raporturile dintre limbile dacä, tracä ?i frigianä, « S t u d i i c l a s ic e », 1960, CTp. 39— 58; BhAzapcna emuMOJioiua u onoMacmuKa, C o i jw f l , 1960, CTp. 76— 129 (C m . u a i u y p e i ie n 3 iiio b « S t u d i i § i c e r c e t ä r i i j t i in t i f i c e », F i lo lo g i e , A c a d e m i a R . P . R . , F i l i a l a I a § i , X I I , 1961, b h i i . 2, CTp. 265—271); Sur l'ethnogenèse des peuples balkaniques— le dace, l'albanais et le roumain, « S t u d i i ç l a s ic e », I I I , 1961, CTp. 23—27; La toponymie ancienne de la péninsule Balkanique et la thèse méditerranéenne, S o f ia , 1961, c-Tp. 5—11; Zur dakischen llydronymie, « A c t a A n t i q u a A c a d e m i a e S c i e n t i a r u m H u n - g a r i c a e », t. X , 1962, fa s e . 1— 3, CTp. 115—118; Dak. ApoußrjTs?, Dru / obeta(e) = Rum. druete « Holz », «O T iicaK H3 3 6 o p m iK a 3 a (J111 jioJi o r u j y n jn m rB iiC T iiK y», k h >. I V —V , H o b ii C a « , 1961—1962, c T p . 85—86. C m . Ta K>KO B J I . T E O P r i I E B , I I B . f l y P H f l A I I O B , E 3uK03u a Hu e , C o iju iH , 1959, CTp. 337— 338 ( r j ia a a n a n i i c a n a B j i . r e o p n ie B b iM ) .
3 E c j i i i T O jibK o 3T0 n e iio afliie iiiU H C H O BOoßpa.-ionaFiiiH , B 03 n iiK u iiie Ha pyM H H C K oii nO H Be. ll . 'in e c T iio (cm . I . I . R U S S U , Limba traco-dacilor, B u c u r e s t i , 1959), î t o b p y M b iii- ck o m JiabiKC u c t a jiô a n c K H X 3aHMCTBOBaHHÜ. T a n H a3H B aeM H e a jiôa H C K iio saiiM C TB O B aiiiifi11 pyM HIICKOM 3TO, (JjaKTII'ICCKII, CJIOBa C ÔOJiee a p x a i l ’ IHblM ('ICM B ajlßaH C K O M )) (j)OHC- T H ie c K iiM o 6 jiiik o m il M o p c jio jio r iiq e c K o ii C T p y K T y p o ii (cm . TaK/K e S . P U S C A R I U , Limba romlnä, v o l . I . Privire generalâ, B u c u r e s t i , 1940, C T p . 178— 179. T a K , n p i iM e p u lipom e
6 6
M a c MU flOJI/KHbl HCn0Jlb30BaTb flaHHUÜ CpaBHHTOJIbHO-HCTOpiIHCCKOrO MCTO- fla , conocTaBJiHH 3tii cjiOBa co cJiOBaMH ^pyriix HHfloeBponeòcKHX h3hkob Ha OCHOBaHUH KpilTepHeB, yCTaHOBJICHHHX flJIH CJIOB, HMeromiIX npfIMUe c o - OTBOTCTBHH B aJlGaHCKOM.
CTOJIb >KC CnopHblM Î1BJIJIOTCH H BOnpOC 0 npOHCXOHÌfleHHH pyM. a , 6 oJir. & h aji6 . è , a TaKHie cnnpaHTa h b pyMbiHCKOM h ajiGaHCKOM. 9 th npoiieccbi ftonycnaioT flBOHKoe o 6 t.hchch iic: n nocpe;i;cTBOM cy 6 cTpaTa (A. (DHjmnniifte, K . IïorupK , T p . BpbiHKym), h nocpeflCTBOM cJiaBHHCKoro bjihhhhh (aKafl. 9 . IleTpoBiiH, anafl. A . P o c c t th )1.
Eiu,e cjiohìhoc o ò c to h t Bonpoc o HajiHMHH c y 6 cTpaTHHX cjiOflOB b rpaM- MamnecKOH CTpyKType ho to jibk o pyMbiHCKoro h a jróancK oro, ho h cJiaBHH- CKHX H3HK0B. KOHOHHO, H 3flCCb ftonyCTIIMO BJIIIHHIIC H3bIKa aBTOXTOHHOTO HaccjieHUfl; ofluano, flOKa3 aTeJibCTB hjih aToro y Hac noMTH h c t . TaK, hh B03HIIKHOBCHHO n0CTH03HTHBH0r0 apTHKJIH , HH COBnaflt'HHe pOflHTeJIbHOrO
p y M . b a s c a — ajiG. b a sh k è, p y M . s tr ep ed e — a ji6 . sh trep , p yM . s t r u n g a — ajiG. sh tru n g è n oK a3 H B aioT , h t o pyMHHCKiie $ o p M H , co^epH <am ,ne s , G o jiee C T aptie , b t o BpcMH KaK b anGaHCKOM sft pasBHJicH B nocjieflC T B iu i 113 s . Ilo cpaBHCHHio c npoii3BOAH tiM ajiGaHCKHM CJIOBOM b rez pyM BfflCKan $ o p M a b r iu CBimeTejrbCTBycT o G ojiee c /ra p o iì snoxe). CJieflOBà- t o . 'i ì . i i o , m h ile mO/Kcm npuH H Tb K o im e m u n o H. H o k j ih , O. / ( e n c y m a i iy , X . liaptiM a h , ocoG eH H o, B. I lo jia K a o h k o G h ch jim io m b jih h h i ih a jiG a ircK oro Ha pyM UH CKnii (cm . c ra T h io B. nOJIAKA, Q u elq u es id ées c o n cern a n t les r a p p o r ts l e x i c a u x a lb a n o -ro u m a in s , « Omagiu lui Iorgu I o r d a n » , Bucurcsti, 1958, CTp. 693— 699). A ecJiH TaKOBïie 3aiiM CTBo- BaHHH n cym ecT B O B ajiH , t o b o b ch k o m c j iy q a e h x n a ^ o oT n ecT ii k n e p i io ^ y n o c j ie VI b . Em,e A. O n jin n iiH ^ e yK a a a ji Ha t o , ' i t o k o j ih t o c t b o b 3 8 h m h h x aaiiMCTiìOBanHÌi (ii3 pyM H H CK oro b aJiGaHCKOM h , H a oG op oT , H3 a jiôaH C K oro b pyM bm cK OM ) K paiiH e H63Ha- THTOjibHO (cm . O r ig in e a r o m în ilo r , v o l . II. C e sp u ri U nib ile r o m ln â s i a lb a n ezâ , Iaçi, 1928, CTp. 753, 757 h c n e f l . ) . ^ j i h a T o r o iiMeiOTCH noK a3aiiH H ucT opiraecK O H ^»oneTiiKii pyM H H - cKoro H3biKa (cm . l ï . îï. P y c c y , iiu m . c o n ., CTp. 122—123). <Dìikthii c c k h , k h k b ajiGan- CKOM, TaK H B pyMUIICKOM 3TO CJIOBa HH;(OeBpOIieÌÌCK()rO npOHCXOÎKfleHHH. A nOCKOtlbKy CyÔCTpaTH 3THX ;u iy x H3MKOB O^HIiaKOBH, II CJIOBa oGlU,ïie. J CHCTBItTCJIblIO, oGlUllO ajieMeHTH ^ojiaTHHCKoro nponcxoHtfleHiiH b pyMHHCKOM n ajièancKOM yiiacjreAOBMiiu H3 C T ap oro HHfloeBponeftcKoro $ 0HAa Ka pria -ro-f>ajma 11c,k oü oGjiacTH. B KaK0Îi-T0 CTe- ncHii m h M o r jiii 6 h , 6e3ycji0BH 0, flo n y cT H T t h b o :im o ;k i[o c t i , neaaBiiC H M oro p a s iu m ii i iicK O T opb ix o 6 iu ,h x «iepT , e iien iK jrm ecK H X jçjih pyM H H CK oro c a jiSancK H M . Oahbko, TaK oe o6 i> n cH eH H e H e jiM H n p iiM e H H T b , H a n p . , k o b com j ic k c i f i o c k h m c o B i ia f l c i i i iü M , h 6 o , c OAHOH CTOpOHH, OHH CHHHIKOM MHOl'OHHCJieiIHH, a C m y r O Î I , M eHi^y 3THMH AByMH H3H- K 8M H IIMeiOTCH nopa3H T ejIbH H e CXOflCTBa T aK H ie B OOJiaCTH (j)OHeTHKH, rpaM M aT H K H H (})pa3eojioriiH (Cm. h A. tDiuiiinniifle, i\um . c o u ., t . II, CTp. 760). KpoMe T o r o , cJieflj'OT IlMeTB B BH^y, HTO 'IJIfF ’ laCTII pyMbIHO-ajiÔaHCKHX COOTBCTCTBHH (He TOJIBKO JIOKCHMe- c K o r o x a p a r a e p a ) m o h îh o naiini a H a jio n r a , no K p a fa e n M epe KaK tcii;h:hhhi[, b j ip y n i x p oM a n cK H x H 3H K ax, KaK 11a 3 t o yK a 3 a ji e m e b 1930 r. B. Meirop-JlioCKc.
1 Cm. Al. Philippide, ifu m . c o n . , t . II, CTp. 56. C. POGHIRC, V o ca le le ro m in es ti à, alb. ë, bu lg . T> fi o s c ila p a a/e in g r a f ia cu v in te lo r tra ce , SCL, X I, 1960, B bin. 3, CTp. 657— 660. Ero Hîe, L a v a leu r p h o n é t iq u e d e l ’ o s c il la t io n g r a p h iq u e th ra ce a/e à la lu m iè r e d es d o n n ée s d es la n g u es b a lk a n iq u es m o d ern es , « Studii clasice », III, 1961, CTp. 33— 37. (C nofloSHHM 0 6 'bHCHemieM cor jia m a cT C H h I. FISCHER: D e s c r ie r e a f o n o lo g ica a lim b ilo r d is p à r u te . A p l i c a t i i la U nib ile I ta l i e i a n tic e , I, SCL, X II, 1961, CTp. 353. To ®e bo ({ipannyscKOM B a p u a m e CTaTWi: L a d e s c r ip tio n p h o n o lo g iq u e d es la n g u es d is p a ru es . A p p l i c a t i o n s a u x la n g u es d e l ’ I ta l i e a n c ie n n e , « Studii clasice», IV, 1962, CTp. 13). GR. BRÎNCUÇ, O r ig in e a c o n s o a n e i h d in lim b a ro m ln â , SCL, X II, 1961, CTp. 471— 477. E. PETROVICI, I n f lu e n ta s la v â a s u p r a s is tem u lu i fo n e m e lo r l im b ii r o m în e , Bucuresti, 1956, CTp. 7— 8 . AL. ROSETTI, I s to r ia l im b ii r o m în e , vol. II. L im b i le b a lca n ice , 113 . III, Bucuresti, 1962, CTp. 82. Ero we, I s to r ia l im b ii r o m în e , vol. III. L im b ile s la v e m e r id io n a le (sec. VI— XII), Bucuresti, 1962, CTp. 52.
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xoflH M O ocH O B axeJibH O oß cJ ie ftO B aT b B o n p o c 0 b o 3M o jk h o c t h x B H y T p eH H ero oßiiHCHeHHH fta H H o ro HBJieHHH. C f l p y r o i i C T o p o H b i, m h He HMeeM n p a B O c c H J ia T b c n 11a B0 3 fteHCTBHe c y 6 cT]>aTa j ih ih b H a t o m o cH O B a H im , h t o a j ih T e x h j ih f t p y r n x H3 H K O B bix n p o n ,e c c o B He 6 h j i o H aiifteH O f t p y r o r o TOJiKOBaHHH.
H c c o m h c h h o , pa3pemeHHe Bonpoca 0 pojm cyßcTpaTa b 0 6p a 3 0 B a m iH TaK oro H3HKa KaK pyMbiHCKiiit naTajiKiiBaeTCH H a ß o jib n m e o6T>eKTHBHbie TpyftHOCTH: BCftb HCB03M0/KH0 OnpCftejIHTb OCOOCHHOCTH H3bIKa aBTOXTOHHOrO HaceJieHHH, o t KOToporo coxpaHiiJiocb Jinnib H eßojib in oe KOJirmecTBo HMeH paCTOHHii, TOnOHHMHHeCKHX 11 aHTponOHHMHHeCKHX Ha3BaHHH. KpOMe T o r o , ft JIH pyMblHCKOrO nOJIOJKCHHC OCJIOJKHHCTCH II H 3-3a OTCyTCTBHH nilCbMeHHblXnaMHTHHKOB, o th o c h h i,h x c h k n epiiofty fto XVI b . E c T b , n p a iifta , flp y r o ii n y T b , 110 KOTopoMy npainiJibHO iiflyT HeK0T0pbie coBpeMeHHbie H 3 H K 0 B e f l b i : o t BcecTopoH H ero aH ajiiisa coBpeMeHHHX GaJiKaHCKiix H3HK0B k iix n p o n u io - M y . OflHOBpeMCHHO cJieflyeT noflnepK iiyT b HCKJUOHHTejibHO BajKHoe 3iia>ieHHe IieflaBHCrO OTKpblTIlH B PyMHHHH OKOJIO 3 0 flaKHIICKHX HaftnilCefi B p a 3 B a -
1 X o th b ii3B ecTH i>ix c j i y q a n x c y o c r p u T o 6 ih ch h ct neKOTOptre o ß m u e 'lop ri.r , npiicymHO pyMHHCKOMy, aji6aHCKOMy, H0B0rp eH ecK 0M y, 60JirapcK0My, MaKeflOHCKOMy, a HHorßa h cepöo-xopB atck<)my, a TaKMte cjioBeHCKüMy. OTiiocHTeJibHO aocjiaBHHCKoro jiHHrBHCTHHecKoro cyöcTpaTa Ha EajiKaiicKOM iioJiyocTpoBc b HopiiKe, IlaHHOHHH k flaKHH cm. IV A N PO P O V IC , Geschichte der serbokroatischen Sprache, W iesbaden, 1960, CTp . 4 8 — 103. M u He corjiacHH c MHeHHeM C. B. E epH nrreiiH a (Onepn cpam u m eA bH oü zp a M M a m u K u cAaenncKux n3biKoe, MocKBa, 1961, CTp. 14) o tom , i t o flpeBH iiii cy ö - CTpaT pyMHHCKOrO H3HKa 6u j l KejIbTCKHM.
2 9 t O BeÜ H aXC K H H , H epK e3C K H H , Ka6ap^HHCKIHI, CBäHCKHÜ, rpy3HHCKHH, M e r p e jlb - c k h ü , aßxa.-iCKm i h a6a3HHCKHH. K a B K a 3 C K iift c y ö cT p a T o ö iH cn H e T M H oro'iiicJieH H M e c ,n en ,n $ H lie cK H e o c o ö c h h o c t i i o c e T im cK o r o H 3 H K a , oTJiKHatomite e r o o t o c T a j i t i i u x h jic h o b npaHCKOi“i r p y n n b i : B03iraKiiOBeiiHe cM M quo-ropT aH H H X c o r j i a c u M X (k ', p \ t’, c \ c ’), fljiH K O T opw x neT cooTBeTCTBHH b ^peBiieH pancK O M KoiicoH aH TH 3M e, arr ju oT iiiiH p y io in ,ee CKJtoHemic (b oT J iiw ue o t ApeBH enpaH C K oro ( ju ie K T H B iio r o ) , HajiHHue MHoro'HicJieuHbix n a f l e w e w , B a p a w a r o m i i x n p o c T p a n c T B e H H u e O T nom eniiH , n cH e 3 H 0 B e H iie B H H H ie jib H o r o n a ^ e s ia h « p y r n e o c o 6c h h o c t h , H e r o B o p a y * e o b jh ih h iih n a jieK C H K y h t o h o h h m h io .O c y ö c T p a T H M X aJiCMOinax o c e T i m c K o r o H.'iuKa c m . K H n ry B . H . A B A E B A , O cem un cnu ü h3w,k u cßoAbKAop, I , M o c K B a — J le H H H r p a « , 1949.
6 8
JIHHax CapMII3t'reTy3M, COCTaBJICHHHX TOJIbKO 113 COrJiaCHHX, OOOSHaHCHHblX óyKBaMii rpe^ecKoro niicbMa, ho cm,e Hepacum^poBaHHHX. ITomhmo s to t o , npn H3yHeHiin cyócTpaTHbix ajieMeHTOB neoSxoftiiMO TaKjKe Hcn0Jib30BaHiie flaHHbix apxeoJiorHH 11 3THorpa<|>iiii. CjieflOBaTejibHO, nsyneinie cjioìkhoh npoSjICMbl O CyficTpaTaX OTHOCIITCH He TOJIbKO K H3bIK03HanilIO, HO H K HCTOpHH. OflHaKO, H|)H3HaB pOJIb CyGcTpaTa 11 HCTOpHIl H3HK0B, Mhl flOJIJKHH yTOHiniTb ero pa3JiiiiiHbie npofiBJieHiiH, He npeHefiperaii 3Ha?CHHCM flpyriix <|)aKTOpOB 5I3bIKOBOrO pa3BHTIIH .
II
KaK npaBHJio, ifouem una , JieKcnna 11 canmaKcuc 6 ojii.me no^Bep/KCHU bjihhhhhm co cTopoiibi c y 6 cTpaTa. B 9 Tofi rjiaBe naMH SyflyT paecMCTpeHH p&3JIHTIHbie H3bIK0BbIC HBJICHI1H, flJIH HpOHCXOJKfteHHH KOTOpblX B CJiaBHH- CKI1 X H3HKaX MOMCHO flOnyCTIITb B03fl0HCTBIlC aBTOXTOHHOrO (iipeflCJiaBHH- CKoro) BJieMeHTa. «
K a K b flp y m x HHfloeiiponeHCKiix H3i>iKax, cjieflH cy 6 c,TpaTa hm cjotchIl B CJiaBHHCKHX H3bIKaX. OhII pa3JIIlMHH II BOCXOflHT K pa3JIHHHbIM SIIOXaM. Ilo MHeHiiio C. B . EepHiHTeiraa1, b 6 oJibmHHCTBC cjiynaeB sto o th och tch k nepiiofly GajiTo-CJiaBHHCKoii H3biK0Boii co o 6 ih,hocth . OfliiaKo, aiiTop ii,iitii- pyeT xoJibKo 0 flH0 (ciiHTaKcimecKoe) HBJieHiie, nopo/KflCHHoe B03fleflcTBHeM c y 6 cTpaTa, a iimchho iicn0Jib30BaHiie pofliiTCJibHoro naji,e>Ka ripn rjiarojiax c OTpHn,aHHeM2. H bho, h to 3 Jih npacJiaBHHCKoro, KaK h rjih MCTopHii OTflejib- h h x CJiaBHHCKHX h3hkob3 ,C . B . BepHinTeiiH h .npyrne yneiibie flonycKawT He3HaTiHTejibHoe B.niHHHe co CTopoHbi cyScTpaTa4.
BepoHTHo, BJiiiHHHe cyScipaTa Ha (fioìiemunecKyio (n fi oi io a o ;; uuecnyio) CHCTeMy CBH3aH0 ripejKfle Beerò c TeM, t t o HeKOTopHe ocoGemiocTH apTii- KyjiHi],HOHHOH 6a3H npo,nojr}KaioT coxpaHHTbGH y npeflCTaBHTeJieii n o 6 e>K,neH- Horo H3bIKa 11 MOryT, TaKIIM 06pa30M, npOHBJIHTbCH C TCHOHHeM BpeMeHH (b SoJibraeii hjih MeHbmeii cTeneHii) b n o 6 eflHBineM H3WKe. G ^ pyroii ctopohm nofloGHoe B03flciicTBiie oS^ncHHeTCH TeM, hto cneijHfJiHTCCKHe HcpTH npoii3- HonieiiiiH Jiernc Beerò BOcnpiiHiiMaioTCH Aa>Ke JiiOflbMH, HCBJiajieiomiiMH c o o t - BeTCTByH)H],HM H3HK0M5 .
1 O u ep K c p a e H u m e j ib H o u zpa .M M a.m uK U c jia e s iH c n u x a 3 U K o e , M o c K B a , 1961, CTp. 13.2 3 rry KoiicTpyKuino, a TaK/Ke TBopiiTejibHbiìi irpe;uiK ;iTHBiibiii b cnaBHHO-6ajmnì-
ck h x siaF.iKax T . Jlep-CnnaBHHCKHÌi paccMaTpuBaeT KaK B03«eiicTBHe co cxopoHH $ hh- C K oro cyScTpaTa. Cm. ero cTaTMo: Hoeaa non um na oceeufenuii npoòjieM u npoucxoM denua cjia ea n , « B o n p o c u H3UK03H3HHH», I, 1955, CTp. 155; ero » e , BaAm o-cjiaenHcnaii. u su k o - ean o6iu,Hocmb u npoÓAeMa amnozeHe3a cjiaenH, «B on p ocu cjiaBHHCKoro «aHKoanaHiiH», Bbin. 3, 1958, CTp. 13. ripoTMB B3rflflfla o bjihhhhh flpeBHenmero (fmiiCKoro cyScrpaTa HI B03HHKH0BeHlie TBOpiITe.Hi.HOrO npeflHKaTHBHOrO B CJiaBHHCKHX H 3H Kax BHCTyniIJI C. B . EEPHniTEHH, Teopum ejibH uù n a d e x e cjiaenncKux h 3 u k g x , M ocK B a , 1958, CTp. 23. Cm. TaKHie H . X . M B A H O B A , T eopu m ejibnaù npedu n a m u en u à nadenc e nojib- ckom x3UKe, «K paT K H e coo6iu,chhh HHCTHTjrra CjiaBHHOBeflenHH A k ;i/io m iih H a y K CCCP», T. 15, 1955, CTp. 72— 78.
3 3a HCKJilOHC'HHeM óojirapcK oro h MaKefloncKoro.4 Cm. cjioBa C. B . BepHniTeiiHa (ì/k. con., c ip . 14 ): «B HCTOpnii iipaciiaBiiiicKoro
HsuKa, a TaK/Ke h 6oji bimiHCTBa CJiaBHHCKHX hsukob cyScTpaT cymecTBeiiHoii pojin H e nrpa ji».
6 Cm. TaK/Ke A . M E H E , C p a e n u m eA b n u u Memod e ucmopunecKOM n3HK03H aHuu ( n e p e B O f l c (||)paHi;y3CKoro), M o c k b h , 1954, c ip . 68.
