just a small challenge whatever you do: forget what we are about to see and discuss
DESCRIPTION
Before we begin Studying MEMORY today. . . . Just a Small Challenge Whatever you do: Forget what we are about to see and discuss. 106. 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Just a Small Challenge Whatever you do: Forget what we are about to see and discuss](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081604/56816699550346895dda8557/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
JUST A SMALL CHALLENGE
WHATEVER YOU DO: FORGET WHAT WE ARE ABOUT TO SEE AND DISCUSS
Before we begin Studying MEMORY
today. . .
![Page 2: Just a Small Challenge Whatever you do: Forget what we are about to see and discuss](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081604/56816699550346895dda8557/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
106106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106
![Page 3: Just a Small Challenge Whatever you do: Forget what we are about to see and discuss](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081604/56816699550346895dda8557/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
GOT YA!106
![Page 4: Just a Small Challenge Whatever you do: Forget what we are about to see and discuss](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081604/56816699550346895dda8557/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
WHAT IS YOUR FIRST MEMORY?What was your approximate age? Subject matter?
Was it dramatic or traumatic?
![Page 5: Just a Small Challenge Whatever you do: Forget what we are about to see and discuss](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081604/56816699550346895dda8557/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
YOUR EARLIEST MEMORY…
Probably not before age of 3 unless severely traumatic
If you have earlier memories – it is likely you were told of the events later in life and placed the memory sometime after the age of 3
![Page 6: Just a Small Challenge Whatever you do: Forget what we are about to see and discuss](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081604/56816699550346895dda8557/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
OVERVIEW OF THE INFORMATION PROCESSING MODEL This model views human memory as a
system that:EncodesRehearsesStores Retrieves bits of information
![Page 7: Just a Small Challenge Whatever you do: Forget what we are about to see and discuss](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081604/56816699550346895dda8557/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
IN HUMANS, INFORMATION PROCESSING OCCURS IN THREE SYSTEMS
Sensory memory Short-term
memory Long term memory
![Page 8: Just a Small Challenge Whatever you do: Forget what we are about to see and discuss](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081604/56816699550346895dda8557/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
LEVELS OF PROCESSING
![Page 9: Just a Small Challenge Whatever you do: Forget what we are about to see and discuss](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081604/56816699550346895dda8557/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
SHALLOW PROCESSING maintenance
rehearsal Involves simple
repetition of the presented materials
Not effective encoding
![Page 10: Just a Small Challenge Whatever you do: Forget what we are about to see and discuss](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081604/56816699550346895dda8557/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
DRAW A PENNY Volunteers Try to recall from your memory the
“face” of a typical penny
![Page 11: Just a Small Challenge Whatever you do: Forget what we are about to see and discuss](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081604/56816699550346895dda8557/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
OK, SMARTIES. . . PICK THE PENNY We have displayed everyone's drawing. Which is most accurate?
![Page 12: Just a Small Challenge Whatever you do: Forget what we are about to see and discuss](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081604/56816699550346895dda8557/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
PENNY
![Page 13: Just a Small Challenge Whatever you do: Forget what we are about to see and discuss](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081604/56816699550346895dda8557/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
DEEP PROCESSING Elaborative
rehearsal Coding by
forming associations between new information and information already stored
Makes information meaningful
![Page 14: Just a Small Challenge Whatever you do: Forget what we are about to see and discuss](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081604/56816699550346895dda8557/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
SUBJECTIVE ORGANIZATION
![Page 15: Just a Small Challenge Whatever you do: Forget what we are about to see and discuss](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081604/56816699550346895dda8557/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
LIST ALL OF THE STATES IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (USA)
![Page 16: Just a Small Challenge Whatever you do: Forget what we are about to see and discuss](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081604/56816699550346895dda8557/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
HERE THEY ARE
![Page 17: Just a Small Challenge Whatever you do: Forget what we are about to see and discuss](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081604/56816699550346895dda8557/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
SUBJECTIVE ORGANIZATION How did you
organize your list of states?
