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Objective

Server Definition

What makes up a Server

Server Types

High Availability Features

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A server can be defined as an individual computer on a LAN (Local Area Network), acting as a service or resource provider to client computers, by sharing the resources within the network infrastructure.

What is Server?What is Server?

provides ‘service’ shares resources shares devices opens gateway to other system provides processing power stores item

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DNSServers

Web Servers

ApplicationServers

Security &Directory Servers

File/PrintServers

DatabaseServers

manage a work group’s data files and print jobs

provides authentication and security services including logged information management

controls and manages assign names on the network and resolves host name to an IP Address

most typical use of technology in client-server. Accepts requests for data, retrieves the data from its database (or requests data from another node) and passes the results back

shares its resources but may also be used to run applications for users

A Web Server may host websites or provide access to content and it responds to requests received from Web

Server Types ExamplesServer Types Examples

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Types and Features of Computer

Notebook / Mobile Computer

Desktop Computer

Server

-- Ultraportable-- Full Function-- Desktop Alternative

- Non-Mobile- Full Function

-- High Security-- Process and File Data-- Tower-- Rack-- Blades

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Differentiating Computer Features

Notebook Desktop Server

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SystemChipset

PCI/MemoryController

I/O devices

CPU/Processor

MemoryFront Side Bus

PCI Bus

System Board

Data Storage

What makes up a Server?What makes up a Server?

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ProcessorProcessor

The part of the The part of the computer that computer that controls the controls the execution of execution of program program instructionsinstructions

SystemChipset

PCI/MemoryController

I/O devices

CPU

Memory

I/O Bus

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Manufacturers

Brands

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Processor TypesProcessor Types

Intel primary target for DesktopIntel primary target for Desktop For entry level single CPU serverFor entry level single CPU server 512K L2 cache with 533MHz 512K L2 cache with 533MHz

Front Side BusFront Side Bus Hyper-Threading TechnologyHyper-Threading Technology

Intel Pentium 4 ProcessorIntel Pentium 4 Processor

Intel XEON Processor DPIntel XEON Processor DP

Also called XEON Processor DP (Dual Also called XEON Processor DP (Dual Processor)Processor)

1MB L2 cache with 800MHz Front Side Bus1MB L2 cache with 800MHz Front Side Bus Hyper-Threading TechnologyHyper-Threading Technology Extended Memory 64 Technology (EM64T) Extended Memory 64 Technology (EM64T)

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Intel XEON Processor MPIntel XEON Processor MP

For demanding enterpriseFor demanding enterpriseworkload (4 or more CPU) workload (4 or more CPU)

Up to 512KB L2 cache and 2MB L3 Up to 512KB L2 cache and 2MB L3 cache with 800MHz Front Side Buscache with 800MHz Front Side Bus

Hyper-Threading TechnologyHyper-Threading Technology Intel Dual Core ProcessorIntel Dual Core Processor EM64TEM64T

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Intel Xeon Processors

400 MHz

’03 ’04 ’05 ’06

Gallatin2M/130nm

2.0GHz

Potomac8M/90nm3.6GHz

4 Way

8+ Way

DP Prestonia512K/130nm

2.8GHz

Nocona1M/90nm3.6GHz

533 MHz

Gallatin4M

4M/130nm3GHz

800 MHz

CSI based

16M/90nm

Common Platform

667 MHz

TulsaDual core8M/90nm3.4GHz

Prestonia2ML3130nm

3.2 GHz

Tcase 71 ºC

TDP 85W

Tcase 69 ºC

TDP 175W

Tcase 65 ºC

TDP 115W

Tcase 71 ºCTDP 94W

Tcase 71 ºC

TDP 103W

4.4GHz

Tcase 73 ºC

TDP 120W

1M/90nm

1067 MHz

Tcase 73 ºC

TDP 130W

Tcase ? ºC

TDP 150W

XXXX

65nm

TDP 70W

(mobile dual)

TDP 100-130W

XXXX

XXXX

XXXXXXXX

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MemoryMemory

Memory is the storage Memory is the storage area of the computer area of the computer

Physical memory refers Physical memory refers to the chips capable of to the chips capable of holding data holding data

Memory does not retain Memory does not retain data when the computer data when the computer is powered offis powered off