69
B <fionemimecKOM OTHOliieHHH b cjiaBHHCKiix H3biKax (11 fliiajieKTax) HMCIOTCH HCKOTOpHO HBJICHI1H, B03HIIKHUB0HI1G KOTOpblX M OM CHO oC'bHCHIlTbc noMoin,bio cy 6 cTpaTa.
TaK, n a n p ., iponanbe, xapaKTepHoc ajih SojibmiiHCTBa ccBepHOBejin- KOpyCCKHX, flJIH HOKOTOpblX K)>KHHX (pjl3aHCKHx) TOBOpOB, a TaK>KO flJIH COBepoGcJIOpyCCKHX1, oS'bHCHHJIÜCb HCKOTOpbIMII fI3bIKOBeflaMH KaK ÍIBJICHHC, B03HHKmee nofl BJiHHHHeM cyScTpaTa2.
B ojico apxaH^ecKHH Tiiri ijonaiiHH 3 T0 MHZKoe i^OKüHbe: i ’ aü, i ’auiKa, Ruerno, omei{’ , ip’ydo, doii’Ka, non’ , noMo.m’u, Kypuq’ a, Konei^’ 11 flp. Oho pacnpocTpaHOHO b ochobhom b BejiHKopyccKiix roB opax ceBepo-BOCTO11! - hoh EBponciicKoii nacTH CGCP3. Teepdoe i^oname (i^acmo, v¡ucmo, i^ydo, myna, nei{, nAeifo, noy, doipKa, i^opm, moai^u, nuipoeo; yjiuipa, yjiuu¡y, KOA’qo, i\eMÜ, omei{, Kypuif.a) íib jihctch xapaiíTopHbiM ajiji ceBepo-3anaA- h h x roBopoB pyccK oro H3UKa4.
K orfla B03HHKJIQ n;oKaHbe, TpyflHO CKa3 aTb5 . B o bchkom cJiynae s to OHOHb ApeBHee flHajiCKTHoe HBJieHHC, 3acBitfleTe.nhCTB0BaHH0e, Kan ii3bccth o , em e B HOBrOpOflCKIlX naMHTHIIKaX Ha^HHaH C X I B . 6
1 E. <I>. K a p c K i i i i OTMOHaa n a j i n m ie ij o k íih l h b c e s e p H iJ X n c e B e p o B o c T o q H b ix C o j io p y c c K H X r o B o p a x ( C m . e r o T p y « B eA op ycu , t . I , M o c k b u , 1 9 5 5 , c i p . 3 6 3 ) . Ü A iia K O , OH CHHTajI e r o HBJieHHCM, 3aiIM C TB 0B aiIH U M 113 COBepiIOpyCCKIIX TOBOpOB.
2 O CymHOCTH, pa3ÍIOIIIJ;!HOCTJlX, TeppHTOpHH pacnpOOTpaHeHHH II IlpOlICXOJKfleHIIH i;OKaiii,H cm. P. II. A B A H E C O B , O nepnu pyccKoü duaAenm oAozuu, m. 1, MocKBa, 1 9 4 9 , CTp. 1 2 3 — 1 2 4 h , oco6eim o, CTp. 1 3 1 — 1 3 5 ; II. C. K Y 3H E IJO B , P y c cn a n dua- jieKmOAoeua, H3fl. I I I , MocKBa, 1 9 6 0 , C T p .7 5 — 7 8 ; B . F. O PJIO BA, T u n a ynom peÓAeHua a ip ^ p u n a m n an pa3AUHum eAbHuü u p u a n a n p y ccn u x n a p o d u a x zoeopoe, «Bonpocbi íwmko- 3H8HHH», N» 1 , 1 9 5 7 , CTp. 3 — 1 7 ; ee Hte, H c m o p u a aficppunam e pyccKOM nabine e cea3u c o6pa3oeanueM p y ccn u x n a p o d u a x zoeopoe, MocKBa, 1 9 5 9 . Kan noKa3ajia M. <t>. CE M E - H O B A ( b cTaTbe IJ o noeody deyx iponemuHecmix neAem iü p y ccn u x u A a m u m cn u x zoeopoe J lam zaA e , «Rakstu krájums veltíjum s akadeinikim profesoram Dr. Jánim Endzelinam vina 8 5 dzives un 6 5 darba gadu a tce r e i», R iga ,' 1 9 5 9 , CTp. 5 9 5 — 6 0 3 ) , ijonaiibe BCTponaeTCH
/ h b BepxHejiaTumcKHX roBopax JlaTrajie. O pa3JiniHbix B onpocax, cBHsainiux c iiponc-xojKflemteM noKflnbH ii «p y rn x ceBepiioBejiiiKopyccKiix AiiajicKTin.ix ’ icpr cm. CTaTbio JI,. K . 3E JIE H M H A , O npoucxootcdeHuu ceeepn oee.iunopycoe BeAunozo H oezop od a , «^OKJiaflhi ii Coo6m,eimfi HHCTHTyra H.íhkoshíuihh AKafleMHH HayK CCCP», t . V I , 1 9 5 4 , CTp. 4 9 — 9 5 .
3 OTHOCHTOJibHO Honauba (n ’ acmo, n’ ucmo, n’ydo, iiAen’ o, non’ , nen , don'na, mojih’ u ; yAuv.'a, nypun’ a, neAuii, ornen', n'ena, uuifipa) iiyHtiio cna3aTb, 'ito iieKOTOpHe aBTopu CHHTaioT ero pasHOBiiíiiiocTbio MnrKoro iioKaiiba. Kan OTMcnacT npoiji. P . H . ABa- HecoB (yn. con., CTp. 1 3 1 ) , TBepfloe h BCTpeqaeTCH peflKO h Jiiniib b roBopax, r p a H H i a - mitx c SeJIOpyCCKIIM H3UK0M.
4 IlMeiOTCH II r o l l o piil, B KOTOpblX acjxjfjpiIKaTbl npOII3HOCHTCH nOilVMHrKO (k , íf),
a T a K w e r o B o p u , rfle n p 0 ii3 H 0 C H T n H . H e 06x 0f liiM 0 tmkwc o tm ct iit l c o c y m e c T B O B a m ie ABy x CHCTeM b o f l i m x ii Tex w e r o B o p a x : coBiiafleime a ^ p im a T ii n x pasJiHqeHHe. 3 to oó'i.HCHíieTCíi jiiioo B J in m n ie M JiiiTepaTypiioro íiabiita, jiii6o BHyTpeiiiniMii 3aKOiiaMH pa3BH TH H cooTBeTCTByioin,ero roBopa (C m . ii M em odunecnue ynazauuM n «11 pozpaM .ue coóupanuH ceedeuuü dAn cocm aeAenun JluaAeKinoAOzuHecnozo am A aca pyccnozo H3bixa» , M o c K B a , 1 9 5 7 , CTp. 1 0 ) . P a 3 J iii> iiiH e Biiflbi noKamai (nx iiOApo6m.ni aHajiH3 cm. b yn a - 3aiiiibix Tpy^ax B. T. OpnoBoñ) A . A . llIaxMaTOB cu rra « oaimaKOBO flpeBimMn.
5 O npOHCXOJKflOHIIH 3TOrO HBJieiIIIH CM. IIMJKC.6 Cm. iiaAeozpatpuuecnuü u AUHzeucmunecnuü ühüau3 Hoezopodcnux óepecmunbix
zpa.Hom, MocKBa, 1955, C T p . 94— 96 (cTaTbH P . II. ABaHecoBa); II. H. y E P H B IX , ífcm opunecnax zpaMMamuna pyccnozo a3una, H3A. I I , MocKBa, 1954, C T p. 315. PeHb
70
K an II3BCCTH0, A . A . IUaxMaTOB C M i i T a j i , m t o i j o K a H b e b o s h m k j i o b
f l o i i c T o p i i H e c K y i o a n o x y p a 3 B H T i iH p y c c K o r o H 3 H i< a n o p , B J iH H H n e M n o j i b c m i x
r o B o p o B , r f l e H a ß j i i o f l a c T C H 3 a M O H a n x i i n H m n x c b i i c t h i x ] , i i m i i ( s z > s \ z > z ; c z , t f y c ) 1 m i h H <e n o f l B 0 3 f l e i i c T B H e M ( 3 a n a f l i i o - ) 4 > i iH C K o r o c y ß c T p a T a . 0
<j)IIH CK O M IIO flO C H O B O n p ilM C H U T e J ÍB I IO K 3 T Ü M y n p o i^ O C C y B p y C C K O M H 3 H K 0
r o B o p i i J i i i B . H . M e p H b i r a c B n P . H . A ß a H e c o B 2 . Tanoro H ie B s r j i a f l a H a
npOHCXOHifleHHC H O K a H b H n p iI f le | ) /K H B a C T C fI B O C H O B H O M H B . B . ÜBaHOB3, K O T o p u H , o f l H a K o , n o f l M e p K i i B a e T (B C J ie f l 3 a P. M. A ß a H e c o B M M ) , m t o b A a H ~ H O M c J i y M a e f l o n o J n i H T e J i b i i o c J i c f l y c T c M i i T a T b c « h c t o m , m t o « b c h c t c m o
c a M o r o p y c c K o r o H 3 b iK a f tb iJ in o c h o b h ì j j i h e r o p a 3 B i i T i i H » 4 . E m e b ö o J i b i n e n
c T e n c H i i 3 T y K O H H ,e n u ;i i io p a 3 f l e j i H e T P . M. A ß a H e c o B . O h f l o n y c K a e T , m t o
H O K a H b e ( b e r o nepBOHanajibHOM, m h t k o m , B a p n a i i T e ) b o s h i i k j i o b a o h c t o -
p u H e c K y i o a n o x y y c j i o b c h i i K p i i B H M e i i n o f l b j i h h h h c m ( jm H C K o r o c y ö c T p a T a , H O MTO flJIH C M eiH O H U H a<j><J)pHKaT H3BeCTHI.K‘ n p C flH O C b lJ IK H H M O JIU C b B C ä M O H
C IIC T C M e K O IIC O H a H T H 3 M a p y C C K O r O H 3 b I K a .
HaoßopoT, G. B . BepHiiiTeim5 h B . A . CepeöpeHHUKOB8 CMHTaioT, MTO B03HHKH0BeHHC flOKaHbil HCJIb3H OÖlflCHllTb nOCpCßCTBOM <|)lIHH0-yr0p- CKoro cyßcTpaTa. TaK, B . A . CepeöpeHHiiKOB noKasbiBacT, mto, 3a hckjiio- MCHiieM ropnoMapmicKoro ii MopflOBCKoro, 6ojibmniicTBo <|>irHHO-yropcKHx H3HKOB ho oÖJiaflaioT (jiOHCMOH íf7 . KpoMe Toro, aHajins njjeflCJiaBHHCKoii TonoHiiMiiii Ha ceBepe CBHßCTejibCTByeT o tom, mto t3m HMeeTca h, a STO npoTHBopcMHT i;oKaHbio (cm. Tanne Ha3BaHHH nan lIyxjioM a, VejiMoxma, K u p n eu a , TI enem a, B unyza, H loxua ) 8 . IIpoTiiB o6t>hchohhh c noMoiu,bio
H^eT o flp e m ie p y ccK H x H najieK T ax (HOBropoflCKHX, ncKOBCKiix n c m o j i c h c k h x ) , o T p a - 5K<iK)iu,iix M e/Kfly npoH iiM ii cM e m e m ie if ii h \ M . A . C O K Ü J I O B A , O n e p n u n o u c m o p u n e - c k o ü ip n M M a m u K e p y c c n o e o x 3 U K a , HsflaTOJitc.TBO JleH H H rpaflC K oro YiiH nepcH TO Ta, 1 9 6 2 , CTp. 77— 78. IIp ii3 n a B , mto -rp y /m o on p efle jiH T b n p iiH im u , i io p o j im in ino 3 t o co B n a flo m ie a$(j>piiKaT, aB T op K H iira n e coraa inaeT C H o MiieHiioM A . A . IIIaXMaTOBa o b jih h h h h b flaHHOM c j i y i a e i i o j i i .c k o íí c p e a u (cm . CTp. 78).
1 PeH b h í j c t o Ma3ypeHuu; o 6 3 to m cm . iiiivkc. H o mitohm io A . A . IIIaxM aTOBa, HOKailbC B03HHKJI0 B V I I — V I I I BB. 3tO T npOIi;eCC npOHCXO^lM CJlCAyiOIHIIM 0 6 p a 3 0 M : « J Ih x ii 6 i>i.tu n o r jio iu o iii . i p y c c K o io b o jih o k ) , h o , cM euiaBniHCb c c e B cp H o p y ca M ii, orn i n e p c j(a ji i i hm HCKOTopue 3ByKOBhie 0C06eHH0CTii, Bhi3BaB M e w ^ y n p on iiM h cm oiiio iih o
c h » ( K eon p ocy o nojibcnoM eAunnuu n a dpem ep yccK u e eo eop u , « PyccKHH <I>HJi0Jl0rii- necKHH BeCTHMK», 1913, t . 69, N ! 1, CTp. 10. C m . T aK w e Ouepit dpeeneüuieio nepuoda u cm opu u pyccK oeo n3UKa, I l e T p o r p a ß , 1915, CTp. 318).
2 OuepKu duajienmoAOZuu pn3aHCK0Ü Meinepu. Onucanue odnoeo loeopa no menenum p. Ilpbi, «M a T e p n a jib i h HccneflOBaHHH n o p y c c K o ii s i ia j ie K T o jio n m » , t . I , M o c k b u — J leH H iirp a fl, 1949, CTp. 226— 230.
3 H p a m K u ü onepK u c m o p u n eca o ü (fionem iiKU p y c c n o io n a u n a , H3JI- I I . M ocK B a , 1961, CTp. 57; e r o w e , Pyccnue u a p o d u a e a o e o p u , M ocK B a , 1956, C T p. 28— 29.
4 Kpamnuü on e p K . . . , CTp. 57. C m . n a 3 t o i ï Hîe C T pairane n on biT K y aB T opa $ o h o - j io r ir a e c K ii o ß 'i .iic in rn ) ir p o n e c c , cn o co S cT iio B n u n in ii iiiiom n oM y b .h iih h h io .
5 CôopnuK omeemoe na eonpocbi no n3UK03Hanum (k IV MexdynapodHOMy Cbe3Ôy CAaeucmoe) , M o cK B a , 1958, CTp. 217 (b /la jib iie iim e M O m e em b i . . . ) .
6 O B3auModeücmeuu n3biKoe ( ITpo6Ae.ua c y ô c m p a m a ) , « B o n p o c M H3HK03HaHHH», JVs 1 , 1 9 5 5 , CTp. 8 .
7 B MapHHCKOM h MOPJIOBCKOM if pasB H jicH lia 6 o jie e C T a p oro h . C m . ifum. cm.. B . A . CepeôpeH H H K O B a, CTp. 8 .
8 T d m M e , CTp. 8 .
71
c y ö c T p a T a o c o ó c h h o n o f lp o Ö H O ü b i c T y n a e T B . T. OpjioBa b M 0 H 0 r p a < j)H ii , H O C B H m eH H O ii H C TO pH H a $ ( j) ] )H K a T B pyCCKOM fl.3I.IK e1 .
B . T . OpjioBa C H iiT a oT 2 , h t o M O H ifly b o c t o h h m m i i cJ ia B H H a M H 11 < jm H - H aM II TCCHblC CBH 3K yC T aH aB JIH B aiO T C fl TOJlbKO C X I B . , C H eM T p y flH O c o - r j ia c H T B C ii3 . B f l a m i o M c j i y n a e o H a n p H H H M a e T T y n m o T e 3 y , c o r j i a c H O K O T O p O li B (j)llH C K H X H 3 H K 3 X HCT flpeBHHX 3an M C T B O B aH H H H 3 pyCCKOrO ( a TOJlbKO M3 JIHTOBCKOrO H J ia T b lU IC K O l'o ) . I l0 3 flH H M H C H H T aeT B . T. O p J IO B a H 3aH M CTB O B aH H H H 3 <j)11HCKOrO B flp e B H C p y C K O M . Ilo e c M H OH HK), 3TO n p O M C - XOflllT T OJlbKO C X II B .4 H y > K H O , O flH a K O , CKa3aTb, HTO B HaCTOHIIl,Ce B p eM H M H O ra e C H H TaiO T , HTO BCe >KC K O H T aK T H 3T1I f lp C B H C e 5 .
B Bonpoce o npoiicxo>KfleHiiii HOKaHbH B. T. OpjioBa ö o j i e e n p a B ^ o - nofloÔHOH H a x o f l i iT rn n o T e 3y o BHyTpeHHeM, cnoHTaHHOM, xap aK T ep e a T o r o H B J ie H iif l . K a K - ö y ^ T o 3 t o H 3 M e H e H iie , H e 3 aB H C H iu ,ee o t (^ o H C T iiH e c K o r o h o j i o - j k c h h h . O /jH a K o , yK a3aH iie Ha t o , h t o HOKaHbe CBH3ano c H3MeHCHHeM K an e- C TBa a iJ x jjp H K a T , no H a m c M y m h c h h i o , h m c c t M e H b u iy io f l 0 K a 3 a T e j ib i i y i 0 C H J iy , HCM n o n u T K a o6T»H CH H Tb r c H G 3 H c f la H H o r o n p o i j e c c a n o c p t y jc T B O M ( } )M H H O -y r o p c K o r o c y ß c i p a i a . H 6 o b ir o c j je f lH C M c j i y n a e mm CTapacMca Bce >Ko n a i h n n p u H u n y cooTiicTCTiiviomero h b j i c h h h , nero H e jib 3 H yTBepîKflaTb n o OTHOUICHHK) K e r o B H y TpeHHeMy TOJiKOBaHiiK). Bo-nepBHX, CHHTaHCb c (| > ii3 iioJ iorH eM 3Byk o b penn, naM ö y f lC T T p y flH O flOKa3aTb ycJ iO B H H n e p e x o fla h ’ b if’ . Bo-BTopwx, c c H J ia H C b na t o , h t o b (J)O H eTH H ecK O ii c h c t c m c cJ ia B H H - c k h x H 3 H K 0 B H\\ i f HC 6 h j i h flo cT a T O H H o n p o T H B o n o c T a B J ie H H A p y r 3 p y r y 6 , HTO HBJIflJIIlCb, T3KHM 0 6 p a 3 0 M , CJiaßblM 3BeH0M, P . H . A ß a H e C O B CHIlTaCT, h t o h x c o B n a a e H n e c T a j i o b o s m o j k h h m TOJlbKO b p e 3 y j i b T a T e cM e m e H H H c H3HK0M (flHáJieKTOM), B KOTOpOM HMejiaCb OfflHa eflHHCTBeHIiaH aijxJpHKaTa. CjieflOBaTeJibHO, fla>KC ecjin floiiycTiiTb, h to u,OKanbe Bbi3BaH0 fleHCTBiiew BHyTpeHHHX 3äKOHOB p y cc K o ro H3biKa, Bce >Ke 6c3 yncTa (JiHHHo-yropcKoro cyöcT p aT a n o flo im u e h o h h t k h HHTepnpeTaijHH H ejib3fl npH3HaTb y^aHHbiMH.
y K a 3 b i B a a H a t o , h t o iiM e ioT C H h T a K n e 3 B y K O B b ie H 3 M e H e H iiH , n p H H H H u B03H H KH O BCH H H KOTOpbIX fla> K e B o 6 lU ,eË <J)OpMC H e M O ry T ÖBITb p a C K p b lT b l , B 3aKJIK>HCHHH TJiaBbl, nO CB ÍIti;CH H O Í[ n p O H C X O H ifleH H K ) 3T O rO H B J ie H H fl,B. T . O p j i o B a O T M e n a c T , h t o « i j o K a H t e B H C T y n a e T n e p e # H aM H K a u p e 3y j i b - T a T 3aM C H bi h ’ H a i f ’ n p n H a jiH H H ii B b i c o K o i i c T e n e H ii n a J ia T a jii i3 a u ,H H o 6 o h x 3TI1X 3ByKOB B JIK)6 oM nOJIOJKeHIIH B C JIO B e, H eSaB H C H M O OT 3aHITMaeMOrO (J io H e T H H e c K o ro n o jio > K e H H H h j i h n p i t h a 3 j i e >i ; h o c t h k o n p e ,n ;e jie H H b iM M o p $ e -
1 H cm opu a acßifipuKam e pyccKOM n3U ne e cen3u c oöpaaoeanueM pyccK u x Hapodnbix soeopoe, M ocK B a , 1959, CTp. 118— 140. Ee we, O eoanuKHoeenuu uh ohsuh hu x s.ieM eiimoe « cm pyK m ype ü3UKa, «^OKJiaflU ii Cooöihohuh HHCTHTyra fl3HK()3HaHH>i AKafleMHH Hayn CCCP», IX , 1956, cip . 83—84.
2 Rcmopun acßcßpuKam. .. , CTp. 134 h CJieA-3 Cm. Tai!>KO pencH.'iiiio B. H. JlHTKiraa Ha Monorpacfiino B. I\ OpjioBon, HAH,
OJIH, X X (1961), B H n. 1, CTp. 79— 8 6 .4 Cm. McmopuK acßcßpuKam... , CTp. 137. 6 0 6 9T0M CM. HH3KC.6 Tcm He MOHee B. T. OpjioBa H0Ka3HBacT (Hcmopua arßrßpuKam. .., cip . 139),
hto cnoHTaHHHe 3ByK0Bue n3MeHennH He 38bhcht ot $ 0H0Ji0niHecK0r0 npoTHBonocTaB- jieHHH (oojiee cjiaöoro hjih öojiee chjii.ho[’o).
72
MaM»1. «OflHaKo 3aMeHa 3 Ta iiMCJia m ccto hc bo bcox roB opax pyccK oro H 3H Ka...»2 .
l i o HameMy mhchhio , flJifi npojicxo}K,n,eHnH ijOKaHbH ropa3flo Jierne (n npaBflonoflofíHee) ,n;onycTiiTb B03fleñcTBiie co CTopoubi (yrpo-)({mHCKOro cyfícTpaTa. B noJib3y 3Toro npeflnojiO/KCHiiH roBopHT pasjinuiihie tjmKTbi, Ha KOTOpUX MH CMllTaOW Hy >KHbLM OCTaHOBHTbCH 3flCCb.