Developing a personal way to categorize items in an effective wayEast to west West to eastAlphabetical
![Page 18: Just a Small Challenge Whatever you do: Forget what we are about to see and discuss](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081604/56816699550346895dda8557/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
MNEMONIC DEVICES Memory cues for improving the
encoding, storage and retrieval of information
These have apparently been used throughout history, for example the Greek poet, Simonides about 500 BCE
Examples?Please excuse my dear aunt sallyNever eat sour watermelons
![Page 19: Just a Small Challenge Whatever you do: Forget what we are about to see and discuss](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081604/56816699550346895dda8557/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
MEMORY AND RETRIEVAL
![Page 20: Just a Small Challenge Whatever you do: Forget what we are about to see and discuss](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081604/56816699550346895dda8557/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
TYPES OF MEMORY Sensory Memory (sensory register) A very brief memory for sensory
information Allows for a very short period of time to
review the overwhelming amount of sensory information. Most is discarded.
Selected information is rehearsed for storage.
![Page 21: Just a Small Challenge Whatever you do: Forget what we are about to see and discuss](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081604/56816699550346895dda8557/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
OTHER ISSUES Types of
EncodingVisual/IconicAcoustic/ AuditorySemantic
Flashbulb Memory
ProcessingAutomatic Effortful
Photographic memory
![Page 22: Just a Small Challenge Whatever you do: Forget what we are about to see and discuss](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081604/56816699550346895dda8557/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
SHORT-TERM MEMORY Also called working memory A limited, relatively brief storage system
that holds items we are aware of and working with at any given time
Experiments indicate the duration of short term memory is limited to 15-20 seconds unless it is rehearsed
![Page 23: Just a Small Challenge Whatever you do: Forget what we are about to see and discuss](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081604/56816699550346895dda8557/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
CAPACITY Seven + two This can be increased if information is
organized into chunks of meaningful or well practiced information
Note further research by Alan Baddeley who refers to this as “working memory” and suggests that it is more complex than George Miller’s version. Baddeley suggest four componentsPhonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad,
central executive system and an eposodic buffer
![Page 24: Just a Small Challenge Whatever you do: Forget what we are about to see and discuss](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081604/56816699550346895dda8557/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
LONG TERM MEMORY Our more or less permanent memory
store
Almost unlimited capacity and duration
![Page 25: Just a Small Challenge Whatever you do: Forget what we are about to see and discuss](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081604/56816699550346895dda8557/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
TYPES OF LONG-TERM MEMORY Endel Tulving suggests differing types of
memories.
Episodic Memories
Semantic memory
Procedural Memory
Dispositional Memory(added by Myers, D.)
![Page 26: Just a Small Challenge Whatever you do: Forget what we are about to see and discuss](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081604/56816699550346895dda8557/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
EXPLICIT IMPLICIT Explicit or
declarative memory
Memories of which one is consciously aware
Processed in the hippocampus
Implicit or non-declarative memory
Memories of which one is not consciously aware
Processed in cerebellum
![Page 27: Just a Small Challenge Whatever you do: Forget what we are about to see and discuss](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081604/56816699550346895dda8557/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
SERIAL POSITION EFFECT Our memory for a
list of items is better at the beginning and the end of the list than for items in the middle of the list
Called primacy and recency effect
Remember the activity where you had to recall words from a list!!
![Page 28: Just a Small Challenge Whatever you do: Forget what we are about to see and discuss](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081604/56816699550346895dda8557/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
RETRIEVAL AND FORGETTING
![Page 29: Just a Small Challenge Whatever you do: Forget what we are about to see and discuss](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081604/56816699550346895dda8557/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
RETRIEVAL Ability to remember information
Recall v. recognition
Recall
Recognition
![Page 30: Just a Small Challenge Whatever you do: Forget what we are about to see and discuss](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081604/56816699550346895dda8557/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
HERMANN EBBINGHAUS Forgetting Curve Indicates that
much of what we learn we may quickly forget
![Page 31: Just a Small Challenge Whatever you do: Forget what we are about to see and discuss](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081604/56816699550346895dda8557/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
EBBINGHAUS FORGETTING CURVE
![Page 32: Just a Small Challenge Whatever you do: Forget what we are about to see and discuss](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081604/56816699550346895dda8557/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
RECONSTRUCTIVE MEMORY Accounts for the inaccuracy of
our recollections We “fill-in-the-gaps” How?