SystemChipset

PCI/MemoryController

I/O devices

CPU

Memory

PCI Bus

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DDR1 and DDR2 Comparison

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DDR3

Advantages compared to DDR2 •Higher bandwidth performance, effectively up to 1600 MHz •Improved latencies as measured in nanoseconds. •Higher performance at low power (longer battery life in laptops) •Enhanced low power features •Improved thermal design (cooler)

Disadvantages compared to DDR2 •Incompatible with DDR2 motherboards •As of November 2008, costs somewhat more than equivalent DDR2 memory

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DDR RAM Road MapDDR RAM Road Map

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StorageStorage

Unit that holds data Unit that holds data for storagefor storage

SystemChipset

PCI/MemoryController

I/O devices

CPU

Memory

PCI Bus

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Common types of Disk InterfaceCommon types of Disk Interface

PATA5.4K – 15K

RPM133mbps

transfer rate

SATA7.2K – 15K

RPM150mbps

transfer rate

SCSI10K – 15K

RPM320mbps

transfer rate

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History of Parallel ATAAdvanced Technology Attachment Intelligent Drive Electronics

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History of Serial ATA (SATA)

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Serial ATASerial ATA

Serial ATA (SATA) is the next evolution and replacement of the Parallel ATA Serial ATA (SATA) is the next evolution and replacement of the Parallel ATA interfaceinterface

SATA is a 1.5 Gb/s serial point to point architecture with a primary focus on SATA is a 1.5 Gb/s serial point to point architecture with a primary focus on low costlow cost

SATA is driven by cost and ideal for desktop, notebook, entry level servers, SATA is driven by cost and ideal for desktop, notebook, entry level servers, and new near-line bulk storage solutionsand new near-line bulk storage solutions

What is Serial ATA?

Lowest acquisition costLowest acquisition cost Ease of serviceability (hot plug)Ease of serviceability (hot plug) Higher bandwidth per port (~150MB/s)Higher bandwidth per port (~150MB/s) Capability for larger number of drivesCapability for larger number of drives Thinner cablesThinner cables Smaller connectors allow for small form factor hard disk drivesSmaller connectors allow for small form factor hard disk drives

Advantages

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SATA / SAS Controller

STORAGE CONTROLLERS

RAID Controller

SCSI ControllerSCSI Controller

Differences?

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SCSI (Small Computer System Interface)

Is an ultra-fast, high-power communications bus that connects up to 15 devices to your computer

“SCUZZY”

Commonly Used for:

Hard DisksTape StorageScannersOptical Drives

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SCSI (Small Computer System Interface)

There are several benefits of SCSI:

It's fast -- up to 320 megabytes per second (MBps) It's reliable It allows you to put multiple devices on one bus It works on most computer systemsEase of Serviceability

There are also some potential problems when using SCSI: It must be configured for a specific computer. It has limited system BIOS support. Its variations (speeds, connectors) can be bewildering. There is no common software interface.

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Types of SCSI

Parallel SCSI

Serial SCSI / Serial Attached SCSI

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SCSI Drive EvolutionSCSI Drive Evolution

5

10

20

40

80

160

320

640

SC

SI-

1

Fast

SC

SI-

2

Wid

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CS

I-2

Ult

ra F

ast

SC

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3

Fast

Wid

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CS

I-2

Ult

ra2-

Fast

SC

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3

Wid

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ltra

SC

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3

Wid

e U

ltra

2 S

CS

I 3

Ult

ra 3

SC

SI

Ult

ra 3

20 Ult

ra 6

40

1984 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 2000 01 03

TR

AN

SF

ER

RA

TE

(M

egab

ytes

/Sec

MB

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Seri

al A

ttach

ed

SC

SI

(SA

S)

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Moving from Parallel SCSI to Serial SCSI (SAS)

A new generation serial communication protocol for direct attached devices designed to allow for much higher speed data transfers and is compatible with SATA.

SAS uses serial communication instead of the parallel method found in traditional SCSI devices but still uses SCSI commands for interacting with SAS devices.