B nepByio onepeflb, HyjKflaoTCH b yTOMHeHHH Bonpoc o flpeBHei”ixuiix BocTOMnocjiaBHHo-(|)iiH:cKHX B3aiiMOOTHomeHHHX. IlGo pemeHHe npofíjieMu npoHcxoJKfleHHH n;oKaHbH 6y«eT 3aBHceTb 11 o t Toro, k KaKOMy nepuo^yOTHeCTH flpeBHeiíiriHO KOHTaKTH BOCTO'fHIiIX CJiaBHH C i I p 116 a JITI di C K O - ({) J l H - CKMMii njieMeHaMii. McTopiiHccKiie, ap x co jio rh icc kmc , 3THorpa<j>HHecKHe h MHCJIO JIHHrBHCTIlMeCKIie flaHHHe CBIIfleTeJIbCTByiOT O TOM, MTO 3TH KOHTaKTH ycTaHOBHJiHCb hc b X —X I bb ., KaK cHMTaeT B . T . OpjiOBa, a ropa3flo paHbme (npHMepHO c V II b b .)3. C flpyroii cTopoHbi, Taraic K pyim ue y«ie- Hbie Kan 9. H. Ccthjih, A . A . IIIaxMaTOB, H. KamiMa, A . H, Co6ojicbckhjí, ñ . P o3BaAOBCKHÜ, T . Jlep-CnjiaBHHCKHH, B . M . JImtkhh h flp . flonycKaJiH mto , B npil6aJITHÍÍCKO-<|)HHCKHX H3UKaX HMeiOTCH npaCJiaBHHCKHe 3aHMCTBOBaHIIH, a B CJiaBHHCKHX H3bllíax — JICKCHMeCKIie npa^HHCKIie 3aHMCTBOBaHHH4 .
KpOMe T oro, HMeiOTCH HCTOpiIHeCKHe CBHflCTCJIbCTBa 06 aCCHMHJIHIJHH $HHCKoro ajieMeHTa na TeppHTopHn apeBHeii Pycn. Thk, Ha TeppiiTopmi PoCTOBO-CyaflaJIbCKüii 3eMJIIl BOCTOHHHMH CJiaBHHaMII ÜMJIH aCCHMHJIH-
1 H c m o p u n affitfipuKam..., CTp. 140.2 Ta.u otee, CTp. 140.3 C m . n oflp o fín H H aH ajn i3 B ce x bthx aamn.ix b pen,eH 3im B . H. J I h t k h h » Ha
KHHry B . F. O p jio B o ii , IIA H , O JIfl, X X (1961), b h h . 1, CTp. 7 9 — 86. O HajiH’ iiin K OH TaKTa M ejK A y aana;i,H LiM H ( j i i i i H o - y r p a M i i i i o ia B H H a M H (n ep B O H a ’ia jib H O KpiiBiiwaM ii h cJioBenaM H , a no3)Ke h c B íiT ii'iaM ii) b V I — -VII b b ., n e/va into roB opH Ji O . II. (DHJIMH b CTaTbe 0 6 oópaaoeaH uu x3U K a eocmoHHbix cjiaenn, IIA H , OJIH, X X I (1962), BBin. 3, CTp. 213.
4 B M a m e p u a j ia x d u cnyccu u I V M e M d y H a p o d n o io cbe3Óa cjiaeucmoe, T. I I , M o c K B a , 1962 (b « a j ib n e n n ie M M a m e p u a j iu . . . ) , c r p . 448, B . H . JIhtkhh n m ire T , h t o «BepO H TH O ; ip e i i n e i i m i ie 3aiiM CTB0BaH H H H3 p y c c K o r o H 3H K a b n pii6ajiT H ÍicK O -<}> iiH C K H e n o n a j i H b V — V II b b ., T o r f la , K o r ^ a c jia B H iie n p oH iiK J iH b f i a c c c i n i 03. I ljib M C H b . 3 to no;iTiiep- jK^aioT 11 flaHiiwe apxeoJiorHii (cm. p a o o T U 3CTOHCKoro a p x e o a o r a M o o p a ) . B 3 tot w e n e p i i o f l 11 H a a r o ¿i w e T e p p H T O p im , bh/jhmo, 11 p o i i c x o ;u r r h B u p a S o T K a n o K a n b H b p y c- ck iix f l i ia j ie K T a x H o B r o p o f lC K o i i 3 eM J in , n p o H C x o fliiB in a H n e 6 e 3 bjihhiihh m ccthhx n p n - 6ajiTiiH CK O-(|)H H CKH x • (l ia jicK T o ii, b n e p B y io O H e p e flb , f li ia jie K T a jictoithchoh xJ y n n , k oto - p H Í i C u j í p a c n p o c T p a H e H k l o r y 11 r o r o - B o c T o n y o t k »kho-3ctoh iícb». l io B o n p o c y o ;ip ('B H eÍÍlIIH X CJiaBHHCKHX JICKCH'ieCKHX 3aiIM CTB0BaH H H X B (jjHHCKHX H 3U K 3X CM. CTaTbH)B . I íH IIA P C K O rO , O xpoHOAOzuu CAaeano-tpaHCKux jieKcunecKux om nom enuü, « S c a n d o - S l a v i c a » , IV , 1958, C T p. 127— 136. Cm. p e 3 K>Me CTaTbH b M a m e p u a . A a x . C T p. 427 — 429. Cm. TaKJKe JI. X A K y J IIIH E H , P a 3 e u m u e u c m p y n m y p a $u h ck o zo n3biKa, t . I I , JIeKcuKOjiozux u cu n m a K cu c (n e p e B O fl c ( J jn n c K o r o ) , M o c K B a , 1955, C T p. 4 9 — 50. O B 3 8H M - H bix 3aH M C T B 0B ailIIH X (H3 HpH6anTHMCKO-(f)IIHCKHX H 3H K 0B B flpeB H O pyC CK O M H OÓpaTIIO 113 f l p e B i i e p y c c K o r o b npH6ajrniHCKO-<í>HHCKOM) cm. JI. II. f lK y B H H C K H H , M cm op u n dpeenepyccKOso n3a.Ka, M o c K B a , 1953, C T p. 343— 346; II. ñ . M E P H B IX , O nepn pyccrtoü ucm opw iecKoü AencuKOAozuu. J(peeitepyccKuü nepu od , I ls jja T e jib C T B O M0CK0BCK0r0 V h h - BepcHTeTa, 1956, C T p . 155— 156 (Cm. C T p. 155: «<I>hhhh c A p e B i ie i im e r o BptsMOira HanajiH y cu jie H H O n e p eH H M a T b O T A e.'ii.iib ie c a o B a y p y c c K H X c j i a u a u h y c B a iiB a T b i x H 3 H K » ) .O |)HHCKHX 3aiIMCTB0BaHHHX B flpeBHepyCCKOM H-il.l KO CM. TaKJKe HO^aBlIlOlO CTaTbK) JX- H . IIIM EJIEBA, 3 auM cm eoeanua U3 npu.6aAmuücKO-tfiuHcitux a3biKoe e cm ap o p yccK u x n a M x m K u K a x nucbM eHHocm u, « B o n p o c u c jia B H H C K o ro H 3M K 03 H aiiH H », B b in . 5, M ockbb, 1961, CTp. 191— 199. O KOH TaK Te n p a c jia B H H 11 i ip a íJ a im io B cm. t b k ; k c B . 0 . E í p u i n c , M a m e p u a A b i. . . , C T p . 449.
73
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C p c A H c i i K a p c J i i i i i c ’ oÖ J ia fla cT m h h h m y m o m n n m n m e c T H , n p iiß ji i i jK a H C b k i f ’ » . B J iyroB O M H a p eH iin M a p m 'ic K o r o H 3H K a h m o io t c h r o B o p t i , 3H aio iu ,iie TOJIbKO C , IL rO B O p H , 3HaK)mue TOJIbKO C1 . B ManCIliiCKOM If H H HCT2 ; 3T11
3B yK H npOHIlKJIII T y fla BMeCTe C JieKCHMCCKHMH 3aHMCTB0BaHHHMH H3 p yC C K O - r o H3bIKa B CüBCTCKyH) 3 1 1 0 x y . B KOM11 if H H (a TaKJKÜ 0 ) 3ailM CTBOBaHbI, K a iî h b K a p e jib C K H X r o B o p a x , 113 p y c c K o r o 3 . B A peBH enepM C K O M h 3 h k o iiM oeTCH a 4 »$ p H K a T a n (11 h ’ ) , h o if (11 i f ’ ) O T c y r c T B y c T 4 .
H a K O H C U ,, HOMHMO IJOKaH bH , B pyC CK H X TOBOpaX IIM eiOTCH H A p y riIC 4)0H0TlIHeCKI10 OCOÔeHHOCTH, B03HIIKH0BCHIie KOTOpbIX MO>KHO IIOCTaBllTb b CBH3b c B 0 3 fle ä c T B H e M ( jn iH H o -y r o p c K o r o c y ô c T p a T a . 9 t o n c p e x o A j i b y (HJIII w ) , Jl >1, OTBepflCHHO M H rKIlX COrJiaCHHX , OTTHiKKa y^apC H H H Ha I iep B b lii c j i o r c J i o B a , n p o ii3 H o n iC H n e c o r j ia c H b ix c M C H b in o ii H a n p fl jK e im o c T b io p oM C B oro a n n a p a T a , n p o ii3 H o r a o H n e c ’ , 3 ’ KaK 3 B y K n , c p e f l i i i i o Me>Kfly c ’ , 3 ’ h m ’ , m c ’ ( c ” , 3 ” ) , T a n H a 3b iB a eM oe cJiaA K 0H3 biHHe h a P - B 3t o m o t h o - raeHHH H C T opiiH p y c c K o r o H3bii<a H a n o M im a e T HaM H C T o p m o o c g t h h c k o t o , flH a jieK T b i K O T o p o r o oT J in ia ioT C H f l p y r o t A p y r a to m h s j i c m c h t e m m , k o t o p u e B03HHKJIH n o/i, BJiHHHHOM K aB K a3C K 0T 0 c y ß c T p a x a , h o e x o / m i e n b y H a c j i e -
flOBaHHOM OÔmeupaHCKOM (|)OHAe5 .C jie A O B a T O J ib H O , b n o A T B e p /K A ß H n e r H n o T e 3 b i 0 b j i h h h h h $ H H C K o r o
c y ö c T p a T a H a b o s h i i k h o b o h h g u ,O K aH bH MO/KHO n p H B c c T H c a M b ie p a 3 i i o o 6 p a 3 - H blC flO B O flb l, B OTJIIlH Iie OT KOHHeiTHHH O BHyTpCHHOM , CIIOHTäHHOM e r o p a 3 B H T H H . B o BCHKOM C JiyH aC 3 T 0 riOCJIOflHOO ofrbH C H CH H C HC H M eCT K aK H X- JIm 6o UiaHCOB Ha A O C T O B O pH O C T b.
Cmoihohiio inHHHin,HX m cbhcthih,hx corjiacHbix b pyCCKHX roBopax HeJIb3H oSKHCHUTb HX c 6 jIH>KeHHCM C apTIIKyJIHIJHOHHOH TOHKH 3peHHH. GroJib >ko HonpaBHJibHOH ÔHJia 6 bi it tohaohijhh HCTOJiKOBaTb coBiiaflOHiic a$(J)pH K aT cch jik o ii Ha h x o 6 m;ee npoHcxo>KA6 HHe (KaK H3BecTH0, H C T o p n - HeCKIl h ’ H If’ HBJIHIOTCH KOMÖlIHaTOpiIblMH BapiiaHTäMH <j)OHOMbI k ’ ) . B flpOBHepyCCKOM H3bIKe niHnHIHIie 11 CBHCTHIH,Jie COCTaBJIHJIH CHCTOMy K oppe- jihiíhh no napHOCTH. CjieffOBaTeJibHO, Tpy^no flonycTiiTb, mto6 h ycTpaHe- Hiie n ap u %’ — if ’ nponcxofliu io 6 0 3 KaKoro 6 bi to hh 6 biJio bjihhhhh H3BH0. T o t 4>aKT, h to nepBOHa«iaJibHO %’ h if ’ He npoTiiBonocTaBJiHJincb ñ p yr APyry <i»0 H0 Ji0 riraecKH He MoæeT cJiyHUiTb npHHiiHoii h x no3AHeHinero coBiiafleiinH b 0 A110M 3ByKe. ,3,jih nac 6 oJiee BopoHTHbiM b AaHHOM cjiynae ocTaoTCH oß'bHCHCHHe c noMom,bio $HHHo-yropcKoro cyßcTpaTa6 . I I s to t
1 B r o p n o M u a p c n m HMeioTCH 0 6e a $$p H K aT bi ( c h c ) TB cp /ib ie .2 ÜIIH BCTpenaMTCH JIHUIb B OTflOJIMIUX MclHCHÜCKIlX CJIOBHX K3K pe3yJIbTai CJIHH-
h h h m il c, mb h cb: nyit,Ka (Knymcna «noflynma», myuam (< mymcmu) «mciho'K'K co mBeiiiHMH npHHafljiOKHOCTHMii». Cm. A. H. BAJlAHflHH 11 M. II. BAXPyUIEBA, MaucuücKuû H3UK (yHcfinoc nocoôue fljiH noflarornliecKiix yinuiiiin), JIomiHrpa«, 1957, CTp. 25.
3 Cm . f l . B . B y B P H X , rp a M M a m u K a j iu m e p a m y p n o io k om u a3U K a, J leH H H rpafl, 1949, CTp. 8 ; A. A. BEJIflKOB, f l3 U K o e u e n eA en u n , on p ed eA su oin u e e p a n u i fu d u a jieK - moe u eo e o p o a napejibC K oeo h3mk.ii e KapejibCKOÜ ACC P, «IIpii6 ajiTHÌicKO-(j)HHCKOe iiabiKO- 3HaHne», IleiposaBO/icK, 1958, CTp. 60.
4 C m . B. H. JIBITKHH, ffpeeuenepMCKuú h3uk, M o cK B a , 1952, CTp. 95 (n e p e - HHCJieHHe h TafijiM na c h c t c m l i c o r n a c H u x (J)oneM jip cB iie iiep M C K oro ).
5 06 oceTHHCKOM cm. B. H. ABAEB, yna.3 . cou., CTp. 122.6 B c jie f l 3 a ü . f l . H E P H B I X (M cm opun ecn at1 zpaM M am una pyccnozo ä3Wkö,
H3Ö. II, M ocK B a , 1954, c r p . 143), M. ® . CcMeHOBa CMiuaeT (yn . c m ., CTp. 603), h t o
75
(jjaKT H eH 3 0 J iiip oB a H H b iii. I 'I ß o , KaK n o flH e p K H B a jio cB BLime, b p y c c K H x roßopax HMeioTCH 11 f l p y r n e <|)OHeTHHecKHe ocoßeHHocTH, flonycKaiomne BJiHHHMe co c T op oH B i (J iiiH H O -y r o p cK o r o c y ß c T p a T a . A i io m h m o h h c t o J iiiH r- BHCTHHeCKHX fla H H U X , B n O JIb3y nOflOÖHOrO HBJIGHHH rO B O pflT TaKJKC HCTO- piiHecKiie, apxeoflorinecKHe i i 9THorpai|)HHecKHe flamme1.
CTOJIb JKC CIIOpHbIM, KaK II IJOKaHbe, HBJIHeTCH II Bonpoc O npOIICXO/Kße- HHii uoJibCKoro Ma3ypemin (nepexofl z, c, s, dz, b z,c,s,dz: zaba «zaba», zona « zona », cekac « czekac >', sary « szary », jezdzp «jezdze » h t . fl.). KaK ii3BecTHo, 3to miipoKO pacnpocTpaHeHHoe flnaneKTHoe HBJiemie: BCTpeqaeTCH oiio b Ma30Bme, Majionojibnie h Macra CiiJie3iin2.
,I1,jih oo'bHCHeHHH Ma3ypeiiHH paiibino ccbuiajnicb Ha (JiiiHHO-yropcKirii cyßcTpax, a nocjie Ha ßaJiTiriicKHH (npyccKirii hjih npyccKo-JiHTOBCKMii)3. ripaBfla, HMejiHCb (h hmoiotch h b HacTOHHi.ee Bpeivia) npiiBep/KeHU,bi $ 0110- jioriraecKoro oßMCHeHiia flaHHoro HBjieroiH4.
HOKam.e 11 c x o a n u o h b jic h i ih B 0 3 h h k jiii b p e lm paaiiL ix iijieM en , h o T ep p iiT O p n a jn .iio CMejKHHX (3 to npHGajiTHHCKiie caaBH H e, h o j ih k i i , G e n o p y c H , jia -rra jibC K an , ceB epH O - p y c c K a n , < :p e ;jn e p y c c K n « , h b c t o t h o TSKHte lO H ffiopycC K aa 11 cjmiiCKaH 3eM.11h ) . J lo ee MHeHHK), noK aH L e, fl3eK aH bo, H eK aiihe, cM ein em ie c b iic th ih ,h x c , 3, c h ih iih iu h m h u i , ok CBIIfleTejIbCTByeT 06 OTOHb ^pCBIIIIX H3HK0BbIX B3aHM00TH0IHeHIIflX n a 3T0H TeppiITOpHH. « 3 t h B3aHMOOTHOHiennH yK a3biBaioT — n o cjioB aM M . O . CeMeHOBOH — Ha TecH yio CBH3b naceJienH H ii<“in p a ;i i ,H o ii 11 ceBepo-BOCTOHnoft T e p p iiT o p iin E B p o n w : 3ana#H H X 11 BOCTOHHHX C.’ taBHU, GajITOB II <|)HHHOB, a He TOJIbKO npilOajITHÜCKHX CJiaBHH (jiyHUmJiaH KyjibTypa) c npiiG ajiT im cK H M ii (JmmiaMH» (yum. cm., CTp. 603).
1 O B JiH H H iiii 3 a n a ;m o c { ) iiH C K o r o c y G c T p a T a (b H3Hkobom ii 3THO-KyjibTypHOM n a a H e) Ha aaTiimcKiifi h pyccK H H h o HeoGxoflHMocTii H3jmeHHH a i o r o B03fleiic'rBim roBopnJi ne;(aBHO j i h t o b c k i i h jiimrBHCT A. CAliAJJHYCKAC. Cm. « B o n p o c u H3hiK03iia- hhh», N° 6, 1962, CTp. 147, r^e aBTop nnnieT: «cDiihckhh cyöcTpaT e«Ba mo/Kot Gliti. ocnapraaeM H e t q j i l k o b K y p 3e M e , h o i i b ^pymx nacTHX TeppHTopim JlaTBim, a Tan*e ii b ripiijieraiomax pyccKiix paiioHax».
2 0 npoiicxoJK«eHiiH, paaBiiTiin 11 pacnpocTpaiieniiii Ma3ypeniiH cm. S. DOBRZYCKI, Ü tzw. mazurowaniu w jizyku polskim, « Rozprawy wydz. Filolog. PAU », X X X I1, 1908; A. M. CEJIIHIJEB, CoKaHbe u uionanbe e cAaesmcKux H3bmax, « Slavia», X , 1931, 4, CTp. 718—748; ero ¡Ke, CAaesmcme n3um3Ha.Hue ,t. I. 3 anadHOCAaeaHCKue x3btKu, MocKBa, 1941, CTp. 329—331; T. MILEW’SKI, Stosunki jgzykowe polsko-pruskie, «Slavia Occidentalis», XVIII, 1947; S. ROSPOND, Palatalizacija, dyspalatalizacija a tzw. mazurzenie, «Biuletyn Polskiego Towarzystwa J^zykoznawczego», X III, 1947, CTp. 21—50; W. TASZYCKI, Nowy argument za pöznoscig mazurzenia, tbm » e , CTp. 51—56; ero >Ke, Dawnosc tzw. mazurzenia w jfzyku polskim, Warszawa, 1948; ero we, Kilka uwag o chronologii mazurzenia, « Poradnik J?zykowy », 1953, 5, CTp. 19—22; ST. URBANCZYK, Gwary polskie na substracie staropruskim, « Ksifga pamiijtkowa 75-lecia Towarzystwa Naukowego w Toruniu », Torun, 1952; T. BRAJERSKI, Jak moglo powstac polskie mazurzenie, «Biuletyn Polskiego Towarzystwa J?zykoznawczego», XIII, CTp. 1—7; J. KURYLOWICZ, Uwagi o mazurzeniu, TaM * e , cip . 9—19; H. KONECZNA, Co to jest mazurzenie, « Poradnik j^zykowy », 9, 1953, CTp. 1—17; ee ;kc, W sprawie mazurzenia, TaM ate, 3, 1954, CTp. 24—29; K. NITSCH, O wzajemnym stosunku gwar ludowychi jfzyka literackiego, « Wybör pism polonistycznych », t. I, Wroclaw, 1954, crp. 193—195; ZI). STIEBER, Rozwöj fonologiczny jfzyka polskiego, wyd. II, Warszawa, 1958, CTp. 6411 cjie«.
3 A. M. CejinmeB CHHTaji, wto Maaypcmie bo3hiikjio n o f l BJiHHHHeM npyccKO-jiHTOB- CKiix r o B o p o B , a b nocaeflniie o h o npoHHKJio 113 penn 3anaflHUX 4>iihhob (Peqi, ii^eT 0 nepexo^e iipyccKO-jiiiTOBCKH.x it/ieMeii k nojibCKOMy H3biKy).
4 IIocaeflHioK) nonHTKy cm. y HB. JIEKOBA, H u c o k u e pa3eoa na tßonoAozuHHume cucme.uu n a C A aeuH C K um e e3ui\u, CocjjiiH, 1960, CTp. 73. PaHbme TaK o 6t> h ch h ji 9 t o t npoi;ecc W. WE^GLARZ. Cm. ero paG oT y Problema tzw. mazurzenia w swietle fonologii, «Slavia», X V , 1938, 4, CTp. 517—524.
76
Ilo MHeHHH) HCKOTOpMX H3bIKOBeflOB (A . A . ILIaXMaTOBa, A . M. CeJIH- in,eBa, f l . K . 3ejieHima) cymecTByeT onpeflejieHiiaa cbh3b Me>K^y ijoKaHbeM H MasypoHiieM1 .
Bbinie MH yme roBopiiJin o tom , mto Ma3ypeHHe moìkho oßtHCHMTbBJXIIflHHOM IipyCCKO-JIlITOBCKIIX TOBOpOB, XOTH HC BCe COeipiajIHCTbl COrJiaCHblc nofloßnofi HHTepnpeTau,iieH.