ConfabulationDistortionOverconfidenceMisleading post events
Framing-the structure of question
![Page 33: Just a Small Challenge Whatever you do: Forget what we are about to see and discuss](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081604/56816699550346895dda8557/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
ROLE OF EMOTION Mood congruency
State dependent memory
![Page 34: Just a Small Challenge Whatever you do: Forget what we are about to see and discuss](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081604/56816699550346895dda8557/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
EYE WITNESS TESTIMONY Elizabeth Loftus false memories
5 mins Accuracy of eye
witness testimony can be influenced by framing
Children particularly susceptible to false memories
![Page 35: Just a Small Challenge Whatever you do: Forget what we are about to see and discuss](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081604/56816699550346895dda8557/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
EYE WITNESS TESTIMONY Little correlation between witness
certainty and witness accuracy
Eye witness testimony is BAD!
![Page 36: Just a Small Challenge Whatever you do: Forget what we are about to see and discuss](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081604/56816699550346895dda8557/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
DEJA VU Means already seen
What is this?
Reading
![Page 37: Just a Small Challenge Whatever you do: Forget what we are about to see and discuss](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081604/56816699550346895dda8557/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
WHAT IS FORGETTING? The inability to retrieve information
But WHY?
![Page 38: Just a Small Challenge Whatever you do: Forget what we are about to see and discuss](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081604/56816699550346895dda8557/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
DECAY THEORY Argues that forgetting is caused by the
passage of time
A physiological memory track is laid down when a memory is made
Thus, there is no physiological mechanism to account for decay
![Page 39: Just a Small Challenge Whatever you do: Forget what we are about to see and discuss](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081604/56816699550346895dda8557/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
INTERFERENCE THEORY Argues that retrieval failure occurs when established associations conflict with what we are trying to recall
Types:Proactive interferenceRetroactive interference
![Page 40: Just a Small Challenge Whatever you do: Forget what we are about to see and discuss](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081604/56816699550346895dda8557/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
REPRESSION THEORY Sigmund Freud
Painful memories are self-censored and stored in the unconscious mind
This is controversial.
![Page 41: Just a Small Challenge Whatever you do: Forget what we are about to see and discuss](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081604/56816699550346895dda8557/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
THE BIOLOGY OF MEMORYBegin with Clive WearingUpdate
![Page 42: Just a Small Challenge Whatever you do: Forget what we are about to see and discuss](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081604/56816699550346895dda8557/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
THE BIOLOGY OF MEMORY Not that new. . . Early studies by
Lashley and Hebb with rats
![Page 43: Just a Small Challenge Whatever you do: Forget what we are about to see and discuss](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081604/56816699550346895dda8557/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
THE BIOLOGY OF MEMORY James McConnell
and flatworms
![Page 44: Just a Small Challenge Whatever you do: Forget what we are about to see and discuss](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081604/56816699550346895dda8557/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
NEUROANATOMY AND MEMORY Richard
Thompson and rabbits
His research
Procedural memories reside in the cerebellum
![Page 45: Just a Small Challenge Whatever you do: Forget what we are about to see and discuss](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081604/56816699550346895dda8557/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
NEUROANATOMY AND MEMORY Hippocampus is
the chief structure implicated in episodic and semantic memories (Tulving)
Plays a role is “fixing” memories during time after learning
Case Study E. B. Clive Wearing
![Page 46: Just a Small Challenge Whatever you do: Forget what we are about to see and discuss](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081604/56816699550346895dda8557/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
NEUROANATOMY AND MEMORY
The thalamus seems to be the structure that initially gives the “print” order for the memory.
Without this structure the memory never gets formed at all
![Page 47: Just a Small Challenge Whatever you do: Forget what we are about to see and discuss](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081604/56816699550346895dda8557/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
NEUROCHEMISTRY AND MEMORY Research looks at neurochemistry involved in memory formationNorepinephrineDopamineGlutamateGABA
![Page 48: Just a Small Challenge Whatever you do: Forget what we are about to see and discuss](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081604/56816699550346895dda8557/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
DISEASES OF MEMORY Amnesia involves forgetting under
conditions of severe psychological or physical trauma
Korsakoff’s syndrome- a disorder associated with chronic alcoholism that presents with hippocampus damage
![Page 49: Just a Small Challenge Whatever you do: Forget what we are about to see and discuss](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022081604/56816699550346895dda8557/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
DID YOU FORGET
106