SAS

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SAS and SATA Compatibility

Note: SATA backplane connectorsWill NOT accept SAS drives

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SAS ROADMAP

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FIBER CHANNEL HARD DISKS

Enterprise Class Hard drives

Storage Area Networks (SAN)

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Common SCSI Connector TypesCommon SCSI Connector Types

A - Industry Standard 68-Pin (HD68)

Internal HD 68 (female)

Internal HD 68 (male)

External HD 68 (male)

External HD 68 (male)

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B – VHDCI LVD/SE SCSI

External 0.8mm (female)

VDHDCI LVD/SE

External 0.8mm (male)

VDHDCI LVD/SE

SCSI Connector TypesSCSI Connector Types

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PCI BusPCI Bus

SystemChipset

PCI/MemoryController

I/O devices

CPU

Memory

PCI Bus

• Is a functional way to connect sound, video and network cards to a motherboard.

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I / O Bus

133mbps133mbps

33MHz and 33MHz and 66MHz66MHz

32 bits32 bits

1Gb/s1Gb/sTransfer rateTransfer rate

133MHz133MHzClock speedClock speed

64 bits64 bits

No of bitsNo of bits

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PCI Cards

PCI DevicesGraphics Card

Sound CardLAN Card

Example of a PCI Card

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Common Server PCI-X Devices

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CompatibilityCompatibility

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Evolution of Bus Technologies

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• An I/O Interconnect bus standard that expands on and doubles the data transfer rates of the original PCI

PCI Express?Also known as 3GIO (for third-generation Input/Output)

• Initial bit rates for PCI Express reach 2.5Gb/s per lane direction, which equate to data transfer rates of approximately 200Mb/s

• PCI Express was developed so that high-speed interconnects such as Firewire, USB 2.0, InfiniBand, and Gigabit Ethernet would have an I/O architecture suitable for their transfer high speeds.

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PCIe Connector Types

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Terms to Ponder

Front Side Bus (FSB)

BUS

This bus carries all information that passes from the CPU to other devices within the system such as RAM, PCI expansion cards, hard disks, etc.

A communication highway between various components of the Computer

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HIGH AVAILABILITY / FAULT-TOLERANT FEATURES

Redundant Features

Hot Swap / Hot-Pluggable

Hot-Spare / On-Line Spare

RAID

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The RAID Technology The RAID Technology

Redundant Array of Inexpensive DisksRedundant Array of Inexpensive Disks

• Provides real-time data recovery when a hard drive fails, increasing system uptime and network availability, while protecting against loss of data.

RAID Controller

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RAID Levels RAID Levels (RAID 0 and RAID 1)(RAID 0 and RAID 1)

RAID-0Stripping

Advantage : 100% Disk Space Available FastestDisadvantage : No protection

1 2 3 45 6 7

RAID-1Mirroring

Advantage : Fault ToleranceDisadvantage : 50% Disk Space Available

1 12 23 3

Mirror

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RAID LevelsRAID LevelsRAID 0+1 (or RAID 10)RAID 0+1 (or RAID 10)

Advantages: Fastest Tolerance multiple disks failure

Disadvantage: 50% Disk Available

1 2 3 45 6 7

1 2 3 45 6 7

RAID-0Stripping

Mirrored(RAID 1)

RAID-0Stripping

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RAID LevelsRAID Levels(RAID 5)(RAID 5)

RAID-5Stripping w/ Parity

Advantage : Only 1 Disk Space Used for Parity

Protect 1 Disk failure Good Performance

1 2 3 Parity

4 5Parity 67 8 Parity 9

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On Line Spare DisksOn Line Spare Disks

On Line Spare Disks

RAID-51 2 3 Parity

4 5Parity 67 8 Parity 9

35

Parity

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Memory Protection

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ECC Memory ProtectionECC Memory Protection

ECCECC

1 DRAM Chip4-bit Length

0 0 0 1

0 0 0 1

CORRECTED

ECCECC

1 DRAM Chip4-bit Length

0 0 0 1

CRASHED

BLUESCREEN

1

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Advanced ECC MemoryAdvanced ECC Memory

1 DRAM Chip1 0 1 1 1 0 1

1 0 1 1 1 0 1

Reconstruct

CRASHED

BLUESCREEN

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Main Memory4x1GB RAM

Spare Memory2x1GB RAM

Transfer data to spare memory

Operational

Online Spare MemoryOnline Spare Memory

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hot replace

• replace a failed DIMM while the server is running

• OS / application transparent

hot add - upgrade• add a new bank of

DIMMs while the server is running

• OS / application enabled

Hot Plug MemoryHot Plug Memory

Hot Plug Mirrored MemoryHot Plug Mirrored Memory

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QUESTIONS ?

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THANK YOU!