HecMOTpa Ha nonHTKii <J)0H0Ji0rH*iecK0r0 TOJiKOBaHHH otoh flHajieK-THoii HOJIbCKOIÌ OCOÖCHHOCTII, BCG JKP 6oJiee npaB A O nO flO ^H O n npeaCTaBJIHCTCHranoTe3a o bo3hhkhobghhh Ma3ypeHHH nofl B03flexiCTBHeM öajiTHiicKoro cyöcTpaTa. B KanccTBc flOKasaTCJibCTBa movkho npHBecra CJieflyrommi $aKT. Penb « a c t 0 6 onpeflOJieHim MecTa Toro H3biKa, KOTopuH npe/jcTaBJiHJi nepo- xoflHyio CTyncHb o t ÖajiTHiicKoro k cJiaBHHCKiiM. PaHbnie c th tb j ih , ^ito 3thm H3HKOM 6 h ji flpcBHerrpyccKHii. He^aBHo npoi|). Hh OtpeMÖCKiiH noKa3aJi, HTO TaKyiO pojlb BbinOJIHHJI HTBH>KCKI1 H2. Ilo MHeHHK) nOJIBCKOrO H3I>IKOBe^a, HTBH5KCKHH CTOIIT 6 jIH>Ke K npyCCKOMy, XI(!M K JIHTOBCKOMy H JiaTHIDCKOMy3 . B o 6 jiacTH K0HC0HaHTH3Ma JIHTOBCKHO fluajicKTbi, pa3BiiBinnecH Ha npejKHeñ TeppHTopHH HTBHi’OB BM0CTO oöin,e6 aJiTiicKiix s, z IIMOIOT s , z (KaK B flpeBHcnpyc- ckom ). OTCiofla CMemeHne stiix 3ByK0B. H . OrpeMÖCKHii npeflnoJiaraeT, mto «HTBHTH BCIOfly npOH3HOCHJIH S, Z 11 C, dz (< tj, dj) , a BnOCJieACTBHH, KOrfla OHH CTajIH JIIITOBIi;aMH, HO yCBOHJIll nOilHOCTbH) S, I M C, ¿2». 0 6 3T0M CBIlfle- TeJibCTByioT it flaiiHbie tohohhm hkh4 . yKa3biBan Ha Gójibinyio 6jiK30CTb H3bIKa HTBHTOB C JIHTOBCKHM, H . OTpCMÖCKHH OCTaHaBJIIIBaeTCH H Ha CXOfl- cTBax, HaßjiioflaeMbix Me>Kp,y htbh>kckiim h nojibCKHM. T aii, H anp., b h tb h - JKCKOM, nOJIbCKOM H JIHTOBCKHX JpiaJieKTaX flSyKOB HM6I0 TCH S, Z < S, £ < H-e. k\ g' H c, dz (c, dz) < *tj, *dj.
M s b c c t h o , h t o b X I I — X IV b b . ^peBHcnpyccKiiii H a x o f l i i j i c j i nop; CHJIbHbIM BJIHHHHeM nOJIbCKOrO H3LIKa H nOJIbCKOII KyjIbTypbl. Ho MOrKHO rO BO pH Tb H 0 BJIHHHHH HTBHTOB H a nOJIbCKIIH. TaK CJieflyCT OÖlHCHIiTb, c o r j ia c H O H . O T poM Ö C K O M y, it n oJ ib C K oe M a 3 y p e H iie , c hom HCJib3H n e c o r j i a - CIlTbCH5 . M 3T0T (|)aKT HO H 30JIIip0B aH B nOJIbCKOM : TaM II COXpaH CHIie
! C m ., 03,HaK0 . B . T . OpjiOBa, Ucmopua a<p$>puKam.. CTp. 120.2 Cm. . J . O T R ÍJ B S K I , Gramatyka jezyka litewskiego, t. I. Wiadomosci wstepne.
Nauka o formach, W a rsza w a , 1958, CTp. 4 2 — 4 3 ; e ro 5Ke, Zagadnienie Galindów, o t a .O tt. 113 « S t u d ia h is tó r ica w 3 5 -lec ie p ra cy n a u k ow ej H en ry k a t o w m ia n s k ie g o », CTp.3 7 — 41 . K . B U G A , Kalbu mokslas bei musu senovè, « R in k t in ia i ras tai », I . V iln iu s, 1958,CTp. 4 0 8 — 410.
3 Jì3UK nmenioe, «B o n p o c w cjia itíiiicK oro H3biK03HaHHH», s a n . 5 , M ocKBa, 1961,CTp. 3 .
4 C m . n p i iM e p b i y f l . Ü T p e M Ö C K o ro , f l3 U K a m e m o s , C T p . 3 — 6 .6 I lo 9TOMy HOBOfly n p o 4 ) . H . OTpeMocKiiii rn im eT ( ì j k . cm., CTp. 7 ) : «M h He b
COCTOHHHH CBHHaC CKa3aTb, KaK OTpa3HJIOCb 3T0 COHÍHTejIbCTBO Ha 33MK0 flTBHl’OI! HO o ö p a iiio e Bjiiifnnie H3HKa h tb h to b Ha fl3HK iio ìibckhh 6h jio noncTim e iiejiiiKO. Hmoiuio b po3yjn.TaTe m o ro bjih h h h h n p o ii3om jio p a cu ien e im e nojtbCKoii h 3h k o b o h TeppHTopim Ha «Be nacTii : BOCTomyio 11 aanaflH yio. TeppHTopneñ h tb a jk c k o to b jih hh hh CTajra Haxo- AííinaHCH no coce,ncTBy BOCTO'inan I lo jib in a , b cocTaB KOTopoii b x o ah jih oönacT b Ma30Bnie (M azow sze) h M ajian I lo jib m a (M alopolska). Hmchho b btoh lacTH Ilo jib n ra B0306jia;ia ii0 ^OHeTOTecKoe H B jiem e, c to jib xapaK Tepnoe ^jih H3HKa HTBHroB, T .e . npoH3HomeHiie corjracHUX s, 2, c (h zdz) BMecTO S, z , 6 (h zdz H3 zdj) ». CjieROBaTejibHO, aBTop He coMHeBaeTCH b tom , h to noJibCKoe Ma3ypeHne bo3hh kjio no,T BjiiiHHHeM h tb h h ìck o to H3bIKd.
77 '
h o co b h x raacHbix (npeTepneßmHX, oflHaKo, ii3BecTHBie H3MCHeHHfl) moh>ho oö ’BHCHHTb B03fl,eöcTBneM 6 aJiTiiäcKoro cyöcxpaT a . B nojiB3y m noT e3 Bi o cyßcTpaTHOM npoiicxowAeHHH Ma3ypoHiin roBopiiT h Hajiinmc b Ma30Bme ÖaJITHHCKOH TOnOHHMHKH II OHOMaCTIIKH .
Bio MHeHHio A . M . CejiHia,OBa1, noJibCKoe Ma3 ypeHne aojijkho öbitb noCTaBJICHC) B CBH3b CO CXOAHbIMII HBJieHHHMH B CepßoXOpBaTCKOM, n o jiaö - ckom 2, HH>HHejiy>KHii;KOM ii pyccKOM3. Bes Ae miinjnuMe omjih h litcchchh CBIICTHIU,I1MH nofl BJIHHHMeM T3KIIX H3BIKOB, B <|)OHeTIlHeCKOÖ CHCTCMe KOTO-p u x He öh jio a<j)(j)pHKaT c, i hjiii &.
^ a jK e ecJiH npiiH iiTB To^K y speH iiH , OTCTaiiBaoMyio I I . H. ^IcpHBix n B OCOÖeHHOCTH M . <t>. CeMCHOBOH4, COI’JiaCHü KOTOpBIM IJOKaHbe, Ma3ypeHHe11 HOflOÖHbie flBJieHIIJI B03HHKJIH B pa3HBIX, HO TeppilTOpiiajIbHO cm cjkhhx H3bIKaX, TO IiyjKHO BCC JKO AOnyCTHTB, HTO HCTOHHHK ÖblJI OAIIII. BeAB H B cJiynae h3hkobbix C0I030B HaAO CHiiTaTBCH c Ten, h to H0B0oßpa3OBaHiiH B03HiiKai0T Bce * e Ha H3BecTnoii (oahoh ) orpaHiraeHHOH TeppiiTopiin, o t - KyAa b AaJiBHeiimeM h pacnpocTpaniiioTCH (ecjni to jibk o HaxoAHT ß jiaro- npiiHTHyio noHBy).
PaccMaTpimaH Bonpoc o pojin cyöcTpaTa b (|)0 HeTrpiecK0 n cncTOMe CJiaBHHCKHX H3HK0B, HCOÖXOAHMO CKa3aTB HeCKOJIbKO CJIOB 0 TeopiIH B . BpeHflaJiH o naJiiraiH b mchickom cjicaob KejibTCKoro B03AeiicTBim5.
U p en d e Bcero, CJieAyeT noAnepKHyTb HecocTOHTCJibHOCTb KOHU,enu,iiii AaTCKoro JiiiHrsucTa, coraacHO KOTopofi k cjib tck hh cyßcTpaT 0Ka3aJi BJIIlHHIie na 6 0 JIBHII1HCTB0 H3HK0B EBpoiIhi: He TOJIBKO Ha pOMaHCKIie 11
repMaHCKHe h 3h k h , ho m na ajiöaHCKiiü, rpeHecKiiii 11 t . a - ü o ero smeHiuo, b neiucKOM TaK>ne HMeioTCH HCKOTopbie cneu,ii$iitiecKiic o co ö ch h o ctii, ne BCTpeHaK»m,Hecfl b APi'rux cjiaBjiHCKiix H3HKax, nepTbi, B03HiiKmne iioa B03AeficTBneM KCJibTCKoro aJieMeHTa. 9 to Au<i>T0Hrii3aijiiH 3aKpbiTbix raacHbix ü > ou > a u ;l > *ej >aj , KOTopaa He Morjia npoii3ofiTii noA BJiiiHiiiieM homci;- Koro HSbiKa. JJjih nee B . BpeHAajib HaxoAHT cooTBeTCTBHH b roJuiaHACKon ii aHTJIHHCKOM, TAe TaKJKe B03HIIKJI0 nOA KeJIbTCKHM B03AGHCTBIieM. OAHaKO, oöi>HCHeHiie 3Toro HBJicHiiH Hejib3H iicKaTb b cyöcTpaTe. B o o 6 in,e A-1! « TOIHCKO- ro xapaKTepHa A1I$ T0 HrH3 aiInH Bcex AOJinix (ho TOJibKO 3aKpbiTbix) r jia c - h h x . 3 t o HBJieHHe He c to iit o co ö o , t . k . y hokotopbix rjiacHbix oho naßjiio- AaeTCH ii b A Pyrax CJiaBHHCKiix H3HKax (üojibckom , cepßcKOM, pyccKOM h ynpaiiHCKOM)8.
1 CjiaeaHCKoe H3HK03HaHue, CTp. 331.2 B nojiaßc.KOM corjiacHbie c, S, z öhjih :i<iMeneiiw c, s, z nofl BJiiiHHiieM hhjkiic-
CAKCOHCKoro fliiajieKTa h c m c u k o i ’O H3MKa. 06 3 to m cm . A. M. /'cjiiíiucb, i um. con., CTp. 431. 0 Ma3ypeHiiH b noaaöcKOM cm . T. LEHR-SPLAWINSKI, O « rnazurzemu » w ifzyku polabskim, «S la v ia Occidentalis », IX , 1930, c ip . 354—355.
3 yiiO TpcG .’ie n n c c b i i c t h i i ; i ix BMecTO in im n iu n x b p y c c K i ix r o B o p a x C n 6 n p ii m o jk o t ÖHTb HKVTCKOii HepTOH. C m . II f l . K . SejieH H H , IJK. COI., C T p. 58.
4 C m . B H ine B o n p o c o n p on èxo îK fleH iiH n o K a n tH .5 V. BR0NDAL, Substrat et emprunt en roman et en germanique. Étude sur l’histoire
des sons et des mots, Copenhague — Bucureçti, 1948, CTp. 129.6 Cm. h A . P. Û IM POKOBA, V em cnuü aabiK, MocKBa, 1961, CTp. 80. O th och -
Tejibiio nepexofla a > è > e b tobickom , iip o$ . IIb. JleKOB rOBOpiiT (yn . coh. , CTp. 64 ),hto oninôo'iiio 6i.uio 6h ncKaTb ero ripuraiiM b qy>K;;oM bjihhhhh; ho h oo'f.aciieiiiieC IIOMOmbIO BliyTpeHHHX 3aK 0H 0B p83BHTIIH H 3 H K a TOÎKe HeyflOBJieTBOpilTejIbHO. B flan-hom cjiynae aBTop roBopiiT o CHHrapMOHH3Me h ^onycKacT cbh.-îi, a ioro îib.’iciiiui c aHa-
* 78
f lp y r o f i CJIOJKHHÜ B ü n p o c , OKOHHaTl'JlbHO HßBblflCHl'HHblH, B ofwiaCTH (JlOHeTIIKII CJiaBHHCKHX H3HKOB 3TO BOnpOC O ripii'IHHaX B03HllKH0BeHHH ananbH1 . IIo cpaB H em iio c oKanbeM, aKaH be cHiiTaeTcn 6o.nee iiobhhhm HBJieHHCM2 . Oho ß y ^ T o 6 u He bo3 hiikjio paH ee Hana.na X I I b. 0(5 3 Tom c b ii- fleTeJIbCTByiOT, n o MHeHHH) HCKOTOpUX aBTOpOB, II flaHHMl! COBpc'MOHHWX p y c c K u x roB op oB 3 . C jiefl0BaTejibH0 , x o t h A . A . IüaxM aTO B h npnßep/KH BajiCH B3rjiHfla o B03HHKH0BCHHH aKaHbH b floiicTopiPiecKyK) s n o x y (b 3 n o x y cymecTBOBaHHH «BOCTOHHO-pyccKoro HapeniiH»)4, bcc >ko y n ac HeT och o - Bam iH n pniiH caT b iiohbjich jic ßaH H oro (JioHCTHqecKoro n p ou ,ecca B 03fleii- CTBiiH) MCCTHoro c y ß c T p a i a . B cbhsh c tom , mto ocJiaß.TicHiie 6e3yflapHbix rjiacH bix xa p a K T cp n o hc TOJibKO flJin p ycc-K oro , ö o jio p y c c K o r o h cjiobch - CKOrO, HO H flJlH ÖOJirapCKHX roBopoB, a TaK/Ke flJIH HCKOTOpblX BOCTOHHO- eB ponciicK H X h s h k o b (H a n p ., fl/in M opflO BC Koro), no-BHfliiMOMy CJieflyeT CTIHTaTbCH C TOHKOH 3peHHH I I . f l . 4 c p ili ,IX , MTO « B flaHHOM CJiyxiaO MH HMeeM flCJio co cxo^hmmh n e p ejKHBaHHHmii b pa3jiiiqjn>ix poflCTBeHHHX h HepOACTBOHHblX HO npOHCXO/KflOHHK), HO TCp pilTOpiiaJIbHO CMPJKHHX 3THH1PC- k h x r p y n n a x » 5 .
B oTJiHMHe o t 4 )o h c th k h , npH M oe BoafleficTBHe cyßcT p aT a Ha .uoptfiojto- zunecK ym cTpyKTypy H3HKa BCTpenaeTCH h ck jiioh h tcjif>h o p e ^ n o . 3aT0 b cuiim aKcuce (naK h b iiflHOMaTiiKe) Taitoc BJiiiHHue 0Ka3MBaeTCH ßoJiee Om yTHM H M .
T a n , nocTiio3H TiiBH aa nacT iina -m o, -ma m t . f l . , xa p aK T op H a« ^jih HOKOTOpblX pyCCKlIX TOBOpOB H OTJIKTOIOmaflCH OT apTHKJIH, HanOMHHaPT
JIGrUHHUM JlpOHeCCOM, H3B0CTllbIM <j>HIIH0- y r 0pCKllM 11 TKjpKCKHM M:tbIKUM. A p Y 1' V1,1iTH TepnpeTau,H K ) c m . y M . K O M A ftE K , I l i s t o r i c k ä m l u v m c e c e s k ä , I. H l ä s k o s l o v ä , P rah a , 1958, C T p. 52. l l e p e x o , i ( a > e (rrp ii i i 3B e e fH H X y c jJ O B H flx ) HMeeTCH b p y c c K u x rO B O p u x (c m . B . F . O P J IÜ B A , P a 3p a 6 o m n a u c m o p u u e c K o ü (ß o n e m u K u p y c c n o z o anbinn 110 daH H biM d u a j i e K m o s . «C n a B H H C K a a (fiii.io .’ iü r H H » , t . I , M o c K B a , 1958, C T p . 179— 180), a TaKJKO b j i i i t o b c k o m f l3t iK 6 ( c m . J . O tr^ bsk i, G r a m a ty k a j e z y k a l i t e w s k i e g o , I, C T p . 215— 219).
1 C m . i i yT B op w ^ eH H O B. B. HBAHOBA, K p a m n u ü o n e p n u c m o p u n e c K o ü (fio n em u K u p y c c K o z o a 3U K a , H3fl. II, MocKBa, 1961, CTp. 107.
2 Cm. ü . C. Ky3HEU,OB, P y c c n a a duaAenmoAozua, H3fl. III, M o c K B a , 1960, C T p. 55.
3 Cm. ii B. B. I lB a i io B , y n . com .., CTp. 100 n cjiefl.4 Cm. B e e d e n u e e r ty p e u e m o p u u p y c c n o e o a 3birta , h . 1, lleTporpa^;, 1915, CTp. 107.
0 6 aKaHbe b cJiOBeHCKOM Hsuue cm. A. A. IHAXMATOB, P y c c n o e u c A o e e n c K o e a n a H b e , «PyccK iiii (PiiJiojiorii'iecKHH BecTHHK», t . 48, 1902, CTp. 1— 91. B cjtoiiencKoii aKaHbe HBJiHeTca i io c j i c ^ c t b h c m aKcmipaTopHoro y,napeiiiiH. H b 60JirapcK0M o h o 3aBiicHT o t yflapcHi.'ü. Cm. JI. M IU IE T H 4 , D a s O s tb u lg a r i s c h e , W ien , 1903, CTp. 216: o (nepc.i yflapemieM) > a (nöjiypeflyijHpOBaHHHii 3ByK) > a. Cm. ii flpyn ie ero pa6oiH : Die R h o d o p e m u n d a r t e n d e r b u l g a r i s c h e n S p r a c h e n , W ien, 1912, CTp. 115— 119; « A n a n u e » u n ’bA H O S A acu e» e i t e n m p a A H u a p o d o n e n u z o e o p , «MaKeffoncKii nperaefi;», X I , 1936, k h . 1ii 2, CTp. 2 6 — 30. BepoHTiio, aKante oxBaTbiBaeT 6oaee oöiintpHyio TeppiiTopnio öo.nrap- ckhx roBopoB. Cm. J I. MiuieTira, « Ä K a n u e » . . . , CTp. 2 7 — 30. II,. MJIAflEHOB, Anane u M a u e 3 a n a d n u m e ö t A e a p c n u z o e o p u , «E 311K 11 JiiiTepaTypa», X V I , 1961, K H . 2, CTp. 62. B 6ojirapcKHX r o B o p a x n e p e x o A H T b a TOJibKO t o 0 , K O T o p o e H axoflH T C H b iipe^y^apnoM cjiore : z a d ü n a , p a d n ü n a , m o m A , e a d d , z ü a h m , r n a e d , n a .6 a.1e A , a m u m e .i , d a m u d a u e c e u i 11 T . f l .
5 y « . com.., CTp. 136. KaK noKa3aa C. B . BepHnrreifri ( O m e e m u . . . , CTp. 218), a K a H b e , cB o iicT B e H H o e 6 o n r a p c K i iM r o B o p a M , H e M oateT 6 h t l o 6 tH C H e iio c n oM om ,b K ) c y 6 c T p a T a . 9 t o ü iä jie m ie cB H 3 aHO c n ep eH O C oM y / ia p e n i iH . B M aK e^O H C K iix r o B o p a x , r ^ e no^oöiibix H3 M e H e im ii H eT , HeT 11 a n a H ba (m a M x c e ) .
79
n o c c e c c i i B H H Ü cy < j)( j) i iK c T p c T b e r o J i in ja H 3 b iK 0 B w a p i i 11 k o m h , r / j e B b iiioJ iH H eT (J ja K T H H ecK ii H e n p H T H H ia T C J ib H y io , h o f le i iK T H H e c K y io (J)yHKU,HH)1 n , c J i e f l O B a - T O JIbH O , MOJKHO OTH eCTH 3 a CHOT ( j )H H H 0 -y r 0 p C K 0 r 0 B JM H H H H 2 .
C T p y K T y p H O H, H aCTH H H O , H CCMaHTHHCCJÍH K O H C T pyK U ,H II T im a p y C C K . cuMcy 6bifí(uio, SAHMcy óueajio B . A . C e p e S p e H H H K O B c p a B H H B a e T c o c x o f l - H blM H aH aJIIlT H qeC K H M H K O H C T p yK líH H M H n p O m O flU IC rO B p O M eH H , X a p a K T O p - H blM H flJIH K 0 M H - 3 H p « H C K 0 r 0 , y f lM y p T C K O r O , M a p iIH C K O r O , M O p flO B C K O rO , x a T a p c K o r o h H y B a m c K o r o h 3 h k o b 3 . T p y f l H O , k o h c m h o , C K a 3 a T b , K a n m j i o a r a bjimíihhc, h o <J>aKT c a M n o c e 6 e 3 a c j iy }K H B a e T BH H M aH H H H C C J ie flO B a T e jio ii . T o H te c a M o e c j i e f l y e T c n a 3 a T b h o K O H C T p y n i í im x T im a oh npuucomi^u, B C T p e n a io m i ix c H b c e B e p o - 3 a n a ,o ;H b ix r c B o p a x p y c c K o r o H 3 H K a n m n e i o m i i x a H a n o r n i o b s c t o h c k o m ta ond tulnud n J ia r a n iC K O M (vins ir atnácis) h j i h >Ke nado nocmaeumb JiecmHuipa, nado nocunib mpaea ( n o c p a B i i e H i n o c 3 C T 0 H C K . vaja asetada redel, vaja osta raamat) * t o j k c K a c a e T c a K O H C T p y K - ij,iih T n n a amo y Banu kcuiowu, p a 3 B i iB in e H C H , K a n n o K a 3 a J i I I . C . K y 3 H e - HOB5,B H G K O T O pblX p y C C K lIX T O B O p a X , H aXO flH IH ,nXC H B O K p y/K C H H II K O M II- IiepM H U ,K O rO H 3 b I K a , MOHÍIIO C K a 3 a T b , H T O , C OflHOH C T O pO H br, 3TO C B H fle - TC JIbC TB yC T O BJIHÍIHMM aflCTpaTa, HO B TO JKe B p eM H yKa3UBaOT H Ha B03- f l e i t c T B i i e c y 6 c T p a T H o r o a jic M C H T a .
M c H e 3 H 0 B e H iie c p e f l u e r o p o f l a , H a ñ J n o / ja io m e e c H b io>KH0B e jiH K 0p y c K [ i x ( h o OTHacTii h ncpexo,o,Hbix) roB opax H eJ ib 3 H o 6 T>HCHHTb c n o M o in ,b io cyfícTpaTa. B CBÍ1311 c t ü m , * i t o p a 3 p y m o H i i e K a T e r o p i i n c p e f l H e r o p o f l a o f Í H a p y jK H - BaoTCH n o npeiiMymocTBy b a n a i o m n x roB opax, t o npiiHimy 3Toro n p o n ;e c c a C J ie f ly o T n c i í a T b b p e /i ;y K n ,i in 6 o 3 y ,i i ,a p H b ix r j i a c i i b i x b O K O H H a H iin x 6 . O f lH a K O , 3 a M e H a c p e ^ H e r o p o f l a M y>KCKHM b p y c c K i i x r o B o p a x 1 0 /K H o r o n p n y p a j i b a M o r j i a i i p o M c x o f l H T b n b p e s y j i b T a T e K o iiT a K T a c S a n iK i ip c K i iM H 3 H K 0 M 7 .
I l e p e x o f l f l c c i r a a c k B o n p o c y o p o j n i c y S c T p a T a b i i c T o p i n i ro> K H 0C Jia - B fiH C K iix h 3 w k o b , h c o 6 x o a i i m o n p C A B a p iIT e J Ib H O n O f lH e p K H y T b , HTO I i p n o c B o m o H H H 3 T 0 ÍÍ n p o S jiC M b i c J i c f l y e T C H iiT a T b C H — n o M iiM O f l p y r o r o — C f l a H - h H m i i Ó aJ iK aH H C T H K H , o K 0 T 0 p b ix m h y > K e y n o M H H y j i i i b n c p B O i i q a c T i i H a r a e i i p a ñ o T b i .
K a n 1I3B C C T H 0, OCHOBIIblC O C oSeH H O C T II 6 aJ IK a H C K H X H 3bIK O B GblJIII n o f l - B c p i 'H y T b i 06c T 0H T e jib H 0M y i i c c J io f lO B a H ii io b K H iir e B b m a i o m e r o c f l f la T C K o r o J i i iH r B iic T a K p . C a i i f l ( j ) e j i b f l a , B b i in e f l in e ñ b c b c t 6 o J i o e 3 0 J ieT T O M y n a 3 a f l 8 . C t o x n o p H a im i 3 H a m iH b s t o i i o 6 j i a c T i i 3 H a H iiT e J ib H 0 o ó o r a T i i J i i i c b , 6 j i a -
1 Cm . E. A. CEPEEPEHHHKOB, «Boiipocu H3HK03HaHiiH», JVs 1, 1955, CTp. 23.2 C m . h MHCHiie P. T . IIHOTPOBCKOrO ( 0opMupoeanue apmuKAn e pomohckux
n 3 b iK a x , (D w S o p fJ jo p M w ), M o c K f la — J le iiH H r p a fl , 1 9 6 0 , C T p. 1 0 6 ) : « C K o p e e B c e r o c e B e p o p y - ccKoe -mo c j i c a y e T cp a B H H B a T b c u i.me.'iHTCJi i,uo-ana^o p H q ec k mm H iacTiin;aMH -uc, -co, -mo b k o m h H 3H K C, n o /l, B jiH H H iieM K O T o p o r o h B03HH KJI0 c o o T B e T tT B y io in e e y n o T p e S j ie n i i c ceBepopyccKoro -mo».
3 y « , cm., C T p. 23.4 Cm. B. II. 3piiHTC, Omeemu..., CTp. 216. M. A. CoKOJiOBa (yn. cou., d p . 260 —
262) 6 ojiee 11 p h e m .:i o m bi m cniiTaeT ooTbACHeiine, upcwioweimoe A. A. HoTeÔHeii. 3to mhohho pa3AenneT n II. C. Ky3HEU,OB, Pyccrcax duaAeKmoAoeua, H3fl. I I I , CTp. 124.
6 Omeembi... , d p . 220. 6 Cm. h n . C. Ky3HEL(OB, Pyccnan duaAeKmojiozun, JI3Æ. III, CTp. 99.7 Cm. h MHCime II. C. K y 3H ei;oB a, yn. cou., CTp. 100.8 K R. SANÜFELI), Linguistique balkanique. Problèmes et résultats, Paris, 1930.
80
roflapH ocoôeH Hû Tpy^aM A . P o c e r r a , B j i . T e o p n ie B a , A . T p a y p a , X . B a - p iraa , C . ITyniKapio, T . K am iflaH a, I I . C noK a, K . M H pneBa, A . M . CeJiH- m,eBa h f lp . IIpaB ^ a, H 3 p e flK a p a 3flaiOTCH roJioca npoTHB 6ajiK aH .iCTH K H h , raeflOBaTeJiBHO, h n p oT H B nsyHCHiui o 6h j,h x aep T , n p a c y m a x H 3H K aM , B XO flH m ilM B 3TOT COM31 .
K o h cth o , b Hamw ^hii Bonpoc 0 6 ycTaHOBJieHim oTJiHHHTeJibHbix OCOÔeHHOCTeË, o 6 l>eAHSHK)in,HX pyMHHCKHH, ÔOJirapCKHH, MaKOflOHCKHH, aJiôaHCKHi'i, HOBorpeMecKiiii, a iiHor^a h cepôoxopBaTCKHÎi2 h c j i o b o h c k h h He BH3HBaeT o c o 6l i x 3aTpyflHeHini. ropa3flo cjionîHee ji;aTi> yn,0 BJieTB0 pH- TCJibHoe oô'bHCHeHiie a u ix cBoeo6pa3iibix exoflCTB.
B03HHKH0BeHiie o 6 iu,hx nepT, cnen;H(J)HqecKHx æjih ôajiKaHCKiix h sh k o b , no-pasHûMy HHTepnpeTHpyioTCfl pa3JiHHHHMH yneHHMH. OflHH oô'bHCHHioT iix c noMom,bio ofliiHaKOBoro cyôcTpaTa; flpyrne b arax o co 6 eHHocTHx b h rh t pe3yjibTaT B3anMHoro bjihhhhh SaJiKaHCKHX h3bikob3; TpeTbii roBopHT 0 nx CaMOCTOHTeJIbHOM pa3BMTI!Il II T.
BHOBb paCCMaTpiIBaH Bonpoc 0 ÔajIKaHCKOM «H 3H K 0B 0M COK)3e», H 3 - BeCTHHH pyMHHCKHH JIHHTBHCT A . PoCCTTH nOKa3an B 1958 r . , MTO (JiaKTOpH, npHBeflniHe k b o 3 h h k h o b 6 h h k ) cxoflHbix aepT b 3 t h x H3HKax, cJieflyiomHe :
1. cyôcTpaT;2 . coBMecTHaa >KH3Hb SaJiKaHCKHX HapoflOB b cpe^Hiie Bena h 6HJiiiHrBH3M;3 . BJIHHHHe BH3aHTHHCKOH I];HBHJIH3aiI,HH4 .Ü O MHeHIlK) a K a fl . A . P oC CT T H , o 6nj.no H e p T H , o 6 t>Cî1;IIHHIO 111,110 p y M H H
CKHH C aJlÔaHCKHM ( H a n p . , B JIOKCH Ke), o 6'bHCHHK)TCH OflHHaKOBblM C yÔ C T- paTOM 5 . A bT O P K pH T H K yeT TOMKy 3pOHHH 3 . 3 e H fle ^ H , KOTOpHH O T B ep ra eT T e o p n io c y ô c T p a T a , f l o n y c K a H , h t o c x o ^ c t b o M e æ fly pyM HH CKHM h a J iô a H - c k h m n oH B H J iocb n o 3 flH e e (n p H M cp H O , b cpeflH H O B e K a ) .
H e OTpHIjaH POJIH B c e x 9THX (JiaKTOpOB, M H BCe-TaKH AOJIHÎHH n p H 3 - H a T t , h t o 3,0 c h x n o p H e y u a n o c b e m e flO K a 3 a T b , KaKHM 0 6 p a 3 0 M B 3aiiM H bie BJIHHHHfl Me>Kfly 6aJIKaHCKIIMH H3bIKaMH OÔyCJIOBHJIH B03H H KH 0BeH H e OCO- ôeH H O C T eâ , n p i i c y m i i x h x C T p y K T y p e : p a 3 B H T n e aH aJiH TH 3M a, b o 3 h h k h o - BeH H e HOCTII03HTHBHOrO apTHKJIH, 3aM eH a HH(j)HHHTHBa COCJiaraTOJIbHHM H aK JioH eH H eM , 0 6 p a 3 0 B a H H e 6y f ly n j ,e r o BpeM eH H c n oM o in ,b io r j i a r o j i a « x o T e T b » , c o B n a f le H u e f la T e j ib H o r o n a ^ e /K a c poA H T eJibH U M , ^ b o k h o o n p H r J ia - r o j i b H o e flo n o jiH e H H e (n p H M o e h K o c B e H H o e ) h a p . O t flaJibH CH iuH X n c c J ie - f lO B a T e jie ii n o T p e 6yseTCH h m c h h o on p e flC J iiiT b $ o p M b i B3aiiM0ji,eHCTBMH 6aJ i-
1 TaKoe CKenTJi'iecKoc oTHonismie k ôajiKaHOJionm xapaKTepHO ajih I. I. Russu, i/K. cou., CTp. 120. Cm. KpHTHKy TaKoft koiiuciiuhii y AL. ROSETTI, Istoria limbii romine, II. Limbile balcanice, Bucuresti, 1962, CTp. 81.
2 Cm. Hanp., PAVLE IVIC, Les balkanismes naissants dans les parlers serbes du Banat, « Cercetâri de lingvisticâ », III (1958), Supliment, CTp. 227—235.
3 M . IlaBJioBi™ c'iHTaeT HeoëxoflHMHM jjK.no'niTT, B on p oc o ,npeBiiekmnx fîajiKaHCKHX n p o n e c c a x b K O M njicK cn yio npoSjiGM aTH Ky cpeflHaeM HOM OpcKOrc jiHHrBHCTHTCCKoro c y 6 - CTpaïa. Cm. MILIVOJ PAVLOVIC, Cea de-a treia fazâ a studiilor de balcanisticâ, TaM * e , CTp. 376.
4 K eonpocy o 6 aAKancKOM «H3HK080M coio3e», «Revue de linguistique», t . II, B urr. 2, 1958, C T p . 135— 139.
5 HenpaBH Te H3HK0Be^H, KOToptic b flaiiHOM cjiyqae roBopHT o b jih h h h h an6aH- CKoro Ha pyMHHCKHH. Cm. P . F. IÏH O TPO B C K H ÏÏ, & o p M u p o e a m ie a pm uK A a e p o M a n - c ku x a 3 U K a x ( B u ô o p (fiopM bi), MocKBa— JleHHHrpaj;, 1960, CTp. 132.
G — c . 650 81
kshckmx H3HK0B i! npoHCCce co3,naHun 3Tiix (h ß p y ru x ) ocoG chhoctoh . B Hac.Toumee apcMH mi.i b coctohhhh yTBepjKflaTb jiimib cJieflyioin,ee: o 6 ihhcTCHflenmiK pa3BHTHH nOHBHJIHCb B yCJIOBHHX npOROJmHTeJIbHOrO KOHTaKTa MCHifly GajiKaHCKMMH HapoflaMii. HacojioHiie Bcer^a 6 h jio 3 ,n,ecb flByH3biH- HLIM, TpHJI3bIHHbIM H flajKC MH0r0H3WMHBIM. OflHaKO, HaiU,0 BCCTO o 6 nj,MC HCpTbl BBipaßaTBIBaJIHCb B COOTBOTCTBHII CO CTpyKTy pHbIM CB0C06pa3HCM Kawfloro 113 3T11X H3HKOB 11 npil IIOMOIUII Co6 CTBCHHbIX CpOJJCTB BbipaJKOHHH.
OcoßeHHO CJICflyt'T OTBCprHyTb noriHTKIl OflHOCTOpOHHCrO pCDieHHfl Bonpoca. Taii, c y 6 cTpaT ho m ojkct oßTbHCHHTb nponcxoH<fleHHH bccx 6aJiKa- hh 3 m ob. Tom ho MeHec npo<|). C. B . BepHuiTeim cniiTaoT, 4to innpoKoe pa3BMTHe KOH’blOHKTHBa, yTpaTa HH<j)HHHTHBHOH $OpMbI, ynOTpcÖJICHHO nOCTnOSHTHBHOrO apTHKJIH II flBOHHOO npHrJiarOJIbHOO flOnOJIHCHHC, T. e . , (JaKTHMeCKH, Ba>KHOIlUIHO OCOßOHHOCTH 3THX H3HKOB B03HHKJIH Ha 06lH,0H ochobo GaiTKaHCKoro cyßcTpaT a1. Bc3ycJi0BH0, bjjhhhho cyßcTpaxa HMecT KaK nOCJIOflCTBHO o6 p a 3 0 B a H I1 0 MHOrHX CTpyKTypH H X TO/KflCCTB, HO nOCKOJIbKy y iiac noMTH h ot flainiLix o Mop$OJionmecKOM cTpoo aBTOxTOHHbix hsm kob, Ha KOToptix roBopnjiH Ha BajiKaiiCKOM noJiyocTpoBe, TpyflHO npiiraicaTb HX B03fl0HCTBIIK) IIOHBJIOHHO ÖaJlKaHH3MOB 2 .
CtOJIb JKe HOnpaBHJIBHOH HBJTHOTCH H TOHflOHIUlH OÖTbHCHHTb r0H03HC 6ajiKaHH3MOB (H anp., pacnpocTpaHOHHO cocjiaraTejibHoro HaKJioHeHHH, 06pa30BaHHC ßyflym oro BpcMOHH 11 f lp . ) 3 noepefleTBOM bjihhhhh o^Horo H3 H3mkob Ha flpyrne. TaKoe bo3Ji;oäctbho MOH?eT ycKopHTb, ho hh b KoeM CJiynae He onpefleJiHTb bo3hhkhobohho 9Tiix o6 m,HX nepT.
B CBOTe BbIHICH3JIO>KOHHOrO HCHO, HTO BOHpOC 0 npOHCXOJKflCHHH ßaJiKa- II143MOB HBJIHOTCH CTOJIb CJIOJKHHM, MTO IIOMTII 0 Ka>KflOH OCOÖOHHOCTII MO/KHO HanncaTb OTflCJibHbifi Tpyn,. 3p,ecb mh 0CTaH0BHMCH BKpaTn;e jibhib Ha HCKOTOpblX H3 (lO-SMOMCHUX npUHUH, npHBOfllHHX K B03HIIKHOBOHHIO o 6 lH,HX HopT, n pucym nx ßajiKaHCKiiM H3biKaM.
ÜO-BHflHMOMy, CaMbIM XapaKTOpHMM 6aJIKaHH3MOM CJIOflyeT CHHTaTb 06pa30BaHiie öydym eeo epeMenu c noMom,bio rjiarojia «xoTCTb». 0 6 3tom roBopHT oro HaJiHHiie b cepöoxopBaTCKOM h c ji0 BeHCK0 M (b nepBOM 6 oJibnic, BO BTOpOM MOHIilHo). OflHaKO, CJTOflbl TaKOrO ynOTpeÖJieHHH MO>KHO H3HTII H B CTapOCJTOBOHCKOM. B 3aMaTOHHOM COCTOHHHH 3T0T npOH,OCC OÖHapyjKH- BaOTCH B CTapOCJiaBHHCKOM H3bIKC4. HeKOTOpbie CJIOflbl yHOTpeßjieHHH rjia - rOJia «XOTOTb» B COMCTailHH C HHljlHHHTHBHOH (|)OpMOH flJIH BbipaHiOHHH 6 yfly -IH,erO BpeMOHH HMeiOTCH H B CTapOHOHICKHX naMHTHHKaX5 .
npOHCXOJKflOHHO 9T0H HOpTH ÖaJIKaHCKIIX H3HK0B H0JIb3H OÖlHCHIITb c noMoiH,bio rpenecKoro bjihhhhh . B om,e MOHbineü ctch oh h mo>kgt 6 biTb
1 Cm. OnepK..., CTp. 13 h 2 4 . 9 t o h t o h k h apemifi panbme npimepjKiiBajicfl <t>p. Mhkjioiiiifi. H r. BeÄraHfl chhtbji, hto B03iriiKH0Benne 6ajiKaHH3M0B 06«3aH0 BJIHHHHK) $paKHIlCKOrO H3HKa, HaCJie HHKOM KOTOporO HBUHeTCH ajlßanCKIIH.
2 Boflb peqi, H^eT o npeiiMymecTBeHHO Mopijiojiorii'iecKiix ocoGennocTax.3 T a K o 6bH ciw n iix K p . Can,H(f>ejii>,D[.4 O pa3BHTiiu ßyflymero BpeMGHii b ßojirapcKOM H3HKe cm. flOPA HBAHOBA-
MIIPMEBÄ, Pci3eoü na G-bdeuje epeMe (futurum) e 6-bAeapcKun e3UK om X do XVI I I een, CoiJihh, 1 9 6 2 .
6 l la j i i iM iie c x o f l n o r o f iB - ic in u i b a u r jii i iic K O M n h o m c h h o m H M eeT T y >kc ^ O K iia a - T C J it i iy io c m i y , m to h cymecTBOBaHiie n o c T n o 3 iiT H B H o r o apTHKJIH b C K aH ;u n i;ii5 (:K iix !i3HKax ( n o cp a B H e m iK ) c e r o H a ji i r a ie M n a B a jiK a iiC K O M n o n y o c T p o B e ) .
82
fl0 K a 3 a H 0 B03fle&CTBHC a jT o a n c K o r o Ha ce p C o x o p B a T C K H H 1 . O c T a c T c a , c jic - flOBaTCJibH O, H H T epnpeT au,H H Ha ocH OBaH H H (»o iru 'i 'o n p im ip in a : KOHCTpy k u h j i B03HHKJia B p e3yJIB T aT 0 KOHTaKTa ÔaJIKaHCKHX H apoflO B B HCTOpHHeCKHH n ep H O fl HX p a3B H T H H .
IlcKJIIOMIITeJIbHO cnopilblM HBJIHCTCH BOnpOC O npOHCXOJKflCHHII 1IOCT- n03HTHBH0r0 apTHKJIH B ÒOJirapCKOM, pyMHHCKOM II aJlGaHCKOM2. HeCMOTpS Ha TO, MTO MOKfly pyMHHCKHM II aJlÓaHCKHM H3bIKaMH, C OffHOH CTOpOHbl, h fiojirapcKiiM, c flp yro ii, mmciotch üiipcflOJieHHbie p a s tu r a « 3, bco >Ke bo3- hiikhoBenne sto ìì qacTH p era ab ìihctch pe3yjibTaTOM o 6 in,nx TeHfleHi;nii pa3BHTHfl GaflKaHCKHX JJ3HK0B. H e 6 bIJIO 3fleCb HHKaKOrO MOXaHH'ieCKOrO B03flCHCTBiiH OflHoro H3biKa Ha sp y ro ii (pyMHHCKoro na òoJirapcKHH, Sojirap- CKoro Ha pyMHHCKHiì h aji6 aHCKinì hjih rpe«iecKoro na Bce ocTajibiibic). M hohiic o tom , «ito b 6 oJirapcKOM H3i»iKe apTiiKJib yHacJieAOBaH o t n pacjia - BHHCKoro HeyCeAiiTeJibHO. B tbkom cjiy«iae boshiik 6 m B onpoc: iio^cMy >i;e OH HC COXpaiIHJICH HH li OflHOM 113 flpyrHX CJiaBHHCKHX H3bIK0B?4 . CTOJIb >Ke HCHay^HbiM n HenpaBflonoflo6 HHM cjKVjyeT craTaTb b:ìiviìi;i; o bo3mo>kho- c t ì ix KajibKiipoBaniiH ( b pyMbiHCKOM u aji6 aHCK0 M) Ha ocHOBamiii jiimib (jìopMajibHoii npo3paMHocTii apTHKJIH b CoJirapcKOM5. npiiHU,iinbi ero y n o - TpeÔJICHlliI B pyMblHCKOM II 6 0 JirapCK0 M flOBOJIbHO HaCTO HHbie. A Hafl 3THM c to h t nosyMaTb.
B CBH3H C Tt*M, «ITO B ajlfiaiICKOM H3I.IKC apTH KJIb B03HHK n03AHCC 6 , e ro H 0Jib3H o G M C H iiT b c noMoin,bio c y ò c T p a T a 7 . KpoMe T o r o , y n a c HeT fla H -
1 TaK o6 t.hchhji oopasoBaHiie 6 y/iymero BpeMeHH c xmemu F. Beiiranfl.2 Cm. HB. FBJIBBOB, 3a HAena e ò’bAzapcKu e3un, «HaBecTua na iiapofliiiiH
My3efi», I, Byprac, 1950, c,Tp. 171—227; ero *e , IIpoÒAe.M’bm aa HAena e CtAiapcnu u pyMtHCKU e3UK, Co(|hih, 1962. F. CBAHE, K eonpocy o npoucxoMdenuu HAena e eocmoHHoii epynne wMHOCAaenHCKux h3uko«, « Scando-Slavica », IV, 1958, CTp. 149—165 (Cm. oficv/KAGHiie floKJia/ja b MamepuaAax... , CTp. 197—202). P. F. Ilii0Tp0BCKiiii, yn. con., CTp. 97—142. AL. ROSETTI, Istoria limbii romine, II. Limbile balcanice, Burniresti, 1962, CTp. 92—97.
3 Cm. y A . Po cernì, ifum. con., CTp. 92 li r.jieff.4 B p y c c K O M A s t i n e h c t apT iiK J iH . BcJie,n, 3 a J l . M u J ie T ira e M , M b . F'i..ïï>6 o i î c n ir r a e T ,
h t o b p y c c K H X r o B o p a x y K a s a T O J ib iia a n a c T im a B u n o j i u n e T <f>ynK i(iiio apTH K JIH . 3 t o ì i w e t o m i ;u a p e m iH npH flep>K H B aeT C H , M e jK fly n p o « i i iM , 11 H . 11. F p ii iiK O B a , b c T a T b e , onyÔ JlH K OBaH H O M B c 6 . IIamhmu anad. Jlbea BAaduMupoeuna lll,ep6u, l ls^ a T e jib C T B OJleHimrpaflcKoro YiiHBepcHTeTa, c to . 126— 135. (3«ecb aBTop KpuTiiKyeT C. R acovita , KOTopbifi b L'article en russe, «B u lletin linguistique», VI, 1938, CTp. 90—138, ìibiTajicH AOKa.’-ìaTi), 'ito b ceBcpHopyccKiix roBopax nocTno3iiTiiBHHii h.ich bo3hhk iio/( BJiiiHHiieM CKaH^HiiaBCKiix roBopoB, 3aHeceHHbix BaparaMn). AKajj. A . A . IIIaxMaTOB 6biji npoTHB Toro, «iTofibi c'iHTaTb ceBepHopyccKoe -mo apTHKJioM. II s to cripaBeflaiiBO. Cm. TaK>i;eII. C. K y3iien,0B, yn. con., ii3fl. I l i , CTp. 127: nocTlioaHTHBHaa qaoTima pyccKiix roBopoB ne hbjihgtch apTHKJieM. Cm. TaKHìe yTBepìK/ieHHe P. F. IlHOTpoBCKoro, yn. con., CTp. 106 (ccbiJiKa). Cm. n c tstb io II. B. K y 3 B M IlH Ô IÏ h E. B. HEMMEHKO, H eonpocy o noem- no3umuen.bix nacmuifax e pyccnux soeopax, «MaTepiiajibi li iiccaeflOBaHHH no pyccKoii juiajieKTOJioriiii» (HoBaa cepiiH), t . I l i , MocKBa, 1962, cip . 3— 32.
6 3 t o h tom i;il a p e m m iipii;(epH<niiaeTCH I I b . F ’bJi'bSoB b IlpoÒAeM-bm 3a HAena e ótABapcnu u pyMWCKu e3UK.
6 Cm. P. T. IIHOTPOBCKHH, O cpaenumeAbuoii xpoHOAOiuu nocmno3Ui{uu onpe- deAeHH0Z0 apmuKAn e man Ha3bieaeMbix ôaAKancKux n3biKax, «Bonpocbi cjiaBHiicKoro H3MK03HanHH», B w n . 4, 1959, CTp. 8 —20. 0opMupoeanue apmuKAa..., CTp. 97 u cjiefl.
7 IIpoTiiB TeopiiH o B03fleiìcTBiin flaKo-ijipaKimcKoro hjih HJiJinpHHCKoro cyòcTpaTa na BosniiKHOBeHHC nocTnoaiiTiiBiioro apTHKJIH b 6 0JirapcK0M, pyMbiiicKOM u ajiGancKOM BHCTynaeT n P. T. nuoTpoBCKiiH, 0op.MupoeaHue apmuKAa... , CTp. 97 h CJie - IlHTe-
6 * 83
H bix, CBHflCTejibCTByioiij.Hx o H aJiiiiiiii onpefleJieH H oro HJieHa b H3biKe a B T o x - TOHHoro H a c e jie m iH . A b o 3 m o >k h o c t h ero peKOHCTpyKn;HH Ha oeHOBe coB peM eH - HHX ñajIK3HCKHX H3I.IKOB OTCyTCTByiOT.
HCKOTopHX cneHiiajmcTOB (Hanp., C. IlyiHKapio, OTnacTii A. Po- ceTTH h f lp .) 6onee saMan^mBUM h b jih c tc h BHyTpeHHee oStacHeHHe flaH- Horo npoijecca. OflHano, ocoSemio ana^. A. PoceTm, He OTpHBaeT ero CTaHOBJieHiie o t HCTopHH flpyrnx SanKaHCKnx h 3 h k o b (SoJirapcKoro 11 aJi6ancKoro). Tcm h c MeHee CJie,a;yeT n o flq e p K H y rb , mto 3T0T cjio jk h m íí Bonpoc >KfleT eme cBoero oKOHnaTejibHoro pa3pemeHHH1.
OTnocHTeJibHO ucuerjHoeeHUH iiH tfiu H u m u ea u e z o sa M en b i c o c j i a z a m e j i b - h u m HdKAOHeHiieM cjie ^ y e T cK a 3a T b , h to 3 to HBJieHiie o6m ,ee b 6ajm aH C K n x HSbIKaX, HO npOHBJIHOTCH OHO B pa3H 0II CTenGHH B KaíKflOM H3 H H X .
T a K , b 60JirapcK 0M H3WKe hhiJihhhthb oHCHb paH o n cH e3 . Oco6eHH O HHTCHCHBHO 3T0T npOHeCC o6ítapy>KHBaeTCH C X II B . B COBpeMeHHOM H3HKO COXpaHHJIHCb, KaK H3BeCTH0, JIHHIb HeKOTOpblO OCTaTKH C Tap0r0 HH(j)HHHTHBa .
B cep 6 üX0 pBaTCK0 M n pyMHHCKOM H3siKax naSjiioflaeTCH to jib k o H3BecTHoe orpaHtiqeHHC b ynoTpoSjieH H ii iiHifiiiHHTiiBa, ho ne ero yTpaTa. Hy>KHO CKa3aTb, mto 3 Ta TeHfleHti;iiH 3 aMCTHa h b flp yrax CJiaBHHCKHX H3bIKax.
0TH0CHTejibH0 pyMHHCKoro cjieflyeT em;e oSpaTHTb BHHMaHHe Ha cpaB- HHTenbHO niHpoKoe pacnpocTpaHem ie 3a nocJie^Hee BpeMH b HeM hh<|>hhh- THBHbix KOHCTpyKn;iiH 3a c i c t cocjiaraTejibHbix. 05HKHOBeHHO ohm BCTpe- MaiOTCH TOJIbKO B nHCbMOHHOM H3HKe H o6fl3aHU CBOIIM npOHCXOHtfleHHOM HHOCTpaHHBIM BJIIIHHJ1HM (<J)paHIi;y3CK0My, HeMeiíKOMy H pyCCKOMy)2 . P a3- roBopHHÜ híc H3biK npeflnoHHTaeT noim i Bcer^a coc.naraTejibHoe HaKJio- HeHHO.
PaHO npoiiexoflHT npou;ecc saMeHU HHifmHHTHBa b rpenecKOM.IÍ3 flB yx flnaJieKTOB aJiSaHCKoro H3HKa flaHHoe HBJieHiie npoHBJiHeTca
TOJIbKO B TOCKCKOM (rCrCKyíO o6.1iaCTb OHO OXBaTII.HO JIHHIb MaCTiraHO).Kan o6T>HCHMTb flaHHbiii npou;occ?O t b c t Ha 3 t o t B o n p o c 0CJi0?KHHeTCH BBHfly HaJiimiiH n oflo6H oro HBJie-
HHH H B IO/KHO-HTaJIbHHCKHX flHaJieKTaX 3 .
peCHO OTMGTHTL, HTO AajIMaTCKlIH H3bIK, XOTH H pa3BHBajICH Ha HJIJIHpilHCKOM CyÓCTpaTe (AO V i l i b . ) , a b Aaji r>i re fi irre.M — b TecHOM KOHTaKTe c aaSancKHM — se e >kg ho HMeeT HHKaKHX CJIOAOB nOCTH03HTHBH0r0 apTHKJIH (Cm. Il P . P . IlHOTpOBCKHH, ÌJK. COH., C T p. 1 0 2 ) . M . naBJioBOT CHHTaeT (y n . c m . , CTp. 3 7 7 ) , h t o nocTno3HHHio apTHKJIH Ha iia.iK aitax cne^yeT irayraTb c y ie io M c x o a h h x hb jibh hh b ioiKHOHTa;ibHHCKOÌi jum rBH - CTIIICCKOH 30He H 0C06eHH0 C yTOTOM flaiIHUX 6aCKCKOrO H3HKa. 3 tO B pSA JIH OnpaBAaHO ii HanoMimaeT hhm cTaptie nonHTKH AOKaaaTi. KaBK33CKoe npoH cxo»A eH H e 6ajiKaHCKoro HJieHa. H o MHeHMH) P . T . IlHOTpoBCKoro li H b . r i .jn .6oB a, b pyMUiicKOM nocTno3Hii,HH apTHKJIH B03H IlK Jia nO A BJIHHHIieM CTapOCJiaBHHCKOrO H 3H K a . ( 0 HeCOCTOHTejIbHOCTII n oA o6n o ii Teopiu i cm . B u in e).
1 KaK il b pyM U H C K O M , b 60J ir a p c K 0M H3Hkc> HMeeTCH i l i ce o 11 p e a c ;i e h n t i ìi a p m K J ib (C m . C T aT i.io JI. II. 1115A H O B C K O ÌÌ , K eonpocy o ueonpedejieuiwM njiene e 60jiaapcK0M n3 une, «C jia B H H C K oe j c ì t iK D s i ia H u c » , Il 3AaT(!Ji I jC tb o J le H iiH r p a A C K o r o y H iiB e p cH T e T a , 1958, C T p . 158— 172). 3 t o p e 3 y j ib T a T c o 6 c T B e H H o r o pa3BH TH H 6 o j i r a p c K o r o H 3 H K a .
2 Cm. I O R G U IO R D A N , Limbo, romina contemporanà, B u cure^ ti, 1956, CTp. 411.3 G . R O H L F S , La perdita dell’ infinito nelle lingue balcaniche e nell’Italia meridio
nale, « O m agiu lui Io rg u Iord a n », B u cu resti, 1958, c i p . 733— 744.
84
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Ml.I CHHTaeM, xITO H0 J1 H0 G HJIH HaCTHHHOe HCHe3HOBeHHC MII(|)HHHTHna b noJib3y cocJiaraTejibHoro HaKJioHCHHH hbjihotch pc3yjibTaTOM BsaMMo^eii- CTBHH ÔaJIKaHCKHX H3HK0B MeîKfly COÔOH1. TpyflHO COrJiaCHTbCH C MHGHMGM, h to 3flecb Mbi HMeeM flejio c 6 ojigg spGBHHM nponeccoM , KopHii KOToporo yxoflHT b nponiJioo iiHflOGBponencKHX h sh k ob , r^c 6 yflTo 6 h cymecTBOBajm onpGAeJieHHbie b3îuimqothoihohhh MCJKfly hh(J>hhhthbom h koht.iohkthbom 2 .
M o j k h o T a ï o K e B H C K a 3 a T b n p e ,n ;i io J io > K C H H C , h t o h c h g 3 h o b g h h g h h $ h -
h h t h b h o h ( J o p M b i , K a K r j i a r o j i b H o i i K a T G r o p i r a , H M e i o m e H m h o t o t o h g k
C O n p H K O C H O B e H IIH C H M G H e M , CBH3aH0 C HCpeXOflOM O T C H H T G T H 3 M 3 K a i i a -
J I H T H 3 M y . O f l H a K O , 9 T 0 HG O T H O C H T C H K O BC G M Ô a J IK a H C K H M H 3 H K a M , a TO JIfcK O
k 6 0 J i r a p c K 0 M y 3 ( h M a K e ^ O H C K O M y ) . B c b h s h c T e M , h t o p a c n a f l c k j i o h g h h h n e
x a p a K T e p c H a , j i h f l p y r u x c j i a B H H C K i ix h 3 h k o b , t o f l a m i o e h b j i g h h g H e j i b s a
o 6 T>H C H IlT b B H y T p e H H H M H n p i I H l l H a M l l 4 . O f l H a K O , T p y ^ H O COrJiaCHTbCH C T G M ,
h t o y T p a T a H H < J > iim iT H B a h c r o 3 a M G H a k o h t > i o h k t h b o m o ô 'b H C H f le T C H r p e n c -
CKJ1 M B.’ IU J IH H O M 5 . M o /K G T 6 b I T b , T a K JIM B 0 3 fl6 H C T B I I 0 M C J ie f l y e T OÔ’b fIC H H T b
nojioæeHHC BGm,e& b H)>KHOiiTa.nbHHCKHx roB opax , r;a,e Ha6 jiio/i;aeTCH TaK>i<o pa3BHTHe OflHOpOflHOH CHCTGMH nO/l,lIHHHTGJIbHHX npe/JJIOJKeHHH. A BGflb TaM Kor^a-To roBopu.’ in no-rpenecKH. CjicflOBaTeJibHO, TOJibKO flJih 3Toh oÔJiacTH flonycTiiMO b ^aMHOM cjiyMac cyScTparaoe (rpenecKoe) b jihhhhc.
n o HaniGMy MHeHHK), HGBCpHOIÏ HBJIHCTCH KOHU,0niiHH 9 . 3eHftGJIH , corJiacHo KOTopoMy b pyMHHCKOM pacnpocTpaHGHHe cocJiaraTejibHoro naKJio- HGHIIH 3a CTGT HeOHpeflGJICHHOrO OÔyCJIOBJICHO CJiaBHHCKHM BJIHHHHGM6.
H t o K a c a G T C H r f p y r a x H G p T , c h g h i h I o t h g c k h x / j j i h S a Æ K a H C K H X h s h k o b ,
m o > k h o C K a 3 a T b c j r c f l y i o i u , e e : c o e n a d e m i e ( f i y H K i i u ü d a m e . i b n o z o u p o d u m e j i b -
h o s o n a d e w c e ü — 3 T 0 t g h a g h h h h , x a p a u T c p u a n ^ j i h p a 3 r o B o p H o ü p c n n ;
d e o Ü H o e n p u e j i a e o A b i w e d o n o . m e n u e , b g p o h t h o , a o j i v k h o ô b i T b n o c T a B J i e H O b c B H 3 b c p a 3 p y m e H H e M c k j i o h g h h h 7 .
B b i r a e B C K 0 J ib 3 b n i J i a y > K G p e n b o t o m , h t o C T a p 0 C J ia B H H C K H C n n c b -
m g h h h g n a M H T H H K H c o f l e p H î a T b 3 a p o A b i m e B o M c o c t o h h h h n o n r a b c g T e
1 Cm., OflHaKo, HENRI K BARId, La perte de l’ infinitif dans les langues balkaniques, « BalkanoloSki Institut. GodiSnjak», knj. II, Sarajevo, 1961, c T p . 1— 11.
2 Cm. P. A. ByflAPOB, 9 m w d u no cunm aK cucy pyM uncKozo H3UKa, MocKBa, 1958, c t . 113.
3 Cm. K. MHPHEB, Mcmopunecna ipaMamuna na 6’bAzapcKua e3un, Co<f>HH, 1958, CTp. 212. O pa3BHTHH 6 oarapcKoro H3WKa ot CHUTCTiiaMa k aHajiHTH3My cm. moiio- rpa^Hio HB. flyPH flAH O BA, K"bM npoÔAeMama aa paaeon na ô’bAsapcnuH e3UK om cuumemua'bM, KtM anaAumua'bM, Co$na, 1956.
4 Ilo h B03fleücTBHeM cyocrpiiTa o6t>îichhtl, tohîc Heabsa.5 KaK ^yMaioT T. Poat|ic, ifum . coh ., CTp. 742 h cne^.; aKa . A. PoceTTii, ifum .
coh ., t . II, CTp. 99. u fl. Komiar, SCL, X II, 1961, N. 3, CTp. 361— 373.6 Cm. EUGEN SEIUEL, Elemente sintactice slave in limba rominâ, Bucureçti, 1958,
CTp. 53.7 Pacnafl CK-TiOHeiiuH b oojirapckom h MaitcaoncKOM (KaK, booôihc, b oajiKaiicKiix
H3HKax) Heai.aii (i6 ’!.kciiiiti. c noM0in,bi0 cyôcTpaTa. H6 o KaK OTMeiaa ein,e K p . Caim- ({feabff, CTOaKHOBeHHe h3hkob, o6 aaflaiom,iix CHHTeTinecKoîi cTpyKTypoii, ne Morao npHBecTH k aHaaHTH3My. KaK noKa3aa BJI. FEOPriIEB (Onurn aa nepuodu3aiiua na ucmopua na ÔT>A3apcKua eauK, «H3BecTim Ha ÜHCTHTyTa 3a ôiarapcKH e3MK», II, 1952, CTp. 83), b ôaaKaHCKnx ariMKax coxpanmiiUHecH iianc/Kutie c|)op.M])[ y anraoro MecTO- HMeHHH cooTBeTCTByK)T flpyr ;ipyry He T0 a i ,K 0 KoamecTBeHHO h (¡lyjiitnuoHajnaio, ho lacnraHO h ij)opMaabno. n o Miremno ai<a;;. A. POCETTH (Istoria limbii romîne, vol. III, CTp. 53), pacna^ CKaoHeHHH b 6oarapcKOM H3wkg oôaaan p0MaHCK0My BaHHHHio.
85
i
OCOÖOHHOCTH , KOTOpMC B HaCTOHmee BpGMH C'IlITaiOTCH CII0 II, II $ f l TC C K 1 1 M H flJIHß aJiK aH C K iix H 3H K O B . O flH aK O , TOJibKo b f la J ib H c iim e ii HCTopHH ô o J i r a p c K o r oÎI3H K a 3TI1 H C pi'b l IipitOÔpOJIH CBOfî COBpGMGHHblH OÔJIIIK, B MCM, KOHGMHO,ô o J ib iu y io p oJ ib cb irp a J iH j i o c t o î i h h m g B 3 a iiM ooT H om oH iiH c A p y r H M ii ö a jm a H - CKIIMH H 3H K aM II. H o 3TO HG 03HaM aGT, MTO TaKHO KOHTaKTH HC I1MGJIH MOCTO h p a H b in e , 30 b o 3h h k h o b g h h h m icbM G H H O C TH . H a o ô o p o T , n o flo Ô H b ic B3a- HMOBJIHHHHH npOHCXOflHJIH C flpeBHüH IHHX 3IIOX , K O rfla Ha BajIKaH CKOM n o j i y o c T p o B e r o B o p n jiH Ha «JpaKHHCKOM , jj, a k 0 - m h 3 h ii c k o m h M jijnipiiH CK O M H 3 H K 3 X . P e3yJIbT aT B I 3THX Me>KH3bIK0BbIX CBH.3GH CKa3aJIHCb H a CTaHOBJIG- h h h ß y ^ y n p i x öa jiK aH C K H X h 3 m k o b b n p o i j o c c o n o c T e n c H H o r o i i c h g s h o b g h h h c y ö c T p a T O B .
Ha B aJiK an cK O M n o J iy o c T p o B C c y ö c T p a T b i 6 l ï j i h pa3JiH H H bi, h o p o f l - CTBCHIIbl (H H A O C B pon C H C K Iie). Ho 3T0 TOJIbKO OflHa H3 B03M 0/KH0CTCH O & b- HCHIlTb HaJIHHHe HCKOTOpUX o 6 lll,WX H GpT, X apaK T C p H blX flJIH COBpCMOHHHX ß a jiK a n c K H x H 3 H K 0 B . M 60 n p i i H H T e p n p e T a n iii i o c o ß e H H O c T e ii , n p u c y n p i x HM , HaflO IlC XO flIITb, K aK Mbl y>KG rOBOpHJIH, ZAClGHblM 0Ôpa30M, H3 n po- doAMCumeAbHozo nonm anm a, y c T a u o B H u iiio r o c H M O K fly s t h m h n a p o ji,a M ii nOCJie HCHG3H0BGHHH c y ß c T p a T O B .
B cB e T e H O B c iin in x HCCJieflOBaHHH ( o c o 6 c h h o s t o o t h o c h t c h k T p y ^ a M aKa,o;. B ji . r c o p n i G B a ) b i i o j i h c flo n y cT H M O , h t o ö h a j i h p y M H H C K oro c y ö c T p a - TOM HBHJICfl flaKO-MH3HHCKHH H 3H K , B TO BpCM fl KaK flJIH ÖOJirapCKOrO TaK yiO p o J ib c b i r p a j i (JpaK H H C K iiH . T p y flH O yT B op> K flaT b M T o -H iiß y flb o n p c f l e J i c im oo BJiiiHHii.it 11JXJJ u p H Ü C K oro c y ß c T p a T a H a c e p ß o x o p B a T C K H H h c j i o b g h c k h h H 3HKH1 . MOHÎHO TOJIbKO C K a sa T b , HTO COBnaflGHIIG S U b ß CGpÖOXOpBaTCKOM paCCM aTpilBaCTCH HGKOTOpblMII aBTOpaM H K aK BJIHHHH6 CO CTOpOHbl HJIJIHpO- ncJia3rHHCKoro2 .
H o C K O J Ib K y H 3 H K 0 B 0 H M a T C p iia jI , K O T O p H H HaCJIOIIJICH H a (|)paKH H CKH HII 3 aK O -M H 3 H H C K H H 6bIJI pa3JIH H G H (C JiaB H H C K H H , p O M a H C K I I l ï ) , M bl HG B COCTOHHIIII p C K O H C T p y iip O B a T b n p O T O T IlIIb l Ö a jIK a H C K H X C yÖ C T p a T O B 3 .
CjIGflOBaTejIbHO, TBCp/EIdX OCHOBaHHH flJIH o6l>HCH6HHH 6aJIKaHH3MOB C nOMOmbK) B033GHCTBIIH CyflCTpUTa y Hac HGT. TgM HC MGHGG paCCy HiflGHMH0 CyßCTpaTax Ha OCHOBG flaHHblX COBpCMCHHblX ßaJIKaHCKIJX ÎI3MKOB BCG /KG B03M 0>KHbI. OflHaKO, nO-BHflllMOMy, IIMH HaflO nOJIbSOBaTbCH TOJIbKO IipH
1 K h k lioK a a a ji Ha V I MoKflyHapoflitoft KOfi$epeHiqm n o k m c c i i t c c k h m nccJie;(o- BaHHHM (rijioBflHB, 2 4 —29 anpejitc 1962 r .) B ji . roop m eB , k jijih p h h c k m h c i i j i l h o o t j i h - mhcTCfi o t (J)paitHÜCKoro : « la divergence entre ces deux langues i.-e. est à peu près la même qu’entre l ’ iranien et la latin » . y i M e x d y H a p o d H a n Kontpepenijua no K jia cc im ecK U M uccjie- d o e a n u R M , PeaiOMe flOKJiaflOB, Coçfmfi, 1962, CTp. 27. A b top «e jia e T TaKoft nHBOfl lia o c h o b o n oA p oÔ H oro H a y ie m iH t o h o h h m h h , nmpomiMiiKH, aiirponoHUMiiKii h o 6 p a :io B a - HHH HMeq Co6cTBeHIIbIX B 3T1IX flB yX A3UKHX. fleHCTBHTejIbH'O, pa3.1tIHHfl MPJKfly HHMH orpoM H H . 0 6 HJiJiHpiiHCKOM cm . T aK œ e I. I. R U S S U , Illyrische Studien. I I I . Teil. Die sprachliche Stellung der Illyrier, «R e v u e de linguistique», V I , 1961, 1, CTp. 6 3 — 84 ; H E IN Z K R O N A S S E R , Zum Stand der Illyristik, «E ajiK ancK O e3HK03HaHHe» («L ingu istique balkanique»), I V , Coç()hh, 1962, c ip . 5 —23. IlpoTiiB yBJieHoniiH HJuiiipiiiicKiiM cyßcTpaTOM « Eßpone (liaHHJumpiMMOM) cm . CTaTtio a K a « . A L . G R A U R , Recherches sur le substrat du roumain, « Studii clasice », I I I , 1961, CTp. 19— 22.
2 Cm., nanp., Milivoj Pavlovic, î/b. cm., CTp. 376.3 Cm. h MHeHiie npoij). C. B. EEPHIIITEHHA, Ouepn cpaeHumejibHoü ipaMMamunu
cAaemicKux n3UKoe, MocKBa, 1961, CTp. 24.
86
HCCJiCflOBaHiiM (^ O H eT iiH ccK oro H jieK ciiH C C K oro M a T e p n a jia , t . k . o r p a M M a - TIIHCCKOH C T p y K T y p e A aK O -M H 3 HHCKOrO, 4)paKllÌÌCKOrO H HJIJIHpinìCKOrO m h noH TH m in e r ò H e 3H a e M . IIoaT O M y 6 o jie e u ,eJiecoo6pa3H hiM n h b j i h i o t c h HCCJieflOBaHHH B p o fle T e x , K O T op H e n p 0 B0 AHJiH 3 a n ocJ icflH ee b jìc m h l I . I I o n i p K ii T p . B p u H K y n i1 . T a K , n e p B b ii i 113 h h x CHHTaeT, h t o p y M . à , 6 o j i r . » h a a 6 . è B0 3 HHKJIH n o # B0 3 flefiC T B neM c y S c T p a T a , r f le o t k j i o h c h i i h a /e CBHflCTeJihCTByioT b n o j i b 3 y H ajiiiM iiH c x o A H o i i (j)OHCMbi. ,3 , p y r o r o B3 rjiH,n,a npn/],ep>KHBaeTCH , o r n a n o , a K a fl . 9 . n e T p o B H H . Oh O T B ep ra eT r n n o T e 3 yA . c D iu i i in i in f le , c o r a a c H O K O T o p o fi b H3 biK e cftpaK iiÉ ijeB 6 h u in npe,n,CTaBJieHbi b 6 o J ib m o M KOJiiiH ecTBe 3 B y iu i r a n a p y M . à , l 2 , n BH CKa3 biB aeT M t ic j ib o TOM, HTO IipH CyTCTBH e $O H eM bI & B pyMblHCKOM 0 6 H3 aH 0 CJiaBflHCKOMy BJIHH- i i h i o . B e 3 T a K o r o b j i h h h h h , n o MHeHHio npo(J>. 9 . I le T p o B iiH a , b p y M b m c - k om B0 3 HHK 6 m f l p y r o i ì r j ia c i ib r i i , H a n o M iiH a ro m u ìi <Ì>P- «e m u e t » , ó e 3 y s a p - H o e a b n o p T y ra jib C K O M ii K aT ajiaH C K O M , e b H eK Ò T op b ix H TajibH H CK H x f l n a - j ie K T a x i i è b aJiGaHCKOM3 .
Haairane nofloÒHbix B03pa>KeHiiii yKa3biBaeT Ha t o , h to , 6e3ycJi0Bii0, Bonpoc o npoHcxojKfleiiHH pyM. à , GoJir. ■& h a ji6 . è eiu,e ho mojkot cHMTaTbcii OKOHHaTeJibHo pemeHHHM.
K a K G y flT o 6 oJiee n p aB ,n ,on o ii,o6 HbiM h b j i h 6 t c h p e m c H iie B o n p o c a o r e n e 3 H ce p y M . h , iip eflJ io> K eH H oe (b y n o M a u y T O iì C T aT be) T p . B p b iH K y m e M .
T a K , B on p eK H 0 6 in ,cn ptiH H T 0M y M H eH iiio , c o r a a c H O K O T op oM y r j i y x o ì ì c n u p a H T ( h ) b pyM UHCKOM cJiaB H H C K oro n p o n c x o jK f le H H H , T p . B p H H K y in B H flB H raeT n p eA n oJ iO H teH H e, « i t o b t o H B JieH iie, B O sm iK in e e n o # B 0 3 fle iic T - b i ic m c y f i c T p a T a . B K a n ecT B e ,n,0 K a 3 aT ejibC T B a a B T op H c n o J ib 3 y e T , c O flH oìi C T o p o H H , cp a B H e H iie c a jróaH C K iiM H3H KOM , a c a p y r o i i , n p o M e jK y T o r a b io C T afliiH , n p e f l i io J ia r a e M b ie b 3 b o jh o u ,h h h c i ì o t o p h x JiaTiiH C K iix 3B yK 0B b pyM blH C K O M . H y jK i io CK a3 a T b , h t o TaK aH n m o T e 3a o n e H b B e p o a r a a , t . k . 3 B y K ii 3aiiM C T B yioT C fl o n e H b T p y flH O , h o 3 a T 0 J ierK o yH a cJ ie fly ioT C H o t c y 6 - C T pa T a4 .
IIpiIM O pO M 3T0 M y MOHiCT CJiy/KHTb II CJie^yiOIH ee H B JieH Iie.K a K n oK a 3 a J i a K a fl . B j i . T e o p n i e B 5 , b 6 0 J ir a p c K 0M h 3 m k o pa3J m «iH b ie
pe<J)JieKCbi "È ( n p a c J i . e < i i - c . è h j i i i o i , a i , d i ) b o 6 iu ,iix n e p T a x yH acJ ieflO B aH bi o t fla K O -M H 3 H ÌicK oro ( h j ih $ p a K H Ì i c K o r o ) . H 3 B e c T H o , h t o b 3 a n a A H 0 -6 0 J ir a p - c k i i x r o B o p a x i npoH 3H 0C iiT C H K aK e ( 6 e A , 6 e j i u ) , a b b o c t o h h h x e — ' a ( 6 ’ a j i — ó e j i u ) h j i h TOJibKO ’ a ( 6 ’ a A — 6 ’ a j i u ) 6 . C jie flO B a T C J ib iio , s t o B a/K H biii K p n - Tepnii ji,jih pa3rpaH H H 0H H H 6 o j i r a p c K i i x roBopoB.
1 H x paooT i.r 6h j i h y>Kc i;h tm p o b h h m b nepB O ii q a cT n uacT O iim eii c t ì i t l h .2 y K. coi., t . II, c i p . 56.3 Cm. Influenta slava asupra sistemului fonemelor limbii romXne, Bucure§ti, 1956,
cTp. 7—8 . Otcioa!! BHTeKaeT, hto, no MHeHHio aKa . 9. IleTpoBHqa, pyM. à h aji6 . è ne TOJK ecTBeHHH. Cm. TaKHte CT. CTOHKOB, Veod e 6-bAzapcnama (poHemuna, Co^hh,1961, CTp. 75.
4 C m . h A L . G R A U R , Studii de lingvisticà generala, B u c u r c s t i, 1960, CTp. 401.5 B’btipocu Ha ó’bmapcnama emu,M0ji0zua, C o $ h h ,1958, c x p . 115 n c jie fl.6 Ho 3T0M y B o n p o c y cm . C T . C T O H K O B , B-b.izapcKa duajienmojiozuH, Cotjiitii,
1962, CTp. 53—55. > Ito b ;ih r p a m m a ^ ejinT n a ;ib c 0CH0B H ue r p y n n n ne TOjibKO 6o j i - r a p c K n e , n o h MaKeflOHCKiie r o B o p n . B c e >t<c 'icp 'n .r , K O T optie b HacTOHEi,ee BpeMH xa p a K T ep H H # jih 6 o jir a p c K iix ro B o p o B ( 4 > a , "è > ’ a , 4 > e ) h u x o ^ h t c h b c p e /u ie S o a - rapcK H X naMHTHHKax.
87
Bonpoc O IipOHCXOJKfleHHH 3T0r0 HBJK'HIIH OCJIO/KHHCTCH TOM, MTO H b noJitCKOM fi3BiKC Ha MecTe "k hmcotch McpcflOBaHuc ’ a —e, anajioriiMHoe eeBepoBOCTOTOHM fioJirapcKtiM roBopaM1: miasto — miescie, kwiat — kwiecie, wiara — wierzyc', b ialy — bielié ( c p . 6ojir. 6 ’cuio — 6e.iu, m a ’ ano — MACKup, MAenen, m’ acmo — Mecrnen, m ’acno — mecen, so a ’ a.w — so acm u, a ’amo — Aem eu).
Kan noKa3HBaioT iim c b m g h h b ic naMHTHHKH, b 60JirapcK0M h sb ik c b CTaJI H3MGHHTbCH HaMHHaH C X II B2 .
Ilo MH6HI1K) n p o ^ l. K . M lipTO Ba3 , flO X V B . B SoJirapCKOM H3BIK6 ■!« npOH3HOCHJICH KaK è.
I I e p e x o f l 'b > e , xapaK T epH H Ìi ^ jih 3anaflH o6oJirapcK H X ro B o p o B , neJib3H paCCMaTpHBaTb KaK BJIHflHHe CO CTOpOHbl Cep60X 0pBaTCK0r 0 H 3H K a.
I Ip e fln o jio jK e H H H a K a p ;. B j i . T eo p ru e B a o cy 6 cT p a T H O M B03/i,eHCTBHii b flaHHOM c j i y n a e HaM K a w y T c a n p a B flo n o flo S H H M H : b o ^ p a ra in c K O M n e p e B O - ìiayajibH O e iip oH 3H oci«iH a ( t . e . a i i j ih ea ) i . CjieflOBaTeJibHO, cym ecT B yioT nopa3H T ejibH oe To>KflecTBo h HBHbie c b h 3 h M ejK fly S o n r a p c K H M sinanbeMII COOTBeTCTByiOmiIM (J>paKIlHCKIIM <j)OHeTIIHCCKHM ÌIB JieH IieM . 9 t y H OpTy C Jia-BHHC MOTJIH nepCIIHTb OT flaKO-MH3IIimCB B HepHOfl MGJKfly I I ---- III H V — VIb b . , Korji;a o h h , flo nepexofla flyn aa , naxoflHJiiicb Ha TeppiiTopim c0BpeM0H- HOH PyMBIHHH5.
C oxpaH eH H e nocoeux ZAacHux (h jih h x 0CTaTK0B) b H eK 0T0pbix M aK e- flOHCKHX TOBOpaX npaBIIJIBHO oS'bHCIIfleTCfl O P H M H H3bIKOBeflaMH B 0 3 - flencTBHeM cy S cT p a T a8 . IlH TepecH o oTMeTHTb, mto h coxp aH eH n e h ocob b ix rnacH Bix b nojibCKOM H3biKe TaK>Ke CBH3BiBaioT HHorfla c b jih h h h gm c y 6 - CTpaTa (Ha s t o t p a s C ajiTiiH CK oro).
KaK h peflympno 6e3yflapHBix rjiacHHx b pyccKOM H3BiKe, nepexofl 6o.nr. o > y HeJiB3H HHTepnpeTHpoBaTb riocpe,n;cTBOM cyScTpaTa, x o t h nofloÓHoe H3MeHeHHe Ha6jiioflaeTCH h b rpeaecKOM, a TaKwe b pyMBiHCKOM7. Ho b cpefl- HeSoarapcKOM H3BiKe HeT TaKoro h b jig h m h ; o h o b o 3 h iik jio H03flHee.
B oTHoineHHii ^paKHHCKHx sjieMeHTOB b 60JirapcK 0H AeKcune■ n p a - mchiimo t o , h to ' cKa3aHO 6 h jio Boo6ui,e HacneT c y 6 c T p a T a : s t o no^TH H e n c - cJieflOBaHHaa o 6 jia c T b . n e p B b ie sTHMOJiorHnecKHe o n u T ii npeflnpHHHTBi
1 OflnaKO, b iiojibKCOM H3HKe ia n ie paaBHJiiiCL npii coBepraemio /ip y n ix yc jio - biihx. Cm. h yTBepw^CHiie anafl. B ji. TeopriieBa, ifum . con., CTp. 119. CjieflOBaTeju.no, 3to HBjieHiie cnei;if(|)HHHO tojibko ^jih 6ojirapcK oro h MaKefloiicKoro.
2 B o o 6m e Bonpoc o xpojtojioni.'ianini 30bo jii.h o cjiow en.3 Hcmopmecna ipaMamuna Ha 6%jizapcKun e3U K , Coc|)hh, 1958, CTp. 108.4 U,um. con., C T p . 116.6 3to Hacejiemie C. B. BepimrreHH H a 3 H B a eT daKo-cjiaenncKUM (slavi dacici).
Cm. ero CTaTbio A existat oare o limbo, daco-slavà, SCL, XI II , 1962, B u n . 2, C T p. 149 n c j i e j i . B 3tom Bonpoce flpyroii tohkii 3 p e i m n npiiflepwHBaeTCH a n a f l . A. Poccttii, Cm. O cjiaenncKOM a3bine eajiawcnux spaMom X I V — X V ee., «BwuiJieTeHi. uaymoii HH$opMan,HH. 0 6 m ,e cT B e H H H e HayKii», I, B y x a p e e T , 1962, C T p. 132— 134.
6 Cm. 3 . IleTpoBira, O m ee m a ..., CTp. 215. 0 nocJieflOBaTejiMiux 3 T a n a x HC’ ieaHO- BeHHH h ocob h x rjiacHLix b MaKeflOHCKHX roBopax cm. B . M . M JIJIIl'I-C B H T IjlLI,O cm a d u a x ym pam m pu ne3M a e m zo-3anadH u x M anedoHCKux loeopax, «B on p ocu cjiaBHH- CKoro H3HK03HanHH», Bun. 6, 1962, CTp. 76— 88.
7 lIto noc.iiywHJio noBOflOM fljin ero tojikobìihhh KaK HBJienae, BoamiKiiiee b ciuiy coxpaHeraia apTiiKyjiiiniioHiiwx im b u k o b , cBoìicTEemiux MecTHOMy nacejieumo ;(0 npiixo^a cjiaBHii.
8 8
B ji. TeopiieBbiM1, KOTopHiì xaKJKe cneniiajibHO samiMaJicH H3 yHGHneM 6 o ji- rapCKHX TOnOHHMHHeCKHX H niflpOHHMHHeCKHX Ha3BaHIIH2.
A iia /j. B ji. TeoprueB o tk p h ji b ßoJirapcKOM h 3 hkg ii roB opax on p e- flejieHHoe kojiiihgctbo c jiob , yHacjie^oBaHHbix no-BH^BMOMy o t <j>paKHHCKoro3.
X otìi b tot nepuofl, Korfla CJiaBHHe npoHHKJiH b BocTOHHyio h u,CHTpa.nb- Hyio nacTb BaJiKaHCKoro noJiyocTpoBa (|ipaKHHCKviii (h ^aK0-MH3HHCKHH) b ochobhom BHTecHHJiiicb jraTiiHCKBM h rpenecKHM, Bce >kc Koe-rfl,e hm (hmh) n0Jib30BaJiHCb. Cjiefl,bt <j)paKniìcKoro cyòcTpaTa hmgjihck, kohghho, b H3biKe aiecTBoro iraccaeniui, KOTopoe nepemjio Ha jiaTHHCKnö iijih rpenccKnii. CjiaBHHCKoe HacejieHHe nocTeneHHo accHMiumpoBano aBT0XT0HH0e. ,3,jih- TGJibHHiì KOHTaKT (nepnoß AByH3braiH) npiiBeJi k TOMy, hto b ßoJirapcKHH H3HK BoniJio (HenoepeflCTBeHHO OT coxpaHiiBiuerocH em,e <J>paKimcKoro na- cejieimii hjih >Ke ot HaceJieHHH, noflBeprHyBinerocH ciuibHOMy B03/j,eiicTBnra co CTopoHH JiaraHH HJiii rpenccKoro) HeKOTopuG JieKCimecKHe 3Jigmghth cyßcTpaTHoro nponcxojKßeHiifl4.
9jieMeHTH cyßcTpaTa iimgiotch He TOJibKo b tohohhm hh h raflpoHHMHKe, HO H B aHTponOHHMHH. LfpHMepOM M05K6T CJiyjKHTb HeflaBHee HCCJieflOBaHHe npo<J). H b. /l,ypBflaHOBa5, noflpoßHO h3Jio>khbiiihìì 9 to Ha MaTepHaJie $ p a - khhckhx jihhhhx iiMen, yHacjieflOBaHHbix b ßoJirapcKOM6. K oH erao, mho- roe 33,ecb cJieflyeT yTOHiiiiTb h ocoöghho OCTOPO>KHO HHTepnpGTiipoBaTb. H 6 o cyiu,ecTByeT onacHoeTb npiiniicaTb cyßcTpaTy t o , h to , (JiaKTH’iecKH, SoJiee no3/i,Hero npoHCXOHtfleHHH.
★
B CJiaBHHCKMX H3HKax HMeiOTCH, KOHexIHO, H flpyriie HBJieHHfl, flon y - CKaiom,ue o6T.5icHeHne nocpe^cTBOM cyßcTpaTa. Hx pacKpbrriie h HHTep- npeTan,HH, KaK h ßojiee no,o;poßHoe TOJiKOBaniie yîKe ii3BecTHbix, ßcjioßyflym ero.
1 B-bnpocu na 6-bjizapcKama emuMOAoeua, CTp. 35—46. Ero H<e, Problema sab- stratului balcanic in lexicul limbii bulgare, « Omagiu lui Iorgu Iordan », Bucuresti, 1958, CTp. 325—331.
2 0 H eK O T O pH X $H H H O -yrO pC K H X S .ieM t'IIT aX B pyCCKOH rHApO H H M H K C, CM. H O B eii-myio paöory B. M. TOIIOPOBA h 0 . H. TPYEAHEBA, JIumeucmuHecnuü anaAu3 ¿udpoHUMoe Bepxneso üodHenpoebn, MocKBa, 1962 . 0 TonoHHMHKe cm. B. A. CEPE- BPEHHHKOB, Boazo-okcküh monomiMUKa na meppumopuu eeponeücnoü uacmu Coeem- CK020 Com3 a, «floKjia^H i i coo6 m;eHira HiicTinyxa H3HK03HaHHH AKaflCMiiii HayK CCCP», t . V III, 1955, CTp. 120—134.
3 H e n o T o p u e H3 h h x iiM e io T c o o t b c t c t b i t j i b f lp y r H X ( o c o o e m i o lOJKHOCJiaBHHCKHx ) H3HK8X.
4 Cm. npiiMepH b yKa3amiHX BMiue paöoTax aKafl. Bji. TeoprHeBa. H b pyccKOM /13LIKe IIMGIOTCH CJlOBapUHO CJieflH IipOKIIIIX ÌT3UKOB. Cm. Hccjieflonaime A. H. IIOIIOBA, II3 u cm opu u AencuKu m uK os BocmoHHoü E e p o n u , IlaflaTejibCTBO JleHHHrpa^CKoro yHii- BepcHTeTa, 1957. Abtop paccMaTpireaeT HCTopnio n aTiiMOJiornio mhotiix pyccKMX cjiob iipeJM e Beerò c yiic-roM KOHTaKia c ({)iumo-yro pck11m u, MOHrojitcKHMH, tiopkckhmii h ^py'rHMH H3HKaMH. Cm. h CTaTtio JI. A. I1BAIIIKO, 3 auM cm eoeannue cAoea e nenopcm ix io e o p a x , «OiepKM no jieKCiiKOJiorHH, (|ipa3eojiorHn h CTiuiiiCTHKe», l l3ßaTCJibCTBO Jleiiiiu- rpa^cKoro YiiiiBepciiTeTa, 1958, CTp. 84—103.
5 Cm. IVAN DURIDANOV, Der thrakische Einfluss auf die bulgarische Anthroponymie, «BajiKaHCKO e3iiK03Haiiiic» ( « L in g u is t iq u e b a lk a n iq u e » ) t. II, Co$hh, 1960, C T p . 69—86.
6 O flH O B peM eiiH O a B T o p y c T a i ia B ji i iB a e T c o o t b c t c t b h h b c e p C o x o p B a T C K O M a a j i ô a i i - CKOM H 3 H K a X .
89
III
P a c c M a T p n B a a B o n p o c o bjihhhhh c y ô c T p a T a Ha cJiaBHHCKHC h 3 b ik h (h fluajicKTbi)1, mh ycTanoBiijiH HüKOTopue o 6iu ;n e n p iiH U im b i, K O T op bie na;(o ynecTb npii ri3ÿHCHnn cjiojkhmx npoÔJieM, CBH3aHHHX c flciicTiinoM 3Toro ^aKTopa.
ITpoKfle Bcero, oG'bHCHCHiie npn noMoin,« cyôcTpaTa flonycTHMo Jiiimb b tom cjiyaae , ccjih b namcM pacnopfl/KeHHH iimoiotch flam m e, cBiifleTejib- CTByrom,He o HamiHiiM KopeHHoro HaceJieHiui Ha TeppuTopim, uaHHToii BnoCJICflCTBHH flpyrilMII nJIOMOHaMM (llJIll HapOflHOCTHMIl). OcOÔeHHOCTH H3bï- Ka aBTOXTOHHoro HacejioHHH M0 >KH0 ycTaHOBHTb iienocpeflCTBeHHO hjih MCpe3 nOCpeflCTBO pOflCTUOHHbTX H3HKOB II HapCHIIH, COXpaHIIBUIHXCH flO eux n o p .
Kai< h adempam hjih cynepcmpam, bjihhhiio cyôcmpama ne CJieflyeT paccMaTpHBaTb nan MexaHHHecKyio (j>opMy B03fleiicTBHH oflHoro H3i.iKa Ha flp yron . B ycJiOBHHx ôujiumemMa— 6 e 3 KOToporo, coôcTBenHO r o B o p a h HeMbicJiiiMO BJiiifiHiie oflHoro H3HKa Ha f lp y r o i — cyôcTpaT MOHîeT Bbi3HBaTb, HO II TOJIbKO yCKOpaTb BHyTpeHHHe TCHfleHHHH pâ3BHTHH, xapaKTepHbie fljia f la H H o r o H3 H K a .
H o t H H floeB poneH C K oro H 3biKa, KOTopbrii He CM einajicH 6-1,1 c j i3i>ikhmh K o p e H H o r o H aCeJieH H H . OflHO BpGMiï HeKOTOpbIO H3 bIK0 B eflbI;, IICXOflH 113 H o n p a B iu ib H o r o OTOJKflecTBJieHHH p e r a c p a c o i i , y T B e p H ifla jiH , m to repiviaH C K iie H3HKI1 , H a n p . , COXpaHIIJIH CBOK) HIICTO npO TO H H flO eB pO neiÎC K yiO CIICTOMy Ô J ia r o f la p a T O M y, m to n p e flK H flp e B H iix rep M a H ije B h k o ô m hc C M om ajiH C b c npe>KHHM H aceJ ieH H eM . M 3 b c c t h o , o f lH a K o , m to H C K O T opbie H 0B006pa30- B aH iiH , c n e m i(j) ir a e c K H e flJ ia rep M a H C K iix h 3h k o b , M o r y T o i .r r b o 6rbacHeH H TOJibKO n p n HOMOiflit c y ô c T p a T a . T a n o G m c h a i o t , H a n p . , n e p e flB iiH îe H iie c o r jia cH b ix A . M è n e , T . 9 . K aptvreH , 3 . <PancT , ,3,. f l e a e B , X . F io n T e p T , O . P n 66e n flo h f l p . , HecMOTpa Ha t o , h t o n o i i a em,e h c y f l a j i o c b o n p e fle j iH T b 3 T H H H ecK yio npHHaflJiejKHocTb H acejieH iiH , n a K O T o p o e H a c jio iu in c b h h ,h ;o- e B p o n e iÎH b i— r e p M a H ijb i2 . B n p o a e M , t o >Ke ca iv ioe C JieflyeT C K a3 a T b h o «C peflH 3 CMHOMOpCKOM C y Ô C T p a T e», KO TO pblii 6yflT0 6 bl nOBJIHHJI H a JiaTH H - C K iiii , r p e n e c K H H , H cnaH C K H H , p yM biH C K iiîi h a jiôaH C K H H H3b iK ii 3 .
J],eH C T i!H T ejibH o , b o 6 p a 3 0 B a H iii i i iH flo e B p o n e n c K H x h3hkob ô o j i b i n y i o p o j l b npHHaflJie>KHT C yÔ C T paT aM , pa3JIH aH H M H a pa3JIIiaH bIX T eppH T O pH H X 4 .
1 H npiIBJieKilH, B lI3BeCTHOH CTOIleHH, TflKÎKG f l p y n i c flUIIHH(i.2 rep M H H C K oe n e p e f lB H w e H H e c o r j i a c H u x M H o n iM ii H 3H K O B eflaM ii o 6 i > h c h h c t c h
B 0 3 floôcT B H eM c y ô c T p a i a , H ecM O T p n H a t o b t o fljiH H e r o H M e io T ca a H a n o r i iH b a p m jt h c k o m , xeTTCKOM, TOxapcKOM , <)bpaKHHCKOM h oceTHHCKOM. I I o MHeHiiio B . H . A 6 a e B a ( IJK. COH., C T p . 5 1 5 — 5 1 6 ) , n p im im y n e p B o ro î io p e iiB iiJ K e iiim c o r j i a c i i b i x b re p M a H C K iix h c o o t b ü t - C T B y io m e r o HBJieHHH b OceTHHCKOM c j i c ; i y o T B c e Hte H CK aTb b c y ô c T p a T e . T o >ko ca M oeMOHÎIIO CKH38Tb H OTHOCHTejIbHO XOTTCKOrO.
3 C m ., ita n p B . MHXAPÎKA, XapanmepHue uepmu cp ed u 3 e .M H O M op cn ozo c y ô c m p a m a , «C oo6iu ;o]inH 'icxoc.iO B niiK M X opueiiTajiH CT O B », M ocK B a , 1 9 6 0 , CTp. 1 0 7 — 1 1 8 . KpH TH Ky 3 t o h K oirn e iim in cm . y BJI. TEOPrilEBA, La toponymie ancienne de la péninsu le B a lk a n iq u e e t la th è s e méditerranéenne; e r o m e , V I I MexdynapodeH n o m p e c no o h o -
M acm uH ecK u n a y n u , «B M ra p c .K H ea iiK », XI ( 1 9 6 1 ) , k h . 3 , CTp. 2 7 1 — 2 7 6 .4 P e s y j ib T a r a T a n o r o KOHTairra om yTH M H b o B ce x C T opoH ax H 3biKa, b to m HHCJie
B CCMailTIIKC, HflHOMaTHKe, a TÎIK/KG B IICHXOJIOrHH, H paB aX , HapOflHOM TBOpTOCTBe H ;ip .
90
l ' i n a n e , i n i H e C M o r jm ó b i o ó 'b H ciiM T t. p a 3BH TH e pa3Hbix ( h o p o a c t b c h h h x )
H3H K0B H3 moMcdecmeeHHux ( h j i h , b o b c h k o m c j i y n a e , 6jiu 3k u x ) A H a jie K T O B . / ^ o n y m e n i i e b j i i i h h h h c y S c T p a T a Ha i iH A o e B p o n e H C K iie h 3h k h t c m 6 o J ie e n p a B -
f lo n o ^ o G H o , « ito cm ,e b f lp e B H C H ra y io c T a ^ H io h x s b o j i i o u h h , H a p a ^ y c
0 6 mH.MII OCOSOHHOCTHMH, M C/K fly HHMH CyHJ,CCTBOBajIH H 3H aH H T eJIbH H e p a C -
x o / K fle H H H . TaK, b h h a h h c k o m h o T O JibK o u ,e p e 6 p a J ib H b ie c o r j i a c H b i e C B H fle T e jib -
C T B yiO T 0 HaJIHHHH flp aB H A H H C K O rO 3JieM eH T a , HO H n p a K p iiT C K O e CK JIO H eH H e.
P a 3y M e e T C H , cn eH H cJm H ecK H e o c o 6 e m io c T H p a 3BHTHH H H flo e B p o n e iic K H X
H3M K0B H e c J ie f ly e T oG BH CH H Tb TOJibKO B03fle iicT U H C M c y G c T p a T a 1 , K a K 0 6
3 T0 M f l y M a n n I \ X n p T , A . M e i ì e , I O . I I o K o p H b u ì 11 f l p . B o o 6 in ,e , b h h a o o b -
p o n e n c T M K e X X b . T e o p u a c y S c T p a T a H B H J ia cb H3JiK>6 jieH H M M ( h o n e H b
yflO Ó H b lM ) C p eflC TB O M flJIH TOJIKOBaHHH OCOSCHHO (jiaK TO B , O T H O Cflm H X Cfl K
« n p e ^ H C T o p H it» . B o 3m o jk h o — H fla> K e o n e H b B e p o a r a o — i t o o f . e O T A eJibH b ie
$ 0 H e T H n e c K n e , j ie K c ir a e c K H e h r p a M M a T iin e c K iie o c o ó e H H o c T ii H H A o e B p o n e f i-
CK H X H3H K 0B HMeJIH CBOHM HCTOHHIIKOM H pejK H H C H3H K H , H a K O T O p b lX K O r f la -
t o r o B o p n j i H b E B p o n e 11 A 3 H H . H o K o r ^ a y H a c n e T K O H K p e T H b ix ( a o c t o -
B e p H b lx ) I lC T O p iraC C K H X A a H H b lX , CBUAeTCJI bCTHV K) IU,ir X 0 HaJIHHHH T a K IIX
H3H K 0B h n jie M e H , r o B o p H B i u i i x H a h h x , m h H e tìM eeM n p a B a n p M ir a c a T b
HX BJIHHHHK) B03H H KH0BeH H e TCX HJIII H H H X CHeU,H(|)IPieCKHX H O BO o6p a 30-
B a H H IÌ. H 3B CCTH a B 3T0M OTHOHieHHII (JiaH TaCTIIH CCKaH rn n O T Ò3a , B b lflB H H y -
TaH I O . I l 0 K 0 p H b tM , nblTaBH IH M CH o 6 T>fICHIITb OCoSeH H OCTH A p C B H e n p jia H A -
C K o r o C H H T a K eH e a c noM oin,i>io 6 o p 6 e p c K o r o c y 6 c T p a T a 2 . O f l i ia K O , H eT h c t o -
p iin e C K H X H0K a3a H H H , rO B O p fllH IIX O HaJIHHHH X aM H TH H CCKOrO BJICMOHTa Ha T e p p H T O p iIH B p iIT a H IIH flO n p H X O A a T y ^ a K C JIbTO B .
1 J\nn TeopiiH c y 6 cTpaTa noyHHTejibHa HCTopiiH ocoTHiicKoro H3HKa. I l o MHeHiiio B . M . A 6 aeB a3, nsynem ie othou ich iih MC/KAy ocexiiHCKHM 11
KaBKa3CKHMII H3bIKaMII M0 /KCT BOoGlAe oG’bHCIIHTb MCXaiIH3M CTaHOBJieHHH bcox HHAoeBponeHCKHX h3hkob4 . OTcìoAa mojkho BbiBecTH cJieAyiomee 3aKJiro- HOHiie: BJiHHime cy 6 cTpaTa AonycTiiMo TOJibKo ecJiH h 3hkoboh $aKT ho c to h t H30Jmp0BaH0 (b tom CMMCJie, h to a ° JI!KHLI 6 biTb HaJiim;o 11 A pyrae AaHHbie, CBHAeTejibCTByioiH,Me o hoaoGhom b osa ch o tb iih ). TaK, nepexoA JiaT. u bo <j>p. ii5 Mo>neT SbiTb o 6 rbHCHeH c noMoiAbio cyScTpaTa h Ha 0 CH0 BaHHH T oro, h to HMeioTCH ii Apyriie npou;eccbi, o 6 ycjioBJieHHbie KejibTCKHM bjihh - hhcm , KaK n a n p ., nepexoA Ha3ajiH3aijHH rjiacHbix nepeA hocobhm ii
1 1 I c o 6 x o ;iu m o 11 m oti, b B im y , H a n p ., ;ivi<J)cJ)epeiiiiiiaiuno 11 i im e r p a i iH io , K O T opue t ìik jk g BH 3BajiH H eK O T opue cneiiiKjjHMOcKHe o c o 6e im o cT ii H im oeB poneH C K iix h s h k o b .
2 0 ucHHAOOBpoiieiicKOM eyócTpaTe b ;ipeBiienp.:taii;icKOM roBopHJi panbiue T. IRiMMep.
3 I (u m . con ., C Tp. 110.4 Cm. BH ine (n e p B y io r a a B y ) .5 HecMOTpn Ha t o , mto jjjih nepexo^a u > ii HMeioTCH aiianoriiH b flpeBHerpeTCCKOM
h cTapomBeACKOM, Bce w e oG'IiHchciiuc nocpeACTBOM KCJir/icKoi'o cy6cTpaTa 6ojiee npaB- ;io[[o;(o6ho h Ha tom ocHOBaHHH, mto u > u ne to.:ilko bo <l»panniiii, h o h b ceBepHoii UTajiHH, b HCKOTopux peTopoMaHCKHX ana.if:KTax , r^e saciiH^CTC.'iijCTiìoiìaiio naaHHiie KejibTCKoro aneM ema. B KejibTCKOM ù > i qepe3 npoMOKyToquyio otbahio ii (Cm. npn- MepM y T. JIBIOHCA h X . n E flE P C E H A , K p a m n a n cpaenum eA bnua zpaMMa.mu.Ka KeAbmcKux H3HK06, nepeBOfl c aHrmiiicKoro, M ockbb, 1954, CTp. 31).
6 II b nopTyrajibcKOM nepexofl kt > it m o jk h o o 6t> h ch h ti. b jih h h h g m K c ;n /r c K o r o cy6cTpaTa.
91
corJiacHHMii, flH$T0Hrn3au,HH e > ei h a p . T o >ne caMoe CJie^yot. CKaaaxb m 0 6 HcnaHCKOM, b Kotopom HanajibHoe jia T . f 6 h jio 3 aMeneHo A 1. 3 t o t (jiaKT HeH30JiHp0BaHHi>iH. H 6 0 b HcnaHCKOM, nopTyrajibCKOM h KaTajiaHCKOM HMeeTCH TaKjKe flBa Biifla r :r h rr (pacK aT iicT oe r ), H ajurane KOTopbix onH Tb- TaKii 0 6 ìì3 an o KejiBTCTKOMy cyôtyrp aT y . K c o jK a jie im io , n p ii HHTepnpeTan,im uofloÒHHX hbjichhh poMaHHCThi He cyMejiii BKjnoHHTb cyßcTpaT b oßm yio TeOpHIO 6lIJIHHrBH3Ma 2.
O ßteK T iiB H o 3 a c jiy r n c ï o p o h h h k o b T e o p m i c y ß c ip a T a BeJiiiKii: orn i OTCTaHBaoiii b H ayK e npum^un oCnncHenuii npmun nsbimoebix usMenenuu3. 3 t o ÖMJia, (|)aKTHHecKH, n e p B a « peaKu,HH npoTHB #ecKpHnTHBH3Ma M n a flo - rpaMMaTHKOB. M bi c o r j ia c H H , o flH a K o , c yTBCpjKfleHiieM A . M apT H H e, h t o HBJieHHH, BBI3BaHHHe B03flGHCTBHeM CyÖCTpaTU, He CTOJIb MHOrOMHCJICHIIbie b CMCTeMe H.'ìMKa. H o n e o ó x o fli iM o cHHTaTbCH h c TeM, n o s t h Teir;i,eiinKii npOHBJIHIOTCfl B e3 fle . B 3T0M CMHCJie HH CJiaBHHCKHe H3BIKH He COCTaBJIHIOT HCKJIIOMCHHiI . B HaCTOHH],ee BpeMH B OCHOBHOM TOJXbKO npeflCTaBHTeJIH C TpyK - T ypanH 3M a BbicTynaiOT npoTH B b o 3 m o h sh o cth B0330HCTBHH c y ß cT p a T a . O flH aK o, cJieflyeT iiMCTb b B iifly , h t o CTpyKTypajiH 3M He b c o c t o h h h h o 6 i ,h c - HXITb B ce x H3HK0BHX ÖpOIjeCCOB4 . CoÔCTBeHHO TOBOpH, 3T0 He HTO HHOe, IiaK HOBHH IlOflXOfl K H3yHeHIlIO JIHHrBIICTIXMeCKXIX HBJieHHÌi, He HCKJUOHaiO- iu,hh Hcn0Jib30BaHHH CTapbix (110onpaßflaB uiH X c e ß fl ) npiicM OB n ccJ ie flO B an n ;i. T o >Ke caM oe cjie,n;yeT cK a3aT b h 06 sKcnepiiMeHTa.TibHOH <|)0HeTHKe (n o cpaB- HeHHio c TeM, m to y n eH iie o 3B yK ax npeflCTaBJiHJio flO ee C 03ßaH H fl). B ô o 6m ,e, BJiHHHHe c y ô cT p a T a He TaK y æ OTJinnaeTca o t o ô b reH oro b jih h h h h o flH oro H3biKa Ha flpyroix b ycJiOBHHX KOHTaKTa h B3aiiM H oro o 6 ni,eHiiH roB o p n m n x ® .
1 OTHOcHTejibno n e p e x o ^ a f > h b HcnaHCKOM om. n e g a m i ¡010 c ia T w o BERTIL’a MALMBERG’a, Le passage castillan f > h — perte d ’un trait redoutant?, « Cercetäri de ling- visticä » (Mélanges linguistiques offerts à Emil Petrovici pai ses amis étrangers à l’occasion d e son soixantième anniversaire), III (1958), Supliment, c 'rp . 337—343. O pojm cyßcTpaia b 3tom n p o i je c c e cm. T. B. CTEÜAHOB, H cnaH o aM epuK ancKaa penb u cyô cm p a m , «IlpoÔJîCMM H 3U K 03H am iH ». (cS o p in iK b ’ i c c ï b aK afleM iiK a■ H . H. M em ,aH iiH OBa), Ilsjia- tcjibctbo JleH H H rpaflC K oro ynnBcpciiTeTa, 1961, CTp. 214.
2 Cm . h A. MAPTHHE, Ilpum ^un okohom uu e ¡ßonemunecKux u3MeHenunx ( F lpo- ÔAeMU duaxponuH ecKoü @ oh oaozu u ) (nepeBOß c $ p a m jy 3 C K o r o ) , M ocK B a , 1960, CTp. 33. Cm . TaK/KO 9. 3eimejiB, M am epuaju* . . . , CTp. 439: «Mh He rojiwhh c e i i 'ia c h ^ t h fla jiL iiieBJIHHHHH, OÔMCHJieMHX C TOHKH 3pCHH!I TeOpilII 6HJIIlHrBII3Ma. A TOT, KTO XOMCT nOfl cyôcT paT O M noHHM aTb ne^TO G o jib m e e , h c h s R c /k h o noiia flC T b T p y a n o o H o ^ o a te n iie » . Cm . TaKHie B. A. 3BerHHi;eB, yn. cou., CTp. 215—218.
3 Ocoôeiino 3T 0 OTHOCHTCH K ({jOHeTHHeCKIIM lrpe06pa30BÿI[H!IX. O aK T H H eC K II, B JiiiH H iie c y S c T p a T a p a c n p o c ip a i in e T C H 11 Ha f l p y r n e C T O p oiiH H3 i .iK a : c .’i o n a p i iL i i i c o c t a b , M o p ^ io j io r i iH , cHHTaKCHC ; CJieflH c y ô c T p a T a c o x p a n n io T C H T a ïO K e b t o h o h i i m i i h , o n o M a - cT iiK e . (flan ô o j i r a p c K o r o >i3i.iKa c m . b o c o u e n n o c T i i n cc jie ^ o B a T iH H a i îa f l . Bn. P e o p r i i e B a11 npo$. Hb. JJypimaHOBa). B Meiibnreii C T e n e n u cyßcipaT a a ip a r n B a e T c J i0 B 0 0 6 p a 3 0 B a - i i i i e . P a H t m e B o n p o c o B 0 3 fleH C T B im cyôcTpaia p a c c M a r p H B a j ic a o a u o c T o p o i o i e . T a K , G. I. A s c o l i h G. Gröber f l o n y c K a j i i i T a K o e h j ih î i h u o t o j i m ì o Ha (| )oneT H > iecK yio c i i c i e M y jia T H H ii npoBiinmiii b npoaecce ee iipuBpaniemifi b poM aH C K H e h 3 h k h . OfluaKO, G. Mohl CMHTaji, w o c j ie f lb i c y G c T p a T a coxpannioTcn t o h b k o b caoBape.
4 O coß eH H O 3 t o o t h o c h t c h k f lH a x p o H O T e cK H M npoßjieMaM. Cm., Hanp., cTaTtioB. MALMBERG’a, Linguistique ibérique et ibéro-romane. Problèmes et méthodes, « Studia linguistica», XV (1961), No. 2, C T p. 57— 113.
6 H eOÖ XO flH M O IIO flH epK H yT B , MIO C y ß C T p aT HeJIb3H p a ccM a T p H B a T B t o j i b k o K aK n e^ T O B H en iH ee n o O T H om eH H io k f i s b i n y , H a K o io p b i i i o h l u n u i e T . B e f l b b y c a o B iiH X 6lIJIHH rBI13M a CHCTeMH B 3 aH M 0n p0H H K aK )T .
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C f l p y r o ñ C T O p O H b l, flJIfl 0 6 'bH CH 0HHH C Ü O p H blX B O npO C O B n pO T H B H H K H T e o p i l l l c y ó c T p a T a H e c m o im ih n p i i B e c r a 6 o J i e e B e c K i i x A 0 K a 3 a T e j ib C T B , n e in T e , k o t o - p t iM H o n e p u p o B a j i i i e e c t o p o h h h k i i ( c m . , H a n p . , B o n p o c o n p o H c x o > K fle H H H H O K a H b H ). ,D,a>Ke K O H B e p re H T H o e p a 3 B H T iie H e H C K J U on a eT b o 3 M o > k h o c t h c y S c T p a T i i o r o b j i h h h h h . T a K , h o c t h o 3 h t h b h h h a p T H K J ib b p y M b iH C K O M , S o j i r a p c K O M h a jiS a H C K O M c j i e n y e T p a c c M a T p i iB a T b K a K K O H B e p r e H T H o e p a 3 - B H TH e ( n p n H a jiH H H H 6 a jiK a H H 3 M O B , n p o n c x o j K f l e H H e K O T o p b ix c j i e ^ y e T H C K aT b b B 03/i;eH C T B H H c y S c T p a T a ) .
C y m ecT B y T O T , k o t i c t k o , T p y flH o cT ii b o n p e fle jie H H H p o j i n c y 6 cT p a T a b JKH3IIH H 3H K O B 1 , O flH aK O , 3TO H e 3HaHHT, HTO e r o HaflO HCKJIH3lIHTb H3 o 6 rbfiCH eH H H , KOTopbiM H m h o n e p H p y e M b H C T op m ecK O M H 3H K03H aH H H n p n H H T ep n p eT a H iiH CJiaBH H CK oro M a T e p iia J ia .
1 T a K , i i l i o r n a T p y jjH O o t .i i w h t Ij c y 6 c T p a T H H e 3 j i c m c h t l i o t n o a ^ u e i t im i x 3aH M CTBO- B a m iH . Cm. t í i k / k c B. A. 3 B c r n i m c B , y n . c o k . , C T p . 2 1 5 : « n o B c e r ^ a HCHa r p a i m u a MC/K;\y 3aH M C T B O B am ieM h c y f íc ip a T O M ( h ; i h c y n e p c T p a T O M ), o c o S e i m o K o r f la pe^ ib im o T o jieK C H H ecK H X a.TCMeHTax». T e M H e M eH ee , r jiy ó o K H Ü a n a j i i ia n 03 B 0J iH eT p a a o d p a T L C H h b b t h x c j i o j k h h x n p o 6 j i e M a x ( í ia n te K o r j ia f le jr o K a c a e r c a 6 o j i e e O T f la j i e im u x B p e M e H ). T a n , H a n p . , b T O x a p cK O M H M eioTCH T iiC e T c m ie a n e M e ir r w , h o h a n eM eH T H , B 0 3 H H K m n e n o , ’ i B JiiiH H neM ( f i i i i iH O -y r o p c K o r o c y 6 c T p a T a .
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